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Karakus E, Schmid A, Leiting S, Fühler B, Schäffler A, Jakob T, Geyer J. Role of the Steroid Sulfate Uptake Transporter Soat (Slc10a6) in Adipose Tissue and 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:863912. [PMID: 35573729 PMCID: PMC9095825 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.863912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the endocrine and paracrine systems, peripheral tissues such as gonads, skin, and adipose tissue are involved in the intracrine mechanisms responsible for the formation of sex steroids via the transformation of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA/DHEAS) into potent androgenic and estrogenic hormones. Numerous studies have examined the relationship between overweight, central obesity, and plasma levels of DHEA and DHEAS. The sodium-dependent organic anion transporter Soat (Slc10a6) is a plasma membrane uptake transporter for sulfated steroids. Significantly increased expression of Slc10a6 mRNA has been previously described in organs and tissues of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice, including white adipose tissue. These findings suggest that Soat plays a role in the supply of steroids in peripheral target tissues. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of Soat in adipocytes and its role in adipogenesis. Soat expression was analyzed in mouse white intra-abdominal (WAT), subcutaneous (SAT), and brown (BAT) adipose tissue samples and in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, adipose tissue mass and size of the adipocytes were analyzed in wild-type and Slc10a6−/− knockout mice. Soat expression was detected in mouse WAT, SAT, and BAT using immunofluorescence. The expression of Slc10a6 mRNA was significantly higher in 3T3-L1 adipocytes than that of preadipocytes and was significantly upregulated by exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Slc10a6 mRNA levels were also upregulated in the adipose tissue of LPS-treated mice. In Slc10a6−/− knockout mice, adipocytes increased in size in the WAT and SAT of female mice and in the BAT of male mice, suggesting adipocyte hypertrophy. The serum levels of adiponectin, resistin, and leptin were comparable in wild-type and Slc10a6−/− knockout mice. The treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with DHEA significantly reduced lipid accumulation, while DHEAS did not have a significant effect. However, following LPS-induced Soat upregulation, DHEAS also significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in adipocytes. In conclusion, Soat-mediated import of DHEAS and other sulfated steroids could contribute to the complex pathways of sex steroid intracrinology in adipose tissues. Although in cell cultures the Soat-mediated uptake of DHEAS appears to reduce lipid accumulation, in Slc10a6−/− knockout mice, the Soat deletion induced adipocyte hyperplasia through hitherto unknown mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Karakus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silke Leiting
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bärbel Fühler
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Giessen University Hospital, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Joachim Geyer,
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Yokokawa T, Sato K, Narusawa R, Kido K, Mori R, Iwanaka N, Hayashi T, Hashimoto T. Dehydroepiandrosterone activates 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and suppresses lipid accumulation and adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:612-619. [PMID: 32505344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence has linked dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels to the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of exercise. While 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a negative regulator of adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation, activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which is inhibited by AMPK, is required for adipocyte differentiation and positively regulates lipid accumulation. DHEA treatment activates the AMPK pathway in C2C12 myotubes. Hence, DHEA addition to preadipocytes and adipocytes might activate AMPK and inhibit mTORC1, resulting in the inhibition of adipogenesis and lipid accumulation. Therefore, we investigated the effect of DHEA on the AMPK pathway, mTORC1 activity, adipocyte differentiation, and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. DHEA suppressed lipid accumulation and adipogenic marker expression during differentiation. It also activated AMPK signaling in preadipocytes and adipocytes and suppressed mTORC1 activity during differentiation. These results suggest that the activation of the AMPK pathway and inhibition of mTORC1 activity may mediate the anti-obesity effect of DHEA, providing novel molecular-level insights into its physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yokokawa
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; College of Gastronomy Management, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Koji Sato
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryoko Narusawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kohei Kido
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Risako Mori
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Iwanaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; Faculty of Health Science, Kyoto Koka Women's University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hayashi
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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3
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Dehydroepiandrosterone on metabolism and the cardiovascular system in the postmenopausal period. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 98:39-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ando Y, Sato F, Fukunaga H, Iwasaki Y, Chiba Y, Tebakari M, Daigo Y, Kawashima J, Kamei J. Placental extract suppresses differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to mature adipocytes via accelerated activation of p38 MAPK during the early phase of adipogenesis. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:32. [PMID: 31139234 PMCID: PMC6528359 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adipogenesis, the process of preadipocyte differentiation to mature adipocytes accompanied by accumulation of intracytoplasmic lipid droplets, is regulated by various genetic and environmental factors, and closely associated with the development of obesity. Numerous recent studies suggest that some bioactive peptides and proteins derived from animals, and chemical compounds isolated from plants may be useful for prevention and treatment of obesity and obesity-related chronic diseases. In the present study, we examined the broad spectrum of effects of placental extract, with a focus on the influence of placental extract on adipogenesis. Method We cultured 3T3-L1 cells, which are widely used as a model of white preadipocytes, under differentiation conditions in the presence of porcine placental extract (PPE) for 8 days, and then stained the lipid droplets accumulated in the cytoplasm with Oil Red O. We also analyzed the effects of PPE on the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling, mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) and gene expressions associated with 3T3-L1 differentiation. Results When we cultured 3T3-L1 cells with PPE under differentiation conditions, the accumulation of lipid droplets and expression of adipocyte differentiation marker genes (Cebpa, Pparg, Slc2a4, Fasn and Adipoq) were dramatically attenuated. The suppressive activity of PPE against adipogenesis was heat-stable and recovered in a low-molecular-weight fraction after ultrafiltration (< 3 kDa) and gel-filtration chromatography (fraction No. 9). We also found that the suppressive activity of PPE affected the early phase of adipocyte differentiation (Days 0–2) without influencing the expression levels of C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ. The PPE and fraction No. 9 obtained from gel-filtration chromatography both promoted mitotic clonal expansion of 3T3-L1 while accelerating p38 MAPK phosphorylation. In addition, SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, partially restored the accumulation of lipid droplets and the expression of adipocyte differentiation marker genes that were suppressed by fraction No. 9. Conclusion These results indicate that PPE suppresses the differentiation of preadipocytes via accelerated activation of p38 MAPK during the early phase of adipogenesis, suggesting PPE or its functional component could be a potential therapy for treating obesity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-019-0361-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ando
- 1Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501 Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sato
- 2Laboratory of Analytical Pathophysiology, Division of Pharmacy Professional Development and Research, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501 Japan
| | - Hazuki Fukunaga
- 2Laboratory of Analytical Pathophysiology, Division of Pharmacy Professional Development and Research, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501 Japan
| | - Yusuke Iwasaki
- 3Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics Analytical Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501 Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Chiba
- 4Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501 Japan
| | - Masahiko Tebakari
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Snowden Co., Ltd., 793 Futatsumiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama, 331-0065 Japan
| | - Yuki Daigo
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Snowden Co., Ltd., 793 Futatsumiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama, 331-0065 Japan
| | - Junichi Kawashima
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Snowden Co., Ltd., 793 Futatsumiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama, 331-0065 Japan.,R&D Merchandising Division, Snowden Co., Ltd., 3-7-16 Iwamoto-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0032 Japan
| | - Junzo Kamei
- 1Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501 Japan
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Fitzgerald SJ, Janorkar AV, Barnes A, Maranon RO. A new approach to study the sex differences in adipose tissue. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:89. [PMID: 30509250 PMCID: PMC6278144 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most invaliding and preventable diseases in the United States. Growing evidence suggests that there are sex differences in obesity in human and experimental animals. However, the specific mechanisms of this disease are unknown. Consequently, there is any particular treatment according to the sex/gender at this time. During the last decade, we observe a rise in the study of adipocyte and the possible mechanisms involved in the different roles of the fat. Furthermore, the effect of sex steroids on the adipocyte is one of the fields that need elucidation. Supporting evidence suggests that sex steroids play an essential role not only in the fat distribution, but also, in its metabolism, proliferation, and function. Thus, using in vitro and in vivo studies will contribute to our fight against this critical health public problem encompassing both sexes. In the present review, we discuss some of the recent advances in the adipocytes and the effect of the sex steroids on the adipose tissue. Also, we propose a new alternative to study the role of sex steroids on adipocyte biology through human adipose-derived stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jayne Fitzgerald
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | - Amol Vijay Janorkar
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | - Allison Barnes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Rodrigo Oscar Maranon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA. .,Department of Medicine/Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA. .,Mississippi Center for Excellence in Perinatal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA. .,Cardio Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA. .,The Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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6
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The use of dehydroepiandrosterone-treated rats is not a good animal model for the study of metabolic abnormalities in polycystic ovary syndrome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 57:696-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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7
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Newell-Fugate AE. The role of sex steroids in white adipose tissue adipocyte function. Reproduction 2017; 153:R133-R149. [PMID: 28115579 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing knowledge that gender influences normal physiology, much biomedical research has begun to focus on the differential effects of sex on tissue function. Sexual dimorphism in mammals is due to the combined effects of both genetic and hormonal factors. Hormonal factors are mutable particularly in females in whom the estrous cycle dominates the hormonal milieu. Given the severity of the obesity epidemic and the fact that there are differences in the obesity rates in men and women, the role of sex in white adipose tissue function is being recognized as increasingly important. Although sex differences in white adipose tissue distribution are well established, the mechanisms affecting differential function of adipocytes within white adipose tissue in males and females remain largely understudied and poorly understood. One of the largest differences in the endocrine environment in males and females is the concentration of circulating androgens and estrogens. This review examines the effects of androgens and estrogens on lipolysis/lipogenesis, adipocyte differentiation, insulin sensitivity and adipokine production in adipocytes from white adipose tissue with a specific emphasis on the sexual dimorphism of adipocyte function in white adipose tissue during both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Newell-Fugate
