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Shah MA, Faheem HI, Hamid A, Yousaf R, Haris M, Saleem U, Shah GM, Alhasani RH, Althobaiti NA, Alsharif I, Silva AS. The entrancing role of dietary polyphenols against the most frequent aging-associated diseases. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:235-274. [PMID: 37486109 DOI: 10.1002/med.21985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Aging, a fundamental physiological process influenced by innumerable biological and genetic pathways, is an important driving factor for several aging-associated disorders like diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In the modern era, the several mechanisms associated with aging have been deeply studied. Treatment and therapeutics for age-related diseases have also made considerable advances; however, for the effective and long-lasting treatment, nutritional therapy particularly including dietary polyphenols from the natural origin are endorsed. These dietary polyphenols (e.g., apigenin, baicalin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, kaempferol, quercetin, resveratrol, and theaflavin), and many other phytochemicals target certain molecular, genetic mechanisms. The most common pathways of age-associated diseases are mitogen-activated protein kinase, reactive oxygen species production, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathways, metal chelation, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and inflammation. Polyphenols slow down the course of aging and help in combatting age-linked disorders. This exemplified in the form of clinical trials on specific dietary polyphenols in various aging-associated diseases. With this context in mind, this review reveals the new insights to slow down the aging process, and consequently reduce some classic diseases associated with age such as aforementioned, and targeting age-associated diseases by the activities of dietary polyphenols of natural origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hafiza Ishmal Faheem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Hamid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Yousaf
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Haris
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mujtaba Shah
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Health and Biological Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Reem H Alhasani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A Althobaiti
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Al-Quwaiiyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ifat Alsharif
- Department of Biology, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Polo III, Azinhaga de St Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Animal Science Studies (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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George BP, Chandran R, Abrahamse H. Role of Phytochemicals in Cancer Chemoprevention: Insights. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091455. [PMID: 34573087 PMCID: PMC8466984 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a condition where the body cells multiply in an uncontrollable manner. Chemoprevention of cancer is a broad term that describes the involvement of external agents to slow down or suppress cancer growth. Synthetic and natural compounds are found useful in cancer chemoprevention. The occurrence of global cancer type varies, depending on many factors such as environmental, lifestyle, genetic etc. Cancer is often preventable in developed countries with advanced treatment modalities, whereas it is a painful death sentence in developing and low-income countries due to the lack of modern therapies and awareness. One best practice to identify cancer control measures is to study the origin and risk factors associated with common types. Based on these factors and the health status of patients, stage, and severity of cancer, type of treatment is decided. Even though there are well-established therapies, cancer still stands as one of the major causes of death and a public health burden globally. Research shows that most cancers can be prevented, treated, or the incidence can be delayed. Phytochemicals from various medicinal plants were reported to reduce various risk factors associated with different types of cancer through their chemopreventive role. This review highlights the role of bioactive compounds or natural products from plants in the chemoprevention of cancer. There are many plant based dietary factors involved in the chemoprevention process. The review discusses the process of carcinogenesis and chemoprevention using plants and phytocompounds, with special reference to five major chemopreventive phytocompounds. The article also summarizes the important chemopreventive mechanisms and signaling molecules involved in the process. Since the role of antioxidants in chemoprevention is inevitable, an insight into plant-based antioxidant compounds that fight against this dreadful disease at various stages of carcinogenesis and disease progression is discussed. This will fill the research gap in search of chemopreventive natural compounds and encourage scientists in clinical trials of anticancer agents from plants.
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Tóth E, Erdődi F, Kiss A. Activation of Myosin Phosphatase by Epigallocatechin-Gallate Sensitizes THP-1 Leukemic Cells to Daunorubicin. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:1092-1098. [PMID: 32679023 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200717142315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Myosin Phosphatase (MP) holoenzyme is composed of a Protein Phosphatase type 1 (PP1) catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit termed Myosin Phosphatase Target subunit 1 (MYPT1). Besides dephosphorylation of myosin, MP has been implicated in the control of cell proliferation via dephosphorylation and activation of the tumor suppressor gene products, retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and merlin. Inhibition of MP was shown to attenuate the drug-induced cell death of leukemic cells by chemotherapeutic agents, while activation of MP might have a sensitizing effect. OBJECTIVE Recently, Epigallocatechin-Gallate (EGCG), a major component of green tea, was shown to activate MP by inducing the dephosphorylation of MYPT1 at phospho-Thr696 (MYPT1pT696), which might confer enhanced chemosensitivity to cancer cells. METHODS THP-1 leukemic cells were treated with EGCG and Daunorubicin (DNR) and cell viability was analyzed. Phosphorylation of tumor suppressor proteins was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS EGCG or DNR (at sub-lethal doses) alone had moderate effects on cell viability, while the combined treatment caused a significant decrease in the number of viable cells by enhancing apoptosis and decreasing proliferation. EGCG plus DNR decreased the phosphorylation level of MYPT1pT696, which was accompanied by prominent dephosphorylation of pRb. In addition, significant dephosphorylation of merlin was observed when EGCG and DNR were applied together. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that EGCG-induced activation of MP might have a regulatory function in mediating the chemosensitivity of leukemic cells via dephosphorylation of tumor suppressor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry and MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signalling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdődi
- Department of Medical Chemistry and MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signalling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Kiss
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Potential Therapeutic Targets of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), the Most Abundant Catechin in Green Tea, and Its Role in the Therapy of Various Types of Cancer. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143146. [PMID: 32660101 PMCID: PMC7397003 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an active compound of green tea and its role in diseases cure and prevention has been proven. Its role in diseases management can be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-cancer role of this green tea compound has been confirmed in various types of cancer and is still being under explored. EGCG has been proven to possess a chemopreventive effect through inhibition of carcinogenesis process such as initiation, promotion, and progression. In addition, this catechin has proven its role in cancer management through modulating various cell signaling pathways such as regulating proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and killing of various types of cancer cells. The additive or synergistic effect of epigallocatechin with chemopreventive agents has been verified as it reduces the toxicities and enhances the anti-cancerous effects. Despite its effectiveness and safety, the implications of EGCG in cancer prevention is certainly still discussed due to a poor bioavailability. Several studies have shown the ability to overcome poor bioavailability through nanotechnology-based strategies such as encapsulation, liposome, micelles, nanoparticles and various other formulation. In this review, we encapsulate therapeutic implication of EGCG in cancer management and the mechanisms of action are discussed with an emphasis on human clinical trials.
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Sajadimajd S, Bahramsoltani R, Iranpanah A, Kumar Patra J, Das G, Gouda S, Rahimi R, Rezaeiamiri E, Cao H, Giampieri F, Battino M, Tundis R, Campos MG, Farzaei MH, Xiao J. Advances on Natural Polyphenols as Anticancer Agents for Skin Cancer. Pharmacol Res 2019; 151:104584. [PMID: 31809853 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are one of most important phytochemicals distributing in herb plants, vegetables and fruits, which known as important anticancer agents. Given the high incidence and mortality of skin cancer, this study aimed to uncover the chemopreventive effects of polyphenols against skin cancer metastasis. Electronic databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane library were used to compile the literature from 2000 to August 2019. Only in vivo mechanistic studies with English full-texts were chosen for this review. Polyphenols were included in this study if they were administered in purified form; while total extract and fractions were excluded. Among the 8254 primarily selected papers, only a final number of 34 studies were included. The chemopreventive effects of polyphenols as anthocyanins, ellagitanins, EGCG, oleuropeindihydroxy phenyl, punicalagin, quercetin, resveratrol and theaflavin, were mainly examined in treatment of melanoma as the highly metastatic form of this cutaneous cancer. Those properties are mediated by modulation of angiogenesis, apoptosis, inflammation, metastasis, proliferation, pathways such as EGFR/MAPK, mTOR/PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT, FAK/RTK2, PGE-2/VEGF, PGE-1/ERK/HIIF-1α, and modulation of related signals including NF-κB, P21WAF/CIP1, Bim, Bax, Bcl2, Bclx, Bim, Puma, Noxa, ILs and MMPs. Chemopreventive effects of polyphenols are mediated by several signaling pathways against skin carcinogenesis and metastasis, implying the importance of polyphenols to open up new horizons in development of anti-skin cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roodabeh Bahramsoltani
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amin Iranpanah
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gitishree Das
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sushanto Gouda
- Amity Institute of Forestry and Wildlife, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elnaz Rezaeiamiri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hui Cao
- Guangdong-Macau Traditional Chinese Medicine Technology Industrial Park Development Co., Ltd, Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519031, China.
