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Hellwig M, Diel P, Eisenbrand G, Grune T, Guth S, Henle T, Humpf HU, Joost HG, Marko D, Raupbach J, Roth A, Vieths S, Mally A. Dietary glycation compounds - implications for human health. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:485-617. [PMID: 39150724 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2362985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The term "glycation compounds" comprises a wide range of structurally diverse compounds that are formed endogenously and in food via the Maillard reaction, a chemical reaction between reducing sugars and amino acids. Glycation compounds produced endogenously are considered to contribute to a range of diseases. This has led to the hypothesis that glycation compounds present in food may also cause adverse effects and thus pose a nutritional risk to human health. In this work, the Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (DFG) summarized data on formation, occurrence, exposure and toxicity of glycation compounds (Part A) and systematically assessed potential associations between dietary intake of defined glycation compounds and disease, including allergy, diabetes, cardiovascular and renal disease, gut/gastrotoxicity, brain/cognitive impairment and cancer (Part B). A systematic search in Pubmed (Medline), Scopus and Web of Science using a combination of keywords defining individual glycation compounds and relevant disease patterns linked to the subject area of food, nutrition and diet retrieved 253 original publications relevant to the research question. Of these, only 192 were found to comply with previously defined quality criteria and were thus considered suitable to assess potential health risks of dietary glycation compounds. For each adverse health effect considered in this assessment, however, only limited numbers of human, animal and in vitro studies were identified. While studies in humans were often limited due to small cohort size, short study duration, and confounders, experimental studies in animals that allow for controlled exposure to individual glycation compounds provided some evidence for impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, cardiovascular effects and renal injury in response to oral exposure to dicarbonyl compounds, albeit at dose levels by far exceeding estimated human exposures. The overall database was generally inconsistent or inconclusive. Based on this systematic review, the SKLM concludes that there is at present no convincing evidence for a causal association between dietary intake of glycation compounds and adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Special Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Henle
- Chair of Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Georg Joost
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Raupbach
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Angelika Roth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Rodda R, Addipilli R, Kannoujia J, Lingampelly SS, Sripadi P. LC-MS/MS Analysis of Reaction Products of Arginine/Methylarginines with Methylglyoxal/Glyoxal. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1768-1777. [PMID: 37888804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO) are toxic α-dicarbonyl compounds that undergo reactions with amine containing molecules such as proteins and amino acids and result in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). This study aimed at investigating the reactivity of arginine (Arg) or dimethylarginine (SDMA or ADMA) with MGO or GO. The solutions of arginine and MGO or GO were prepared in PBS buffer (pH 7.4) and incubated at 37 °C. Direct electrospray ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS) analysis of the reaction mixture of Arg and MGO revealed the formation of Arg-MGO (1:1) and Arg-2MGO (1:2) products and their corresponding dehydrated products. Further liquid chromatography (LC)-MS analyses revealed the presence of isomeric products in each 1:1 and 1:2 product. The [M + H]+ of each isomeric product was subjected to MS/MS experiments for structural elucidation. The MS/MS spectra of some of the products showed a distinct structure indicative fragment ions, while others showed similar data. The types of products formed by the arginines with GO were also found to be similar to that of MGO. The importance of the guanidine group in the formation of the AGEs was reflected in similar incubation experiments with ADMA and SDMA. The structures of the products were proposed based on the comparison of the retention times and HRMS and MS/MS data interpretation, and some of them were confirmed by drawing analogy to the data reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Rodda
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ramunaidu Addipilli
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jyoti Kannoujia
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sai Sachin Lingampelly
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Prabhakar Sripadi
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Yan S, Wu L, Xue X. α-Dicarbonyl compounds in food products: Comprehensively understanding their occurrence, analysis, and control. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1387-1417. [PMID: 36789800 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
α-Dicarbonyl compounds (α-DCs) are readily produced during the heating and storage of foods, mainly through the Maillard reaction, caramelization, lipid-peroxidation, and enzymatic reaction. They contribute to both the organoleptic properties (i.e., aroma, taste, and color) and deterioration of foods and are potential indicators of food quality. α-DCs are also important precursors to hazardous substances, such as acrylamide, furan, advanced lipoxidation end products, and advanced glycation end products, which are genotoxic, neurotoxic, and linked to several diseases. Recent studies have indicated that dietary α-DCs can elevate plasma α-DC levels and lead to "dicarbonyl stress." To accurately assess their health risks, quantifying α-DCs in food products is crucial. Considering their low volatility, inability to absorb ultraviolet light, and high reactivity, the analysis of α-DCs in complex food systems is a challenge. In this review, we comprehensively cover the development of scientific approaches, from extraction, enrichment, and derivatization, to sophisticated detection techniques, which are necessary for quantifying α-DCs in different foods. Exposure to α-DCs is inevitable because they exist in most foods. Recently, novel strategies for reducing α-DC levels in foods have become a hot research topic. These strategies include the use of new processing technologies, formula modification, and supplementation with α-DC scavengers (e.g., phenolic compounds). For each strategy, it is important to consider the potential mechanisms underlying the formation and removal of process contaminants. Future studies are needed to develop techniques to control α-DC formation during food processing, and standardized approaches are needed to quantify and compare α-DCs in different foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yan
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Liming Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xue
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Rietjens IMCM, Michael A, Bolt HM, Siméon B, Andrea H, Nils H, Christine K, Angela M, Gloria P, Daniel R, Natalie T, Gerhard E. The role of endogenous versus exogenous sources in the exposome of putative genotoxins and consequences for risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1297-1352. [PMID: 35249149 PMCID: PMC9013691 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The "totality" of the human exposure is conceived to encompass life-associated endogenous and exogenous aggregate exposures. Process-related contaminants (PRCs) are not only formed in foods by heat processing, but also occur endogenously in the organism as physiological components of energy metabolism, potentially also generated by the human microbiome. To arrive at a comprehensive risk assessment, it is necessary to understand the contribution of in vivo background occurrence as compared to the ingestion from exogenous sources. Hence, this review provides an overview of the knowledge on the contribution of endogenous exposure to the overall exposure to putative genotoxic food contaminants, namely ethanol, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acrylamide, acrolein, α,β-unsaturated alkenals, glycation compounds, N-nitroso compounds, ethylene oxide, furans, 2- and 3-MCPD, and glycidyl esters. The evidence discussed herein allows to conclude that endogenous formation of some contaminants appears to contribute substantially to the exposome. This is of critical importance for risk assessment in the cases where endogenous exposure is suspected to outweigh the exogenous one (e.g. formaldehyde and acrolein).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Arand Michael
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hermann M Bolt
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Hartwig Andrea
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hinrichsen Nils
- Food Oils and Fats Research, ADM Hamburg AG, Research, Seehafenstraße 24, 21079, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kalisch Christine
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Mally Angela
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Pellegrino Gloria
- Scientific Affairs and Research, Luigi Lavazza SpA, Strada Settimo, 410, 10156, Turin, Italy
| | - Ribera Daniel
- Regulatory and Scientific Affairs EMEA, Cargill R&D, Havenstraat 84, 1800, Vivoorde, Belgium
| | - Thatcher Natalie
- Food Safety, Mondelez International, Bournville Lane, Birmingham, B30 2LU, UK
| | - Eisenbrand Gerhard
- Department of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ashraf JM. 3-Deoxyglucosone as a Potential Agent That Alters IgG Protein Through Advanced Glycation End Products. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Alteration of Intestinal Microbiota in 3-Deoxyglucosone-Induced Prediabetic Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8406846. [PMID: 32908918 PMCID: PMC7468600 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8406846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous research suggests that 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG), formed in the caramelization course and Maillard reactions in food, is an independent factor for the development of prediabetes. Since the relationship between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and intestinal microbiota is moving from correlation to causality, we investigated the alterations in the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota in 3DG-induced prediabetic rats. Rats were given 50 mg/kg 3DG by intragastric administration for two weeks. Microbial profiling in faeces samples was determined through the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in plasma and intestinal tissues were measured by ELISA and Limulus test, respectively. 3DG treatment did not significantly change the richness and evenness but affected the composition of intestinal microbiota. At the phylum level, 3DG treatment increased the abundance of nondominant bacteria Proteobacteria but did not cause the change of the dominant bacteria. Meanwhile, the abundance of the Prevotellaceae family and Parasutterela genus and the Alcaligencaeae family and Burkholderiales order and its attachment to the Betaproteobacteria class were overrepresented in the 3DG group. The bacteria of Candidatus Soleaferrea genus, Gelria genus, and Thermoanaerobacteraceae family and its attachment to Thermoanaerobacterales order were apparently more abundant in the control group. In addition, 45 KEGG pathways were altered after two-week intragastric administration of 3DG. Among these KEGG pathways, 13 KEGG pathways were involved in host metabolic function related to amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides. Moreover, the increased LPS levels and the decreased GLP-2 concentration in plasma and intestinal tissues were observed in 3DG-treated rats, together with the impaired fasting glucose and oral glucose tolerance. The alterations in composition and function of the intestinal microbiota were observed in 3DG-treated rats, which provides a possible mechanism linking exogenous 3DG intake to the development of prediabetes.
