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Zhang M, Xu X, Chen Y, Wei C, Zhan S, Cao J, Guo J, Dai D, Wang L, Zhong T, Zhang H, Li L. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Molecular Regulatory Networks for Pigmentation Deposition in Sheep. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8248. [PMID: 39125816 PMCID: PMC11311981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Domestic animals have multiple phenotypes of skin and coat color, which arise from different genes and their products, such as proteins and metabolites responsible with melanin deposition. However, the complex regulatory network of melanin synthesis remains to be fully unraveled. Here, the skin and tongue tissues of Liangshan black sheep (black group) and Liangshan semi-fine-wool sheep (pink group) were collected, stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson-Fontana, and the transcriptomic and metabolomic data were further analyzed. We found a large deposit of melanin granules in the epidermis of the black skin and tongue. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis identified 744 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 443 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) between the pink and black groups. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed the DEGs and DEMs were mainly enriched in the pathways of secondary metabolic processes, melanin biosynthesis processes, melanin metabolism processes, melanosome membranes, pigment granule membranes, melanosome, tyrosine metabolism, and melanogenesis. Notably, we revealed the gene ENSARG00020006042 may be a family member of YWHAs and involved in regulating melanin deposition. Furthermore, several essential genes (TYR, TYRP1, DCT, PMEL, MLANA, SLC45A2) were significantly associated with metabolite prostaglandins and compounds involved in sheep pigmentation. These findings provide new evidence of the strong correlation between prostaglandins and related compounds and key genes that regulate sheep melanin synthesis, furthering our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms and molecular breeding of pigmentation in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongping Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Li Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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2
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Singh L, Kumar A, Rai M, Basnet B, Rai N, Khanal P, Lai KS, Cheng WH, Asaad AM, Ansari S. Spectrum of COVID-19 induced liver injury: A review report. World J Hepatol 2024; 16:517-536. [PMID: 38689748 PMCID: PMC11056898 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i4.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused changes in the global health system, causing significant setbacks in healthcare systems worldwide. This pandemic has also shown resilience, flexibility, and creativity in reacting to the tragedy. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection targets most of the respiratory tract, resulting in a severe sickness called acute respiratory distress syndrome that may be fatal in some individuals. Although the lung is the primary organ targeted by COVID-19 viruses, the clinical aspect of the disease is varied and ranges from asymptomatic to respiratory failure. However, due to an unorganized immune response and several affected mechanisms, the liver may also experience liver cell injury, ischemic liver dysfunction, and drug-induced liver injury, which can result in respiratory failure because of the immune system's disordered response and other compromised processes that can end in multisystem organ failure. Patients with liver cirrhosis or those who have impaired immune systems may be more likely than other groups to experience worse results from the SARS-CoV-2 infection. We thus intend to examine the pathogenesis, current therapy, and consequences of liver damage concerning COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokjan Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Karnali Academy of Health Science, Teaching Hospital, Jumla 21200, Karnali, Nepal
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Karnali Academy of Health Science, Teaching Hospital, Jumla 21200, Karnali, Nepal
| | - Maya Rai
- Department of Microbiology, Karnali Academy of Health Science, Teaching Hospital, Jumla 21200, Karnali, Nepal
| | - Bibek Basnet
- Health Sciences, Asian College of Advance Studies, Purbanchal University, Satdobato 24122, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Nishant Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pukar Khanal
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wan-Hee Cheng
- Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Morad Asaad
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Shamshul Ansari
- Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates.
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Mueller A, Lam I, Kishor K, Lee RK, Bhattacharya S. Secondary glaucoma: Toward interventions based on molecular underpinnings. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1628. [PMID: 37669762 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of progressive diseases that leads to irreversible blindness. Secondary glaucoma refers to glaucoma caused by a known underlying condition. Pseudoexfoliation and pigment dispersion syndromes are common causes of secondary glaucoma. Their respective deposits may obstruct the trabecular meshwork, leading to aqueous humor outflow resistance, ocular hypertension, and optic neuropathy. There are no disease-specific interventions available for either. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is characterized by fibrillar deposits (pseudoexfoliative material) on anterior segment structures. Over a decade of multiomics analyses taken together with the current knowledge on pseudoexfoliative glaucoma warrant a re-think of mechanistic possibilities. We propose that the presence of nucleation centers (e.g., vitamin D binding protein), crosslinking enzymes (e.g., transglutaminase 2), aberrant extracellular matrix, flawed endocytosis, and abnormal aqueous-blood barrier contribute to the formation of proteolytically resistant pseudoexfoliative material. Pigment dispersion syndrome is characterized by abnormal iridolenticular contact that disrupts iris pigment epithelium and liberates melanin granules. Iris melanogenesis is aberrant in this condition. Cytotoxic melanogenesis intermediates leak out of melanosomes and cause iris melanocyte and pigment epithelium cell death. Targeting melanogenesis can likely decrease the risk of pigmentary glaucoma. Skin and melanoma research provides insights into potential therapeutics. We propose that specific prostanoid agonists and fenofibrates may reduce melanogenesis by inhibiting cholesterol internalization and de novo synthesis. Additionally, melatonin is a potent melanogenesis suppressor, antioxidant, and hypotensive agent, rendering it a valuable agent for pigmentary glaucoma. In pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, where environmental insults drive pseudoexfoliative material formation, melatonin's antioxidant and hypotensive properties may offer adjunct therapeutic benefits. This article is categorized under: Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mueller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Isabel Lam
- Idaho College of Osteopathic Medicine, Meridian, Idaho, USA
| | - Krishna Kishor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Richard K Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sanjoy Bhattacharya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Rahmat A, De Nie I, Wiepjes CM, Den Heijer M, Rustemeyer T, De Blok CJM, Dreijerink KMA. Skin cancer incidence in transgender individuals receiving gender-affirming hormone treatment: a nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands. Int J Dermatol 2023. [PMID: 37140088 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of skin cancer, in particular melanoma, has been linked to sex hormones. We aimed to determine the incidence of skin cancer in transgender individuals receiving gender-affirming hormone treatment (GAHT). METHODS In this nationwide retrospective cohort study, clinical information of participants who visited our clinic between (the years) 1972 and 2018 and received GAHT was integrated with national pathology and cancer statistics data in order to assess skin cancer incidence. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated. RESULTS The cohort consisted of 2,436 trans women and 1,444 trans men. The median age at the start of GAHT was 31 years (IQR 24-42) in trans women and 24 years (IQR 20-32) in trans men. The median follow-up time for trans women was 8 years (IQR 3-18) with a total follow-up time of 29,152 years and 4 years (IQR 2-12) with a total follow-up time of 12,469 years for trans men. Eight trans women were diagnosed with melanoma (SIR 1.80 [95% CI 0.83-3.41] vs. all men; SIR 1.40 [0.65-2.65] vs. all women), and seven developed squamous cell carcinoma (SIR 0.78 [0.34-1.55] vs. all men; SIR 1.15 [0.50-2.27] vs. all women). Two trans men developed melanoma (SIR 1.05 [0.18-3.47] vs. all men; SIR 0.77 [0.14-2.70] vs. all women). CONCLUSIONS GAHT did not appear to affect skin cancer incidence in this large cohort of transgender individuals. As skin cancer incidence increases with age and the proportion of elderly subjects is currently limited in this cohort, it will be worthwhile to repeat this analysis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirun Rahmat