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo - Vigo Campus, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo - Vigo Campus, Vigo, Spain; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Maria G Campos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Heath Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC, FCT Unit 313) (FCTUC), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Aboulwafa MM, Youssef FS, Gad HA, Altyar AE, Al-Azizi MM, Ashour ML. A Comprehensive Insight on the Health Benefits and Phytoconstituents of Camellia sinensis and Recent Approaches for Its Quality Control. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E455. [PMID: 31590466 PMCID: PMC6826564 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea, Camellia sinensis, which belongs to the family Theaceae, is a shrub or evergreen tree up to 16 m in height. Green tea is very popular because of its marked health benefits comprising its anticancer, anti-oxidant, and antimicrobial activities, as well as its effectiveness in reducing body weight. Additionally, it was recognized by Chinese people as an effective traditional drink required for the prophylaxis against many health ailments. This is due to the complex chemical composition of green tea, which comprises different classes of chemical compounds, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and others. The beneficial health effects of green tea ultimately led to its great consumption and increase its liability to be adulterated by either low-quality or non-green tea products with concomitant decrease in activity. Thus, in this review, green tea was selected to highlight its health benefits and phytoconstituents, as well as recent approaches for its quality-control monitoring that guarantee its incorporation in many pharmaceutical industries. More research is needed to find out other more biological activities, active constituents, and other simple and cheap techniques for its quality assurance that ascertain the prevention of its adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram M Aboulwafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo-11566, Egypt.
| | - Fadia S Youssef
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo-11566, Egypt.
| | - Haidy A Gad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo-11566, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed E Altyar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260 Jeddah-21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed M Al-Azizi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo-11566, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed L Ashour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo-11566, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah-21442, Saudi Arabia.
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Rady I, Mohamed H, Rady M, Siddiqui IA, Mukhtar H. Cancer preventive and therapeutic effects of EGCG, the major polyphenol in green tea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbas.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Islam Rady
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hadir Mohamed
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mohamad Rady
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Imtiaz A. Siddiqui
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Zhang H, Nan W, Wang S, Song X, Si H, Li T, Li G. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Promotes the Growth of Mink Hair Follicles Through Sonic Hedgehog and Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:674. [PMID: 29997505 PMCID: PMC6028712 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hair follicles play an essential role in the growth of hair. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a catechin polyphenol in green tea, has various bioactivities. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of EGCG on the growth of mink hair follicles and investigate the possible molecular mechanisms. Methods: The length of hair follicles was recorded up to 6 days in presence of 0.1–5 μM EGCG. Primary dermal papilla cells (DPCs) and outer root sheath cells (ORSCs) were treated with 0.25–4 μM EGCG, and their growth was evaluated by MTT assay and cell cycle detection. The levels of key molecules in sonic hedgehog (Shh) and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathways were further assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. To determine the involvement of Shh and AKT pathways in EGCG-mediated growth-promotion of ORSCs and DPCs, Shh pathway inhibitors cyclopamine and GANT61 or AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002 were employed, and then cell proliferation and cell cycle were analyzed. Results: Data from ex vivo culture showed that, in presence of 0.5–2.5 μM EGCG, the growth of mink hair follicles was promoted. In vitro, the proliferation of DPCs and ORSCs was enhanced by 0.5–4 μM EGCG treatment. More cells entered S phase upon treatment of EGCG, accompanied with upregulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin E1. Furthermore, when exposed to EGCG, the Shh and AKT signaling pathways were activated in both hair follicles and primary DPCs and ORSCs. Inhibiting either of these two pathways partly reversed the effect of EGCG on proliferation and cell cycle of DPCs and ORSCs. Conclusion: EGCG promotes the growth of mink hair follicles at concentrations of 0.5–2.5 μM. This growth-promoting effect of EGCG may be associated with the increased proliferation of DPCs and ORSCs through activating Shh and AKT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Weixiao Nan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shiyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xingchao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Huazhe Si
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tong Li
- High-Tech Zone Laboratory of Public Test and Analysis Service, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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Gan RY, Li HB, Sui ZQ, Corke H. Absorption, metabolism, anti-cancer effect and molecular targets of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG): An updated review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1231168 pmid: 27645804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-You Gan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Quan Sui
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Harold Corke
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Gan RY, Li HB, Sui ZQ, Corke H. Absorption, metabolism, anti-cancer effect and molecular targets of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG): An updated review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:924-941. [PMID: 27645804 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1231168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Green tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world, especially in Asian countries. Consumption of green tea has been demonstrated to possess many health benefits, which mainly attributed to the main bioactive compound epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a flavone-3-ol polyphenol, in green tea. EGCG is mainly absorbed in the intestine, and gut microbiota play a critical role in its metabolism prior to absorption. EGCG exhibits versatile bioactivities, with its anti-cancer effect most attracting due to the cancer preventive effect of green tea consumption, and a great number of studies intensively investigated its anti-cancer effect. In this review, we therefore, first stated the absorption and metabolism process of EGCG, and then summarized its anti-cancer effect in vitro and in vivo, including its manifold anti-cancer actions and mechanisms, especially its anti-cancer stem cell effect, and next highlighted its various molecular targets involved in cancer inhibition. Finally, the anti-cancer effect of EGCG analogs and nanoparticles, as well as the potential cancer promoting effect of EGCG were also discussed. Understanding of the absorption, metabolism, anti-cancer effect and molecular targets of EGCG can be of importance to better utilize it as a chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-You Gan
- a Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,b School of Biological Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition , School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhong-Quan Sui
- a Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Harold Corke
- a Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,b School of Biological Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
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Rashidi B, Malekzadeh M, Goodarzi M, Masoudifar A, Mirzaei H. Green tea and its anti-angiogenesis effects. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:949-956. [PMID: 28292023 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new blood vessels from a pre-existing vasculature (also known as angiogenesis) is required for many physiological processes including embryogenesis and post-natal growth. However, pathological angiogenesis is also a hallmark of cancer and many ischaemic and inflammatory diseases. The pro-angiogenic members of the VEGF family (vascular endothelial growth factor family), VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D and placental growth factor (PlGF), and the related receptors, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 have a central and decisive role in angiogenesis. Indeed, they are the targets for anti-angiogenic drugs currently approved. Green tea (from the Camellia sinensis plant) is one of the most popular beverages in the world. It is able to inhibit angiogenesis by different mechanisms such as microRNAs (miRNAs). Green tea and its polyphenolic substances (like catechins) show chemo-preventive and chemotherapeutic features in various types of cancer and experimental models for human cancers. The tea catechins, including (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have multiple effects on the cellular proteome and signalome. Note that the polyphenolic compounds from green tea are able to change the miRNA expression profile associated with angiogenesis in various cancer types. This review focuses on the ability of the green tea constituents to suppress angiogenesis signaling and it summarizes the mechanisms by which EGCG might inhibit the VEGF family. We also highlighted the miRNAs affected by green tea which are involved in anti-angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrnoush Malekzadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Goodarzi
- Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - KULeuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Aria Masoudifar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Chhabra G, Ndiaye MA, Garcia-Peterson LM, Ahmad N. Melanoma Chemoprevention: Current Status and Future Prospects. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:975-989. [PMID: 28295364 DOI: 10.1111/php.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of skin cancers, both nonmelanoma and melanoma, is increasing in the United States. The ultraviolet radiation, mainly from sun, is considered the major cause for these neoplasms. While nonmelanoma skin cancers are far more numerous, melanoma remains the most challenging. This is because melanoma can become extremely aggressive and its incidence is increasing worldwide due to lack of effective early detection, as well as disease recurrence, following both surgery and chemotherapy. Therefore, in addition to better treatment options, newer means are required to prevent melanomas from developing. Chemoprevention is a reasonable cost-effective approach to prevent carcinogenesis by inhibiting the processes of tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Melanoma is a progressive disease, which makes it very suitable for chemopreventive interventions, by targeting the processes and molecular pathways involved in the progression of melanoma. This review discusses the roles of various chemopreventive agents such as NSAIDs, statins, vitamins and dietary agents in melanoma and highlights current advancements and our perspective on future of melanoma chemoprevention. Although considerable preclinical data suggest that melanoma may be prevented or delayed by a numerous chemopreventive agents, we realize there are insufficient clinical studies evaluating their efficacy and long-term safety for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Chhabra