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Jin J, Sun Q, Wu Z, Liu K, Song Z, Su L. 1H-NMR analysis of amino acid metabolism in aqueous humor of patients with cataract, according to diabetes status. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520934658. [PMID: 32588698 PMCID: PMC7323282 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520934658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the differences in amino acid metabolism in aqueous humor of patients with cataract, according to diabetes status, using a 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance approach. Methods Aqueous humor samples from patients with age-related cataract, with or without diabetes, were collected during cataract surgery. All samples underwent nuclear magnetic resonance spectra analysis to characterize their metabolic function. Potential metabolic pathways were analyzed via MetaboAnalyst 3.0. Results This study included eight aqueous humor samples from patients with cataract and diabetes and eight aqueous humor samples from age- and sex-matched patients with cataract alone. Four metabolites were found to significantly differ in the aqueous humor of patients with cataract and diabetes, relative to patients with cataract alone; these metabolites were glucose (higher in patients with diabetes), valine, lysine, and tyrosine (all lower in patients with diabetes). Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis was presumed to be involved in the metabolic differences observed in patients with cataract, according to diabetes status. Conclusions The amino acid metabolic profile in the aqueous humor differed among patients with cataract, according to diabetes status. Disturbance of amino acid metabolism in the aqueous humor may be related to cataract formation in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zan Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Shibei Hospital of Jingan District, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyu Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Song X, Liang G, Shi M, Zhou L, Wang F, Zhang L, Huang F, Jiang G. Acute exposure to 3‑deoxyglucosone at high glucose levels impairs insulin secretion from β‑cells by downregulating the sweet taste receptor signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:5015-5022. [PMID: 31059088 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet taste receptors (STRs) expressed on β‑cells stimulate insulin secretion in response to an increase in the circulating level of glucose, maintaining glucose homeostasis. 3‑Deoxyglucosone (3DG), a highly reactive α‑dicarbonyl compound, has been previously described as an independent factor associate with the development of prediabetes. In our previous study, pathological plasma levels of 3DG were induced in normal rats with a single intravenous injection of 50 mg/kg 3DG, and an acute rise in circulating 3DG induced glucose intolerance by impairing the function of pancreatic β‑cells. The present study aimed to investigate whether the deleterious effects of pathological plasma levels of 3DG on β‑cell function and insulin secretion were associated with STRs. INS‑1 cells, an in vitro model to study rat β‑cells, were treated with various concentrations of 3DG (1.85, 30.84 and 61.68 mM) or lactisole (5 mM). Pancreatic islets were collected from rats 2 h after a single intravenous injection of 50 mg/kg 3DG + 0.5 g/kg glucose. The insulin concentration was measured by ELISA. The protein expression levels of components of the STR signaling pathways were determined by western blot analysis. Treatment with 3DG and 25.5 mM glucose for 1 h significantly reduced insulin secretion by INS‑1 cells, which was consistent with the phenotype observed in INS‑1 cells treated with the STR inhibitor lactisole. Accordingly, islets isolated from rats treated with 3DG exhibited a significant reduction in insulin secretion following treatment with 25.5 mM glucose. Furthermore, acute exposure of INS‑1 cells to 3DG following treatment with 25.5 mM glucose for 1 h significantly reduced the protein expression level of the STR subunit taste 1 receptor member 3 and its downstream factors, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 and glucose transporter 2. Notably, islet tissues collected from rats treated with 3DG exhibited a similar downregulation of these factors. The present results suggested that acute exposure to pathologically relevant levels of 3DG in presence of high physiological levels of glucose decreased insulin secretion from β‑cells by, at least in part, downregulating the STR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudao Song
- Basic Research Laboratory, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Liang
- Basic Research Laboratory, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Min Shi
- Basic Research Laboratory, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Basic Research Laboratory, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Basic Research Laboratory, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Lurong Zhang
- Basic Research Laboratory, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Basic Research Laboratory, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Guorong Jiang
- Basic Research Laboratory, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
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Sai Sachin L, Nagarjuna Chary R, Pavankumar P, Prabhakar S. Identification and characterization of reaction products of 5-hydroxytryptamine with methylglyoxal and glyoxal by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1529-1539. [PMID: 29874403 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methylglyoxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO) are known to be at high levels in humans with diabetes. They react with amine-containing proteins and amino acids to form advanced glycation end products, however, their reactivity with other amine-containing metabolites, such as neurotransmitters, has not been explored. In this study, we aimed at studying the reactivity of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) with MGO or GO, which may alter the metabolic function of 5-HT. METHODS Stock solutions of 5-HT, MGO and GO were made in PBS buffer at pH 7.4 and 5-HT was incubated with MGO or GO at different concentrations. The reactions were also performed at physiological concentrations. The reaction mixtures collected at different incubation times were analyzed by direct ESI-HRMS, LC/MS and LC/MS/MS to detect/characterize the products. Agilent 6545 Q-TOF and Agilent 6420 triple quadrupole mass spectrometers were used for the study, and LC separations were performed on a C18 column. RESULTS The direct ESI-HRMS data of the reaction mixtures showed formation of three and four reaction products when 5-HT was reacted with MGO and GO, respectively. All the products showed dominant [M + H]+ ions. The products were characterized by HRMS, LC/MS/MS and literature reports on similar compounds. The products can easily be identified by LC/MS based on the accurate mass values together with retention time information. The MS/MS of the reaction products showed structure-indicative fragment ions. CONCLUSIONS 5-HT reacts with one or two MGO/GO to form a set of reaction products. The reaction between 5-HT and MGO or GO was faster at higher concentrations of MGO/GO (<10 min), and the same products were found even at physiological concentrations (<48 h). The LC/MS/MS (SRM) method can be used to screen the reaction products when present at low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sai Sachin
- Analytical Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - R Nagarjuna Chary
- Analytical Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - P Pavankumar
- Analytical Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - S Prabhakar
- Analytical Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
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Zhang L, Zhou L, Song X, Liang G, Xu Z, Wang F, Huang F, Jiang G. Involvement of exogenous 3‑deoxyglucosone in β‑cell dysfunction induces impaired glucose regulation. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2976-2984. [PMID: 28656301 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
β‑cell dysfunction is the primary cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 1,2‑dicarbonyl compounds, such as 3‑deoxyglucosone (3DG) have been reported to increase the risk of T2DM. Abnormal elevation of plasma 3DG may impair β‑cell function and thereby, it is linked to T2DM. Previous findings suggest that exogenous 3DG may serve an important role in the development of pre‑diabetes. In the present study, the authors examine whether exogenous 3DG induces impaired glucose regulation in mice by decreasing β‑cell function involving of accumulation of plasma 3DG. At two weeks following administration of 3DG, fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, oral glucose tolerance (by a glucose meter) and plasma levels of 3DG (by HPLC) and insulin (by radioimmunoassay) were measured. Glucose‑stimulated insulin secretion in cultured pancreas islets and INS‑1 cells was measured by radioimmunoassay. Western blotting was used to examine the expression of the key molecules of the insulin‑PI3K signaling pathway. 3DG treatment increased FBG and fasting blood insulin levels, reduced oral glucose tolerance in conjunction with decreased ∆Ins30‑0/∆G30‑0. In 3DG‑treated mice, an increase in the plasma 3DG level was observed, which was most likely the mechanism for decreased β‑cell function. This idea was further supported by these results that non‑cytotoxic 3DG concentration obviously decreased glucose‑stimulated insulin secretion in cultured pancreas islets and INS‑1 cells exposure to high glucose (25.5 mM). 3DG decreased the expression of GLUT2 and phosphorylation of IRS‑1, PI3K‑p85 and Akt in high glucose‑induced INS‑1 cells. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate that exogenous 3DG induced normal mice to develop IGR, resulting from β‑cell dysfunction. Exogenous 3DG administration increased plasma 3DG levels, which participates in inducing β‑cell dysfunction, at least in part, through impairing IRS‑1/PI3K/GLUT2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lurong Zhang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Xiudao Song
