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Wang H, Li H, Liu Z, Zhu Z, Cao Y. Activity of thonningianin A against Candida albicans in vitro and in vivo. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:96. [PMID: 38212967 PMCID: PMC10784352 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12996-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections are increasing rapidly, and antifungal agents used in clinics are limited. Therefore, novel antifungal agents with high efficiency are urgently required. In this study, we investigated the antifungal activity of thonningianin A (THA), a natural compound that is widely found in plants. We first determined the activity of THA against Candida albicans, one of the most common fungal pathogens, and found that THA showed antifungal activity against all C. albicans tested, including several fluconazole-resistant isolates. THA also inhibits the growth of non-Candida albicans species. In addition, THA displayed antibiofilm activity and could not only inhibit biofilm formation but also destroy mature biofilms. The in vivo antifungal efficacy of THA was confirmed in a Galleria mellonella infection model. Further studies revealed that THA could enhance intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and regulate the transcription of several redox-related genes. Specifically, caspase activity and expression of CaMCA1, a caspase-encoding gene in C. albicans, were remarkably increased upon THA treatment. Consistent with this, in the presence of THA, the Camca1 null mutant displayed higher survival rates and reduced caspase activity compared to the wild-type or CaMCA1-reintroduced strains, indicating an important role of CaMCA1 in the antifungal activity of THA. Taken together, our results indicate that THA possesses excellent antifungal activity and may be a promising novel antifungal candidate. KEY POINTS: • THA exhibits activity against Candida species, including fluconazole-resistant isolates • THA inhibits biofilm formation and destroys mature biofilm • Elevated ROS production and CaMCA1-mediated caspase activity are involved in the antifungal mechanisms of THA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - ZhiWei Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - ZhenYu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - YingYing Cao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
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2
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Henry M, Khemiri I, Tebbji F, Abu-Helu R, Vincent AT, Sellam A. Manganese homeostasis modulates fungal virulence and stress tolerance in Candida albicans. mSphere 2024; 9:e0080423. [PMID: 38380913 PMCID: PMC10964418 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00804-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the scarcity of transition metals within the human host, fungal pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to uptake and utilize these micronutrients at the infection interface. While considerable attention was turned to iron and copper acquisition mechanisms and their importance in fungal fitness, less was done regarding either the role of manganese (Mn) in infectious processes or the cellular mechanism by which fungal cells achieve their Mn-homeostasis. Here, we undertook transcriptional profiling in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans experiencing both Mn starvation and excess to capture biological processes that are modulated by this metal. We uncovered that Mn scarcity influences diverse processes associated with fungal fitness including invasion of host cells and antifungal sensitivity. We show that Mn levels influence the abundance of iron and zinc emphasizing the complex crosstalk between metals. The deletion of SMF12, a member of Mn Nramp transporters, confirmed its contribution to Mn uptake. smf12 was unable to form hyphae and damage host cells and exhibited sensitivity to azoles. We found that the unfolded protein response (UPR), likely activated by decreased glycosylation under Mn limitation, was required to recover growth when cells were shifted from an Mn-starved to an Mn-repleted medium. RNA-seq profiling of cells exposed to Mn excess revealed that UPR was also activated. Furthermore, the UPR signaling axis Ire1-Hac1 was required to bypass Mn toxicity. Collectively, this study underscores the importance of Mn homeostasis in fungal virulence and comprehensively provides a portrait of biological functions that are modulated by Mn in a fungal pathogen. IMPORTANCE Transition metals such as manganese provide considerable functionality across biological systems as they are used as cofactors for many catalytic enzymes. The availability of manganese is very limited inside the human body. Consequently, pathogenic microbes have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to uptake this micronutrient inside the human host to sustain their growth and cause infections. Here, we undertook a comprehensive approach to understand how manganese availability impacts the biology of the prevalent fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. We uncovered that manganese homeostasis in this pathogen modulates different biological processes that are essential for host infection which underscores the value of targeting fungal manganese homeostasis for potential antifungal therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Henry
- Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Inès Khemiri
- Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Faiza Tebbji
- Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rasmi Abu-Helu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Professions, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Antony T. Vincent
- Department of Animal Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Adnane Sellam
- Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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3
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Sharma R, Gibb AA, Barnts K, Elrod JW, Puri S. Alternative oxidase promotes high iron tolerance in Candida albicans. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0215723. [PMID: 37929974 PMCID: PMC10714975 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02157-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The yeast C. albicans exhibits metabolic flexibility for adaptability to host niches with varying availability of nutrients including essential metals like iron. For example, blood is iron deplete, while the oral cavity and the intestinal lumen are considered iron replete. We show here that C. albicans can tolerate very high levels of environmental iron, despite an increase in high iron-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) that it mitigates with the help of a unique oxidase, known as alternative oxidase (AOX). High iron induces AOX1/2 that limits mitochondrial accumulation of ROS. Genetic elimination of AOX1/2 resulted in diminished virulence during oropharyngeal candidiasis in high iron mice. Since human mitochondria lack AOX protein, it represents a unique target for treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Sharma
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew A. Gibb
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelcie Barnts
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Medicine and Surgery, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John W. Elrod
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sumant Puri
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Wildeman AS, Patel NK, Cormack BP, Culotta VC. The role of manganese in morphogenesis and pathogenesis of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011478. [PMID: 37363924 PMCID: PMC10328360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn are essential trace nutrients for all kingdoms of life, including microbial pathogens and their hosts. During infection, the mammalian host attempts to starve invading microbes of these micronutrients through responses collectively known as nutritional immunity. Nutritional immunity for Zn, Fe and Cu has been well documented for fungal infections; however Mn handling at the host-fungal pathogen interface remains largely unexplored. This work establishes the foundation of fungal resistance against Mn associated nutritional immunity through the characterization of NRAMP divalent metal transporters in the opportunistic fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. Here, we identify C. albicans Smf12 and Smf13 as two NRAMP transporters required for cellular Mn accumulation. Single or combined smf12Δ/Δ and smf13Δ/Δ mutations result in a 10-80 fold reduction in cellular Mn with an additive effect of double mutations and no losses in cellular Cu, Fe or Zn. As a result of low cellular Mn, the mutants exhibit impaired activity of mitochondrial Mn-superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2) and cytosolic Mn-Sod3 but no defects in cytosolic Cu/Zn-Sod1 activity. Mn is also required for activity of Golgi mannosyltransferases, and smf12Δ/Δ and smf13Δ/Δ mutants show a dramatic loss in cell surface phosphomannan and in glycosylation of proteins, including an intracellular acid phosphatase and a cell wall Cu-only Sod5 that is key for oxidative stress resistance. Importantly, smf12Δ/Δ and smf13Δ/Δ mutants are defective in formation of hyphal filaments, a deficiency rescuable by supplemental Mn. In a disseminated mouse model for candidiasis where kidney is the primary target tissue, we find a marked loss in total kidney Mn during fungal invasion, implying host restriction of Mn. In this model, smf12Δ/Δ and smf13Δ/Δ C. albicans mutants displayed a significant loss in virulence. These studies establish a role for Mn in Candida pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia S Wildeman
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Naisargi K Patel
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brendan P Cormack
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Valeria C Culotta
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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5
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Yan Y, Liao Z, Shen J, Zhu Z, Cao Y. Nicotinamide potentiates amphotericin B activity against Candida albicans. Virulence 2022; 13:1533-1542. [PMID: 36068709 PMCID: PMC9467617 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2119656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) is a widely used antifungal agent especially for the therapy of systemic fungal infections. However, the severe side effects of AmB often leads to the premature termination of the treatment. So it is imperative to find the drugs that can both reduce the dosage and enhance the antifungal efficacy of AmB. Here we demonstrated that Nicotinamide (NAM), a cheap and safe vitamin, could enhance the antifungal activities of AmB. We demonstrated the synergistic interaction of NAM and AmB against Candida albicans as well as other Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans. Moreover, NAM could enhance of the activity of AmB against biofilm. This enhancement was also observed in disseminated candidiasis in vivo. Our further study revealed that AmB could induce oxidative damage through the modification of histone acetylation. AmB could inhibit the expression of HST3, an H3K56 deacetylase in C. albicans. The immunoblotting test revealed excessive H3K56ac in AmB-treated fungal cells. Consistantly, the hst3Δ mutant displayed high sensitivity to AmB, while addition of NAM, an H3K56 deacetylation inhibitor, resulted in an even severe inhibition in the growth of this strain. These results indicated that AmB could execute antifungal activity via boosting H3K56ac which was mediated by HST3, and the mechanism for the synergistic interaction of NAM and AmB was based on exacerbating this process, which led to even excessive H3K56ac and oxidative damage. This finding provided theoretical basis for better understanding the antifungal mechanisms of AmB and clinical application of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - ZeBin Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Shen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - ZhenYu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - YingYing Cao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Mnsod1 promotes the development of Pleurotus ostreatus and enhances the tolerance of mycelia to heat stress. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:155. [PMID: 35934720 PMCID: PMC9358896 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Superoxide dismutases (SODs, EC 1.15.1.1) are defense proteins that can be used as sweepers to clear reactive oxygen species (ROS). They have been widely studied in the plant. Intensive research demonstrates that SOD plays an essential role in plants. However, in Pleurotus ostreatus, the function and regulatory pathway of SOD in the growth and development and the abiotic stress response have not been clear. Results In this study, three MnSOD-encoding genes of the P. ostreatus CCMSSC00389 strain were cloned and identified. Mnsod1, Mnsod2, and Mnsod3 were interrupted by 3, 7, and 2 introns, and encoded proteins of 204, 220, and 344 amino acids, respectively. By comparing the relative expression of three MnSOD-encoding genes in mycelia, the results showed that the gene with the highest primary expression was Mnsod1. Subsequently, the function of P. ostreatus Mnsod1 was explored by overexpression (OE) and RNA interference (RNAi). The results showed that during the growth and development of P. ostreatus, MnSOD1 protein increased gradually from mycelia to the fruiting body, but decreased in spores. The change of Mnsod1 transcription level was not consistent with the changing trend of MnSOD1 protein. Further studies showed that during primordia formation, the expression of Mnsod1 gradually increased, reaching a peak at 48 h, and the transcription level was 2.05-folds compared to control. H2O2 content progressively accumulated during the formation of primordia, and its change trend was similar to that of Mnsod1 transcription. OE-Mnsod1-1 and OE-Mnsod1-21 strains accelerated the formation of primordia. The results suggested that Mnsod1 may participate in the formation rate of P. ostreatus primordium by regulating the signal molecule H2O2. In addition, OE-Mnsod1-1 and OE-Mnsod1-21 strains shortened the mycelial recovery time after heat stress and improved the tolerance of the strains to 2.5 mM and 5 mM H2O2, which showed that Mnsod1 was involved in the response of P. ostreatus mycelium to heat stress. Conclusions This study indicates that Mnsod1 plays an active role in the formation of P. ostreatus primordia and the response to abiotic stress. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01878-2.