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Mary Ann Ndiaye
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI
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13
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Samadi AK, Bilsland A, Georgakilas AG, Amedei A, Amin A, Bishayee A, Azmi AS, Lokeshwar BL, Grue B, Panis C, Boosani CS, Poudyal D, Stafforini DM, Bhakta D, Niccolai E, Guha G, Vasantha Rupasinghe HP, Fujii H, Honoki K, Mehta K, Aquilano K, Lowe L, Hofseth LJ, Ricciardiello L, Ciriolo MR, Singh N, Whelan RL, Chaturvedi R, Ashraf SS, Shantha Kumara HMC, Nowsheen S, Mohammed SI, Keith WN, Helferich WG, Yang X. A multi-targeted approach to suppress tumor-promoting inflammation. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S151-S184. [PMID: 25951989 PMCID: PMC4635070 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancers harbor significant genetic heterogeneity and patterns of relapse following many therapies are due to evolved resistance to treatment. While efforts have been made to combine targeted therapies, significant levels of toxicity have stymied efforts to effectively treat cancer with multi-drug combinations using currently approved therapeutics. We discuss the relationship between tumor-promoting inflammation and cancer as part of a larger effort to develop a broad-spectrum therapeutic approach aimed at a wide range of targets to address this heterogeneity. Specifically, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, cyclooxygenase-2, transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, protein kinase B, and CXC chemokines are reviewed as important antiinflammatory targets while curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, lycopene, and anthocyanins are reviewed as low-cost, low toxicity means by which these targets might all be reached simultaneously. Future translational work will need to assess the resulting synergies of rationally designed antiinflammatory mixtures (employing low-toxicity constituents), and then combine this with similar approaches targeting the most important pathways across the range of cancer hallmark phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State Univeristy, Karmanos Cancer Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bal L Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Brendan Grue
- Department of Environmental Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Carolina Panis
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Mediators, State University of West Paraná, UNIOESTE, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Deepak Poudyal
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Diana M Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richard L Whelan
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - H M C Shantha Kumara
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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14
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Evasion of anti-growth signaling: A key step in tumorigenesis and potential target for treatment and prophylaxis by natural compounds. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S55-S77. [PMID: 25749195 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The evasion of anti-growth signaling is an important characteristic of cancer cells. In order to continue to proliferate, cancer cells must somehow uncouple themselves from the many signals that exist to slow down cell growth. Here, we define the anti-growth signaling process, and review several important pathways involved in growth signaling: p53, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), retinoblastoma protein (Rb), Hippo, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A), Notch, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) pathways. Aberrations in these processes in cancer cells involve mutations and thus the suppression of genes that prevent growth, as well as mutation and activation of genes involved in driving cell growth. Using these pathways as examples, we prioritize molecular targets that might be leveraged to promote anti-growth signaling in cancer cells. Interestingly, naturally occurring phytochemicals found in human diets (either singly or as mixtures) may promote anti-growth signaling, and do so without the potentially adverse effects associated with synthetic chemicals. We review examples of naturally occurring phytochemicals that may be applied to prevent cancer by antagonizing growth signaling, and propose one phytochemical for each pathway. These are: epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) for the Rb pathway, luteolin for p53, curcumin for PTEN, porphyrins for Hippo, genistein for GDF15, resveratrol for ARID1A, withaferin A for Notch and diguelin for the IGF1-receptor pathway. The coordination of anti-growth signaling and natural compound studies will provide insight into the future application of these compounds in the clinical setting.
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15
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Wang Z, Dabrosin C, Yin X, Fuster MM, Arreola A, Rathmell WK, Generali D, Nagaraju GP, El-Rayes B, Ribatti D, Chen YC, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Nowsheen S, Amedei A, Niccolai E, Amin A, Ashraf SS, Helferich B, Yang X, Guha G, Bhakta D, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K, Chen S, Halicka D, Mohammed SI, Azmi AS, Bilsland A, Keith WN, Jensen LD. Broad targeting of angiogenesis for cancer prevention and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S224-S243. [PMID: 25600295 PMCID: PMC4737670 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of angiogenesis – the growth of new blood vessels from an existing vasculature – is a main driving force in many severe human diseases including cancer. As such, tumor angiogenesis is important for delivering oxygen and nutrients to growing tumors, and therefore considered an essential pathologic feature of cancer, while also playing a key role in enabling other aspects of tumor pathology such as metabolic deregulation and tumor dissemination/metastasis. Recently, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis has become a clinical anti-cancer strategy in line with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, which underscore the critical importance of the angiogenic switch during early tumor development. Unfortunately the clinically approved anti-angiogenic drugs in use today are only effective in a subset of the patients, and many who initially respond develop resistance over time. Also, some of the anti-angiogenic drugs are toxic and it would be of great importance to identify alternative compounds, which could overcome these drawbacks and limitations of the currently available therapy. Finding “the most important target” may, however, prove a very challenging approach as the tumor environment is highly diverse, consisting of many different cell types, all of which may contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, the tumor cells themselves are genetically unstable, leading to a progressive increase in the number of different angiogenic factors produced as the cancer progresses to advanced stages. As an alternative approach to targeted therapy, options to broadly interfere with angiogenic signals by a mixture of non-toxic natural compound with pleiotropic actions were viewed by this team as an opportunity to develop a complementary anti-angiogenesis treatment option. As a part of the “Halifax Project” within the “Getting to know cancer” framework, we have here, based on a thorough review of the literature, identified 10 important aspects of tumor angiogenesis and the pathological tumor vasculature which would be well suited as targets for anti-angiogenic therapy: (1) endothelial cell migration/tip cell formation, (2) structural abnormalities of tumor vessels, (3) hypoxia, (4) lymphangiogenesis, (5) elevated interstitial fluid pressure, (6) poor perfusion, (7) disrupted circadian rhythms, (8) tumor promoting inflammation, (9) tumor promoting fibroblasts and (10) tumor cell metabolism/acidosis. Following this analysis, we scrutinized the available literature on broadly acting anti-angiogenic natural products, with a focus on finding qualitative information on phytochemicals which could inhibit these targets and came up with 10 prototypical phytochemical compounds: (1) oleanolic acid, (2) tripterine, (3) silibinin, (4) curcumin, (5) epigallocatechin-gallate, (6) kaempferol, (7) melatonin, (8) enterolactone, (9) withaferin A and (10) resveratrol. We suggest that these plant-derived compounds could be combined to constitute a broader acting and more effective inhibitory cocktail at doses that would not be likely to cause excessive toxicity. All the targets and phytochemical approaches were further cross-validated against their effects on other essential tumorigenic pathways (based on the “hallmarks” of cancer) in order to discover possible synergies or potentially harmful interactions, and were found to generally also have positive involvement in/effects on these other aspects of tumor biology. The aim is that this discussion could lead to the selection of combinations of such anti-angiogenic compounds which could be used in potent anti-tumor cocktails, for enhanced therapeutic efficacy, reduced toxicity and circumvention of single-agent anti-angiogenic resistance, as well as for possible use in primary or secondary cancer prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Charlotta Dabrosin
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xin Yin
- Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark M Fuster
- Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Arreola
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniele Generali
- Molecular Therapy and Pharmacogenomics Unit, AO Isituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Ganji P Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bassel El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; National Cancer Institute Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Yi Charlie Chen
- Department of Biology, Alderson Broaddus University, Philippi, WV, USA
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Arthroplasty and Regenerative Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Arthroplasty and Regenerative Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirate University, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirate University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bill Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Guilford, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lasse D Jensen
- Department of Medical, and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Modulators of cellular senescence: mechanisms, promises, and challenges from in vitro studies with dietary bioactive compounds. Nutr Res 2014; 34:1017-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Li MJ, Yin YC, Wang J, Jiang YF. Green tea compounds in breast cancer prevention and treatment. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:520-528. [PMID: 25114865 PMCID: PMC4127621 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. In recent years, many in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that green tea possesses anti-cancer effects. The epidemiological studies, however, have produced inconclusive results in humans. Likewise, results from animal models about the preventive or therapeutic effects of green tea components are inconclusive. The mechanisms by which green tea intake may influence the risk of breast cancer in humans remain elusive mechanisms by which green tea intake may influence. Here, we review recent studies of green tea polyphenols and their applications in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Furthermore, we discuss the effect of green tea components on breast cancer by reviewing epidemiological studies, animal model studies and clinical trials. At last, we discuss the mechanisms by which green tea components suppress the development and recurrence of breast cancer. A better understanding of the mechanisms will improve the utilization of green tea in breast cancer prevention and therapy and pave the way to novel prevention and treatment strategies for breast cancer.