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and PharmacologyTexas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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8
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Ahmed S, Atlas E. Bisphenol S- and bisphenol A-induced adipogenesis of murine preadipocytes occurs through direct peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1566-1573. [PMID: 27273607 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The use of bisphenol A (BPA) in consumer products and food packaging has been associated under certain conditions with a risk of negative health outcomes. This prompted its removal from many products and replacement with structural analogs. Bisphenol S (BPS) is one such analog, but its metabolic effects have not been fully characterized. The objective of our study was to determine whether BPS functions similarly to BPA at inducing adipogenesis. METHODS Murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were used to evaluate and compare the adipogenic potential of BPS to BPA. Cells were treated with 0.01-50 μM BPS or 0.01-50 μM BPA and adipogenic effects were measured. Further, their ability to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), an adipogenic transcription factor, was also determined. RESULTS Our results indicate that treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with BPS induced lipid accumulation and increased mRNA and protein expression of key adipogenic markers (1-50 μM; P<0.05). BPS treatment resulted in a higher expression of adipogenic markers as well as greater lipid accumulation when compared with BPA treatment. We showed that BPS can upregulate lipoprotein lipase, adipocyte protein 2, PPARγ, perilipin, adipsin and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha mRNA expression levels. Furthermore, using transcriptional assays, we showed that BPS and BPA can modestly activate PPARγ using a PPRE (PPARγ response element)-dependent luciferase construct by 1.5-fold (P<0.05). However, BPS but not BPA was able to competitively inhibit rosiglitazone (ROSI)-activated PPARγ, suggesting that BPS interacts with PPARγ distinctly from BPA. Co-treatment of cells with the selective PPARγ antagonist GW9662 inhibits BPS-, BPA-, ROSI- but not dexamethasone-dependent adipogenic differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Both BPA and BPS can enhance 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation in a dose-dependent manner and require PPARγ to induce adipogenesis. Through direct comparison, we show that BPS is a more potent adipogen than BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahmed
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Atlas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Chen MJ, Chou CH, Chen SU, Yang WS, Yang YS, Ho HN. The effect of androgens on ovarian follicle maturation: Dihydrotestosterone suppress FSH-stimulated granulosa cell proliferation by upregulating PPARγ-dependent PTEN expression. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18319. [PMID: 26674985 PMCID: PMC4682139 DOI: 10.1038/srep18319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraovarian hyperandrogenism is one of the determining factors of follicular arrest in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Using androgenized rat models, we investigated the effects of androgens on metabolism, as well as on factors involved in follicular arrest and the reduced number of estrus cycles. The dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-treated rats had fewer estrus cycles, higher numbers of large arrested follicles and an increased in body weight gain compared with the dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA)- and placebo-treated rats. In cultured rat granulosa cells, DHT suppressed follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced granulosa cell proliferation and increased the accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase. DHT decreased phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and cyclin D1 levels through increasing PTEN. DHT-promoted PTEN expression was regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in granulosa cells. Meanwhile, in the large follicles of the DHT-treated rats, the expressions of PPARγ and PTEN were higher, but the expression of p-Akt and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were lower. Conclusively, DHT and DHEA produced differential effects on metabolism in prepubertal female rats like clinical manifestations of women with PCOS. DHT treatment may affect ovarian follicular maturation by altering granulosa cell proliferation through the regulation of enhancing PPARγ dependent PTEN/p-Akt expression in the granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jou Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Chou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shee-Uan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shiung Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shih Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Nerng Ho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Wang W, He Y, Xu P, You Q, Xiao H, Xiang H. Synthesis and biological evaluation of isoflavone amide derivatives with antihyperlipidemic and preadipocyte antiproliferative activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4428-4433. [PMID: 26145818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of isoflavone amides were designed with isoflavone in place of the scaffold of 2-arylbenzoxazole as cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors. Twelve new compounds were synthesized, and their inhibitory activities of CETP and preadipocyte proliferation were assayed. The hypolipidemic potency of the most effective compound HY-2c was further tested in vivo by hamster. The results indicate that HY-2c exhibited favorable antihyperlipidemic and preadipocyte antiproliferative activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yi He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Pei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Qidong You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hong Xiao
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China.