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7
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Song J, Shi L, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Jiang J, Li R. Acidic/Alkaline Stress Mediates Responses to Azole Drugs and Oxidative Stress in Aspergillus fumigatus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0199921. [PMID: 35196814 PMCID: PMC8865478 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01999-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A human host exploits stresses such as acidic/alkaline pH, antifungal drugs, and reactive oxygen species to kill microbial pathogens such as the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. However, A. fumigatus is resistant to these stresses in vitro. Therefore, what accounts for the potent antifungal activity of the human host? In this observation, we show that simultaneous exposure to acidic pH and oxidative stresses is much more potent than the individual stresses themselves and that this combinatorial stress kills A. fumigatus synergistically in vitro. Interestingly, A. fumigatus is resistant to the combination of alkaline pH and oxidative stress. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that acidic/alkaline pH stress can mediate oxidative stress responses in A. fumigatus by regulating the expression of catalase-encoding genes. We further show that A. fumigatus is sensitive to the combination of acidic/alkaline stress and azole drug stress. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the sensitivity of A. fumigatus to azole drugs under acidic/alkaline conditions may be related to changes in genetic stability, sphingolipid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Collectively, our findings suggest that combinatorial stress represents a powerful fungicidal mechanism employed by hosts against pathogens, which suggests novel approaches to potentiate antifungal therapy. IMPORTANCE The human host combats fungal infections via phagocytic cells that recognize and kill fungal pathogens. Immune cells combat Aspergillus fumigatus infections with a potent mixture of chemicals, including reactive oxygen species, acidic/alkaline stress, and antifungal drugs. However, A. fumigatus is relatively resistant to these stresses in vitro. In this observation, we show that it is the combination of acidic/alkaline pH and oxidative or azole stress that kills A. fumigatus so effectively, and we define the molecular mechanisms that underlie this potency. Our findings suggest that combinatorial stress is a powerful fungicidal mechanism employed by hosts, which suggests novel approaches to potentiate antifungal therapy. This study provides a platform for future studies that will address the combinatorial impacts of various environmental stresses on A. fumigatus and other pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Song
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Landan Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sha Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunqiu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jihong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongpeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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8
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The OxrA Protein of Aspergillus fumigatus Is Required for the Oxidative Stress Response and Fungal Pathogenesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0112021. [PMID: 34524893 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01120-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification system is vital for the survival of the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus within the host high-ROS environment of the host. Therefore, identifying and targeting factors essential for oxidative stress response is one approach to developing novel treatments for fungal infections. The oxidation resistance 1 (Oxr1) protein is essential for protection against oxidative stress in mammals, but its functions in pathogenic fungi remain unknown. The present study aimed to characterize the role of an Oxr1 homolog in A. fumigatus. The results indicated that the OxrA protein plays an important role in oxidative stress resistance by regulating the catalase function in A. fumigatus, and overexpression of catalase can rescue the phenotype associated with OxrA deficiency. Importantly, the deficiency of oxrA decreased the virulence of A. fumigatus and altered the host immune response. Using the Aspergillus-induced lung infection model, we demonstrated that the ΔoxrA mutant strain induced less tissue damage along with decreased levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and albumin release. Additionally, the ΔoxrA mutant caused inflammation at a lower degree, along with a markedly reduced influx of neutrophils to the lungs and a decreased secretion of cytokine usually associated with recruitment of neutrophils in mice. These results characterize the role of OxrA in A. fumigatus as a core regulator of oxidative stress resistance and fungal pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Knowledge of ROS detoxification in fungal pathogens is useful in the design of new antifungal drugs and could aid in the study of oxidative stress resistance mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrate that OxrA protein localizes to the mitochondria and functions to protect against oxidative damage. We demonstrate that OxrA contributes to oxidative stress resistance by regulating catalase function, and overexpression of catalase (CatA or CatB) can rescue the phenotype that is associated with OxrA deficiency. Remarkably, a loss of OxrA attenuated the fungal virulence in a mouse model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and altered the host immune response. Therefore, our finding indicates that inhibition of OxrA might be an effective approach for alleviating A. fumigatus infection. The present study is, to the best of our knowledge, a pioneer in reporting the vital role of Oxr1 protein in pathogenic fungi.
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Alqahtani FM, Handy ST, Sutton CL, Farone MB. Combining Genome-Wide Gene Expression Analysis (RNA-seq) and a Gene Editing Platform (CRISPR-Cas9) to Uncover the Selectively Pro-oxidant Activity of Aurone Compounds Against Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:708267. [PMID: 34335543 PMCID: PMC8319688 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.708267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the major fungal cause of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections worldwide with a 40% mortality rate. The scarcity of antifungal treatments due to the eukaryotic origin of fungal cells has challenged the development of selectively antifungal drugs. In an attempt to identify novel antifungal agents, aurones SH1009 and SH9051, as synthetically bioactive compounds, have been recently documented as anti-Candida agents. Since the molecular mechanisms behind the inhibitory activities of these aurones in C. albicans are unclear, this study aimed to determine the comprehensive cellular processes affected by these aurones and their molecular targets. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis of SH1009- and SH9051-treated C. albicans revealed uniquely repressed expression in different metabolic pathways, particularly trehalose and sulfur amino acid metabolic processes for SH1009 and SH9051, respectively. In contrast, the most commonly enriched process for both aurones was the up-regulation of RNA processing and ribosomal cleavages as an indicator of high oxidative stress, suggesting that a common aspect in the chemical structure of both aurones led to pro-oxidative properties. Additionally, uniquely induced responses (iron ion homeostasis for SH1009 and arginine biosynthesis for SH9051) garnered attention on key roles for the aurone functional groups. Deletion of the transcription factor for the trehalose biosynthesis pathway, Tye7p, resulted in an SH1009-resistant mutant, which also exhibited low trehalose content, validating the primary molecular target of SH1009. Aurone SH9051 uniquely simulated an exogenous supply of methionine or cysteine, leading to sulfur amino acid catabolism as evidenced by quantifying an overproduction of sulfite. Phenyl aurone, the common structure of aurones, contributed proportionally in the pro-oxidative activity through ferric ion reduction effects leading to high ROS levels. Our results determined selective and novel molecular mechanisms for aurone SH1009 and also elucidated the diverse cellular effects of different aurones based on functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatmah M Alqahtani
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, United States
| | - Scott T Handy
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, United States
| | - Caleb L Sutton
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, United States
| | - Mary B Farone
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, United States
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10
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Kang SO, Kwak MK. Methylglyoxal-Scavenging Enzyme Activities Trigger Erythroascorbate Peroxidase and Cytochrome c Peroxidase in Glutathione-Depleted Candida albicans. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:79-91. [PMID: 33203822 PMCID: PMC9705698 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2010.10057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase (Gcs1) and glutathione reductase (Glr1) activity maintains minimal levels of cellular methylglyoxal in Candida albicans. In glutathione-depleted Δgcs1, we previously saw that NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase (Mgd1) and alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh1) are the most active methylglyoxal scavengers. With methylglyoxal accumulation, disruptants lacking MGD1 or ADH1 exhibit a poor redox state. However, there is little convincing evidence for a reciprocal relationship between methylglyoxal scavenger genes-disrupted mutants and changes in glutathione-(in)dependent redox regulation. Herein, we attempt to demonstrate a functional role for methylglyoxal scavengers, modeled on a triple disruptant (Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1), to link between antioxidative enzyme activities and their metabolites in glutathione-depleted conditions. Despite seeing elevated methylglyoxal in all of the disruptants, the result saw a decrease in pyruvate content in Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1 which was not observed in double gene-disrupted strains such as Δmgd1/Δgcs1 and Δadh1/Δgcs1. Interestingly, Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1 exhibited a significantly decrease in H2O2 and superoxide which was also unobserved in Δmgd1/Δgcs1 and Δadh1/Δgcs1. The activities of the antioxidative enzymes erythroascorbate peroxidase and cytochrome c peroxidase were noticeably higher in Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1 than in the other disruptants. Meanwhile, Glr1 activity severely diminished in Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1. Monitoring complementary gene transcripts between double gene-disrupted Δmgd1/Δgcs1 and Δadh1/Δgcs1 supported the concept of an unbalanced redox state independent of the Glr1 activity for Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1. Our data demonstrate the reciprocal use of Eapx1 and Ccp1 in the absence of both methylglyoxal scavengers; that being pivotal for viability in non-filamentous budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors S-O.Kang Phone: +82-2-880-6703 Fax: +82-2-888-4911 E-mail:
| | - Min-Kyu Kwak
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Food and Nutrition Science, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea,M-K.Kwak Phone: +82-31-740-7418 Fax: +82-31-740-7370 E-mail:
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11
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Szabó Z, Pákozdi K, Murvai K, Kecskeméti Á, Oláh V, Logrieco AF, Madar A, Dienes B, Csernoch L, Emri T, Hornok L, Pócsi I, Leiter É. FvmnSOD is involved in oxidative stress defence, mitochondrial stability and apoptosis prevention in Fusarium verticillioides. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 60:994-1003. [PMID: 33226136 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases are key enzymes in elimination of the superoxide anion radical (O2 •- ) generated intracellularly or by exogenous oxidative stress eliciting agents, like menadione. In this study, we investigated the physiological role of the manganese superoxide dismutase-encoding gene in Fusarium verticillioides via the construction of a gene deletion mutant, ΔFvmnSOD and comparing its phenotype with that of the wild-type parental strain and a ΔFvmnSOD' C strain, complemented with the functional manganese superoxide dismutase gene. Deletion of FvmnSOD had no effect on the relative intracellular superoxide ratio but increased the sensitivity of the fungus to menadione sodium bisulphite on Czapek-Dox stress agar plates. The lack of FvmnSOD caused changes in mitochondrial morphology and physiology: The volumetric ratio of these cell organelles in the second hyphal segment, as well as the total, the KCN-sensitive cytochrome c-dependent and the KCN+SHAM (salicylhidroxamic acid)-resistant residual respiration rates, were higher in the mutant as compared to the wild-type and the complemented strains. Nevertheless, changes in the respiration rates were attributable to the higher volumetric ratio of mitochondria found in the gene deletion mutant. Changes in the mitochondrial functions also brought about higher sensitivity to apoptotic cell death elicited by the Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein. The gene deletion mutant developed significantly thinner hyphae in comparison to the wild-type strain. Deletion of FvmnSOD had no effect on fumonisin B1 and B2 production of the fungus grown in Myro medium as a static culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Szabó
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biological Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Pákozdi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Murvai
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Kecskeméti
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktor Oláh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Council of Research (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Anett Madar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beatrix Dienes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Hornok
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Leiter
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Sun L, Fu Y, Yang Y, Wang X, Cui W, Li D, Yuan X, Zhang Z, Fu Y, Li Y. Genomic Analyses Reveal Evidence of Independent Evolution, Demographic History, and Extreme Environment Adaptation of Tibetan Plateau Agaricus bisporus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1786. [PMID: 31456761 PMCID: PMC6700258 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Agaricus bisporus distributed in the Tibetan Plateau of China has high-stress resistance that is valuable for breeding improvements. However, its evolutionary history, specialization, and adaptation to the extreme Tibetan Plateau environment are largely unknown. Here, we performed de novo genome sequencing of a representative Tibetan Plateau wild strain ABM and comparative genomic analysis with the reported European strain H97 and H39. The assembled ABM genome was 30.4 Mb in size, and comprised 8,562 protein-coding genes. The ABM genome shared highly conserved syntenic blocks and a few inversions with H97 and H39. The phylogenetic tree constructed by 1,276 single-copy orthologous genes in nine fungal species showed that the Tibetan Plateau and European A. bisporus diverged ∼5.5 million years ago. Population genomic analysis using genome resequencing of 29 strains revealed that the Tibetan Plateau population underwent significant differentiation from the European and American populations and evolved independently, and the global climate changes critically shaped the demographic history of the Tibetan Plateau population. Moreover, we identified key genes that are related to the cell wall and membrane system, and the development and defense systems regulated A. bisporus adapting to the harsh Tibetan Plateau environment. These findings highlight the value of genomic data in assessing the evolution and adaptation of mushrooms and will enhance future genetic improvements of A. bisporus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhua Fu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Weijie Cui
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohui Yuan
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiwu Zhang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Yongping Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Hameed S, Hans S, Singh S, Fatima Z. Harnessing Metal Homeostasis Offers Novel and Promising Targets Against Candida albicans. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2019; 17:415-429. [PMID: 30827249 DOI: 10.2174/1570163816666190227231437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections, particularly of Candida species, which are the commensal organisms of human, are one of the major debilitating diseases in immunocompromised patients. The limited number of antifungal drugs available to treat Candida infections, with the concomitant increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, further worsens the therapeutic options. Thus, there is an urgent need for the better understanding of MDR mechanisms, and their reversal, by employing new strategies to increase the efficacy and safety profiles of currently used therapies against the most prevalent human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. Micronutrient availability during C. albicans infection is regarded as a critical factor that influences the progression and magnitude of the disease. Intracellular pathogens colonize a variety of anatomical locations that are likely to be scarce in micronutrients, as a defense strategy adopted by the host, known as nutritional immunity. Indispensable critical micronutrients are required both by the host and by C. albicans, especially as a cofactor in important metabolic functions. Since these micronutrients are not freely available, C. albicans need to exploit host reservoirs to adapt within the host for survival. The ability of pathogenic organisms, including C. albicans, to sense and adapt to limited micronutrients in the hostile environment is essential for survival and confers the basis of its success as a pathogen. This review describes that micronutrients availability to C. albicans is a key attribute that may be exploited when one considers designing strategies aimed at disrupting MDR in this pathogenic fungi. Here, we discuss recent advances that have been made in our understanding of fungal micronutrient acquisition and explore the probable pathways that may be utilized as targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Hameed
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar)-122413, India
| | - Sandeep Hans
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar)-122413, India
| | - Shweta Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar)-122413, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar)-122413, India
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Zhu XG, Tong SM, Ying SH, Feng MG. Antioxidant activities of four superoxide dismutases in Metarhizium robertsii and their contributions to pest control potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9221-9230. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Proteins Potentially Involved in Immune Evasion Strategies in Sporothrix brasiliensis Elucidated by Ultra-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. mSphere 2018; 3:3/3/e00514-17. [PMID: 29898987 PMCID: PMC6001607 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00514-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an important disease in Brazil that is caused by fungi of the genus Sporothrix and affects cats and humans. Our work investigated the proteins differentially expressed by S. brasiliensis in order to find out why this species is more virulent and pathogenic than S. schenckii. We verified a set of proteins that may be related to immune escape and that can explain the high virulence. Sporothrix brasiliensis is the prevalent agent of a large zoonotic outbreak in Brazil. With the involvement of several thousands of cases, this is the largest cohort of human and animal sporotrichosis on record in the world. Infections are characterized by local cutaneous dissemination in humans without underlying disease. S. brasiliensis has shown a high degree of virulence in a mouse model compared to the remaining Sporothrix species, including the ancestral species, Sporothrix schenckii. The present paper investigates a genomic and expressed-proteome comparison of S. brasiliensis to S. schenckii. Using bottom-up proteomics, we found 60 proteins exclusively expressed in S. brasiliensis. No significant genomic differences were found among the genes coding for this protein set. A comparison with literature data identified nine proteins that are known to be involved in virulence and immune evasion in other species, several of which had not yet been reported for the Sporothrix species analyzed. IMPORTANCE Sporotrichosis is an important disease in Brazil that is caused by fungi of the genus Sporothrix and affects cats and humans. Our work investigated the proteins differentially expressed by S. brasiliensis in order to find out why this species is more virulent and pathogenic than S. schenckii. We verified a set of proteins that may be related to immune escape and that can explain the high virulence.