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Iris De Nie
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chantal M Wiepjes
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Den Heijer
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christel J M De Blok
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Koen M A Dreijerink
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Ardeshir RA, Rastgar S, Salati AP, Zabihi E, Movahedinia A, Feizi F. The effect of nonylphenol exposure on the stimulation of melanomacrophage centers, estrogen and testosterone level, and ERα gene expression in goldfish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 254:109270. [PMID: 35026400 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study tried to measure the formation of melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) in various organs of male and female goldfish exposed to nonylphenol (NP) and aimed to assess its relationship with the main sexual hormones, estrogen receptor expression, and the pigment content of the MMCs. Immature goldfish were exposed to 10-6 and 10-7 M NP for 25 days. After obtaining blood for measuring testosterone and estrogen (E2) levels, tissue samples were collected from various organs for histological studies, quantifying pigments using ImageJ software and chemical analysis, and measuring ERα gene expression. Results showed that the order of forming MMCs in various organs exposed to NP was liver > spleen > kidney, and the order of ERα gene expression was liver > testes > spleen > kidney in the male, and liver > spleen > kidney > ovaries in the female. Among the three pigments present in MMCs after exposure to the two doses of NP, melanin was more obvious (especially in the liver) and increased mostly in a dose-dependent manner in both sexes (especially in the male). Chemical analyses confirmed these results. Measurement of testosterone and E2 level in male and female goldfish showed that NP had more effect on the concentration of these hormones in male fish, indicating more endocrine-disrupting potential of NP against the male fish. Generally, the increase of melanin content of melanomacrophage centers coincided with the increase of ERα gene expression and decrease of testosterone level in goldfish after exposure to NP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Rastgar
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Amir Parviz Salati
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khoramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Zabihi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Abdolali Movahedinia
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
| | - Farideh Feizi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Liu H, Wang J, Hu J, Wang L, Guo Z, Fan W, Xu Y, Liu D, Zhang Y, Xie M, Tang J, Huang W, Zhang Q, Zhou Z, Hou S. Genome-wide association analysis reveal the genetic reasons affect melanin spot accumulation in beak skin of ducks. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:236. [PMID: 35346029 PMCID: PMC8962612 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Skin pigmentation is a broadly appearing phenomenon of most animals and humans in nature. Here we used a bird model to investigate why melanin spot deposits on the skin.
Results
Our result showed that growth age and the sunlight might induce melanin deposition in bird beak skin which was determined by genetic factors. GWAS helped us to identify two major loci affecting melanin deposition, located on chromosomes 13 and 25, respectively. The fine mapping works narrowed the candidate regions to 0.98 Mb and 1.0 Mb on chromosomes 13 and 25. The MITF and POU2F3 may be the causative genes and synergistically affect melanin deposition during duck beak skin. Furthermore, our data strongly demonstrated that the pathway of melanin metabolism contributes to melanin deposition on the skin.
Conclusions
We demonstrated that age and sunlight induce melanin deposition in bird beak skin, while heredity is fundamental. The MITF and POU2F3 likely played a synergistic effect on the regulation of melanin synthesis, and their mutations contribute to phenotypic differences in beak melanin deposition among individuals. It is pointed out that melanin deposition in the skin is related to the pathway of melanin metabolism, which provided insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms and the genetic improvement of the melanin deposition in duck beak.
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Datta D, Madke B, Das A. Skin as an endocrine organ: A narrative review. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2022; 88:590-597. [PMID: 35389023 DOI: 10.25259/ijdvl_533_2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin being the largest organ of the body, is equipped with numerous functional properties. Over the past few years, intricate research into the biology of skin has led to a gamut of discoveries. Skin is now regarded as one of the most vital endocrine organs. The skin contains equivalents of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis and the appendages produce multiple hormones such as Vitamin D, sex steroids, retinoids and opioids. In this article, we will explore the role of skin as a target and source of some of the hormones of the human body, and briefly touch on the clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debatri Datta
- Oliva Skin and Hair Clinic, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bhushan Madke
- Department of Dermatology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and AVBR Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anupam Das
- Department of Dermatology, KPC Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Kgatle MM, Lawal IO, Mashabela G, Boshomane TMG, Koatale PC, Mahasha PW, Ndlovu H, Vorster M, Rodrigues HG, Zeevaart JR, Gordon S, Moura-Alves P, Sathekge MM. COVID-19 Is a Multi-Organ Aggressor: Epigenetic and Clinical Marks. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752380. [PMID: 34691068 PMCID: PMC8531724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), resulting from a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, may be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Several viruses hijack the host genome machinery for their own advantage and survival, and similar phenomena might occur upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Severe cases of COVID-19 may be driven by metabolic and epigenetic driven mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone/chromatin alterations. These epigenetic phenomena may respond to enhanced viral replication and mediate persistent long-term infection and clinical phenotypes associated with severe COVID-19 cases and fatalities. Understanding the epigenetic events involved, and their clinical significance, may provide novel insights valuable for the therapeutic control and management of the COVID-19 pandemic. This review highlights different epigenetic marks potentially associated with COVID-19 development, clinical manifestation, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mankgopo Magdeline Kgatle
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ismaheel Opeyemi Lawal
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gabriel Mashabela
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tebatso Moshoeu Gillian Boshomane
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear and Oncology Division, AXIM Medical (Pty), Midrand
| | - Palesa Caroline Koatale
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Phetole Walter Mahasha
- Precision Medicine and SAMRC Genomic Centre, Grants, Innovation, and Product Development (GIPD) Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Honest Ndlovu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mariza Vorster
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hosana Gomes Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Nutrients and Tissue Repair, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jan Rijn Zeevaart
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Radiochemistry and NuMeRI PreClinical Imaging Facility, Mahikeng, South Africa
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Machaba Sathekge