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18
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Acuña UM, Shen Q, Ren Y, Lantvit DD, Wittwer JA, Kinghorn AD, Swanson SM, de Blanco EJC. Goyazensolide Induces Apoptosis in Cancer Cells in vitro and in vivo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH 2013; 9:36-53. [PMID: 25621077 PMCID: PMC4303185 DOI: 10.3923/ijcr.2013.36.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
As part of the screening program for anticancer agents from natural sources, the sesquiterpene lactone goyazensolide (GZL) was identified as a potent NF-κB inhibitor. The hollow-fiber assay was used to evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of GZL in vivo. The mechanistic effects of GZL were evaluated in the HT-29 colonic cell line to reveal the pathway through which GZL exerts its effects. NF-κB subunits p65 and p50 were inhibited, and the upstream mediator IκB kinase (IKKβ) was downregulated in a dose-dependent manner. Apoptosis was mediated by caspase-3, and cell cycle arrest was detected in G1-phase. Consequently, 96% of the cell population was in sub G1-phase after treatment with GZL (10 μM).The antitumor effect of GZL was observed at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg. Cell adhesion was affected as a result of NF-κB inhibition. GZL appears to selectively target the transcription factor NF-κB. In summary, GZL sensitizes HT-29 colon cancer cells to apoptosis and cell death in a dose-dependent manner both in vivo and in vitro, through NF-κB inhibition (IC50 = 3.8 μM). Thus, it is a new potent lead compound for further development into a new effective chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulyana Muñoz Acuña
- Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Qi Shen
- Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Yulin Ren
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Daniel D. Lantvit
- Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Jennifer A Wittwer
- Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Steven M. Swanson
- Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Esperanza J. Carcache de Blanco
- Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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19
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Abstract
Tea is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide, and green tea is the least processed from the buds of the Camellia sinensis plant. The most abundant component of green tea is (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which has been the focus of many cell culture, animal and clinical trials, revealing that EGCG possesses antiproliferative, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral and chemopreventive effects. In this review we briefly summarize the mechanism of action(s) of the green tea component EGCG, highlighting recent advances in the epigenetic regulation by EGCG. Additionally, we provide an overview of mouse chemoprevention studies and EGCG chemoprevention clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schramm
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, NY 11439, USA
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20
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Kanwar J, Taskeen M, Mohammad I, Huo C, Chan TH, Dou QP. Recent advances on tea polyphenols. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012; 4:111-31. [PMID: 22201858 DOI: 10.2741/363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade many scientific and medical studies have focused on green tea for its long-purported health benefits. There is convincing evidence that tea is a cup of life. It has multiple preventive and therapeutic effects. This review thus focuses on the recent advances of tea polyphenols and their applications in the prevention and treatment of human cancers. Of the various polyphenols in tea, (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant, and active compound studied in tea research. EGCG inhibits several molecular targets to inhibit cancer initiation and modulates several essential survival pathways to block cancer progression. Herein, we describe the various mechanisms of action of EGCG and also discuss previous and current ongoing clinical trials of EGCG and green tea polyphenols in different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kanwar
- The Developmental Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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21
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Singh BN, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1807-21. [PMID: 21827739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 999] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An expanding body of preclinical evidence suggests EGCG, the major catechin found in green tea (Camellia sinensis), has the potential to impact a variety of human diseases. Apparently, EGCG functions as a powerful antioxidant, preventing oxidative damage in healthy cells, but also as an antiangiogenic and antitumor agent and as a modulator of tumor cell response to chemotherapy. Much of the cancer chemopreventive properties of green tea are mediated by EGCG that induces apoptosis and promotes cell growth arrest by altering the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, activating killer caspases, and suppressing oncogenic transcription factors and pluripotency maintain factors. In vitro studies have demonstrated that EGCG blocks carcinogenesis by affecting a wide array of signal transduction pathways including JAK/STAT, MAPK, PI3K/AKT, Wnt and Notch. EGCG stimulates telomere fragmentation through inhibiting telomerase activity. Various clinical studies have revealed that treatment by EGCG inhibits tumor incidence and multiplicity in different organ sites such as liver, stomach, skin, lung, mammary gland and colon. Recent work demonstrated that EGCG reduced DNMTs, proteases, and DHFR activities, which would affect transcription of TSGs and protein synthesis. EGCG has great potential in cancer prevention because of its safety, low cost and bioavailability. In this review, we discuss its cancer preventive properties and its mechanism of action at numerous points regulating cancer cell growth, survival, angiogenesis and metastasis. Therefore, non-toxic natural agent could be useful either alone or in combination with conventional therapeutics for the prevention of tumor progression and/or treatment of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahma N Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
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22
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Small-molecule inhibitors reveal a new function for Bcl-2 as a proangiogenic signaling molecule. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 348:115-37. [PMID: 20941592 PMCID: PMC3812667 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer has a complex etiology and displays a wide range of cellular escape pathways that allow it to circumvent treatment. Signaling molecules functionally downstream of the circumvented pathways, and particularly at checkpoints where several of these pathways intersect, provide valuable targets for the development of novel anti-cancer drugs. Bcl-2, a pro-survival signaling molecule, is one such protein. This review examines the efficacy, potency, and function of several small molecule inhibitor drugs targeted to the Bcl-2 family of proteins. The review focuses on the compounds with most available data within the literature and discusses both the anti-cancer and the recently unveiled anti-angiogenic potential of this new class of drugs.