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Liang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Zhongrui Xu
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Guorong Jiang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
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Fokkens BT, Mulder DJ, Schalkwijk CG, Scheijen JL, Smit AJ, Los LI. Vitreous advanced glycation endproducts and α-dicarbonyls in retinal detachment patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic controls. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173379. [PMID: 28264049 PMCID: PMC5338797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and their precursors α-dicarbonyls are implicated in the progression of diabetic retinopathy. The purpose of this study was to assess AGEs and α-dicarbonyls in the vitreous of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with early stages or absence of diabetic retinopathy. Methods We examined vitreous samples obtained during vitrectomy from 31 T2DM patients presenting themselves with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and compared these to 62 non-diabetic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients, matched on age, estimated glomerular filtration rate, smoking, intra-ocular lens implantation, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. AGEs (pentosidine, Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine, Nε-(carboxyethyl)lysine, and 5-hydro-5-methylimidazolone) and α-dicarbonyls (3-deoxyglucosone, methylglyoxal, and glyoxal) were measured by ultra performance liquid chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography. Skin autofluorescence was measured by the AGE Reader. Results Mean age was 64 ± 7.6 years for T2DM patients and 63 ± 8.1 years for controls. For T2DM patients, median diabetes duration was 2.2 (0.3–7.4) years. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy was present in 1 patient and classified as absent or background retinopathy in 30 patients. Vitreous levels of pentosidine (2.20 vs. 1.59 μmol/mol lysine, p = 0.012) and 3-deoxyglucosone (809 vs. 615 nmol/L, p = 0.001) were significantly elevated in T2DM patients compared to controls. Other AGEs and α-dicarbonyls in the vitreous were not significantly different. There was a trend for increased skin autofluorescence in T2DM patients as compared to controls (p = 0.07). Conclusions Pentosidine and 3-deoxyglucosone concentrations were increased in the vitreous of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients with a relatively short duration of diabetes compared to non-diabetic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardina T. Fokkens
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
- Research Institute GUIDE, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Douwe J. Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Casper G. Schalkwijk
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University, Department of Experimental Internal Medicine, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jean L. Scheijen
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University, Department of Experimental Internal Medicine, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andries J. Smit
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
- Research Institute GUIDE, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonoor I. Los
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), the Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
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12
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LIANG GUOQIANG, WANG FEI, SONG XIUDAO, ZHANG LURONG, QIAN ZHEN, JIANG GUORONG. 3-Deoxyglucosone induces insulin resistance by impairing insulin signaling in HepG2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4506-12. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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13
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Ruiz-Matute AI, Castro Vazquez L, Hernández-Hernández O, Sanz ML, Martínez-Castro I. Identification and determination of 3-deoxyglucosone and glucosone in carbohydrate-rich foods. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:2424-2430. [PMID: 25331228 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-Dicarbonyl compounds (α-DCs) such as 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) and glucosone are markers of both Maillard and degradation reactions of sugars and also of certain enzymatic processes. However, quantitation of these compounds is not straightforward when more abundant carbohydrates are present in real samples. Therefore in this work a GC/MS method was developed to separate monosaccharides, 3-DG and glucosone and applied to analyze them in carbohydrate-rich food products. Difructose anhydrides (DFAs), known markers of sugar degradation, were also determined. The effect of time and temperature in the production and storage of these compounds was also evaluated. RESULTS Under optimized conditions, good separation between monosaccharides and α-DCs was achieved. Must syrups showed the highest concentrations of 3-DG and glucosone (average values 9.2 and 5.8 mg g(-1) respectively). Coffee substitutes based on carob, chicory and blends showed the highest content of DFAs. Heating and storage assays proved that production of 3-DG was influenced by temperature, while glucosone was more affected by storage time. CONCLUSION The proposed method allows the rapid quantitation of 3-DG and glucosone along with carbohydrates and DFAs in different food products, which is essential to determine their degradation level. Moreover, the α-DC content in several foods is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Ruiz-Matute
- Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Castro Vazquez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - María L Sanz
- Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Martínez-Castro
- Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
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Glycation of H1 Histone by 3-Deoxyglucosone: Effects on Protein Structure and Generation of Different Advanced Glycation End Products. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130630. [PMID: 26121680 PMCID: PMC4487796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) culminate from the non-enzymatic reaction between a free carbonyl group of a reducing sugar and free amino group of proteins. 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) is one of the dicarbonyl species that rapidly forms several protein-AGE complexes that are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases, particularly diabetic complications. In this study, the generation of AGEs (Nε-carboxymethyl lysine and pentosidine) by 3-DG in H1 histone protein was characterized by evaluating extent of side chain modification (lysine and arginine) and formation of Amadori products as well as carbonyl contents using several physicochemical techniques. Results strongly suggested that 3-DG is a potent glycating agent that forms various intermediates and AGEs during glycation reactions and affects the secondary structure of the H1 protein. Structural changes and AGE formation may influence the function of H1 histone and compromise chromatin structures in cases of secondary diabetic complications.
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15
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Abstract
In vivo modification of proteins by molecules with reactive carbonyl groups leads to intermediate and advanced glycation end products (AGE). Glucose is a significant glycation reagent due to its high physiological concentration and poorly controlled diabetics show increased albumin glycation. Increased levels of glycated and AGE-modified albumin have been linked to diabetic complications, neurodegeneration, and vascular disease. This review discusses glycated albumin formation, structural consequences of albumin glycation on drug binding, removal of circulating AGE by several scavenger receptors, as well as AGE-induced proinflammatory signaling through activation of the receptor for AGE. Analytical methods for quantitative detection of protein glycation and AGE formation are compared. Finally, the use of glycated albumin as a novel clinical marker to monitor glycemic control is discussed and compared to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as long-term indicator of glycemic status.