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Mohamed DZ, Ghoneim MES, Abu-Risha SES, Abdelsalam RA, Farag MA. Gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic: Manifestations, mechanism and management. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4504-4535. [PMID: 34366621 PMCID: PMC8326263 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i28.4504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is considered the causative pathogen of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and has become an international danger to human health. Although respiratory transmission and symptoms are still the essential manifestations of COVID-19, the digestive system could be an unconventional or supplementary route for COVID-19 to be transmitted and manifested, most likely due to the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 can trigger hepatic injury via direct binding to the ACE2 receptor in cholangiocytes, antibody-dependent enhancement of infection, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, inflammatory cytokine storms, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and adverse events of treatment drugs. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which are unusual in patients with COVID-19, and some digestive signs may occur without other respiratory symptoms. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 can be found in infected patients' stool, demonstrating the likelihood of transmission through the fecal-oral route. In addition, liver function should be monitored during COVID-19, particularly in more severe cases. This review summarizes the evidence for extra-pulmonary manifestations, mechanisms, and management of COVID-19, particularly those related to the gastrointestinal tract and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Zakaria Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Mai El-Sayed Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32632, Egypt
| | - Sally El-Sayed Abu-Risha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Ramy Ahmed Abdelsalam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35511, Egypt
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10
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Cai Y, Ye LP, Song YQ, Mao XL, Wang L, Jiang YZ, Que WT, Li SW. Liver injury in COVID-19: Detection, pathogenesis, and treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3022-3036. [PMID: 34168405 PMCID: PMC8192279 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i22.3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early December 2019, a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was first reported in Wuhan, China, followed by an outbreak that spread around the world. Numerous studies have shown that liver injury is common in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and may aggravate the severity of the disease. However, the exact cause and specific mechanism of COVID-associated liver injury needs to be elucidated further. In this review, we present an analysis of the clinical features, potential mechanisms, and treatment strategies for liver injury associated with COVID-19. We hope that this review would benefit clinicians in devising better strategies for management of such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cai
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Ping Ye
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ya-Qi Song
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Li Mao
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yan-Zhi Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Wei-Tao Que
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Shao-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang Province, China
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11
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COVID-19-associated gastrointestinal and liver injury: clinical features and potential mechanisms. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:256. [PMID: 33139693 PMCID: PMC7605138 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The infection is spreading globally and poses a huge threat to human health. Besides common respiratory symptoms, some patients with COVID-19 experience gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. SARS-CoV-2 might infect the gastrointestinal tract through its viral receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and there is increasing evidence of a possible fecal–oral transmission route. In addition, there exist multiple abnormalities in liver enzymes. COVID-19-related liver injury may be due to drug-induced liver injury, systemic inflammatory reaction, and hypoxia–ischemia reperfusion injury. The direct toxic attack of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver is still questionable. This review highlights the manifestations and potential mechanisms of gastrointestinal and hepatic injuries in COVID-19 to raise awareness of digestive system injury in COVID-19.
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Tian X, Cui Z, Liu S, Zhou J, Cui R. Melanosome transport and regulation in development and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 219:107707. [PMID: 33075361 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanosomes are specialized membrane-bound organelles that synthesize and organize melanin, ultimately providing color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Disorders in melanogenesis and melanosome transport are linked to pigmentary diseases, such as Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, and Griscelli syndrome. Clinical cases of these pigmentary diseases shed light on the molecular mechanisms that control melanosome-related pathways. However, only an improved understanding of melanogenesis and melanosome transport will further the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Herein, we review the current literature surrounding melanosomes with particular emphasis on melanosome membrane transport and cytoskeleton-mediated melanosome transport. We also provide perspectives on melanosome regulatory mechanisms which include hormonal action, inflammation, autophagy, and organelle interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Tian
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ziyong Cui
- Harvard College, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Song Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Rutao Cui
- Skin Disease Research Institute, The 2nd Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Drug consumption and melanocytic nevi: correlation between oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy and a high melanocytic nevi count. Eur J Cancer Prev 2019; 29:338-341. [PMID: 31567537 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The prolonged use of drugs such as beta-blockers, acetylsalicylic acid, omeprazole, statins, oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy might have some role in melanocytic nevi development and be ultimately linked to melanoma risk. Aims of the study were to evaluate a possible association between the above-mentioned drugs and features such as number and atypia of melanocytic nevi in long-term users. We retrospectively looked at pharmacological, clinical and dermoscopic records of 1321 patients that attended our unit for routine mole check between January 2013 and January 2018. Patients were divided into two groups (low or high melanocytic nevi count), and multivariate analysis was performed with regards to the presence and number of melanocytic nevi and drug assumption. A positive association between the use of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy (P = 0.012) and a high melanocytic nevi count was found through multivariate analysis, after adjusting for sex, age and multiple confounding factors, such as freckles, phototype and a reported history of sun exposure and sunburns. Further prospective studies are necessary to establish whether women using oral contraceptives or on hormone replacement therapy should undergo periodic monitoring of pigmented lesions.
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Abstract
Parabens now being formally declared as the American Contact Dermatitis Society (non)allergen of the year, the allergologic concerns regarding parabens raised during the past century are no longer a significant issue. The more recent toxicological concerns regarding parabens are more imposing, stemming from the gravity of the noncutaneous adverse health effects for which they have been scrutinized for the past 20 years. These include endocrine activity, carcinogenesis, infertility, spermatogenesis, adipogenesis, perinatal exposure impact, and nonallergologic cutaneous, psychologic, and ecologic effects. To assert that parabens are safe for use as currently used in the cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical industries, all toxicological end points must be addressed. We seek to achieve perspective through this exercise: perspective for the professional assessing systemic risk of parabens by all routes of exposure. The data reviewed in this article strive to provide a balanced perspective for the consumer hopefully to allay concerns regarding the safety of parabens and facilitate an informed decision-making process. Based on currently available scientific information, claims that parabens are involved in the genesis or propagation of these controversial and important health problems are premature. Haste to remove parabens from consumer products could result in their substitution with alternative, less proven, and potentially unsafe alternatives, especially given the compelling data supporting the lack of significant dermal toxicity of this important group of preservatives.