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23
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Gullett NP, Ruhul Amin ARM, Bayraktar S, Pezzuto JM, Shin DM, Khuri FR, Aggarwal BB, Surh YJ, Kucuk O. Cancer prevention with natural compounds. Semin Oncol 2010; 37:258-81. [PMID: 20709209 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Botanical and nutritional compounds have been used for the treatment of cancer throughout history. These compounds also may be useful in the prevention of cancer. Population studies suggest that a reduced risk of cancer is associated with high consumption of vegetables and fruits. Thus, the cancer chemopreventive potential of naturally occurring phytochemicals is of great interest. There are numerous reports of cancer chemopreventive activity of dietary botanicals, including cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage and broccoli, Allium vegetables such as garlic and onion, green tea, Citrus fruits, soybeans, tomatoes, berries, and ginger, as well as medicinal plants. Several lead compounds, such as genistein (from soybeans), lycopene (from tomatoes), brassinin (from cruciferous vegetables), sulforaphane (from asparagus), indole-3-carbinol (from broccoli), and resveratrol (from grapes and peanuts) are in preclinical or clinical trials for cancer chemoprevention. Phytochemicals have great potential in cancer prevention because of their safety, low cost, and oral bioavailability. In this review, we discuss potential natural cancer preventive compounds and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norleena P Gullett
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Pae M, Ren Z, Meydani M, Shang F, Meydani SN, Wu D. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate directly suppresses T cell proliferation through impaired IL-2 utilization and cell cycle progression. J Nutr 2010; 140:1509-15. [PMID: 20534878 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.124743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that in vitro epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) supplementation inhibited T cell response in mouse spleen cells. In this study, we confirmed this effect of EGCG in mice fed 0.3% EGCG for 6 wk. A coculture with all the combinations of preincubating antigen-presenting cells and T cells with or without EGCG showed that EGCG suppressed antigen-induced T cell proliferation, mainly through a direct effect on T cells. To determine the mechanisms for this effect of EGCG, we stimulated purified mouse T cells with anti-CD3/CD28 in the presence of EGCG (2.5-15 micromol/L) and found that EGCG dose-dependently inhibited cell division and cell cycle progression and this effect of EGCG was more pronounced in CD4(+) than in CD8(+) T cells. Interleukin (IL)-2 concentrations in EGCG-treated cell cultures showed no difference up to 24 h but were higher in the cultures at 48 h compared with the untreated control cells. However, intracellular staining showed no difference between EGCG-treated and untreated control cells in IL-2 synthesis, but EGCG-treated cells expressed less IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) compared with untreated control cells. EGCG did not affect mRNA expression of IL-2 and IL-2R. These results indicate that EGCG-induced IL-2 accumulation in 48 h cultures is due to its reduced utilization. In summary, EGCG directly inhibits T cell proliferative response to both polyclonal and antigen-specific stimulation. CD4(+) cells are more responsive to EGCG than CD8(+) cells. Future studies should determine the effect of EGCG on CD4(+) cell subsets to assess its application in T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkyong Pae
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Abstract
Tea, next to water, is the most popular beverage in the world. It has been suggested that tea consumption has the cancer-preventive effects. Epidemiological studies have indicated decreased cancer occurrence in people who regularly drink green tea. Research has also discovered numerous mechanisms of action to explain the biological effects of tea. The most abundant and popular compound studied in tea research is (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate or (-)-EGCG, which is a powerful antioxidant and can inhibit a number of tumor cell proliferation and survival pathways. Tea polyphenols are known to inhibit metaloproteonases, various protein kinases, and proteins that regulate DNA replication and transformation. We also reported that ester bond-containing tea polyphenols, for example, (-)-EGCG, potently and specifically inhibited the tumor proteasomal activity. We further demonstrated that methylation on green tea polyphenols under physiological conditions decreased their proteasome-inhibitory activity, contributing to decreased cancer-preventive effects of tea consumption. Since (-)-EGCG is unstable under physiological conditions, we also developed the peracetate-protected or prodrug form of (-)-EGCG, Pro-EGCG (1), and showed that Pro-EGCG (1) increases the bioavailability, stability, and proteasome-inhibitory and anticancer activities of (-)-EGCG in human breast cancer cells and tumors, demonstrating its potential use for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Ping Dou
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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26
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McCarthy S, Caporali A, Enkemann S, Scaltriti M, Eschrich S, Davalli P, Corti A, Lee A, Sung J, Yeatman TJ, Bettuzzi S. Green tea catechins suppress the DNA synthesis marker MCM7 in the TRAMP model of prostate cancer. Mol Oncol 2009; 1:196-204. [PMID: 18521193 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea catechins (GTCs) exert chemopreventive effects in many cancer models. Several studies implicate the DNA synthesis marker minichromosome maintenance protein 7 (MCM7) in prostate cancer progression, growth and invasion; representing a novel therapeutic target. In this study, we investigated the effect of GTCs on MCM7 expression in the transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate model (TRAMP). DNA microarray, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis showed that GTCs significantly suppressed MCM7 in the TRAMP mice treated with GTCs. Our study indicates that the cellular DNA replication factor MCM7 is involved in prostate cancer (CaP) and MCM7 gene expression was reduced by GTCs. Together, these results suggest a possible role of GTCs in CaP chemoprevention in which MCM7 plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan McCarthy
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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27
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Hait-Darshan R, Grossman S, Bergman M, Deutsch M, Zurgil N. Synergistic activity between a spinach-derived natural antioxidant (NAO) and commercial antioxidants in a variety of oxidation systems. Food Res Int 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Jin H, Sabarudin A, Oshima M, Motomizu S. Multi-Element Determination for Green Tea Leaves and Their Extractants by ICP-AES with Online Concentration. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2009. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.58.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jin
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
| | - Akhmad Sabarudin
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
| | - Mitsuko Oshima
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
| | - Shoji Motomizu
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
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29
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Zeitlin BD, Zeitlin IJ, Nör JE. Expanding circle of inhibition: small-molecule inhibitors of Bcl-2 as anticancer cell and antiangiogenic agents. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:4180-8. [PMID: 18757333 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.15.7693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific targeting of diseases, particularly cancer, is a primary aim in drug development, as specificity reduces unwelcome effects on healthy tissue and increases drug efficacy at the target site. Drug specificity can be increased by improving the delivery system or by selecting drugs with affinity for a molecular ligand specific to the disease state. The role of the prosurvival Bcl-2 protein in maintaining the normal balance between apoptosis and cellular survival has been recognized for more than a decade. Bcl-2 is vital during development, much less so in adults. It has also been noted that some cancers evade apoptosis and obtain a survival advantage through aberrant expression of Bcl-2. The new and remarkably diverse class of drugs, small-molecule inhibitors of Bcl-2 (molecular weight approximately 400 to 800 Daltons), is examined herein. We present the activities of these compounds along with clinical observations, where available. The effects of Bcl-2 inhibition on attenuation of tumor cell growth are discussed, as are studies revealing the potential for Bcl-2 inhibitors as antiangiogenic agents. Despite an enormous body of work published for the Bcl-2 family of proteins, we are still learning exactly how this group of molecules interacts and indeed what they do. The small-molecule inhibitors of Bcl-2, in addition to their therapeutic potential, are proving to be an important investigative tool for understanding the function of Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Zeitlin
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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30
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Hofseth LJ. Nitric oxide as a target of complementary and alternative medicines to prevent and treat inflammation and cancer. Cancer Lett 2008; 268:10-30. [PMID: 18440130 PMCID: PMC2680023 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and associated reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are involved in many physiological functions. There has been an ongoing debate to whether RNS can inhibit or perpetuate chronic inflammation and associated carcinogenesis. Although the final outcome depends on the genetic make-up of its target, the surrounding microenvironment, the activity and localization of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, and overall levels of NO/RNS, evidence is accumulating that in general, RNS drive inflammation and cancers associated with inflammation. To this end, many complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) that work in chemoprevention associated with chronic inflammation, are inhibitors of excessive NO observed in inflammatory conditions. Here, we review recent literature outlining a role of NO/RNS in chronic inflammation and cancer, and point toward NO as one of several targets for the success of CAMs in treating chronic inflammation and cancer associated with this inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 770 Sumter Street, Coker Life Sciences, Room 513C, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Ramos S. Cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy: dietary polyphenols and signalling pathways. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:507-26. [PMID: 18435439 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of cancer through dietary intervention recently has received an increasing interest, and dietary polyphenols have become not only important potential chemopreventive, but also therapeutic, natural agents. Polyphenols have been reported to interfere at the initiation, promotion and progression of cancer. They might lead to the modulation of proteins in diverse pathways and require the integration of different signals for the final chemopreventive or therapeutic effect. Polyphenols have been demonstrated to act on multiple key elements in signal transduction pathways related to cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis and metastasis; however, these molecular mechanisms of action are not completely characterized and many features remain to be elucidated. The aim of this review is to provide insights into the molecular basis of potential chemopreventive and therapeutic activities of dietary polyphenols with emphasis in their ability to control intracellular signalling cascades considered as relevant targets in a cancer preventive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ramos
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas(CSIC), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain.