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16
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Formation ofN-(1-Oxo-2,4,5,6-hydroxyhexyl)-2′-deoxyguanosine by the Reaction of 2′-Deoxyguanosine with 3-Deoxyglucosone. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 62:1630-2. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.62.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Degen J, Beyer H, Heymann B, Hellwig M, Henle T. Dietary influence on urinary excretion of 3-deoxyglucosone and its metabolite 3-deoxyfructose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2449-2456. [PMID: 24579887 DOI: 10.1021/jf405546q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
3-Deoxyglucosone (3-DG), a reactive 1,2-dicarbonyl compound derived from d-glucose in food and in vivo, is an important precursor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). At present, virtually no information about the metabolic transit of dietary 3-DG is available. One possible metabolic pathway of 3-DG during digestion is enzymatic transformation to less reactive compounds such as 3-deoxyfructose (3-DF). To study the handling of dietary 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds by the human body, 24 h urinary excretion of 3-DG and its metabolite, 3-deoxyfructose, was investigated. Urinary 3-DG and 3-DF excretion was monitored for nine healthy volunteers following either a diet with no dietary restrictions or a diet avoiding the ingestion of 3-DG and other Maillard reaction products ("raw food" diet). During the "raw food" diet, the urinary 3-DG and 3-DF excretion decreased approximately to 50% compared to the excretions during the diet with no restrictions. When subjects received a single dose of wild honey (50 g) naturally containing a defined amount of 3-DG (505 μmol), median excretion of 3-DG and 3-DF increased significantly from 4.6 and 77 to 7.5 and 147 μmol/day, respectively. The obtained experimental data for the first time demonstrate a dietary influence on urinary 3-DG and 3-DF levels in healthy human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Degen
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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18
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19
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Rapid and sensitive determination of the intermediates of advanced glycation end products in the human nail by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2012; 424:187-94. [PMID: 22381369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The resolution of the intermediate advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the human nail was carried out by the combination of 4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine (DMPD) derivatives and ultra-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS). The reaction of the reagent with 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), methylglyoxal (MG), and glyoxal (GO) effectively proceeds at 60°C for 2h. The resulting derivatives were efficiently separated by a gradient program (a mixture of water and acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid) using a reversed-phase ACQUITY UPLC BEH C(18) column (1.7 μm, 50×2.1 mm i.d.) and sensitively detected by TOF-MS. The detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio=5) of the TOF-MS were 10 to 50 fmol. A good linearity was achieved from the calibration curve, which was obtained by plotting the peak area ratios of the analytes relative to the internal standard (IS) (i.e., 2,3-hexanedione) versus the injected amounts of 3-DG, MG, and GO (r(2)>0.999), and the intra- and interday assay precisions were less than 6.89%. The derivatives of the compounds in the human nail were successfully identified by the proposed procedure. As we know, these three kinds of dicarbonyl intermediates in the formation of AGEs-3-DG, MG, and GO-were first found in human nail samples. Using these methods, the amounts of compound in the nails of healthy volunteers and diabetic patients were determined. When comparing the index from the diabetic patients with that from healthy volunteers, there is no significant difference in the content of the MG and GO in the nails. However, a statistically significant (P<0.001) correlation was observed between the 3-DG concentrations. Because the proposed method provides a good mass accuracy and the trace detection of the dicarbonyl intermediates of AGEs in the human nail, this analytical technique could be a noninvasive technique to assist in the diagnosis and assessment of disease activity in diabetic patients. Here we present a novel, sensitive, and simple method for the simultaneous determination of dicarbonyl compounds in the human nail.
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20
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Niwa T. Update of uremic toxin research by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:510-521. [PMID: 21328600 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has been successfully applied for the identification and quantification of uremic toxins and uremia-associated modified proteins. This review focuses on the recent progress in the MS analysis of uremic toxins. Uremic toxins include low-molecular weight solutes, protein-bound low-molecular weight solutes, and middle molecules (peptides and proteins). Based on MS analysis of these uremic toxins, the pathogenesis of the uremic symptoms will be elucidated to prevent and manage the symptoms. Notably, protein-bound uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl sulfate, and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid have emerged as important targets of therapeutic removal. Hemodialysis even with a high-flux membrane cannot efficiently remove the protein-bound uremic toxins because of their high albumin-binding property. The accumulation of these protein-bound uremic toxins in the blood of dialysis patients might play an important role in the development of uremic complications such as cardiovascular disease. Indoxyl sulfate is the most promising protein-bound uremic toxin as a biomarker of progress in chronic kidney disease. Novel dialysis techniques or membranes should be developed to efficiently remove these protein-bound uremic toxins for the prevention and management of uremic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Niwa
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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21
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Ruiz-Matute AI, Hernández-Hernández O, Rodríguez-Sánchez S, Sanz ML, Martínez-Castro I. Derivatization of carbohydrates for GC and GC-MS analyses. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 879:1226-40. [PMID: 21186143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
GC and GC-MS are excellent techniques for the analysis of carbohydrates; nevertheless the preparation of adequate derivatives is necessary. The different functional groups that can be found and the diversity of samples require specific methods. This review aims to collect the most important methodologies currently used, either published as new procedures or as new applications, for the analysis of carbohydrates. A high diversity of compounds with diverse functionalities has been selected: neutral carbohydrates (saccharides and polyalcohols), sugar acids, amino and iminosugars, polysaccharides, glycosides, glycoconjugates, anhydrosugars, difructose anhydrides and products resulting of Maillard reaction (osuloses, Amadori compounds). Chiral analysis has also been considered, describing the use of diastereomers and derivatives to be eluted on chiral stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Ruiz-Matute
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales-CIAL (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Jaisson S, Gillery P. Evaluation of nonenzymatic posttranslational modification-derived products as biomarkers of molecular aging of proteins. Clin Chem 2010; 56:1401-12. [PMID: 20562349 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.145201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During their biological life, proteins are exposed in a cumulative fashion to irreversible nonenzymatic, late posttranslational modifications that are responsible for their molecular aging. It is now well established that these damaged proteins constitute a molecular substratum for many dysfunctions described in metabolic and age-related diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency, atherosclerosis, or neurodegenerative diseases. Accordingly, the specific end products derived from these reactions are considered potentially useful biomarkers for these diseases. CONTENT The aim of this review is to give an overview of nonenzymatic posttranslational modifications of proteins and their influence in vivo, take inventory of the analytical methods available for the measurement of posttranslational modification-derived products, and assess the potential contribution of new technologies for their clinical use as biological markers of protein molecular aging. SUMMARY Despite their clinical relevance, biomarkers of posttranslational modifications of proteins have been studied only in the context of experimental clinical research, owing to the analytical complexity of their measurement. The recent implementation in clinical chemistry laboratories of mass spectrometry-based methods that provide higher specificity and sensitivity has facilitated the measurement of these compounds. These markers are not used currently by clinicians in routine practice, however, and many challenges, such as standardization, have to be confronted before these markers can be used as efficient tools in the detection and monitoring of long-term complications of metabolic and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Jaisson
- Laboratory of Paediatric Biology and Research, American Memorial Hospital, University Hospital of Reims and Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMR CNRS/URCA no. 6237, Faculty of Medicine, Reims, France