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Cario M. How hormones may modulate human skin pigmentation in melasma: An in vitro perspective. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:709-718. [PMID: 30883945 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melasma is a common acquired hyperpigmentary disorder occurring primarily in photo-exposed areas and mainly affecting women of childbearing age. To decipher the role of sex hormones in melasma, this viewpoint reviews the effects of sex hormones on cutaneous cells cultured in monolayers, in coculture, in 3D models and explants in the presence or the absence of UV. The data show that sex steroid hormones, especially oestrogen, can modulate in vitro pigmentation by stimulating melanocytes and keratinocyte pro-pigmentary factors, but not via fibroblast or mast cell activation. In vitro data suggest that oestrogen acts on endothelial cell count, which may in turn increase endothelin-1 concentrations. However, data on explants revealed that sex steroid even at doses observed during pregnancy cannot induce melanogenesis alone nor melanosome transfer but that it acts in synergy with UVB. In conclusion, we hypothesize that in predisposed persons, sex steroid hormones initiate hyperpigmentation in melasma by amplifying the effects of UV on melanogenesis via direct effects on melanocytes or indirect effects via keratinocytes and on the transfer of melanosomes. They also help to sustain hyperpigmentation by increasing the number of blood vessels and, in turn, the level of endothelin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Cario
- Inserm 1035, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Aquiderm, Bordeaux, France
- National reference center for rare skin Diseases, Bordeaux Hospital, Bordeaux, France
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Berk-Krauss J, Bieber AK, Criscito MC, Grant-Kels JM, Driscoll MS, Keltz M, Pomeranz MK, Martires KJ, Liebman TN, Stein JA. Melanoma risk after in vitro fertilization: A review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 79:1133-1140.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Sex-specific effect of RNASEL rs486907 and miR-146a rs2910164 polymorphisms' interaction as a susceptibility factor for melanoma skin cancer. Melanoma Res 2018; 27:309-314. [PMID: 28654546 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The genetics of melanoma is complex and, in addition to environmental influences, numerous genes are involved or contribute toward melanoma predisposition. In this study, we evaluated the possible interaction between miR-146a and one of its putative targets ribonuclease L (RNASEL) in the risk of sporadic melanoma. Polymorphisms rs2910164 in miR-146a and rs486907 in the RNASEL gene have both independently been associated with the risk of different cancers, and an interaction between them has been observed in nonmelanoma skin cancer. Polymorphisms rs2910164 G/C and rs486907 A/G were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in 304 sporadic melanoma patients and 314 control individuals. Genotype distribution between cases and controls for each of the two polymorphisms was compared using Fisher's exact test. Epistasis between the two polymorphisms was tested by a logistic regression model. In the present study, we observed a sex-specific effect of the miR-146a rs2910164 C allele restricted to individuals carrying the RNASEL rs486907 A allele as well. Men carrying this allelic combination have the highest risk of melanoma, whereas it seems to have no effect or even an opposite relationship to melanoma risk in the female population. The results reported in the present study suggest a sex-specific interaction between miR-146a and RNASEL genes in melanoma skin cancer susceptibility, and could account for possible discordant results in association studies when stratification according to sex is not performed.
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19
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Choubey V, Sarkar R, Garg V, Kaushik S, Ghunawat S, Sonthalia S. Role of oxidative stress in melasma: a prospective study on serum and blood markers of oxidative stress in melasma patients. Int J Dermatol 2017; 56:939-943. [PMID: 28681382 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melasma is a common pigmentary disorder presenting in the dermatological clinic. Many factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis, however, the cause still remains elusive. Recently the effect of oxidative damage has been proposed in the etiopathogenesis of melasma. This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of oxidative stress in patients with melasma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty patients with melasma, age 18 years of age and older, and an equal number of age and sex-matched controls were included in the study. Baseline severity assessment using the modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (modified MASI score) was done in all patients. Serum malondialdehyde, blood superoxide dismutase, and blood glutathione peroxidase levels were measured in cases and controls group and results were compared. RESULT The serum levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and blood glutathione were significantly higher among the cases compared to controls. The difference in the serum concentrations was significant between the two groups (P < 0.01). A positive correlation was found between these enzyme levels and severity of melasma (modified MASI score); however, this correlation was statistically significant with serum malondialdehyde only. The level of oxidative stress among the male and female melasma patients was not statistically different. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress was found to be increased in cases of melasma compared to the control group in this study. This substantiates the role of oxidative stress in etiopathogenesis of melasma; however, further studies are required to reach a definitive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Choubey
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Lepreology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi Sarkar
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Lepreology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Garg
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Lepreology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Smita Kaushik
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Sneha Ghunawat
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Lepreology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Melasma treatment: A novel approach using a topical agent that contains an anti-estrogen and a vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor. Med Hypotheses 2017; 101:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Yao R, Tanaka M, Misawa E, Saito M, Nabeshima K, Yamauchi K, Abe F, Yamamoto Y, Furukawa F. Daily Ingestion ofAloe VeraGel Powder Containing Aloe Sterols Prevents Skin Photoaging in OVX Hairless Mice. J Food Sci 2016; 81:H2849-H2857. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Yao
- Functional Food Research Dept, Food Science & Technology Inst; Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd; Higashihara 5-1-83 Zama Kanagawa 252-8583 Japan
| | - Miyuki Tanaka
- Functional Food Research Dept, Food Science & Technology Inst; Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd; Higashihara 5-1-83 Zama Kanagawa 252-8583 Japan
| | - Eriko Misawa
- Functional Food Research Dept, Food Science & Technology Inst; Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd; Higashihara 5-1-83 Zama Kanagawa 252-8583 Japan
| | - Marie Saito
- Functional Food Research Dept, Food Science & Technology Inst; Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd; Higashihara 5-1-83 Zama Kanagawa 252-8583 Japan
| | - Kazumi Nabeshima
- Functional Food Research Dept, Food Science & Technology Inst; Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd; Higashihara 5-1-83 Zama Kanagawa 252-8583 Japan
| | - Koji Yamauchi
- Functional Food Research Dept, Food Science & Technology Inst; Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd; Higashihara 5-1-83 Zama Kanagawa 252-8583 Japan
| | - Fumiaki Abe
- Functional Food Research Dept, Food Science & Technology Inst; Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd; Higashihara 5-1-83 Zama Kanagawa 252-8583 Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Dept. of Dermatology; Wakayama Medical Univ; 811-1, Kimiidera Wakayama 641-0012 Japan
| | - Fukumi Furukawa
- Dept. of Dermatology; Wakayama Medical Univ; 811-1, Kimiidera Wakayama 641-0012 Japan