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32
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Na HK, Kim EH, Jung JH, Lee HH, Hyun JW, Surh YJ. (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate induces Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzyme expression via activation of PI3K and ERK in human mammary epithelial cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 476:171-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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33
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Srinivasan P, Suchalatha S, Babu PVA, Devi RS, Narayan S, Sabitha KE, Shyamala Devi CS. Chemopreventive and therapeutic modulation of green tea polyphenols on drug metabolizing enzymes in 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide induced oral cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 172:224-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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34
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Na HK, Surh YJ. Modulation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant and detoxifying enzyme induction by the green tea polyphenol EGCG. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1271-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Abboud PA, Hake PW, Burroughs TJ, Odoms K, O'Connor M, Mangeshkar P, Wong HR, Zingarelli B. Therapeutic effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in a mouse model of colitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 579:411-7. [PMID: 18022615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea catechin, has been shown to inhibit signaling pathways involved in inflammation, including nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), which are important inducers of pro-inflammatory mediators. Aim of our study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of EGCG in experimental colitis, which was induced by rectal administration of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in C57/BL6 mice. Mice were treated twice daily with vehicle or with EGCG (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, and sacrificed on days 1, 3, and 7 after TNBS administration. After induction of colitis, vehicle-treated mice experienced bloody diarrhea and loss of body weight. A remarkable colonic damage with hemorrhage, ulcers, and edema was observed and was associated with neutrophil infiltration as evaluated by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Elevated plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine were also found. These events were paralleled by increased DNA binding of NF-kappaB and AP-1 in the colon of the vehicle-treated group. In contrast, the EGCG-treated mice experienced a very mild diarrhea and no weight loss. Damage of the colon was characterized by edema and hyperemia only. Tissue levels of MPO were also significantly reduced when compared to vehicle-treated mice. These beneficial effects of EGCG were associated with a significant reduction of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation. However, treatment with EGCG did not reduce plasma cytokine levels. Our data demonstrate that EGCG may be beneficial in colitis through selective immunomodulatory effects, which may be mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of NF-kappaB and AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Abboud
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Siddiqui IA, Saleem M, Adhami VM, Asim M, Mukhtar H. Tea beverage in chemoprevention and chemotherapy of prostate cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1392-408. [PMID: 17723173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American males with similar trends in many western countries. The existing treatment approaches and surgical intervention have not been able to effectively cope with this dreaded disease. For these reasons, it is necessary to intensify our efforts for a better understanding of the disease process and for the development of novel approaches for its prevention and treatment. Based on considerable evidence from in vivo and in vitro data and epidemiological studies, in recent years the beverage tea has gained considerable attention for reducing the risk of several cancers. Much of the cancer preventive effects of tea, especially green tea appear to be mediated by the polyphenols present therein. Geographical evidence suggests that the incidence and occurrence of PCa is lower in populations that consume tea regularly. This evidence suggests that tea polyphenols could be extrapolated to optimize their chemopreventive properties against PCa. PCa represents an excellent candidate disease for chemoprevention because it is typically diagnosed in men over 50 years of age and therefore, even a modest delay in neoplastic development achieved through pharmacological or nutritional intervention could result in a substantial reduction in the incidence of clinically detectable disease. In this review we address the issue of possible use of tea, especially green tea, for the prevention as well as treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz A Siddiqui
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Medical Sciences Center, Room B-25 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,USA
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Yagiz K, Wu LY, Kuntz CP, James Morré D, Morré DM. Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells from transgenic mice overexpressing tNOX exhibit an altered growth and drug response phenotype. J Cell Biochem 2007; 101:295-306. [PMID: 17115410 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells prepared from transgenic mice overexpressing a cancer-specific and growth-related cell surface NADH oxidase with protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity grew at rates approximately twice those of wild-type embryonic fibroblast cells. Growth of transgenic MEF cells overexpressing tNOX was inhibited by low concentrations of the green tea catechin (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCg) or the synthetic isoflavene phenoxodiol. Both are putative tNOX-targeted inhibitors with anti-cancer activity. With both EGCg and phenoxodiol, growth inhibition was followed after about 48 h by apoptosis. Growth of wild-type mouse fibroblast cells from the same strain was unaffected by EGCg and phenoxodiol and neither compound induced apoptosis even at concentrations 100-1,000-fold higher than those that resulted in apoptotic death in the transgenic MEF cells. The findings validate earlier reports of evidence for tNOX presence as contributing to unregulated growth of cancer cells as well as the previous identification of the tNOX protein as the molecular target for the anti-cancer activities attributed to both EGCg and phenoxodiol. The expression of tNOX emerges as both necessary and sufficient to account for the cancer cell-specific growth inhibitions by both EGCg and phenoxodiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kader Yagiz
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Lozano C, Juliá L, Jiménez A, Touriño S, Centelles JJ, Cascante M, Torres JL. Electron-transfer capacity of catechin derivatives and influence on the cell cycle and apoptosis in HT29 cells. FEBS J 2006; 273:2475-86. [PMID: 16704421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Galloylated and nongalloylated catechin conjugates with cysteine derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their capacity to scavenge free radicals and to influence crucial functions (cell cycle, apoptosis) in HT29 colon carcinoma cells. We show that the nonphenolic part of the molecule modified the capacity of catechins to donate hydrogen atoms and to transfer electrons to free radicals. Nongalloylated derivatives did not significantly influence either the cell cycle or apoptosis. Among the galloylated species, 4beta-[S-(O-ethyl-cysteinyl)]epicatechin 3-O-gallate, which showed a high electron-transfer capacity (5 e- per molecule), arrested the cell cycle and induced apoptosis as expected for galloylated catechins such as tea (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate. 4beta-[S-(N-Acetyl-O-methyl-cysteinyl)]epicatechin 3-O-gallate, which showed the highest hydrogen-donating capacity (10 H per molecule) while keeping the electron-transfer capacity low (2.9 e- per molecule), did not trigger any significant apoptosis. The gallate moiety did not appear to be sufficient for the pro-apoptotic effect of the catechin derivatives in HT29 cells. Instead, a high electron-transfer capacity is more likely to be behind this effect. The use of stable radicals sensitive exclusively to electron transfer may help to design molecules with either preventive scavenging action (high hydrogen donation, low electron transfer) or therapeutic pro-apoptotic activity (high electron transfer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Lozano
- Institute for Chemical and Environmental Research (IIQAB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Siddiqui IA, Adhami VM, Saleem M, Mukhtar H. Beneficial effects of tea and its polyphenols against prostate cancer. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006; 50:130-43. [PMID: 16425281 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200500113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tea, next to water, is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. Depending upon the level of fermentation, tea can be categorized into three types: green (unfermented), oolong (partially fermented), and black (highly to fully fermented). In general, green tea has been found to be superior to black and oolong tea in terms of antioxidant and health promoting benefits owing to the higher content of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Tea polyphenols comprise about one-third of the weight of the dried leaf, and they exhibit biochemical and pharmacological activities including antioxidant activities, inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and modulation of carcinogen metabolism. Several studies demonstrate that most tea polyphenols exert their effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) since excessive production of ROS has been implicated in the development of a variety of ailments including cancer of the prostate gland (CaP). Using cell culture and animal model systems, molecular targets for these remarkable beneficial effects of green tea drinking on CaP prevention and therapy have been defined. Geographical and case-control studies are showing that green tea drinking could afford CaP chemopreventive effects in human population. In this review we attempt to summarize the experimental as well as the epidemiological basis for the possible role of tea and its polyphenols for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz A Siddiqui