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Sassi-Gaha S, Loughlin DT, Kappler F, Schwartz ML, Su B, Tobia AM, Artlett CM. Two dicarbonyl compounds, 3-deoxyglucosone and methylglyoxal, differentially modulate dermal fibroblasts. Matrix Biol 2009; 29:127-34. [PMID: 19800404 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation endproducts accumulate on long-lived proteins such as collagens as a function of diet and age and mediate the cross-linking of those proteins causing changes in collagen pathophysiology resulting in the disruption of normal collagen matrix remodeling. Two commonly studied advanced glycation endproduct precursors 3-deoxyglucosone and methylglyoxal were investigated for their role in the modification of collagen and on extracellular matrix expression. Fibroblasts cultured on methylglyoxal cross-linked matrices increased the expression of collagen, active TGF-beta1, beta1-integrin, and decreased Smad7; whereas 3-deoxyglucosone decreased collagen, active TGF-beta1, beta1-integrin but increased Smad7. Purified collagen modified by 3-deoxyglucosone or methylglyoxal had different molecular weights; methylglyoxal increased the apparent molecular weight by approximately 20 kDa, whereas 3-deoxyglucosone did not. The differences in collagen expression by 3-deoxyglucosone and methylglyoxal raise the provocative idea that a genetic or environmental background leading to the predominance of one of these advanced glycation endproduct precursors may precipitate a fibrotic or chronic wound in susceptible individuals, particularly in the diabetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Sassi-Gaha
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Wu MY, Chen BG, Chang CD, Huang MH, Wu TG, Chang DM, Lee YJ, Wang HC, Lee CI, Chern CL, Liu RH. A novel derivatization approach for simultaneous determination of glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 3-deoxyglucosone in plasma by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1204:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Beisswenger PJ, Drummond KS, Nelson RG, Howell SK, Szwergold BS, Mauer M. Susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy is related to dicarbonyl and oxidative stress. Diabetes 2005; 54:3274-81. [PMID: 16249455 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.11.3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dicarbonyl and oxidative stress may play important roles in the development of diabetes complications, and their response to hyperglycemia could determine individual susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy. This study examines the relationship of methylglyoxal, 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG), and oxidative stress levels to diabetic nephropathy risk in three populations with diabetes. All subjects in the Overt Nephropathy Progressor/Nonprogressor (ONPN) cohort (n = 14), the Natural History of Diabetic Nephropathy study (NHS) cohort (n = 110), and the Pima Indian cohort (n = 45) were evaluated for clinical nephropathy, while renal structural measures of fractional mesangial volume [Vv(Mes/glom)] and glomerular basement membrane (GBM) width were determined by electron microscopy morphometry in the NHS and Pima Indian cohorts. Methylglyoxal and 3DG levels reflected dicarbonyl stress, while reduced glutathione (GSH) and urine 8-isoprostane (8-IP) measured oxidative stress. Cross-sectional measures of methylglyoxal production by red blood cells incubated in 30 mmol/l glucose were increased in nephropathy progressors relative to nonprogressors in the ONPN (P = 0.027) and also reflected 5-year GBM thickening in the NHS cohort (P = 0.04). As nephropathy progressed in the NHS cohort, in vivo levels of methylglyoxal (P = 0.036), 3DG (P = 0.004), and oxidative stress (8-IP, P = 0.007 and GSH, P = 0.005) were seen, while increased methylglyoxal levels occurred as nephropathy progressed (P = 0.0016) in the type 2 Pima Indian cohort. Decreased glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity also correlated with increased methylglyoxal levels (P = 0.003) in the NHS cohort. In conclusion, progression of diabetic nephropathy is significantly related to elevated dicarbonyl stress and possibly related to oxidative stress in three separate populations, suggesting that these factors play a role in determining individual susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Beisswenger
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dartmouth Medical School and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Kagawa K, Kagawa H. DNA modification in chick heart and cerebrum. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 138:147-60. [PMID: 15275649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2003] [Revised: 01/27/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heart muscle cells and cerebral neurons are known to lose the ability to proliferate and are called terminally differentiated cells. They are generated in appropriate numbers during embryogenesis and retained throughout adult life without turnover. We are interested in such a long-lived DNA. We isolated DNA from chick heart and cerebrum and compared it with DNA from other organs after incubation with DNase I. Single-strand breaks were assessed using a reaction system composed of DNA and Escherichia coli DNA polymerase. The DNA of both organs was relatively resistant to DNase I, and DNA modification occurred during embryogenesis. CIMS (chemical ionization mass spectrometry) indicated that the molecular mass of the deoxynucleoside of both DNAs was larger than that of the corresponding canonical deoxyribonucleoside by m/z 28 (or 30 for the protonated form). The difference between these deoxynucleosides is based on a difference in sugar constituents. Cerebral deoxynucleotides were analyzed by (13)C NMR. An extra signal near 173 ppm was observed, which was assigned to the amide carbonyl. We propose a model of the deoxynucleoside where a carbonyl residue exists between the base and the 2-deoxyribose moiety of the canonical deoxyribonucleoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kagawa
- Department of Biological Responses, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Uchida Y, Kurano Y, Endo T, Aoyama M, Ito S. Immunochemical detection of 3-deoxyglucosone in serum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 325:1090-8. [PMID: 15541400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
3-Deoxyglucosone (3-DG) is a metabolite of glucose that is thought to lead to the production of advanced glycation end products in diabetes. The previous assay for 3-DG in serum was based on a multi-step protocol, including derivatization, extraction, HPLC separation, and detection. In the current studies, we established a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the 3-DG-derivative, which is generated by the reaction of 3-DG and a 2,3-diamino-benzene derivative. Attachment of a biotin moiety to the 2,3-diamino-benzene ring via a linker allowed development of a highly sensitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for 3-DG equivalents. Unlike the previous assay, this method does not require extraction of 3-DG derivatives from serum. Treatment of 3-DG in serum with the DAB-link-biotin produced a quinoxaline derivative, which was specifically recognized by the monoclonal antibody. Using this assay, we found that serum 3-DG was higher in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats than in normal control rats (25+/-5.6 vs. 9.8+/-1.1 microg/L). This simple assay may allow the monitoring of conditions leading to the accumulation of advanced glycation end products and evaluation of the risk of complications in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Uchida
- Fujirebio Inc., Research and Development Division, 51 Komiya-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0031, Japan.
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Thornalley PJ, Battah S, Ahmed N, Karachalias N, Agalou S, Babaei-Jadidi R, Dawnay A. Quantitative screening of advanced glycation endproducts in cellular and extracellular proteins by tandem mass spectrometry. Biochem J 2003; 375:581-92. [PMID: 12885296 PMCID: PMC1223712 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2003] [Revised: 07/15/2003] [Accepted: 07/29/2003] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycation of proteins forms fructosamines and advanced glycation endproducts. Glycation adducts may be risk markers and risk factors of disease development. We measured the concentrations of the early glycation adduct fructosyl-lysine and 12 advanced glycation endproducts by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Underivatized analytes were detected free in physiological fluids and in enzymic hydrolysates of cellular and extracellular proteins. Hydroimidazolones were the most important glycation biomarkers quantitatively; monolysyl adducts (N(epsilon)-carboxymethyl-lysine and N(epsilon)-1-carboxyethyl-lysine) were found in moderate amounts, and bis(lysyl)imidazolium cross-links and pentosidine in lowest amounts. Quantitative screening showed high levels of advanced glycation endproducts in cellular protein and moderate levels in protein of blood plasma. Glycation adduct accumulation in tissues depended on the particular adduct and tissue type. Low levels of free advanced glycation endproducts were found in blood plasma and levels were 10-100-fold higher in urine. Advanced glycation endproduct residues were increased in blood plasma and at sites of vascular complications development in experimental diabetes; renal glomeruli, retina and peripheral nerve. In clinical uraemia, the concentrations of plasma protein advanced glycation endproduct residues increased 1-7-fold and free adduct concentrations increased up to 50-fold. Comprehensive screening of glycation adducts revealed the relative and quantitative importance of alpha-oxoaldehyde-derived advanced glycation endproducts in physiological modification of proteins-particularly hydroimidazolones, the efficient renal clearance of free adducts, and the marked increases of glycation adducts in diabetes and uraemia-particularly free advanced glycation endproducts in uraemia. Increased levels of these advanced glycation endproducts were associated with vascular complications in diabetes and uraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Thornalley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Central Campus, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, UK.