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Kwak MK, Ku M, Kang SO. Inducible NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase regulates cellular methylglyoxal and pyruvate through enhanced activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and methylglyoxal-oxidizing enzymes in glutathione-depleted Candida albicans. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:18-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Chakravarti A, Camp K, McNabb DS, Pinto I. The Iron-Dependent Regulation of the Candida albicans Oxidative Stress Response by the CCAAT-Binding Factor. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170649. [PMID: 28122000 PMCID: PMC5266298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most frequently encountered fungal pathogen in humans, capable of causing mucocutaneous and systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals. C. albicans virulence is influenced by multiple factors. Importantly, iron acquisition and avoidance of the immune oxidative burst are two critical barriers for survival in the host. Prior studies using whole genome microarray expression data indicated that the CCAAT-binding factor is involved in the regulation of iron uptake/utilization and the oxidative stress response. This study examines directly the role of the CCAAT-binding factor in regulating the expression of oxidative stress genes in response to iron availability. The CCAAT-binding factor is a heterooligomeric transcription factor previously shown to regulate genes involved in respiration and iron uptake/utilization in C. albicans. Since these pathways directly influence the level of free radicals, it seemed plausible the CCAAT-binding factor regulates genes necessary for the oxidative stress response. In this study, we show the CCAAT-binding factor is involved in regulating some oxidative stress genes in response to iron availability, including CAT1, SOD4, GRX5, and TRX1. We also show that CAT1 expression and catalase activity correlate with the survival of C. albicans to oxidative stress, providing a connection between iron obtainability and the oxidative stress response. We further explore the role of the various CCAAT-binding factor subunits in the formation of distinct protein complexes that modulate the transcription of CAT1 in response to iron. We find that Hap31 and Hap32 can compensate for each other in the formation of an active transcriptional complex; however, they play distinct roles in the oxidative stress response during iron limitation. Moreover, Hap43 was found to be solely responsible for the repression observed under iron deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Chakravarti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Kyle Camp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - David S. McNabb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Inés Pinto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Broxton CN, Culotta VC. An Adaptation to Low Copper in Candida albicans Involving SOD Enzymes and the Alternative Oxidase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168400. [PMID: 28033429 PMCID: PMC5198983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a major cytosolic cuproprotein with a small fraction residing in the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) to protect against respiratory superoxide. Curiously, the opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans is predicted to express two cytosolic SODs including Cu/Zn containing SOD1 and manganese containing SOD3. As part of a copper starvation response, C. albicans represses SOD1 and induces the non-copper alternative SOD3. While both SOD1 and SOD3 are predicted to exist in the same cytosolic compartment, their potential role in mitochondrial oxidative stress had yet to be investigated. We show here that under copper replete conditions, a fraction of the Cu/Zn containing SOD1 localizes to the mitochondrial IMS to guard against mitochondrial superoxide. However in copper starved cells, localization of the manganese containing SOD3 is restricted to the cytosol leaving the mitochondrial IMS devoid of SOD. We observe that during copper starvation, an alternative oxidase (AOX) form of respiration is induced that is not coupled to ATP synthesis but maintains mitochondrial superoxide at low levels even in the absence of IMS SOD. Surprisingly, the copper-dependent cytochrome c oxidase (COX) form of respiration remains high with copper starvation. We provide evidence that repression of SOD1 during copper limitation serves to spare copper for COX and maintain COX respiration. Overall, the complex copper starvation response of C. albicans involving SOD1, SOD3 and AOX minimizes mitochondrial oxidative damage whilst maximizing COX respiration essential for fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chynna N. Broxton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Valeria C. Culotta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ku M, Baek YU, Kwak MK, Kang SO. Candida albicans glutathione reductase downregulates Efg1-mediated cyclic AMP/protein kinase A pathway and leads to defective hyphal growth and virulence upon decreased cellular methylglyoxal content accompanied by activating alcohol dehydrogenase and glycolytic enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:772-788. [PMID: 27751952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione reductase maintains the glutathione level in a reduced state. As previously demonstrated, glutathione is required for cell growth/division and its biosynthesizing-enzyme deficiency causes methylglyoxal accumulation. However, experimental evidences for reciprocal relationships between Cph1-/Efg1-mediated signaling pathway regulation and methylglyoxal production exerted by glutathione reductase on yeast morphology remain unclear. METHODS Glutathione reductase (GLR1) disruption/overexpression were performed to investigate aspects of pathological/morphological alterations in Candida albicans. These assumptions were proved by observations of cellular susceptibility to oxidants and thiols, and measurements of methylglyoxal and glutathione content in hyphal-inducing conditions mainly through the activity of GLR1-overexpressing cells. Additionally, the transcriptional/translational levels of bioenergetic enzymes and dimorphism-regulating protein kinases were examined in the strain. RESULTS The GLR1-deficient strain was non-viable when GLR1 expression under the control of a CaMAL2 promoter was conditionally repressed, despite partial rescue of growth by exogenous thiols. During filamentation, non-growing hyphal GLR1-overexpressing cells exhibited resistance against oxidants and cellular methylglyoxal was significantly decreased, which concomitantly increased expressions of genes encoding energy-generating enzymes, including fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1), with remarkable repression of Efg1-signaling cascades. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report that GLR1-triggered Efg1-mediated signal transduction repression strictly reduces dimorphic switching and virulence by maintaining the basal level of methylglyoxal following the enhanced gene expressions of glycolytic enzymes and ADH1. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The Efg1 downregulatory mechanism by GLR1 expression has possibilities to involve in other complex network of signal pathways. Understanding how GLR1 overexpression affects multiple signaling pathways can help identify attractive targets for antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- MyungHee Ku
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Un Baek
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Kwak
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Yao SH, Guo Y, Wang YZ, Zhang D, Xu L, Tang WH. A cytoplasmic Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase SOD1 contributes to hyphal growth and virulence of Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 91:32-42. [PMID: 27037138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are scavengers of superoxide radicals, one of the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell. SOD-based ROS scavenging system constitutes the frontline defense against intra- and extracellular ROS, but the roles of SODs in the important cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum are not very clear. There are five SOD genes in F. graminearum genome, encoding cytoplasmic Cu-Zn SOD1 and MnSOD3, mitochondrial MnSOD2 and FeSOD4, and extracellular CuSOD5. Previous studies reported that the expression of SOD1 increased during infection of wheat coleoptiles and florets. In this work we showed that the recombinant SOD1 protein had the superoxide dismutase activity in vitro, and that the SOD1-mRFP fusion protein localized in the cytoplasm of F. graminearum. The Δsod1 mutants had slightly reduced hyphal growth and markedly increased sensitivity to the intracellular ROS generator menadione. The conidial germination under extracellular oxidative stress was significantly delayed in the mutants. Wheat floret infection assay showed that the Δsod1 mutants had a reduced pathogenicity. Furthermore, the Δsod1 mutants had a significant reduction in production of deoxynivalenol mycotoxin. Our results indicate that the cytoplasmic Cu-Zn SOD1 affects fungal growth probably depending on detoxification of intracellular superoxide radicals, and that SOD1-mediated deoxynivalenol production contributes to the virulence of F. graminearum in wheat head infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hua Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yan Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan-Zhang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wei-Hua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Yan JJ, Zhang L, Wang RQ, Xie B, Li X, Chen RL, Guo LX, Xie BG. The Sequence Characteristics and Expression Models Reveal Superoxide Dismutase Involved in Cold Response and Fruiting Body Development in Volvariella volvacea. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010034. [PMID: 26784168 PMCID: PMC4730280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the first defence for cells to counteract the toxicity of active oxygen, superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays an important role in the response of living organisms to stress and cell differentiation. One extracellular Cu-ZnSOD (ecCu-ZnSOD), and two MnSODs, were identified based on the Volvariella volvacea genome sequence. All three genes have complicated alternative splicing modes during transcription; only when the fourth intron is retained can the Vv_Cu-Znsod1 gene be translated into a protein sequence with SOD functional domains. The expression levels of the three sod genes in the pilei are higher than in the stipe. The Vv_Cu-Znsod1 and the Vv_Mnsod2 are co-expressed in different developmental stages of the fruiting body, with the highest level of expression in the pilei of the egg stage, and they show a significant, positive correlation with the efficiency of karyogamy, indicating the potential role of these two genes during karyogamy. The expression of the ecCu-Znsod and two Vv_Mnsod genes showed a significant up-regulated when treated by cold stress for one hour; however, the lack of the intracellular Cu-ZnSOD encoding gene (icCu-Znsod) and the special locus of the ecCu-Znsod gene initiation codon suggested a possible reason for the autolysis phenomenon of V. volvacea in cold conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Yan