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Medical Sciences Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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40
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41
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Na HK, Surh YJ. Intracellular signaling network as a prime chemopreventive target of (–)-epigallocatechin gallate. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006; 50:152-9. [PMID: 16470647 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200500154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemoprevention is an attempt to use either naturally occurring or synthetic substances or their mixtures to intervene in the progress of carcinogenesis. Recently, it has been shown that some edible phytochemicals alter gene expression, directly or indirectly, thereby regulating the carcinogenic processes. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a principal antioxidant derived from green tea, is one of the most extensively investigated chemopreventive phytochemicals. EGCG has been known to block each stage of carcinogenesis by modulating signal transduction pathways involved in cell proliferation, transformation, inflammation, apoptosis, metastasis and invasion. This review addresses the molecular target-based chemoprevention with EGCG by focusing on the common events mediated by transcription factors, such as NF-kappa B, activator protein-1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor, and upstream kinases involved in the cellular signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Na
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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42
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Shen G, Xu C, Hu R, Jain MR, Nair S, Lin W, Yang CS, Chan JY, Kong ANT. Comparison of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate elicited liver and small intestine gene expression profiles between C57BL/6J mice and C57BL/6J/Nrf2 (-/-) mice. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1805-20. [PMID: 16132347 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-7546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to study global gene expression profiles elicited by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in mouse liver and small intestine, as well as to identify EGCG-regulated Nrf2-dependent genes. METHODS C57BL/6J and C57BL/6J/Nrf2(-/-) mice were given an oral dose of EGCG at 200 mg/kg or treated with vehicle. Both liver and small intestine were collected 3 h and 12 h after treatment. Total RNA was extracted from the tissues and gene expression profiles were analyzed using Affymetrix mouse genome 430 2.0 array and GeneSpring 6.1 software. Microarray data were validated using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR chain reaction analysis. RESULTS Genes that were either induced or suppressed more than two fold by EGCG treatment compared with vehicle treatment in the same genotype group were filtered using the GeneSpring software. Among these well-defined genes, 671 EGCG-regulated Nrf2-dependent genes and 256 EGCG-regulated Nrf2-independent genes were identified in liver, whereas 228 EGCG-regulated Nrf2-dependent genes and 98 EGCG-regulated Nrf2-independent genes were identified in the small intestine. Based on their biological functions, these genes mainly fall into the category of ubiquitination and proteolysis, electron transport, detoxification, transport, cell growth and apoptosis, cell adhesion, kinase and phosphatases, and transcription factors. CONCLUSIONS Genes expressed in mouse liver are more responsive to oral treatment of EGCG than those expressed in small intestine. EGCG could regulate many genes in both organs in an Nrf2-dependent manner. The identification of genes related to detoxification, transport, cell growth and apoptosis, cell adhesion, kinase, and transcription regulated by EGCG not only provide potential novel insight into the effect of EGCG on global gene expression and chemopreventive effects, but also point to the potential role of Nrf2 in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Shen
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Encío I, Morré DJ, Villar R, Gil MJ, Martínez-Merino V. Benzo[b]thiophenesulphonamide 1,1-dioxide derivatives inhibit tNOX activity in a redox state-dependent manner. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:690-5. [PMID: 15685230 PMCID: PMC2361890 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo[b]thiophenesulphonamide 1,1-dioxide (BTS) derivatives are strong cytotoxic agents that induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and apoptosis in tumour cells. Although the precise origin of BTS-induced ROS is not known, a clear correlation between their cytotoxic effect and ability to inhibit a tumour-associated NADH oxidase (tNOX) activity of the plasma membrane has been described. To analyse the putative implication of tNOX in BTS-induced ROS generation, in this work we have synthesised and tested a new BTS derivative, the 6-[N-(2-phenylethyl)]benzo[b]thiophenesulphonamide 1,1-dioxide. According to its high lipophilicity, this compound showed a strong cytotoxic activity against a panel of six human tumour cell lines, including two human leukaemia (K-562 and CCRF-CEM) and four human solid tumours (HT-29, HTB54, HeLa and MEL-AC). We also tested the ability of this compound to inhibit the tNOX activity and we found an absolute dependence of this inhibition on the redox state of the tNOX: while under reducing conditions, that is, 100 mM GSH, the drug inhibits strongly the NOX activity with an EC50 of about 0.1 nM, under oxidising conditions, there is no effect of the drug or just a slight stimulation of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Encío
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avda. Barañain, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - D J Morré
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - R Villar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - M J Gil
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - V Martínez-Merino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain. E-mail:
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44
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Bakshi S, Bergman M, Dovrat S, Grossman S. Unique natural antioxidants (NAOs) and derived purified components inhibit cell cycle progression by downregulation of ppRb and E2F in human PC3 prostate cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2004; 573:31-7. [PMID: 15327971 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 06/24/2004] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA) is the leading cause of cancer mortality among older men in Western countries. Epidemiological studies have shown correlation between a lower risk of PCA and a higher consumption of antioxidants. However, the mechanism by which antioxidants exert their effects is still unknown. In the present study, we explored the signaling mechanism through which unique natural antioxidant derived from spinach extract (NAO) exerts their beneficial effects in the chemoprevention of PCA using human PC3 cells. Probing into the effect of NAO and its derived polyphenols on cell-cycle G1 arrest, we found that they cause cell-cycle prolongation. NAO and its two derived purified components exhibited a significant increase in the level of p21cip1 expression after 36 h of starvation, followed by 18 h of treatment with NAO in the presence of serum. In addition, under similar conditions, the expressed level of Cyclin A and CDK-2 in the PC3 cells was significantly reduced after treatment with NAO or its purified components. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated a significant increase in the hypophosphorylated form of pRb and a decrease in ppRb. NAO and its purified derived components were found to downregulate the protein expression of another member of the pRb family, p107, as well as that of E2F-1. These results suggest that NAO-induced G1 delay and cell cycle prolongation are caused by downregulation of the protein expression of ppRb and E2F in the human PCA cell line PC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Bakshi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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45
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Saleem M, Adhami VM, Siddiqui IA, Mukhtar H. Tea beverage in chemoprevention of prostate cancer: a mini-review. Nutr Cancer 2004; 47:13-23. [PMID: 14769533 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc4701_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Because prostate cancer has a long latency period and is typically diagnosed in elderly men, it represents an ideal candidate disease for chemoprevention. Therefore, even a modest delay achieved through intervention could have a significant impact on the outcome of this disease. Epidemiological and laboratory studies have provided convincing evidence that diet, genetic factors, and lifestyle are major causes of prostate cancer. Although surgery, radiotherapy, and hormone therapy are the most widely accepted curative options for a selected group of patients suffering from prostate cancer, the side effects of these treatments are many. In recent years, many dietary agents have been being described that show a wide range of chemopreventive effects in cell culture and selected animal model systems of prostate carcinogenesis. One such agent is the beverage tea, which, next to water, is the most popularly consumed beverage in the world. The epidemiological studies and recent data, amassed from various laboratories around the world, provide evidence that tea polyphenols such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate, epigallocatechin, and epicatechin-3-gallate may have the potential to lower the risk of prostate cancer in the human population. Recently, it has been shown that green tea polyphenols, when given to TRAMP, a transgenic mouse model that mimics progressive forms of human prostate cancer, exert remarkable preventive effects against prostate cancer development. Chemoprevention of prostate cancer by tea polyphenols appears to occur through the modulation of various molecular targets. This article attempts to address the issue of the possible use of tea, especially green tea, for the chemoprevention of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 Medical Science Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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46