| | - Hua Xiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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11
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O'Reilly MW, House PJ, Tomlinson JW. Understanding androgen action in adipose tissue. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:277-84. [PMID: 24787657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Androgens play an important role in regulation of body fat distribution in humans. They exert direct effects on adipocyte differentiation in a depot-specific manner, via the androgen receptor (AR), leading to modulation of adipocyte size and fat compartment expansion. Androgens also impact directly on key adipocyte functions including insulin signalling, lipid metabolism, fatty acid uptake and adipokine production. Androgen excess and deficiency have implications for metabolic health in both males and females, and these metabolic effects may be mediated through adipose tissue via effects on fat distribution, adipocyte function and lipolysis. Research into the field of androgen metabolism in human and animal adipose tissue has produced inconsistent results; it is important to take into account the sex-, depot- and organism-specific effects of androgens in fat. In general, studies point towards a stimulatory effect on lipolysis, with impairment of adipocyte differentiation, insulin signalling and adipokine generation. Observed effects are frequently gender-specific. Adipose tissue is an important organ of pre-receptor androgen metabolism, through which local androgen availability is rigorously controlled. Adipose androgen exposure is tightly controlled by isoenzymes of AKR1C, 5α-reductase and others, but regulation of the balance between generation and irreversible inactivation remains poorly understood. In particular, AKR1C2 and AKR1C3 are crucial in the regulation of local androgen bioavailability within adipose tissue. These isoforms control the balance between activation of androstenedione (A) to testosterone (T) by the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (17β-HSD) of AKR1C3, or inactivation of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol by the 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD) activity of AKR1C2. Most studies suggest that androgen inactivation is the predominant reaction in fat, particularly in the abdominal subcutaneous (SC) depot. Modulation of local adipose androgen availability may afford future therapeutic options to improve metabolic phenotype in disorders of androgen excess and deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W O'Reilly
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Philip J House
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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12
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McNelis JC, Manolopoulos KN, Gathercole LL, Bujalska IJ, Stewart PM, Tomlinson JW, Arlt W. Dehydroepiandrosterone exerts antiglucocorticoid action on human preadipocyte proliferation, differentiation, and glucose uptake. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E1134-44. [PMID: 24022868 PMCID: PMC3840204 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00314.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids increase adipocyte proliferation and differentiation, a process underpinned by the local reactivation of inactive cortisone to active cortisol within adipocytes catalyzed by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). The adrenal sex steroid precursor dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been shown to inhibit 11β-HSD1 in murine adipocytes; however, rodent adrenals do not produce DHEA physiologically. Here, we aimed to determine the effects and underlying mechanisms of the potential antiglucocorticoid action of DHEA and its sulfate ester DHEAS in human preadipocytes. Utilizing a human subcutaneous preadipocyte cell line, Chub-S7, we examined the metabolism and effects of DHEA in human adipocytes, including adipocyte proliferation, differentiation, 11β-HSD1 expression, and activity and glucose uptake. DHEA, but not DHEAS, significantly inhibited preadipocyte proliferation via cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase independent of sex steroid and glucocorticoid receptor activation. 11β-HSD1 oxoreductase activity in differentiated adipocytes was inhibited by DHEA. DHEA coincubated with cortisone significantly inhibited preadipocyte differentiation, which was assessed by the expression of markers of early (LPL) and terminal (G3PDH) adipocyte differentiation. Coincubation with cortisol, negating the requirement for 11β-HSD1 oxoreductase activity, diminished the inhibitory effect of DHEA. Further consistent with glucocorticoid-opposing effects of DHEA, insulin-independent glucose uptake was significantly enhanced by DHEA treatment. DHEA increases basal glucose uptake and inhibits human preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation, thereby exerting an antiglucocorticoid action. DHEA inhibition of the amplification of glucocorticoid action mediated by 11β-HSD1 contributes to the inhibitory effect of DHEA on human preadipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C McNelis