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Rui-Qing Wang
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Food Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Bin Xie
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ren-Liang Chen
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Li-Xian Guo
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Bao-Gui Xie
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Mina S, Staerck C, d'Almeida SM, Marot A, Delneste Y, Calenda A, Tabiasco J, Bouchara JP, Fleury MJJ. Identification of Scedosporium boydii catalase A1 gene, a reactive oxygen species detoxification factor highly expressed in response to oxidative stress and phagocytic cells. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:1322-1333. [PMID: 26615753 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Scedosporium boydii is an opportunistic filamentous fungus which may be responsible for a large variety of infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. This fungus belongs to the Scedosporium apiospermum species complex which usually ranks second among the filamentous fungi colonizing the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Species of the S. apiospermum complex are able to chronically colonize the CF airways suggesting pathogenic mechanisms allowing persistence and growth of these fungi in the respiratory tract. Few putative virulence factors have been purified and characterized so far in the S. apiospermum complex including a cytosolic Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and a monofunctional catalase (catalase A1). Upon microbial infection, host phagocytes release reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide, as part of the antimicrobial response. Catalases are known to protect pathogens against ROS by degradation of the hydrogen peroxide. Here, we identified the S. boydii catalase A1 gene (CATA1) and investigated its expression in response to the environmental conditions encountered in the CF airways and to the oxidative stress. Results showed that S. boydii CATA1 gene expression is not affected by hypoxia, hypercapnia or pH changes. In contrast, CATA1 gene was overexpressed in response to a chemically induced oxidative stress with a relative gene expression 37-fold higher in the presence of 250 μM H(2)O(2), 20-fold higher with 250 μM menadione and 5-fold higher with 2 mM paraquat. Moreover, S. boydii CATA1 gene expression progressively increased upon exposure to activated THP-1-derived macrophages, reaching a maximum after 12 h (26 fold). Activated HL60-derived neutrophils and activated human peripheral blood neutrophils more rapidly induced S. boydii CATA1 gene overexpression, a maximum gene expression level being reached at 75 min (17 fold) and 60 min (15 fold), respectively. In contrast expression of the gene encoding the Cu,Zn-SOD (SODC gene) was not affected by H(2)O(2), menadione, paraquat or in co-culture with phagocytic cells. These results suggest that S. boydii CATA1 gene is highly stimulated by the oxidative burst response whereas SODC gene is constitutively expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mina
- L'UNAM Université, Université d'Angers, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, UPRES EA 3142, Angers, France
| | - Cindy Staerck
- L'UNAM Université, Université d'Angers, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, UPRES EA 3142, Angers, France
| | - Sènan M d'Almeida
- L'UNAM Université, Université d'Angers, Immunité Innée et Immunothérapie, Angers, France; Inserm UMR 892, Angers, France; CNRS UMR 6299, Angers, France
| | - Agnès Marot
- L'UNAM Université, Université d'Angers, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, UPRES EA 3142, Angers, France
| | - Yves Delneste
- L'UNAM Université, Université d'Angers, Immunité Innée et Immunothérapie, Angers, France; Inserm UMR 892, Angers, France; CNRS UMR 6299, Angers, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Allergologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, France
| | - Alphonse Calenda
- L'UNAM Université, Université d'Angers, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, UPRES EA 3142, Angers, France
| | - Julie Tabiasco
- L'UNAM Université, Université d'Angers, Immunité Innée et Immunothérapie, Angers, France; Inserm UMR 892, Angers, France; CNRS UMR 6299, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- L'UNAM Université, Université d'Angers, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, UPRES EA 3142, Angers, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, France
| | - Maxime J J Fleury
- L'UNAM Université, Université d'Angers, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, UPRES EA 3142, Angers, France.
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Candida albicans adapts to host copper during infection by swapping metal cofactors for superoxide dismutase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5336-42. [PMID: 26351691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513447112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is both an essential nutrient and potentially toxic metal, and during infection the host can exploit Cu in the control of pathogen growth. Here we describe a clever adaptation to Cu taken by the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. In laboratory cultures with abundant Cu, C. albicans expresses a Cu-requiring form of superoxide dismutase (Sod1) in the cytosol; but when Cu levels decline, cells switch to an alternative Mn-requiring Sod3. This toggling between Cu- and Mn-SODs is controlled by the Cu-sensing regulator Mac1 and ensures that C. albicans maintains constant SOD activity for cytosolic antioxidant protection despite fluctuating Cu. This response to Cu is initiated during C. albicans invasion of the host where the yeast is exposed to wide variations in Cu. In a murine model of disseminated candidiasis, serum Cu was seen to progressively rise over the course of infection, but this heightened Cu response was not mirrored in host tissue. The kidney that serves as the major site of fungal infection showed an initial rise in Cu, followed by a decline in the metal. C. albicans adjusted its cytosolic SODs accordingly and expressed Cu-Sod1 at early stages of infection, followed by induction of Mn-Sod3 and increases in expression of CTR1 for Cu uptake. Together, these studies demonstrate that fungal infection triggers marked fluctuations in host Cu and C. albicans readily adapts by modulating Cu uptake and by exchanging metal cofactors for antioxidant SODs.
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Abstract
Only few Candida species, e.g., Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida parapsilosis, are successful colonizers of a human host. Under certain circumstances these species can cause infections ranging from superficial to life-threatening disseminated candidiasis. The success of C. albicans, the most prevalent and best studied Candida species, as both commensal and human pathogen depends on its genetic, biochemical, and morphological flexibility which facilitates adaptation to a wide range of host niches. In addition, formation of biofilms provides additional protection from adverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, in many host niches Candida cells coexist with members of the human microbiome. The resulting fungal-bacterial interactions have a major influence on the success of C. albicans as commensal and also influence disease development and outcome. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge of important survival strategies of Candida spp., focusing on fundamental fitness and virulence traits of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Polke
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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26
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Khalife S, Aliouat EM, Gantois N, Jakobczyk H, Demay F, Chabé M, Pottier M, Dabboussi F, Hamze M, Dei-Cas E, Standaert-Vitse A, Aliouat-Denis CM. Complementation of a manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase-deficient yeast strain with Pneumocystis carinii sod2 gene. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:885-95. [PMID: 25442292 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is one of the key enzymes involved in the cellular defense against oxidative stress. Previously, the Pneumocystis carinii sod2 gene (Pcsod2) was isolated and characterized. Based on protein sequence comparison, Pcsod2 was suggested to encode a putative MnSOD protein likely to be targeted into the mitochondrion. In this work, the Pcsod2 was cloned and expressed as a recombinant protein in EG110 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain lacking the MnSOD-coding gene (Scsod2) in order to investigate the function and subcellular localization of P. carinii MnSOD (PcMnSOD). The Pcsod2 gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into the pYES2.1/V5-His-TOPO(®) expression vector. The recombinant construct was then transformed into EG110 strain. Once its expression had been induced, PcMnSOD was able to complement the growth defect of EG110 yeast cells that had been exposed to the redox-cycling compound menadione. N-term sequencing of the PcMnSOD protein allowed identifying the cleavage site of a mitochondrial targeting peptide. Immune-colocalization of PcMnSOD and yeast CoxIV further confirmed the mitochondrial localization of the PcMnSOD. Heterologous expression of PcMnSOD in yeast indicates that Pcsod2 encodes an active MnSOD, targeted to the yeast mitochondrion that allows the yeast cells to grow in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khalife
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille2, Lille F-59019, France; Laboratoire de Microbiologie Santé et Environnement, Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Liban
| | - El Moukhtar Aliouat
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille2, Lille F-59019, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Lille 2, Lille F-59006, France
| | - Nausicaa Gantois
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille2, Lille F-59019, France
| | - Hélène Jakobczyk
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille2, Lille F-59019, France
| | - François Demay
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille2, Lille F-59019, France
| | - Magali Chabé
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille2, Lille F-59019, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Lille 2, Lille F-59006, France
| | - Muriel Pottier
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille2, Lille F-59019, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Lille 2, Lille F-59006, France
| | - Fouad Dabboussi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Santé et Environnement, Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Liban
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Santé et Environnement, Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Liban
| | - Eduardo Dei-Cas
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille2, Lille F-59019, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHRU de Lille & Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Univ Lille Nord de France, Univ Lille 2, Lille F-59045, France
| | - Annie Standaert-Vitse
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille2, Lille F-59019, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Lille 2, Lille F-59006, France.