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Poletini MO, de Assis LVM, Moraes MN, Castrucci AMDL. Estradiol differently affects melanin synthesis of malignant and normal melanocytes: a relationship with clock and clock-controlled genes. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 421:29-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Escobar GF, Arraes JAA, Bakos L, Ashton-Prolla P, Giugliani R, Callegari-Jacques SM, Santos S, Bakos RM. Polymorphisms in CYP19A1 and NFKB1 genes are associated with cutaneous melanoma risk in southern Brazilian patients. Melanoma Res 2016; 26:348-53. [PMID: 27145040 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is the leading cause of death from skin cancers and its etiology is complex. Recent discoveries related to genetic risk factors are helping us to understand melanoma pathogenesis better. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has a critical role in immunity, inflammation, and tumor growth. The 94ins/del ATTG (rs28362491) polymorphism located in the NFKB1 gene has been associated to various cancers and the ATTG2/ATTG2 genotype was correlated to melanoma risk in Sweden. The CYP19A1 gene encodes the enzyme aromatase, which is active in malignant melanoma tissue. In addition, the CYP19A1 TCT insertion/deletion variant in intron 4 (rs11575899) has been associated with an increased incidence of cancer, albeit with conflicting results. The goal of this study was to investigate possible associations between these two gene variants and melanoma. METHODS In this case-control study, we evaluated 117 cutaneous melanoma patients and 116 controls from southern Brazil. Genotyping of rs28362491 and rs11575899 was carried out by means of PCR amplification and capillary electrophoresis. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) of melanoma, according to genotypes. RESULTS We identified an association between the ATTG2/ATTG2 and melanoma [OR=1.78; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-3.00; P=0.03]. In addition, there was a dose effect: for each ins allele in the genotype, the risk for melanoma increased (OR=1.51; 95% CI: 1.08-2.11; P=0.017). As regards the CYP19A1 variant, genotype 11 (del/del) was more frequent in patients than in controls (OR=1.85; 95% CI 1.06-3.22; P=0.03). CONCLUSION The NFKB1 ATTG2/ATTG2 and CYP19A1 del/del genotypes are significantly associated with melanoma and could be genetic markers of melanoma susceptibility in southern Brazilian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela F Escobar
- aDepartment of Dermatology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) bDepartment of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Experimental Research Center and Medical Genetics Service, HCPA cPostgraduate Program in Medical Sciences dDepartment of Statistics, UFRGS, Porto Alegre eLaboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
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Natale CA, Duperret EK, Zhang J, Sadeghi R, Dahal A, O'Brien KT, Cookson R, Winkler JD, Ridky TW. Sex steroids regulate skin pigmentation through nonclassical membrane-bound receptors. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27115344 PMCID: PMC4863824 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between pregnancy and altered cutaneous pigmentation has been documented for over two millennia, suggesting that sex hormones play a role in regulating epidermal melanocyte (MC) homeostasis. Here we show that physiologic estrogen (17β-estradiol) and progesterone reciprocally regulate melanin synthesis. This is intriguing given that we also show that normal primary human MCs lack classical estrogen or progesterone receptors (ER or PR). Utilizing both genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we establish that sex steroid effects on human pigment synthesis are mediated by the membrane-bound, steroid hormone receptors G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), and progestin and adipoQ receptor 7 (PAQR7). Activity of these receptors was activated or inhibited by synthetic estrogen or progesterone analogs that do not bind to ER or PR. As safe and effective treatment options for skin pigmentation disorders are limited, these specific GPER and PAQR7 ligands may represent a novel class of therapeutics. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15104.001 Factors controlling pigment production in skin are complex and poorly understood. Cells called melanocytes produce a pigment called melanin, which makes the skin darker. It has been known for a long time that skin color often changes during pregnancy, which suggests that sex hormones may be involved. However, the specific hormones and signaling mechanisms responsible for the changes have remained largely undefined. Estrogen and progesterone are two of the main female sex hormones. Natale et al. now show that estrogen increases pigment production in human melanocytes, and progesterone decreases it. For hormones to signal to cells, they must bind to and activate particular receptor proteins. Further investigation by Natale et al. revealed that estrogen and progesterone regulate pigment production by binding to receptors that belong to a family called G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors can signal rapidly once activated by sex hormones, and may serve as therapeutic targets for treating pigmentation disorders. Skin diseases that cause inflammation often also cause changes in skin color. Natale et al. noticed several other G protein-coupled receptors that are likely to control pigmentation through similar mechanisms. Future analyses of the roles that these other receptors perform in melanocytes may therefore reveal how inflammation-based pigmentation changes occur. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15104.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Natale
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Elizabeth K Duperret
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Junqian Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Rochelle Sadeghi
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Ankit Dahal
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Kevin Tyler O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Rosa Cookson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Todd W Ridky
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
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Koskivuo I, Vihinen P, Mäki M, Talve L, Vahlberg T, Suominen E. Improved Survival in Male Melanoma Patients in the Era of Sentinel Node Biopsy. Scand J Surg 2016; 106:80-86. [PMID: 26929285 DOI: 10.1177/1457496916631852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sentinel node biopsy is a standard method for nodal staging in patients with clinically localized cutaneous melanoma, but the survival advantage of sentinel node biopsy remains unsolved. The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the survival benefit of sentinel node biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 305 prospective melanoma patients undergoing sentinel node biopsy were compared with 616 retrospective control patients with clinically localized melanoma whom have not undergone sentinel node biopsy. Survival differences were calculated with the median follow-up time of 71 months in sentinel node biopsy patients and 74 months in control patients. Analyses were calculated overall and separately in males and females. RESULTS Overall, there were no differences in relapse-free survival or cancer-specific survival between sentinel node biopsy patients and control patients. Male sentinel node biopsy patients had significantly higher relapse-free survival ( P = 0.021) and cancer-specific survival ( P = 0.024) than control patients. In females, no differences were found. Cancer-specific survival rates at 5 years were 87.8% in sentinel node biopsy patients and 85.2% in controls overall with 88.3% in male sentinel node biopsy patients and 80.6% in male controls and 87.3% in female sentinel node biopsy patients and 89.8% in female controls. CONCLUSION Sentinel node biopsy did not improve survival in melanoma patients overall. While females had no differences in survival, males had significantly improved relapse-free survival and cancer-specific survival following sentinel node biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Koskivuo
- 1 Department of Plastic and General Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - P Vihinen
- 2 Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M Mäki
- 3 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - L Talve
- 4 Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - T Vahlberg
- 5 Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - E Suominen