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Park OJ, Surh YJ. Chemopreventive potential of epigallocatechin gallate and genistein: evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies. Toxicol Lett 2004; 150:43-56. [PMID: 15068824 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2003] [Revised: 04/18/2003] [Accepted: 06/23/2003] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A wide array of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory substances derived from edible plants have been reported to possess chemopreventive and chemoprotective activities. Among the most extensively investigated and well-defined dietary chemopreventives are epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a principal antioxidant derived from green tea and genistein, a major pharmacologically active isoflavone widely present in soy products. Multiple lines evidence from epidemiologic studies indicate that frequent consumption of green tea is inversely associated with the risk of several types of human cancer, and studies with animal and in vitro cell culture models have revealed EGCG as a major chemopreventive ingredient of green tea. The lower frequencies of breast and prostate cancer in Asian population in general, compared to those in Western societies have been attributed to their consumption of relatively large amounts of soy products. Genistein, as a principal chemopreventive components of soy, exerts a wide array of chemopreventive activities in each stage of multistep carcinogenesis. The purpose of this review is to provide perspectives on the molecular basis of chemopreventive activities of EGCG and geneistein as representative functional food phytochemicals with emphasis on their ability to control intracellular signaling cascades responsible for regulating cell growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ock Jin Park
- Applied Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hannam University, Daejeon 306-791, South Korea
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47
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Arimura T, Kojima-Yuasa A, Kennedy DO, Matsui-Yuasa I. Reactive oxygen species-independent G1 arrest induced by evening primrose extract in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Cancer Lett 2004; 207:19-25. [PMID: 15050730 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2003.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that evening primrose extract (EPE) induced apoptosis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (EATC), and this effect was specific on tumor cells. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that EPE exposure elicited a rapid increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase and intracellular peroxides levels. These changes caused translocation of Bax to mitochondria and a subsequent release of mitochondrial cytochrome c. However, no activation of caspase-3 was observed in EPE-treated EATC. On the other hand, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was translocated from mitochondria to nuclei. The EPE-induced translocation of AIF was suppressed with the addition of catalase, suggesting that the rapid intracellular peroxide levels after addition of EPE triggers off induction of apoptosis, which is AIF-mediated and caspase-independent. In this study, we have shown that EPE elicited a dose-dependent accumulation of cells in the G1 phase and inhibited DNA synthesis. Our results also demonstrated that cell cycle arrest and inhibition of proliferation in EATC by EPE are associated with decreased Rb phosphorylation. Furthermore, inhibitions of Rb phosphorylation and DNA synthesis by EPE were not suppressed with the addition of catalase. The present study suggests that intracellular peroxides, which trigger off induction of apoptosis, are not the trigger of EPE-induced G1 arrest in cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arimura
- Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduated School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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Ahn WS, Yoo J, Huh SW, Kim CK, Lee JM, Namkoong SE, Bae SM, Lee IP. Protective effects of green tea extracts (polyphenon E and EGCG) on human cervical lesions. Eur J Cancer Prev 2004; 12:383-90. [PMID: 14512803 DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200310000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated clinical efficacy of green tea extracts (polyphenon E; poly E and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate [EGCG]) delivered in a form of ointment or capsule in patients with human papilloma virus (HPV) infected cervical lesions. Fifty-one patients with cervical lesions (chronic cervicitis, mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia and severe dysplasia) were divided into four groups, as compared with 39 untreated patients as a control. Poly E ointment was applied locally to 27 patients twice a week. For oral delivery, a 200 mg of poly E or EGCG capsule was taken orally every day for eight to 12 weeks. In the study, 20 out of 27 patients (74%) under poly E ointment therapy showed a response. Six out of eight patients under poly E ointment plus poly E capsule therapy (75%) showed a response, and three out of six patients (50%) under poly E capsule therapy showed a response. Six out of 10 patients (60%) under EGCG capsule therapy showed a response. Overall, a 69% response rate (35/51) was noted for treatment with green tea extracts, as compared with a 10% response rate (4/39) in untreated controls (P<0.05). Thus, the data collected here demonstrated that green tea extracts in a form of ointment and capsule are effective for treating cervical lesions, suggesting that green tea extracts can be a potential therapy regimen for patients with HPV infected cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-S Ahn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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Kojima-Yuasa A, Hua JJ, Kennedy DO, Matsui-Yuasa I. Green tea extract inhibits angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells through reduction of expression of VEGF receptors. Life Sci 2003; 73:1299-313. [PMID: 12850245 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and animal studies have indicated that consumption of green tea is associated with a reduced risk of developing certain forms of cancer. However, the inhibitory mechanism of green tea in angiogenesis, an important process in tumor growth, has not been well established. In the present study, green tea extract (GTE) was tested for its ability to inhibit cell viability, cell proliferation, cell cycle dynamics, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and expression of VEGF receptors fms-like tyrosine kinase (Flt-1) and fetal liver kinase-1/Kinase insert domain containing receptor (Flk-1/KDR) in vitro using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). GTE in culture media did not affect cell viability but significantly reduced cell proliferation dose-dependently and caused a dose-dependent accumulation of cells in the G1 phase. The decrease of the expression of Flt-1 and KDR/Flk-1 in HUVEC by GTE was detected with immunohistochemical and Western blotting methods. These results suggest that GTE may have preventive effects on tumor angiogenesis and metastasis through reduction of expression of VEGF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kojima-Yuasa
- Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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Ahn WS, Huh SW, Bae SM, Lee IP, Lee JM, Namkoong SE, Kim CK, Sin JI. A major constituent of green tea, EGCG, inhibits the growth of a human cervical cancer cell line, CaSki cells, through apoptosis, G(1) arrest, and regulation of gene expression. DNA Cell Biol 2003; 22:217-24. [PMID: 12804120 DOI: 10.1089/104454903321655846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A constituent of green tea, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been known to possess antiproliferative properties. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of EGCG in human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 associated cervical cancer cell line, CaSki cells. The growth inhibitory mechanism(s) and regulation of gene expression by EGCG were also evaluated. EGCG showed growth inhibitory effects in CaSki cells in a dose-dependent fashion, with an inhibitory dose (ID)(50) of approximately 35 microM. When CaSki cells were further tested for EGCG-induced apoptosis, apoptotic cells were significantly observed after 24 h at 100 microM EGCG. In contrast, an insignificant induction of apoptotic cells was observed at 35 microM EGCG. However, cell cycles at the G1 phase were arrested at 35 microM EGCG, suggesting that cell cycle arrests might precede apoptosis. When CaSki cells were tested for their gene expression using 384 cDNA microarray, an alteration in the gene expression was observed by EGCG treatment. EGCG downregulated the expression of 16 genes over time more than twofold. In contrast, EGCG upregulated the expression of four genes more than twofold, suggesting a possible gene regulatory role of EGCG. This data supports that EGCG can inhibit cervical cancer cell growth through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest as well as regulation of gene expression in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo antitumor effects of EGCG were also observed. Thus, EGCG likely provides an additional option for a new and potential drug approach for cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Shick Ahn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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