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Babaei-Jadidi R, Karachalias N, Ahmed N, Battah S, Thornalley PJ. Prevention of incipient diabetic nephropathy by high-dose thiamine and benfotiamine. Diabetes 2003; 52:2110-20. [PMID: 12882930 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.52.8.2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of triosephosphates arising from high cytosolic glucose concentrations in hyperglycemia is the trigger for biochemical dysfunction leading to the development of diabetic nephropathy-a common complication of diabetes associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Here we report that stimulation of the reductive pentosephosphate pathway by high-dose therapy with thiamine and the thiamine monophosphate derivative benfotiamine countered the accumulation of triosephosphates in experimental diabetes and inhibited the development of incipient nephropathy. High-dose thiamine and benfotiamine therapy increased transketolase expression in renal glomeruli, increased the conversion of triosephosphates to ribose-5-phosphate, and strongly inhibited the development of microalbuminuria. This was associated with decreased activation of protein kinase C and decreased protein glycation and oxidative stress-three major pathways of biochemical dysfunction in hyperglycemia. Benfotiamine also inhibited diabetes-induced hyperfiltration. This was achieved without change in elevated plasma glucose concentration and glycated hemoglobin in the diabetic state. High-dose thiamine and benfotiamine therapy is a potential novel strategy for the prevention of clinical diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Babaei-Jadidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Central Campus, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, UK
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30
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Hoffman WH, Kappler F, Passmore GG, Mehta R. Diabetic ketoacidosis and its treatment increase plasma 3-deoxyglucosone. Clin Biochem 2003; 36:269-73. [PMID: 12810155 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(03)00030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Highly reactive dicarbonyl compounds are known to be increased by hyperglycemia, ketone bodies and lipid peroxidation. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and its treatment on the plasma concentration of 3 deoxyglucosone (3-DG) one of the dicarbonyl compounds. DESIGN AND METHODS 3-DG was measured in 7 children before, during and following correction of severe DKA. 3-DG was elevated before treatment (610 nmol/L +or/- 70) in comparison to baseline (120 h) (200 nmol/L+/or- 17) (p < 0.05). At 6 to 24 h into treatment 3-DG was further elevated (1080 nmol/L +or/- 80) in comparison to both pretreatment (p < 0.05) and baseline (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION 3-DG is significantly elevated before the treatment of DKA and increases further during the treatment of DKA. The time course of the increase of 3-DG coincides with the time of progression of subclinical brain edema, which occurs in DKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.
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31
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Kusunoki H, Miyata S, Ohara T, Liu BF, Uriuhara A, Kojima H, Suzuki K, Miyazaki H, Yamashita Y, Inaba K, Kasuga M. Relation between serum 3-deoxyglucosone and development of diabetic microangiopathy. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:1889-94. [PMID: 12766129 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.6.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 3-Deoxyglucosone (3-DG), a highly reactive intermediate of the glycation reaction, has been suggested to contribute to the development of diabetes complications. To verify this hypothesis, we assessed the relation between serum 3-DG concentrations and the severity of diabetic microangiopathy in diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a high-performance liquid chromatography assay to determine the serum 3-DG concentrations of 110 diabetic patients with different degrees of severity of diabetic microangiopathy and 57 age-matched control subjects. RESULTS The fasting serum 3-DG level in diabetic patients was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than that in control subjects (353 +/- 110 vs. 199 +/- 53 nmol/l). The 3-DG levels were significantly (P < 0.001) elevated even in the diabetic patients showing normoalbuminuria (n = 62, 322 +/- 79 nmol/l) compared with control subjects. The 3-DG levels were further elevated in the patients with microalbuminuria (n = 30, 383 +/- 146 nmol/l) and overt proteinuria (n = 18, 410 +/- 100 nmol/l) (P = 0.027 and P < 0.001 vs. normoalbuminuria group, respectively). This phenomenon was basically reproduced in a category of retinopathy. Furthermore, the diabetic patients with low nerve conduction velocity showed a tendency to display higher 3-DG levels. CONCLUSIONS The present results show that the fasting serum 3-DG level is elevated in diabetic patients and that the patients with relatively higher 3-DG levels were prone to suffer from more severe complications, indicating a possible association of 3-DG with diabetic microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Kusunoki
- Division of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Department of Clinical Molecular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Hasuike Y, Nakanishi T, Otaki Y, Nanami M, Tanimoto T, Taniguchi N, Takamitsu Y. Plasma 3-deoxyglucosone elevation in chronic renal failure is associated with increased aldose reductase in erythrocytes. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40:464-71. [PMID: 12200796 DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2002.34884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum concentrations of 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG), a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound, are elevated in uremic patients. Aldose reductase (AR) is an enzyme involved in both the detoxification of 3DG and producing precursors of 3DG. METHODS We examined the relationship between plasma 3DG and erythrocyte AR content in uremic patients. Patients were divided into three groups: (1) progressive renal disease without hemodialysis (HD; chronic renal failure [CRF] group), (2) patients without diabetes mellitus (DM) treated with maintenance HD (HD group), and (3) patients with DM treated with maintenance HD (DM-HD group). High-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure 3DG, and erythrocyte AR was measured by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Both 3DG and erythrocyte AR levels were significantly greater in the CRF, HD, and DM-HD groups than in healthy controls. These results did not change after HD sessions in the HD or DM-HD groups. Serum creatinine levels correlated with 3DG and erythrocyte AR levels in the control and CRF groups (3DG: r = 0.67; P < 0.001; erythrocyte AR: r = 0.71; P < 0.001). Both erythrocyte AR and 3DG levels then increased as renal function declined. A positive correlation was seen between 3DG and erythrocyte AR levels in all groups (r = 0.65; P < 0.001), and also between plasma osmolality and erythrocyte AR level (r = 0.46; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Both erythrocyte AR and 3DG levels are increased in uremic patients, and these increases could possibly contribute to the development of uremic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hasuike
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Kidney and Dialysis, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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Szwergold BS, Howell S, Beisswenger PJ. Human fructosamine-3-kinase: purification, sequencing, substrate specificity, and evidence of activity in vivo. Diabetes 2001; 50:2139-47. [PMID: 11522682 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.9.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonenzymatic glycation appears to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Key early intermediates in this process are fructosamines, such as protein-bound fructoselysines. In this report, we describe the purification and characterization of a mammalian fructosamine-3-kinase (FN3K), which phosphorylates fructoselysine (FL) residues on glycated proteins, to FL-3-phosphate (FL3P). This phosphorylation destabilizes the FL adduct and leads to its spontaneous decomposition, thereby reversing the nonenzymatic glycation process at an early stage. FN3K was purified to homogeneity from human erythrocytes and sequenced by means of electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The protein thus identified is a 35-kDa monomer that appears to be expressed in all mammalian tissues. It has no significant homology to other known proteins and appears to be encoded by genomic sequences located on human chromosomes 1 and 17. The lability of FL3P, the high affinity of FN3K for FL, and the wide distribution of FN3K suggest that the function of this enzyme is deglycation of nonenzymatically glycated proteins. Because the condensation of glucose and lysine residues is an ubiquitous and unavoidable process in homeothermic organisms, a deglycation system mediated by FN3K may be an important factor in protecting cells from the deleterious effects of nonenzymatic glycation. Our sequence data of FN3K are in excellent agreement with a recent report on this enzyme by Delpierre et al. (Diabetes 49:1627-1634, 2000).