- 1 Department of Plastic and General Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Lee AY. Recent progress in melasma pathogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:648-60. [PMID: 26230865 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melasma is a common skin pigmentation condition. Given therapeutic difficulty as one of the biggest concerns, understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of melasma becomes essential. UV irradiation, female sex hormones, and inflammatory processes are addressed as triggering factors with genetic predisposition. The mechanism of UV-induced melanogenesis has been extensively investigated as a model system to study melasma pathogenesis. Hitherto, treatment modalities for melasma are similar to other hyperpigmentation disorders. However, individual triggering factors induce a separate pigmentation disease, whose pathogenic mechanisms and clinical phenotypes are different from the ones encountered in melasma. Fortunately, there have been ongoing updates on melasma pathogenesis with regard to major triggering factors. Presence of certain factors working independently of UV exposure and role of dermal factors and microRNAs are being identified as novel discoveries about melasma pathogenesis. In this review, the melasma pathogenesis is reviewed in association with updated and new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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27
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Tamega ADA, Miot HA, Moço NP, Silva MG, Marques MEA, Miot LDB. Gene and protein expression of oestrogen-β and progesterone receptors in facial melasma and adjacent healthy skin in women. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 37:222-8. [PMID: 25439299 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Compare gene and protein expression for oestrogen receptor-β (ER-β) and progesterone receptor (PR) in facial melasma and adjacent healthy skin. METHODS A cross-sectional study including 42 women with facial melasma, conducted at the Dermatology Service of Botucatu Medical School of São Paulo State University, Brazil. Biopsies of the melasma skin were performed, together with healthy surrounding skin. The gene expression (real-time PCR) of the hormone receptors in the tissue was evaluated. Subsequently, skin fragments were immunostained for nuclear ER-β and PR, evaluated according to their HSCORE (epidermis) and percentage of staining per microscopic field (dermis). RESULTS Messenger RNA tissue expression for ER-β and PR showed no difference between melasma-affected skin fragments and the healthy perilesional areas (P > 0.2). Median nuclear epithelial expression for ER-β and PR was higher in lesioned skin (HSCORE 157 and 58) than in the healthy perilesional skin (HSCORE 97 and 19; P < 0.01), with no difference in dermal immunostaining. Nuclear histological expression for ER-β was associated to sun-induced melasma and negative familiar background; PR expression was associated to sun-induced melasma and darker phototypes. CONCLUSION No difference was observed in gene expression for oestrogen-β and progesterone receptors in melasma-affected skin compared with adjacent healthy skin. However, the higher protein expression of these receptors in melasma-affected epithelia suggests hormonal participation in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de A Tamega
- Department of Dermatology and Radiotherapy of the Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Campus Universitário de Rubião Jr., 18618-970, Botucatu, Brazil
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Liang CH, Chou TH, Tseng YP, Ding HY. trans-Caffeic acid stearyl ester from Paeonia suffruticosa inhibits melanin synthesis by cAMP-mediating down-regulation of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated melanogenesis signaling pathway in B16 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2013. [PMID: 23207771 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
trans-Caffeic acid stearyl ester (TCASE) from the root cortex of Paeonia suffruticosa ANDREWS is a traditional medicinal herb that has several beneficial properties. However, the inhibitory effect of TCASE on melanogenesis has not been explored. In the cell viability assay, TCASE did not show a cytotoxic effect at a dose of 65 µM for 48 h in B16, HaCaT and Hs68 cells. TCASE considerably inhibits melanin synthesis, and reduces intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, tyrosinase activity and L-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-alanine (DOPA) oxidase activity in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in B16 cells, and the inhibition efficiency of TCASE exceeds that of ascorbic acid and arbutin. TCASE reduces melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) and TRP-1 mRNA and protein levels in B16 cells. Based on the findings, TCASE is posited to inhibit melanogenesis signaling while suppressing cAMP levels and, subsequently, MC1R, MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-2 and TRP-1 down-regulation, resulting in the suppression of tyrosinase activity, DOPA oxidase activity and melanin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hua Liang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
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Matamá T, Araújo R, Preto A, Cavaco-Paulo A, Gomes AC. In vitroinduction of melanin synthesis and extrusion by tamoxifen. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 35:368-74. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Matamá
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology); Department of Biology; University of Minho; Campus of Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Centre of Biological Engineering; University of Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - R. Araújo
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology); Department of Biology; University of Minho; Campus of Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Centre of Biological Engineering; University of Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - A. Preto
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology); Department of Biology; University of Minho; Campus of Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - A. Cavaco-Paulo
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Centre of Biological Engineering; University of Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - A. C. Gomes
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology); Department of Biology; University of Minho; Campus of Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
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Adalatkhah H, Sadeghi Bazargani H. The association between melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in acne patients. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2013; 15:400-3. [PMID: 24349727 PMCID: PMC3838649 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.5358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Although, melasma is most prevalent among Asian young women, and also darkly pigmented individuals are particularly prone to developing post inflammatory hyperpigmentation, to the best of our knowledge, there are rare or no studies about the association of melasma and Post inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate how likely is a melasma patient to developed post inflammatory hyperpigmentation when compared to patients with inflammatory acne lesions who do not have melasma. Patients and Methods This comparative study was conducted on 400 participants, 200 subjects involved with pigmented lesions of melasma and inflammatory acne lesions and200 involved only with inflammatory Acne lesions without melasma. Melasma, acne and post inflammatory hyper pigmentation, if existed, were assessed by a dermatologist, and pigmentation depth was assessed by wood's lamp. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suitable for study design was used to assess the association between melasma and post-acne pigmentation. Results We found out that 24.1% of patients without melasma had post-acne pigmentation compared to 66.8% in melasma group (P < 0.001). The likelihood of observing post-acne pigmentation was found to be nearly six times more in melasma patients versus those without melasma. Association existed after controlling for possible confounders such as melanin score and time length of self-reported sun exposure, and acne severity score. Conclusions Melasma appears to increase the likelihood of post-acne pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Adalatkhah
- Department of Dermatology, Ardabil University of medical sciences, Ardabil, IR Iran
| | - Homayoun Sadeghi Bazargani
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of medical sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Homayoun Sadeghi Bazargani, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of medical sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9144027218, Fax: +98-9144027218, E-mail:
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Jang YH, Sim JH, Kang HY, Kim YC, Lee ES. The histopathological characteristics of male melasma: Comparison with female melasma and lentigo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 66:642-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Jagtap D, Rosenberg CA, Martin LW, Pettinger M, Khandekar J, Lane D, Ockene I, Simon MS. Prospective analysis of association between use of statins and melanoma risk in the Women's Health Initiative. Cancer 2012; 118:5124-31. [PMID: 22434400 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer, with an estimated 68,130 new cases and 8700 deaths in the United States in 2010. The increasing incidence and high death rate associated with metastatic disease support the need to focus on prevention. The authors used data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) to assess whether 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A inhibitors (statins) are associated with a decreased risk of melanoma. METHODS The study population consisted of 119,726 postmenopausal white women, in which 1099 cases of malignant melanoma were identified over an average (± standard deviation) of 11.6 ± 3.2 years. All diagnoses were confirmed by medical record review and pathology reports. Information on statin use was collected at baseline and during follow-up. Self-administered and interview-administered questionnaires were used to collect information on other risk factors. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Analyses investigated the association of any statin use, type, potency, lipophilic status, and duration of use with melanoma. RESULTS Statins were used by 8824 women (7.4%) at baseline. The annualized rate of melanoma was 0.09% among statin users and 0.09% among nonusers The multivariable adjusted HR for statin users compared with nonusers was 1.14 (95% CI, 0.91-1.43). There were no significant differences in risk based on statin type, potency, category, duration, or in time-dependent models. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant association between statin use and melanoma risk among postmenopausal women in the WHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Jagtap
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Wend K, Wend P, Krum SA. Tissue-Specific Effects of Loss of Estrogen during Menopause and Aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:19. [PMID: 22654856 PMCID: PMC3356020 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of estrogens have been best studied in the breast, breast cancers, and in the female reproductive tract. However, estrogens have important functions in almost every tissue in the body. Recent clinical trials such as the Women's Health Initiative have highlighted both the importance of estrogens and how little we know about the molecular mechanism of estrogens in these other tissues. In this review, we illustrate the diverse functions of estrogens in the bone, adipose tissue, skin, hair, brain, skeletal muscle and cardiovascular system, and how the loss of estrogens during aging affects these tissues. Early transcriptional targets of estrogen are reviewed in each tissue. We also describe the tissue-specific effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) used for the treatment of breast cancers and postmenopausal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korinna Wend
- Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Wend
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan A. Krum
- Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
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Tamega ADA, Miot LDB, Bonfietti C, Gige TC, Marques MEA, Miot HA. Clinical patterns and epidemiological characteristics of facial melasma in Brazilian women. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 27:151-6. [PMID: 22212073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A de A Tamega
- Department of Dermatology, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu Medical School, Unesp, Campus Universitário de Rubião, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Sheth VM, Pandya AG. Melasma: a comprehensive update: part I. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65:689-697. [PMID: 21920241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Melasma is a common disorder of hyperpigmentation affecting millions of people worldwide. While it is thought to be triggered or exacerbated by sun exposure and hormones, much remains to be understood about its pathogenesis. A thorough understanding of the etiology of melasma and the research tools available to study this condition are crucial to enhancing management and developing novel targeted therapies of this often frustrating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaneeta M Sheth
- Department of Dermatology at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amit G Pandya
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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Ding HY, Chou TH, Lin RJ, Chan LP, Wang GH, Liang CH. Antioxidant and antimelanogenic behaviors of Paeonia suffruticosa. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 66:275-284. [PMID: 21656165 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-011-0235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant properties of eight Paeonia suffruticosa (Ps) extracts (Ps-1 to Ps-8) were evaluated. The respective half maximally effective concentration (EC(50)) values of Ps-1 ~ 8 were 10.0, 9.8, 63.6, >100, 3.8, 85.1, 6.9, and 0.7 μg/ml for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) radical scavenging efficiency and 22.9, 11.4, 53.1, >100, 7.5, 97.6, 43.7, 4.2 μg/ml for 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS·(+)) radical scavenging capacity. The Ps-8 exhibited high free radical scavenging capacity, ion-chelating ability, reducing power, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, which may have been attributable to its abundant phenolic and flavonoid content. In Hs68 and B16 cells treated with 100 μg/ml Ps-1, Ps-3, Ps-4 and Ps-6, expressions of toxic activities were lower than those in cells treated with arbutin and ascorbic acid. The antimelanogenesis properties were also tested in B16 cells. Extract Ps-1, and particularly extract Ps-6, considerably inhibited cellular tyrosinase and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) oxidase activity and also reduced melanin content in B16 cells by down-expression of melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related proteins-1 (TRP-1). The results suggest that P. suffruticosa extracts have antioxidant and antimelanogenesis activities with potential applications in cosmetic materials or food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiou-Yu Ding
- Institute of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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Micu E, Juzeniene A, Moan J. Comparison of the time and latitude trends of melanoma incidence in anorectal region and perianal skin with those of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Norway. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 25:1444-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chou TH, Ding HY, Lin RJ, Liang JY, Liang CH. Inhibition of melanogenesis and oxidation by protocatechuic acid from Origanum vulgare (oregano). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:1767-1774. [PMID: 20973550 DOI: 10.1021/np100281g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant and antimelanogenesis activities of protocatechuic acid (1) from Origanum vulgare (oregano) were investigated. The antioxidative capacity of 1 was confirmed from its free-radical-scavenging activities, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and suppression of reactive oxygen species in H(2)O(2)-induced BNLCL2 cells. The inhibition by 1 of tyrosinase and DOPA oxidase activity and melanin production was possibly related to the down-regulation of melanocortin-1 receptor, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related proteins-2, and tyrosinase-related proteins-1 expression in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced B16 cells. After a gel containing 1 was applied to mice, the values of L* slightly increased, and a* and erythema-melanin levels of skin were reduced by comparing the values of untreated control groups, indicating 1 can reduce melanin production. These results suggest that 1 may act as an effective quencher of oxidative attackers with antimelanogenesis properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzung-Han Chou
- Department of Cosmetic Science and Institute of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
Skin pigmentation is highly determined by genetic factors and so far more than 150 genes have been identified that affect skin color either directly or indirectly. The production of eu- and pheomelanin in melanosomes results from the complex interaction between melanogenic regulators in melanocytes and factors derived from keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Besides genetic determination, pigmentation depends on environmental and endocrine factors that modulate the amount, type and distribution of melanins in the skin. Understanding the intrinsic mechanisms of melanogenesis is the basis for modifications of skin pigmentation which are of great interest pharmaceutically and cosmeceutically.