| | - Cécile-Marie Aliouat-Denis
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille2, Lille F-59019, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Lille 2, Lille F-59006, France
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Yin C, Zhao W, Zhu J, Zheng L, Chen L, Ma A. Cloning and characterization of a differentially expressed mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase gene from Pleurotus ostreatus. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0999-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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28
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Li F, Shi HQ, Ying SH, Feng MG. Distinct contributions of one Fe- and two Cu/Zn-cofactored superoxide dismutases to antioxidation, UV tolerance and virulence of Beauveria bassiana. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 81:160-71. [PMID: 25263710 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana, a filamentous entomopathogen, has five distinct superoxide dismutases (SODs), including cytosolic and mitochondrial MnSODs (Sod2/3) which have proved contributing primarily to intracelluar SOD activity and additively to antioxidation and virulence. Here we characterized cytosolic Cu/ZnSOD (Sod1), mitochondrial FeSOD (Sod4) and cell wall-anchored Cu/ZnSOD (Sod5). The latter two are unexplored despite existence in many filamentous fungi, and their subcellular localization was well confirmed with specifically stained cells expressing Sod4::eGFP or Sod5::eGFP fusion. Total SOD activity decreased by ∼15% in Δsod1 but increased by 11-20% in three sod4 knockdown mutants (Δsod4 was lethal) when co-cultivated with menadone and H2O2. Surprisingly, total catalase activity decreased much more in the sod4 mutants (69-75%) than in Δsod1 (27-33%) under normal and oxidative conditions. However, Δsod5 showed little change in either SOD or catalase activity. Transcript levels of SOD partners and five catalases also changed more dramatically in the sod4 mutants than in Δsod1 and Δsod5. As a consequence of global effect, intracellular ROS levels induced by both oxidants were higher in Δsod1 than in the sod4 mutants and Δsod5. All the mutants were differentially more sensitive to the two oxidants and UV-A/UV-B irradiations and less virulent to Galleria mellonella larvae but not responsive to high osmolarity, cell wall stress and high temperature. Taken together with previously characterized Sod2 and Sod3, our results provide full insight into the SOD family, unveiling the interactions of each SOD with other partners and catalases in the antioxidant reaction associated with the fungal biocontrol potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Qiang Shi
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Cuéllar-Cruz M, López-Romero E, Ruiz-Baca E, Zazueta-Sandoval R. Differential response of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata to oxidative and nitrosative stresses. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:733-9. [PMID: 25002360 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0651-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is associated with high mortality in immunocompromised and hospitalized patients. Candida albicans is the main pathological agent followed by Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis. These pathogens colonize different host tissues in humans as they are able to neutralize the reactive species generated from nitrogen and oxygen during the respiratory burst. Among the enzymatic mechanisms that Candida species have developed to protect against free radicals are enzymes with antioxidant and immunodominant functions such as flavohemoglobins, catalases, superoxide dismutases, glutathione reductases, thioredoxins, peroxidases, heat-shock proteins, and enolases. These mechanisms are under transcriptional regulation by factors such as Cta4p, Cwt1p, Yap1p, Skn7p, Msn2p, and Msn4p. However, even though it has been proposed that all Candida species have similar enzymatic systems, it has been observed that they respond differentially to various types of stress. These differential responses may explain the colonization of different organs by each species. Here, we review the enzymatic mechanisms developed by C. albicans and C. glabrata species in response to oxidative and nitrosative stresses. Lack of experimental information for other pathogenic species limits a comparative approach among different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Cuéllar-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico,
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30
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Ding C, Festa RA, Sun TS, Wang ZY. Iron and copper as virulence modulators in human fungal pathogens. Mol Microbiol 2014; 93:10-23. [PMID: 24851950 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens have evolved sophisticated machinery to precisely balance the fine line between acquiring essential metals and defending against metal toxicity. Iron and copper are essential metals for many processes in both fungal pathogens and their mammalian hosts, but reduce viability when present in excess. However, during infection, the host uses these two metals differently. Fe has a long-standing history of influencing virulence in pathogenic fungi, mostly in regards to Fe acquisition. Numerous studies demonstrate the requirement of the Fe acquisition pathway of Candida, Cryptococcus and Aspergillus for successful systemic infection. Fe is not free in the host, but is associated with Fe-binding proteins, leading fungi to develop mechanisms to interact with and to acquire Fe from these Fe-bound proteins. Cu is also essential for cell growth and development. Essential Cu-binding proteins include Fe transporters, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and cytochrome c oxidase. Although Cu acquisition plays critical roles in fungal survival in the host, recent work has revealed that Cu detoxification is extremely important. Here, we review fungal responses to altered metal conditions presented by the host, contrast the roles of Fe and Cu during infection, and outline the critical roles of fungal metal homeostasis machinery at the host-pathogen axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ding
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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31
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Humic substances enhance growth and respiration in the basidiomycetes Trametes maxima under carbon limited conditions. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:643-52. [PMID: 24859517 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Humic substances (HS) represent the major reservoir of carbon (C) in ecosystems, and their turnover is crucial for understanding the global C cycle. Although basidiomycetes clearly have a role in HS degradation, much less is known about the effect of HS on fungal traits. We studied the alteration of physiological, biochemical, and morphological characteristics of Trametes maxima in the presence of HS. Both complete medium and minimal (C-limited) medium mimicking natural environmental conditions were used. Adding HS led to increased biomass yield, but under C-limited conditions the effect was more apparent. This result indicated that HS were used as an additional substrate and agreed with data showing a greater penetration of tritium-labeled HS into the cell interior under C-limited conditions. Humic substances induced ultra-structural changes in fungal cells, especially under C limitation, including reducing the thicknesses of the hyphal sheath and cell wall. In the minimal medium, cellular respiration increased nearly three-fold under HS application, while the corresponding effect in complete medium was lower. In addition, in the presence of inhibitors, HS stimulated either the cytochrome or the alternative pathway of respiration, depending on presence or absence of glucose in the medium. Our results suggest that, under conditions mimicking the natural environment, HS may play three major roles: as a surplus substrate for fungal growth, as a factor positively affecting cell morphology, and as an activator of physiological respiration.
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32
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Chaves GM, Silva WPD. Superoxide dismutases and glutaredoxins have a distinct role in the response of Candida albicans to oxidative stress generated by the chemical compounds menadione and diamide. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:998-1005. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000800006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Prokopiv TM, Fedorovych DV, Boretsky YR, Sibirny AA. Oversynthesis of riboflavin in the yeast Pichia guilliermondii is accompanied by reduced catalase and superoxide dismutases activities. Curr Microbiol 2012; 66:79-87. [PMID: 23053489 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency causes oversynthesis of riboflavin in several yeast species, known as flavinogenic yeasts. Under iron deprivation conditions, Pichia guilliermondii cells increase production of riboflavin and malondialdehyde and the formation of protein carbonyl groups, which reflect increased intracellular content of reactive oxygen species. In this study, we found that P. guilliermondii iron deprived cells showed dramatically decreased catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Previously reported mutations rib80, rib81, and hit1, which affect repression of riboflavin synthesis and iron accumulation by iron ions, caused similar drops in activities of the mentioned enzymes. These findings could explain the previously described development of oxidative stress in iron deprived or mutated P. guilliermondii cells that overproduce riboflavin. Similar decrease in superoxide dismutase activities was observed in iron deprived cells in the non-flavinogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana M Prokopiv
- Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology NAS of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
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34
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Xie XQ, Li F, Ying SH, Feng MG. Additive contributions of two manganese-cored superoxide dismutases (MnSODs) to antioxidation, UV tolerance and virulence of Beauveria bassiana. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30298. [PMID: 22279579 PMCID: PMC3261187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic fungi against arthropod pests depends on not only their virulence to target pests but tolerance to outdoor high temperature and solar UV irradiation. Two Beauveria bassiana superoxide dismutases (SODs), BbSod2 and BbSod3, were characterized as cytosolic and mitochondrial manganese-cored isoenzymes (MnSODs) dominating the total SOD activity of the fungal entomopathogen under normal growth conditions. To probe their effects on the biocontrol potential of B. bassiana, ΔBbSod2, ΔBbSod3, and three hairpin RNA-interfered (RNAi) mutants with the transcripts of both BbSod2 and BbSod3 being suppressed by 91-97% were constructed and assayed for various phenotypic parameters in conjunction with ΔBbSod2/BbSod2, ΔBbSod3/BbSod3 and wild-type (control strains). In normal cultures, the knockout and RNAi mutants showed significant phenotypic alterations, including delayed sporulation, reduced conidial yields, and impaired conidial quality, but little change in colony morphology. Their mycelia or conidia became much more sensitive to menadione or H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress but had little change in sensitivity to the hyperosmolarity of NaCl and the high temperature of 45°C. Accompanied with the decreased antioxidative capability, conidial tolerances to UV-A and UV-B irradiations were reduced by 16.8% and 45.4% for ΔBbSod2, 18.7% and 44.7% for ΔBbSod3, and ∼33.7% and ∼63.8% for the RNAi mutants, respectively. Their median lethal times (LT(50)s) against Myzus persicae apterae, which were topically inoculated under a standardized spray, were delayed by 18.8%, 14.5% and 37.1%, respectively. Remarkably, the effects of cytosolic BbSod2 and mitochondrial BbSod3 on the phenotypic parameters important for the fungal bioncontrol potential were additive, well in accordance with the decreased SOD activities and the increased superoxide levels in the knockout and RNAi mutants. Our findings highlight for the first time that the two MnSODs co-contribute to the biocontrol potential of B. bassiana by mediating cellular antioxidative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qin Xie
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Martins VDP, Dinamarco TM, Curti C, Uyemura SA. Classical and alternative components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in pathogenic fungi as potential therapeutic targets. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 43:81-8. [PMID: 21271279 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-011-9331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of opportunistic fungal infection has increased drastically, mainly in patients who are immunocompromised due to organ transplant, leukemia or HIV infection. In spite of this, only a few classes of drugs with a limited array of targets, are available for antifungal therapy. Therefore, more specific and less toxic drugs with new molecular targets is desirable for the treatment of fungal infections. In this context, searching for differences between mitochondrial mammalian hosts and fungi in the classical and alternative components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain may provide new potential therapeutic targets for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente de Paulo Martins
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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36
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Killing of Candida albicans filaments by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is mediated by sopB effectors, parts of a type III secretion system. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:782-90. [PMID: 21498643 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00014-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although bacterial-fungal interactions shape microbial virulence during polymicrobial infections, only a limited number of studies have evaluated this interaction on a genetic level. We report here that one interaction is mediated by sopB, an effector of a type III secretion system (TTSS) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. In these studies, we screened 10 TTSS effector-related mutants and determined their role in the killing of C. albicans filaments in vitro during coinfection in planktonic environments. We found that deleting the sopB gene (which encodes inositol phosphatase) was associated with a significant decrease in C. albicans killing at 25°C after 5 days, similar to that caused by the deletion of sipB (which encodes TTSS translocation machinery components). The sopB deletion dramatically influenced the killing of C. albicans filaments. It was associated with repressed filamentation in the Caenorhabditis elegans model of C. albicans-S. Typhimurium coinfection, as well as with biofilm formation by C. albicans. We confirmed that SopB translocated to fungal filaments through SipB during coinfection. Using quantitative real-time PCR assays, we found that the Candida supernatant upregulated the S. Typhimurium genes associated with C. albicans killing (sopB and sipB). Interestingly, the sopB effector negatively regulated the transcription of CDC42, which is involved in fungal viability. Taken together, these results indicate that specific TTSS effectors, including SopB, play a critical role in bacterial-fungal interactions and are important to S. Typhimurium in order to selectively compete with fungal pathogens. These findings highlight a new role for TTSS of S. Typhimurium in the intestinal tract and may further explain the evolution and maintenance of these traits.