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Szwergold
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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Beisswenger PJ, Howell SK, O'Dell RM, Wood ME, Touchette AD, Szwergold BS. alpha-Dicarbonyls increase in the postprandial period and reflect the degree of hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:726-32. [PMID: 11315838 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.24.4.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic hyperglycemia is known to increase tissue glycation and diabetic complications, but controversy exists regarding the independent role of increased postprandial glucose excursions. To address this question, we have studied the effect of postprandial glycemic excursions (PPGEs) on levels of methylglyoxal (MG) and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), two highly reactive precursors of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed 4-month crossover studies on 21 subjects with type 1 diabetes and compared the effect of premeal insulin lispro or regular insulin on PPGEs and MG/3-DG excursions. PPGE was determined after standard test meal (STMs) and by frequent postprandial glucose monitoring. HbA1c and postprandial MG and D-lactate were measured by HPLC, whereas 3-DG was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. RESULTS Treatment with insulin lispro resulted in a highly significant reduction in PPGEs relative to the regular insulin-treated group (P = 0.0005). However, HbA1c levels were similar in the two groups, and no relationship was observed between HbA1c and PPGE (P = 0.93). Significant postprandial increases in MG, 3-DG, and D-lactate occurred after the STM. Excursions of MG and 3-DG were highly correlated with levels of PPGE (R = 0.55, P = 0.0002 and R = 0.61, P = 0.0004; respectively), whereas a significant inverse relationship was seen between PPGE and D-lactate excursions (R = 0.40, P = 0.01). Conversely, no correlation was observed between HbAlc and postprandial MG, 3-DG, or D-lactate levels. CONCLUSIONS Increased production of MG and 3-DG occur with greater PPGE, whereas HbA1c does not reflect these differences. Reduced PPGE also leads to increased production of D-lactate, indicating a role for increased detoxification in reducing MG levels. The higher postprandial levels of MG and 3-DG observed with greater PPGE may provide a partial explanation for the adverse effects of glycemic lability and support the value of agents that reduce glucose excursions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Beisswenger
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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35
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Schwedler S, Schinzel R, Vaith P, Wanner C. Inflammation and advanced glycation end products in uremia: simple coexistence, potentiation or causal relationship? KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL. SUPPLEMENT 2001; 78:S32-6. [PMID: 11168979 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.59780032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The causes for the high frequency of cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients are multifactorial in origin. Disturbances in the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, the balance between oxidants and antioxidants and the immuno-inflammatory system are thought to play a role. Chronic uremia is characterized by the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and advanced oxidation products (AOPP) as well as activation of the acute phase response. High serum levels of these products and acute phase reactants such as C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen and serum amyloid A can be found. CRP has been shown to predict cardiovascular and overall mortality in hemodialysis patients. Whether CRP is involved causally in atherosclerosis or merely represents a marker of disease is as yet unknown. Since CRP has been detected in colocalization with modified apolipoproteins or complement components in atherosclerotic lesions, a pathophysiological role seems very likely. AGEs as well have been detected in aortas of hemodialysis patients. Incubation of endothelial cells with AGEs induced expression of adhesion molecules with consecutive attraction of monocytes to the vessel wall. Thus far, clinical studies investigating the predictive effects of AGEs on cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients are lacking. There is considerable debate about what factors turn on the acute phase response in this population. Proinflammatory effects of AGEs mediated through one receptor for AGEs, RAGE, have been described. We hypothesize that there may be a link between increased hepatic CRP production and the accumulation of AGEs in uremia. AGEs may stimulate CRP production in hepatocytes either directly or indirectly via interaction with monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schwedler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Obrosova IG, Van Huysen C, Fathallah L, Cao X, Stevens MJ, Greene DA. Evaluation of α 1‐adrenoceptor antagonist on diabetes‐induced changes in peripheral nerve function, metabolism, and antioxidative defense. FASEB J 2000. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.99-0803com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina G. Obrosova
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan48109‐0354USA
| | - Carol Van Huysen
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan48109‐0354USA
| | - Lamia Fathallah
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan48109‐0354USA
| | - Xianghui Cao
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan48109‐0354USA
| | - Martin J. Stevens
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan48109‐0354USA
| | - Douglas A. Greene
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichigan48109‐0354USA
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Thornalley PJ, Yurek-George A, Argirov OK. Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of aminoguanidine with the alpha-oxoaldehydes glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 3-deoxyglucosone under physiological conditions. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:55-65. [PMID: 10807945 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Aminoguanidine (AG), a prototype agent for the preventive therapy of diabetic complications, reacts with the physiological alpha-oxoaldehydes glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) to form 3-amino-1,2,4-triazine derivatives (T) and prevent glycation by these agents in vitro and in vivo. The reaction kinetics of these alpha-oxoaldehydes with AG under physiological conditions pH 7.4 and 37 degrees was investigated. The rate of reaction of AG with glyoxal was first order with respect to both reactants; the rate constant k(AG,G) was 0.892 +/- 0.037 M(-1) sec(-1). The kinetics of the reaction of AG with 3-DG were more complex: the rate equation was d[T](o)/dt (initial rate of T formation) = [3-DG](k(AG,3-DG)[AG] + k(3-DG)), where k(AG,3-DG) = (3. 23 +/- 0.25) x 10(-3) M(-1) sec(-1) and k(3-DG) = (1.73 +/- 0.08) x 10(-5) sec(-1). The kinetics of the reaction of AG with methylglyoxal were consistent with the reaction of both unhydrated (MG) and monohydrate (MG-H(2)O) forms. The rate equation was d[T](o)/dt = ¿k(1)k(AG,MG)/(k(-1) + k(AG,MG)[AG]) + k(AG, MG-H(2)O)¿[MG-H(2)O][AG], where the rate constant for the reaction of AG with MG, k(AG,MG), was 178 +/- 15 M(-1) sec(-1) and for the reaction of AG with MG-H(2)O, k(AG,MG-H(2)O), was 0.102 +/- 0.001 M(-1) sec(-1); k(1) and k(-1) are the forward and reverse rate constants for methylglyoxal dehydration MG-H(2)O right harpoon over left harpoon MG. The kinetics of these reactions were not influenced by ionic strength, but the reaction of AG with glyoxal and with methylglyoxal under MG-H(2)O dehydration rate-limited conditions increased with increasing phosphate buffer concentration. Kinetic modelling indicated that the rapid reaction of AG with the MG perturbed the MG/MG-H(2)O equilibrium, and the ratio of the isomeric triazine products varied with initial reactant concentration. AG is kinetically competent to scavenge the alpha-oxoaldehydes studied and decrease related advanced glycated endproduct (AGE) formation in vivo. This effect is limited, however, by the rapid renal elimination of AG. Decreased AGE formation is implicated in the prevention of microvascular complications of diabetes by AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Thornalley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Central Campus, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, United Kingdom.