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Kang HY, Ortonne JP. What should be considered in treatment of melasma. Ann Dermatol 2010; 22:373-8. [PMID: 21165205 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2010.22.4.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Melasma is a common acquired hyperpigmentary skin disorder characterized by light to dark brown macules and patches occurring in the sun-exposed areas of the face. Melasma lesional skin is characterized by epidermal hyperpigmentation through increased melanogenesis in epidermal melanocytes. Some patients have dermal melanin but its amount is not significant and its distribution is very heterogeneous in the whole melasma lesional skin. Melasma is not homogeneous disease and there are personal characteristics of patients with melasma. The pathogenesis of melasma is not fully understood, but several hypotheses have been suggested. Increased vascularity in melasma lesions has suggested the role of increased number of enlarged vessels in the development of melasma. Endogeneous and exogeneous stimuli such as sex hormones and ultraviolet irradiation respectively may stimulate the microenvironment leading to the release of various mediators that cause activation of melanocytes and/or these stimuli may directly activate the melanocytes. Melasma patients may have specialized melanocytes with an intrinsic sensitivity to these stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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41
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Ding HY, Chou TH, Liang CH. Antioxidant and antimelanogenic properties of rosmarinic acid methyl ester from Origanum vulgare. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Morphologic Changes and the Expression of Alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone and Melanocortin-1 Receptor in Melasma Lesions: A Comparative Study. Am J Dermatopathol 2010; 32:676-82. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181cd4396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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43
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Biliatis I, Thomakos N, Faflia CP, Akrivos N, Antsaklis A. Isosexual pseudoprecocious puberty in a 2(1/2)-year-old girl presenting with intense skin pigmentation. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2010; 23:e145-8. [PMID: 20493737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian follicular cyst producing estradiol is a rare cause of isosexual pseudoprecocious puberty. Intense pigmentation of breast papillae, areolae, and labia minora is also rarely reported in the literature. CASE We describe a 2(1/2) year old girl presenting with signs of precocious puberty and advanced bone age due to a large follicular cyst. Estradiol and Dehydro-epiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels were remarkably elevated. Hyperpigmentation was also noted. Salpingoophorectomy resulted in regression of precocity and depigmentation, but DHEAS serum levels remained elevated. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION High levels of circulating estradiol due to an ovarian follicle can induce precocious puberty and pigmentation of the skin which regresses after surgical removal of the cyst. Elevated DHEAS levels may be the initiating event causing the formation of the large follicular cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Biliatis
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Bradford PT, Anderson WF, Purdue MP, Goldstein AM, Tucker MA. Rising melanoma incidence rates of the trunk among younger women in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:2401-6. [PMID: 20826837 PMCID: PMC2939095 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma rates are rising among young women, possibly due to increasing UV radiation to previously protected body sites. Therefore, we examined melanoma incidence trends by age, gender, and body site. Descriptive methods were complemented with the age-period-cohort parameters net drift and longitudinal age trend. METHODS Case and population data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 9 Registries Database (1975-2006). Net drift summarized the average annual percentage change in log-linear rates per year of calendar-time (or year of diagnosis). Longitudinal age trend summarized the average annual percentage change by attained age at diagnosis. Early- and late-onset melanomas have low and high longitudinal age trends, respectively. RESULTS There were 105,829 melanomas diagnosed in the SEER 9 Registries. The overall age-adjusted incidence rate (IR) for melanoma was 17.7/100,000 person-years. Age-specific IRs were greater among women than men prior to age 40 years. Among women, IRs decreased for all anatomic sites relative to the trunk. The highest net drift occurred in truncal lesions among women (net drift, 3.8%/year of calendar time; 95% confidence interval, 3.5-4.0%). The lowest longitudinal age trends also were observed for truncal lesions among women (longitudinal age trend, 5.4%/year of attained age; 95% confidence interval, 5.1-5.7). CONCLUSIONS Although melanoma IRs overall have risen for decades, the combination of high net drift and low longitudinal age trend show that melanomas are rising preferentially on the trunk among young women. IMPACT Future surveillance and analytic studies should consider melanoma effect modification by age, gender, and body site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porcia T Bradford
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA.
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Miot LDB, Miot HA, Silva MGD, Marques MEA. [Physiopathology of melasma]. An Bras Dermatol 2010; 84:623-35. [PMID: 20191174 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962009000600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melasma is a common dermatosis that involves changes in normal skin pigmentation, resulting from the hyperactivity of epidermal melanocytes. The consequent hyperpigmentation is mostly induced by ultraviolet radiation. Clinically, melasma is characterized by light to dark brown macules that usually occur on the face, although they can also affect the cervical and anterior thoracic regions and upper members.Fertile age women and those with intermediate skin phototypes are most likely to develop melasma. Most of its physiopathogenics is not yet fully understood, but there is a relation with genetic and hormonal factors, drugs and cosmetics use, endocrinopathies and sun exposure. The authors discuss the main aspects associated with skin pigmentation and the development of melasma.
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Jang YH, Lee JY, Kang HY, Lee ES, Kim YC. Oestrogen and progesterone receptor expression in melasma: an immunohistochemical analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 24:1312-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chou TH, Ding HY, Hung WJ, Liang CH. Antioxidative characteristics and inhibition of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated melanogenesis of vanillin and vanillic acid from Origanum vulgare. Exp Dermatol 2009; 19:742-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Wiedemann C, Nägele U, Schramm G, Berking C. Inhibitory effects of progestogens on the estrogen stimulation of melanocytes in vitro. Contraception 2009; 80:292-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Schallreuter KU, Hasse S, Rokos H, Chavan B, Shalbaf M, Spencer JD, Wood JM. Cholesterol regulates melanogenesis in human epidermal melanocytes and melanoma cells. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:680-8. [PMID: 19469904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is important for membrane stability and is the key substrate for the synthesis of steroid hormones and vitamin D. Furthermore, it is a major component of the lipid barrier in the stratum corneum of the human epidermis. Considering that steroid hormone synthesis is taking place in epidermal melanocytes, we tested whether downstream oestrogen receptor/cAMP signalling via MITF/tyrosine hydroxylase/tyrosinase/pigmentation could be possibly modulated by cholesterol. For this purpose, we utilized human primary melanocyte cell cultures and human melanoma cells with different pigmentation capacity applying immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, Western blotting and determination of melanin content. Our in situ and in vitro results demonstrated that melanocytes can synthesize cholesterol via HMG-CoA reductase and transport cholesterol via LDL/Apo-B100/LDLR. Moreover, we show that cholesterol increases melanogenesis in these cells and in human melanoma cells of intermediate pigmentation (FM55) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Cellular cholesterol levels in melanoma cells with different pigmentation patterns, epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes do not differ except in the amelanotic (FM3) melanoma cell line. This result is in agreement with decreasing cholesterol content versus increasing pigmentation in melanosomes. Cholesterol induces cAMP in a biphasic manner i.e. after 30 min and later after 6 and 24 h, meanwhile protein expression of oestrogen receptor beta, CREB, MITF, tyrosine hydroxylase and tyrosinase is induced after 72 h. Taken together, we show that human epidermal melanocytes have the capacity of cholesterol signalling via LDL/Apo-B100/LDL receptor and that cholesterol under in vitro conditions increases melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin U Schallreuter
- Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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