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Pérez-Sánchez L, González E, Colón-Lorenzo EE, González-Velázquez W, González-Méndez R, Rodríguez-del Valle N. Interaction of the heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunit SSG-1 of Sporothrix schenckii with proteins related to stress response and fungal pathogenicity using a yeast two-hybrid assay. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:317. [PMID: 21143936 PMCID: PMC3018405 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Important biological processes require selective and orderly protein-protein interactions at every level of the signalling cascades. G proteins are a family of heterotrimeric GTPases that effect eukaryotic signal transduction through the coupling of cell surface receptors to cytoplasmic effector proteins. They have been associated with growth and pathogenicity in many fungi through gene knock-out studies. In Sporothrix schenckii, a pathogenic, dimorphic fungus, we previously identified a pertussis sensitive G alpha subunit, SSG-1. In this work we inquire into its interactions with other proteins. Results Using the yeast two-hybrid technique, we identified protein-protein interactions between SSG-1 and other important cellular proteins. The interactions were corroborated using co-immuneprecipitation. Using these techniques we identified a Fe/Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD), a glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and two ion transport proteins, a siderophore-iron transporter belonging to the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) and a divalent-cation transporter of the Nramp (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein) family as interacting with SSG-1. The cDNA's encoding these proteins were sequenced and bioinformatic macromolecular sequence analyses were used for the correct classification and functional assignment. Conclusions This study constitutes the first report of the interaction of a fungal G alpha inhibitory subunit with SOD, GAPDH, and two metal ion transporters. The identification of such important proteins as partners of a G alpha subunit in this fungus suggests possible mechanisms through which this G protein can affect pathogenicity and survival under conditions of environmental stress or inside the human host. The two ion transporters identified in this work are the first to be reported in S. schenckii and the first time they are identified as interacting with fungal G protein alpha subunits. The association of G protein alpha subunits to transport molecules reinforces the role of G proteins in the response to environmental signals and also highlights the involvement of fungal G protein alpha subunits in nutrient sensing in S. schenckii. These interactions suggest that these permeases could function as transceptors for G proteins in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizaida Pérez-Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA
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Lambou K, Lamarre C, Beau R, Dufour N, Latge JP. Functional analysis of the superoxide dismutase family inAspergillus fumigatus. Mol Microbiol 2010; 75:910-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.07024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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A new manganese superoxide dismutase identified from Beauveria bassiana enhances virulence and stress tolerance when overexpressed in the fungal pathogen. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:1543-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 01/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chae MS, Nargang FE. Investigation of regulatory factors required for alternative oxidase production in Neurospora crassa. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2009; 137:407-418. [PMID: 19493307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Alternative oxidase (AOX) has been found in a large number of filamentous fungi and yeasts with the notable exceptions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In virtually all of these fungi, AOX is induced by stresses on the cell that compromise the efficiency of the standard mitochondrial electron transport chain. As AOX is encoded in the nucleus and the signals that induce its expression originate in mitochondria, induction of the enzyme provides a classic example of retrograde regulation where signals from mitochondria influence the expression of nuclear genes. We have previously isolated mutants in Neurospora crassa that are incapable of inducing AOX. The genes affected in two of these mutants, aod-2 and aod-5, encode zinc cluster transcription factors that act to control expression of the AOX by binding to an alternative oxidase induction motif (AIM) found in the promoter of the AOX structural gene. We have now used pull-down assays and size-exclusion chromatography to demonstrate that the AOD2 and AOD5 proteins physically interact in vitro. In addition, we have shown that a homolog of the RTG2 protein, which is part of a classic retrograde signaling pathway in S. cerevisiae, is not required for AOX regulation in N. crassa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Chae
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G2E9
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Bambach A, Fernandes MP, Ghosh A, Kruppa M, Alex D, Li D, Fonzi WA, Chauhan N, Sun N, Agrellos OA, Vercesi AE, Rolfes RJ, Calderone R. Goa1p of Candida albicans localizes to the mitochondria during stress and is required for mitochondrial function and virulence. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2009; 8:1706-20. [PMID: 19717740 PMCID: PMC2772395 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00066-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using a Tn7 transposon library of Candida albicans, we have identified a mutant that exhibited sensitivity in drop plate assays to oxidants such as menadione and hydrogen peroxide. To verify the role of the mutated gene in stress adaptation, null mutants were constructed and phenotypically characterized. Because of its apparent functions in growth and oxidant adaptation, we have named the gene GOA1. Goa1p appears to be unique to the CTG subclade of the Saccharomycotina, including C. albicans. Mutants of C. albicans lacking goa1 (strain GOA31) were more sensitive to 6 mM H(2)O(2) and 0.125 mM menadione than the wild type (wt) or a gene-reconstituted (GOA32) strain. The sensitivity to oxidants correlated with reduced survival of the GOA31 mutant in human neutrophils and avirulence compared to control strains. Other phenotypes of GOA31 include reduced growth and filamentation in 10% serum, Spider, and SLAD agar media and an inability to form chlamydospores. Since Goa1p has an N-terminal mitochondrion localization site, we also show that green fluorescent protein-tagged Goa1p shows a mitochondrionlike distribution during oxidant or osmotic stress. Further, the inability of GOA31 to grow in medium containing lactate, ethanol, or glycerol as the sole carbon source indicates that the mitochondria are defective in the mutant. To determine how Goa1p contributes to mitochondrial function, we compared the wt, GOA32, and GOA31 strains for mitochondrial electrical membrane potential, respiration, and oxidative phosphorylation. We now show that GOA31, but not the wt or GOA32, had decreased respiration and mitochondrial membrane potential such that mutant cells are unable to drive oxidative phosphorylation. This is the first report in C. albicans of a respiratory defect caused by a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Bambach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana P. Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anup Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michael Kruppa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Deepu Alex
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - William A. Fonzi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Neeraj Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nuo Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Orlando A. Agrellos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anibal E. Vercesi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronda J. Rolfes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Fekete A, Pócsi I, Emri T, Gyetvai A, Gazdag Z, Pesti M, Karányi Z, Majoros L, Gergely L, Pócsi I. Physiological and morphological characterization of tert -butylhydroperoxide tolerant Candida albicans mutants. J Basic Microbiol 2009; 48:480-7. [PMID: 18785661 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200800114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
tert -Butylhydroperoxide (t BOOH) tolerant Candida albicans mutants developed from clinical isolates were characterized with increased tolerance of the oxidative stress generating agents t BOOH and H2O2, continuous induction of the antioxidative defence system, reduced pseudohypha and hypha-forming capabilities, decreased phospholipase secretion and delayed growth in Sabouraud dextrose agar and broth media. Changes in antimycotic (fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine) tolerances as well as in total and cytochrome c-dependent respirations showed versatile patterns, meanwhile the intensified alternative oxidase-dependent respiration of the mutants indicated that this respiratory pathway was an important element of the antioxidative defence in general. Because the phenotypes of increased oxidative stress tolerance and reduced virulence attribute production always emerged concomitantly in t BOOH-tolerant mutants the natural selection of C. albicans strains more tolerant of oxidative stress is unlikely. Not surprisingly, a screening study failed to detect any C. albicans strains with increased oxidative stress tolerance among 46 randomly selected clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fekete