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Shamsi FA, Nagaraj RH. Immunochemical detection of dicarbonyl-derived imidazolium protein crosslinks in human lenses. Curr Eye Res 1999; 19:276-84. [PMID: 10487968 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.19.3.276.5315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the formation of imidazolysine, a Maillard reaction derived protein crosslink in the human lens in relation to aging and cataract by immunochemical methods. METHODS Antibodies against RNase-imidazolysine were raised in rabbits. The antibodies were tested for their specificity for imidazolysine by using various imidazolysine-like compounds and imidazoles. A competitive ELISA tested human lens water-soluble proteins and enzyme-digested water-insoluble proteins for immunoreactivity against the antibodies. RESULTS The antibodies strongly reacted with structurally related imidazolysine and GOLD (glyoxal-lysine dimer) and thus precluded us from distinguishing imidazolysine from GOLD in the human lens. We assumed that the detected immunoreactivity is due to a combination of GOLD and imidazolysine. The antibodies did not react with histidine. The immunoreactivity in lens proteins was expressed as units of imidazolium crosslinks per unit of protein (1 unit = 1% inhibition of antibody binding to microplate well, 1 unit of protein = approximately 0.3 mg protein). The levels in the water-insoluble proteins were 8.4 +/- 4.5 units (mean +/- SD) and 40.4 +/- 8.5 units per unit of protein in young and old lenses, respectively. Cataractous lenses showed significantly higher levels (58.8 +/- 8.1 units, P < 0.05) when compared to age-matched normal lenses and highest levels were observed in brunescent cataractous lenses (76.6 +/- 13.4 units). The levels were negligible in the water-soluble proteins of young lenses and were 5 to 14-fold lower when compared to the water-insoluble proteins from the same lenses. Western blot analysis of lens proteins showed that the antigens are primarily present in the high molecular weight protein aggregates. CONCLUSIONS This study provides additional evidence for alpha-dicarbonyl-mediated protein crosslinking in the human lens and suggests that such reactions could play a role in lens aging and cataractogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Shamsi
- Center for Vision Research, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Niwa T. 3-Deoxyglucosone: metabolism, analysis, biological activity, and clinical implication. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 731:23-36. [PMID: 10491986 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
3-Deoxyglucosone (3-DG) is synthesized via the Maillard reaction and the polyol pathway, and is detoxified to 3-deoxyfructose and 2-keto-3-deoxygluconic acid. 3-DG rapidly reacts with protein amino groups to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs) such as imidazolone, pyrraline, N'-(carboxymethyl)lysine and pentosidine, among which imidazolone is the AGE most specific for 3-DG. As demonstrated by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or high-performance liquid chromatography, plasma 3-DG levels are markedly increased in diabetes and uremia. Although the plasma 3-DG levels had been controversial, it was clearly demonstrated that its plasma level depends on the deproteinization method by which either free or total 3-DG, presumably bound to proteins, is measured. In diabetes, hyperglycemia enhances the synthesis of 3-DG via the Maillard reaction and the polyol pathway, and thereby leads to its high plasma and erythrocyte levels. In uremia, however, the decreased catabolism of 3-DG, which may be due to the loss of 3-DG reductase activity in the end-stage kidneys, may lead to high plasma 3-DG level. The elevated 3-DG levels in plasma and erythrocytes may promote the formation of AGEs such as imidazolone, as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and immunochemistry using an anti-imidazolone antibody. Although AGE-modified proteins prepared in vitro exhibit a variety of biological activities, known AGE structures have not yet been demonstrated to show any biological activities. Because 3-DG is potent in the formation of AGEs and has some biological activities, such as cellular toxicity, it may be more important in the development of diabetic and uremic complications than the known AGE structures. By demonstrating that treatment with an aldose reductase inhibitor reduces the erythrocyte levels of 3-DG and AGEs, such as imidazolone, light is shed on the mystery of how aldose reductase inhibitors may prove beneficial in diabetic complications. These evidences suggest that 3-DG plays a principal role in the development of diabetic and uremic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Niwa
- Nagoya University Daiko Medical Center, Japan.
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40
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Tsukushi S, Shimokata K, Niwa T. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of erythrocyte 3-deoxyglucosone in hemodialysis patients. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 731:37-44. [PMID: 10491987 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The erythrocyte levels of 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) were measured by a selected ion monitoring method of gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry using [13C6]-3-DG as an internal standard. Because the erythrocyte levels of 3-DG measured after deproteinization using ethanol were 18 times higher than those using ultrafiltration, we used ethanol deproteinization for measurement of total 3-DG in the erythrocytes. The concentration of 3-DG was significantly elevated in hemodialysis (HD) patients compared with healthy subjects. Although HD treatment could remove the erythrocyte 3-DG efficiently, its post-HD levels were still elevated compared with the healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsukushi
- Nagoya University, Daiko Medical Center, Japan
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41
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Chellan P, Nagaraj RH. Protein crosslinking by the Maillard reaction: dicarbonyl-derived imidazolium crosslinks in aging and diabetes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 368:98-104. [PMID: 10415116 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Dicarbonyl compounds that arise from various metabolic pathways react with proteins to form a variety of adducts in a reaction known as the Maillard reaction. These adducts are collectively known as advanced glycation end products or AGEs. Methylglyoxal (MG) and glyoxal (GXL) are two such dicarbonyls. They react with proteins to produce lysine-lysine imidazolium crosslinking AGEs. The imidazolium crosslinks derived from MG (MOLD-methylglyoxal-lysine dimer) and GXL (GOLD-glyoxal-lysine dimer) are present in human tissue proteins. In this study, we report an HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of GOLD and MOLD in biological specimens. The method consists of reverse-phase HPLC of acid-hydrolyzed proteins, collection of eluate-containing imidazoliums, phenylisothiocyanate derivatization, followed by a second reverse-phase HPLC. This method was linear for both the imidazolium compounds in the range of 0.5-300 pmol. The levels of GOLD and MOLD in aging lenses (20 to 80 years) were trace-8.4 pmol and 15-93 pmol per milligram of protein, respectively. Cataractous lenses showed significantly higher levels of both GOLD and MOLD (mean +/- SD, 14.5 +/- 1.8 and 141 +/- 18.4 pmol per milligram of protein, P < 0.05). Brunescent lenses had the highest levels of imidazolium crosslinks (GOLD, 18.36 +/- 2.5; and MOLD, 179. 2 +/- 32.3 pmol per milligram of protein, P < 0.05). The GOLD and MOLD levels were higher in diabetic plasma proteins when compared to that of normal (GOLD, 17.5 +/- 6.34 pmol per milligram of protein vs 43.5 +/- 15.96 pmol per milligram of protein; and MOLD, 172.5 +/- 32. 53 pmol per milligram of protein vs 273 +/- 62.67 pmol per milligram of protein, P < 0.05). GOLD and MOLD are significant in terms of tissue damage in aging and diabetes because they represent protein crosslinking by compounds that are major precursors of AGEs. Our method can be used for quantification of imidazolium crosslinks in tissue proteins to assess alpha-dicarbonyl-mediated protein damage in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chellan
- Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
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Tsukushi S, Katsuzaki T, Aoyama I, Takayama F, Miyazaki T, Shimokata K, Niwa T. Increased erythrocyte 3-DG and AGEs in diabetic hemodialysis patients: role of the polyol pathway. Kidney Int 1999; 55:1970-6. [PMID: 10231461 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3-Deoxyglucosone (3-DG) accumulating in uremic serum plays an important role in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). To determine if 3-DG is involved in the formation of intracellular AGEs, we measured the erythrocyte levels of 3-DG and AGEs such as imidazolone and N epsilon-carboxymethyllysine (CML) in hemodialysis (HD) patients with diabetes. Further, to determine if the polyol pathway is involved in the formation of erythrocyte 3-DG and AGEs, an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) was administered to these patients. METHODS The erythrocyte levels of sorbitol, 3-DG, imidazolone, and CML were measured in ten diabetic HD patients before and after treatment with ARI (epalrestat) for eight weeks, and were compared with those in eleven healthy subjects. 3-DG was incubated in vitro with hemoglobin for two weeks to determine if imidazolone and CML are formed by reacting 3-DG with hemoglobin. RESULTS The erythrocyte levels of sorbitol, 3-DG, imidazolone, and CML were significantly elevated in diabetic HD patients as compared with healthy subjects. The erythrocyte levels of 3-DG significantly decreased after HD, but sorbitol, imidazolone or CML did not. The administration of ARI significantly decreased the erythrocyte levels of sorbitol, 3-DG and imidazolone, and tended to decrease the CML level. Imidazolone was rapidly produced in vitro by incubating 3-DG with hemoglobin, and CML was also produced, but less markedly as compared with imidazolone. CONCLUSION The erythrocyte levels of 3-DG and AGEs are elevated in diabetic HD patients. The administration of ARI reduces the erythrocyte levels of 3-DG and AGEs, especially imidazolone, as well as sorbitol. Thus, 3-DG and AGEs, especially imidazolone, in the erythrocytes are produced mainly via the polyol pathway. ARI may prevent diabetic and uremic complications associated with AGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsukushi
- Nagoya University, Daiko Medical Center, Japan
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