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Li W, Qi L, Lin X, Chen H, Ma Z, Wu K, Huang S. The expression of manganese superoxide dismutase gene from Nelumbo nucifera responds strongly to chilling and oxidative stresses. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:279-286. [PMID: 19261071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) gene, NnMSD1, was identified from embryonic axes of the sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). The NnMSD1 protein contains all conserved residues of the Mn-SOD protein family, including four consensus metal binding domains and a signal peptide for mitochondrial targeting. Southern blot analysis suggests the existence of two Mn-SOD genes in sacred lotus. NnMSD1 was highly expressed in developing embryonic axes during seed development, but appeared in cotyledons only at the early stage of development and became undetectable in the cotyledons during late embryogenesis. The expression of the NnMSD1 gene in germinating embryonic axes, in response to various stresses such as heat shock, chilling, and exposure to stress-related chemicals, was also studied. Heat shock strongly inhibited the expression of the NnMSD1 gene, whereas the NnMSD1 transcript level increased strongly in chilling stress treatment. An increase in expression was also highly induced by H2O2 in germinating embryonic axes. The results suggest that the expression pattern of the NnMSD1 gene differed between developing axes and cotyledons, and that the NnMSD1 gene expression responds strongly to chilling and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Michielse CB, van Wijk R, Reijnen L, Cornelissen BJC, Rep M. Insight into the molecular requirements for pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici through large-scale insertional mutagenesis. Genome Biol 2009; 10:R4. [PMID: 19134172 PMCID: PMC2687792 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-1-r4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is the causal agent of vascular wilt disease in tomato. In order to gain more insight into the molecular processes in F. oxysporum necessary for pathogenesis and to uncover the genes involved, we used Agrobacterium-mediated insertional mutagenesis to generate 10,290 transformants and screened the transformants for loss or reduction of pathogenicity. RESULTS This led to the identification of 106 pathogenicity mutants. Southern analysis revealed that the average T-DNA insertion is 1.4 and that 66% of the mutants carry a single T-DNA. Using TAIL-PCR, chromosomal T-DNA flanking regions were isolated and 111 potential pathogenicity genes were identified. CONCLUSIONS Functional categorization of the potential pathogenicity genes indicates that certain cellular processes, such as amino acid and lipid metabolism, cell wall remodeling, protein translocation and protein degradation, seem to be important for full pathogenicity of F. oxysporum. Several known pathogenicity genes were identified, such as those encoding chitin synthase V, developmental regulator FlbA and phosphomannose isomerase. In addition, complementation and gene knock-out experiments confirmed that a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein, thought to be involved in cell wall integrity, a transcriptional regulator, a protein with unknown function and peroxisome biogenesis are required for full pathogenicity of F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Michielse
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Current address: Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Reijnen
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben JC Cornelissen
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Vilhelmsson M, Glaser AG, Martinez DB, Schmidt M, Johansson C, Rhyner C, Berndt KD, Scheynius A, Crameri R, Achour A, Zargari A. Mutational analysis of amino acid residues involved in IgE-binding to the Malassezia sympodialis allergen Mala s 11. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:294-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Frohner IE, Bourgeois C, Yatsyk K, Majer O, Kuchler K. Candida albicans cell surface superoxide dismutases degrade host-derived reactive oxygen species to escape innate immune surveillance. Mol Microbiol 2008; 71:240-52. [PMID: 19019164 PMCID: PMC2713856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian innate immune cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the oxidative burst reaction to destroy invading microbial pathogens. Using quantitative real-time ROS assays, we show here that both yeast and filamentous forms of the opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans trigger ROS production in primary innate immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Through a reverse genetic approach, we demonstrate that coculture of macrophages or myeloid dendritic cells with C. albicans cells lacking the superoxide dismutase (SOD) Sod5 leads to massive extracellular ROS accumulation in vitro. ROS accumulation was further increased in coculture with fungal cells devoid of both Sod4 and Sod5. Survival experiments show that C. albicans mutants lacking Sod5 and Sod4 exhibit a severe loss of viability in the presence of macrophages in vitro. The reduced viability of sod5Δ/Δ and sod4Δ/Δsod5Δ/Δ mutants relative to wild type is not evident with macrophages from gp91phox−/− mice defective in the oxidative burst activity, demonstrating a ROS-dependent killing activity of macrophages targeting fungal pathogens. These data show a physiological role for cell surface SODs in detoxifying ROS, and suggest a mechanism whereby C. albicans, and perhaps many other microbial pathogens, can evade host immune surveillance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid E Frohner
- Medical University Vienna, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Infection Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Campus Vienna Biocenter; A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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Diao Y, Zhao R, Deng X, Leng W, Peng J, Jin Q. Transcriptional profiles of Trichophyton rubrum in response to itraconazole. Med Mycol 2008; 47:237-47. [PMID: 18663659 DOI: 10.1080/13693780802227308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is the predominant causative agent for superficial dermatomycosis. In order to understand how triazole antifungal agents interact with dermatophytes, the gene expression response of T. rubrum to itraconazole was studied by large-scale gene expression profiling. A total of 670 genes were found to be responsive to itraconazole, including 305 that were up-regulated and 365 down-regulated. Most genes involved in lipid metabolism and especially in ergosterol biosynthesis were up-regulated in response to itraconazole, including ERG6, ERG7, ERG11, ERG24, ERG25 and ERG26. In addition, transcription of some genes involved in cell stress response, drug efflux, and small molecule transport was also affected by itraconazole. Differential expression of selected genes was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This is the first microarray hybridization analysis of T. rubrum exposed to a triazole antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjiang Diao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
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Responses of Rhodotorula sp. Y11 to cadmium. Biometals 2008; 21:613-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-008-9147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gene overexpression/suppression analysis of candidate virulence factors of Candida albicans. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 7:483-92. [PMID: 18178776 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00445-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We developed a conditional overexpression/suppression genetic strategy in Candida albicans to enable simultaneous testing of gain or loss of function in order to identify new virulence factors. The strategy involved insertion of a strong, tetracycline-regulated promoter in front of the gene of interest. To validate the strategy, a library of genes encoding glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored surface proteins was screened for virulence phenotypes in vitro. During the screening, overexpression of IFF4 was found to increase the adherence of C. albicans to plastic and to human epithelial cells, but not endothelial cells. Consistent with the in vitro results, IFF4 overexpression modestly increased the tissue fungal burden during murine vaginal candidiasis. In addition to the in vitro screening tests, IFF4 overexpression was found to increase C. albicans susceptibility to neutrophil-mediated killing. Furthermore, IFF4 overexpression decreased the severity of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis in normal mice, but not in neutropenic mice, again consistent with the in vitro phenotype. Overexpression of 12 other GPI proteins did not affect normal GPI protein cell surface accumulation, demonstrating that the overexpression strategy did not affect the cell capacity for making such proteins. These data indicate that the same gene can increase or decrease candidal virulence in distinct models of infection, emphasizing the importance of studying virulence genes in different anatomical contexts. Finally, these data validate the use of a conditional overexpression/suppression genetic strategy to identify candidal virulence factors.
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Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the cyclic AMP-dependent signaling pathway during morphogenic transitions of Candida albicans. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 6:2376-90. [PMID: 17951520 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00318-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that causes systemic candidiasis as well as superficial mucosal candidiasis. In response to the host environment, C. albicans transitions between yeast and hyphal forms. In particular, hyphal growth is important in facilitating adhesion and invasion of host tissues, concomitant with the expression of various hypha-specific virulence factors. In previous work, we showed that the cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in morphogenic transitions and virulence of C. albicans by studying genes encoding adenylate cyclase-associated protein (CAP1) and high-affinity phosphodiesterase (PDE2) (Y. S. Bahn, J. Staab, and P. Sundstrom, Mol. Microbiol. 50:391-409, 2003; and Y. S. Bahn and P. Sundstrom, J. Bacteriol. 183:3211-3223, 2001). However, little is known about the downstream targets of the cAMP signaling pathway that are responsible for morphological transitions and the expression of virulence factors. Here, microarrays were probed with RNA from strains with hypoactive (cap1/cap1 null mutant), hyperactive (pde2/pde2 null mutant), and wild-type cAMP signaling pathways to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of virulence that are regulated by cAMP and that are related to the morphogenesis of C. albicans. Genes controlling metabolic specialization, cell wall structure, ergosterol/lipid biosynthesis, and stress responses were modulated by cAMP during hypha formation. Phenotypic traits predicted to be regulated by cAMP from the profiling results correlated with the relative strengths of the mutants when tested for resistance to azoles and subjected to heat shock stress and oxidative/nitrosative stress. The results from this study provide important insights into the role of the cAMP signaling pathway not only in morphogenic transitions of C. albicans but also for adaptation to stress and for survival during host infections.
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