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Montalcini T, Migliaccio V, Ferro Y, Gazzaruso C, Pujia A. Androgens for postmenopausal women's health? Endocrine 2012; 42:514-20. [PMID: 22581204 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes are becoming a leading health concern in the developed Countries, due to their link to cardiovascular disease. These conditions are common in women in the post-menopausal period. Unfortunately, actual lifestyle change strategy fail to prevent cardiovascular events for several reasons, thus specific medications are needed. In addition, it was showed an increased cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women taking estrogens alone or with progestin, thus the optimal therapy for the prevention of chronic disease in women is still lacking. Androgens exert different actions on organs like adipose tissue, brain, bone, and on cardiovascular system. However, a debate still exists on the positive role of androgens on human health, especially in women. Furthermore, the vascular effects of androgens remain poorly understood and have been controversial for a long time. Sex hormones are important determinants of body composition. Aging is, often, accompanied by a decrease in free testosterone levels, a concomitant reduction in muscle mass and an increase in fat mass. Furthermore, numerous studies showed that total serum testosterone levels were inversely related to the atherosclerosis disease incidence in postmenopausal women. New therapeutic targets may, therefore, arise understanding how androgen could influence the fat distribution, the metabolic disease onset, the vascular reactivity and cardiovascular risk, in both sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Montalcini
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Fujioka K, Kajita K, Wu Z, Hanamoto T, Ikeda T, Mori I, Okada H, Yamauchi M, Uno Y, Morita H, Nagano I, Takahashi Y, Ishizuka T. Dehydroepiandrosterone reduces preadipocyte proliferation via androgen receptor. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E694-704. [PMID: 22234368 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00112.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that both testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) have weight-reducing and antidiabetic effects, especially in rodent studies; however, the precise mechanism of their action remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of DHEA on cell growth in adipose tissue. The appearance of senescence-associated β-galactosidase in stromal vascular fraction (SVF) isolated from Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats, an animal model of inherent obese type 2 diabetes, was prevented by DHEA administration. Next, the effects of DHEA and testosterone were compared in vivo and in vitro to evaluate whether these hormones influence cell growth in adipose tissue. Both DHEA and testosterone reduced body weight and epididymal fat weight equivalently when administered for 4 wk. To assess the effect of DHEA and testosterone on cell growth in adipose tissue, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake by SVF was measured. Quantification analysis of BrdU uptake by examining DNA isolated from each SVF revealed that treatment with DHEA and testosterone reduced cell replication. These results indicated that DHEA- and testosterone-induced decreased adiposity was associated with reduced SVF growth. Incubation with DHEA and testosterone equally decreased BrdU uptake by 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Pretreatment with the androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor flutamide, but not the estrogen receptor inhibitor fulvestrant, abolished these effects. Knockdown of AR with siRNA also inhibited DHEA-induced decreases in BrdU uptake. These results suggest that DHEA-induced growth suppression of preadipocytes is mediated via AR. Therefore, both DHEA and testosterone similarly decrease adipocyte growth possibly via a common mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Fujioka
- Dept. of General Internal Medicine, Gifu Univ. Graduate School of Medicine,Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
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15
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Tagawa N, Minamitani E, Yamaguchi Y, Kobayashi Y. Alternative mechanism for anti-obesity effect of dehydroepiandrosterone: possible contribution of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibition in rodent adipose tissue. Steroids 2011; 76:1546-53. [PMID: 21945397 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been suggested to have an anti-obesity effect; however, the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. The effect of DHEA on adipocytes opposes that of glucocorticoids, which potentiate adipogenesis. The key to the intracellular activation of glucocorticoids in adipocytes is 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), which catalyses the production of active glucocorticoids (cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rodents) from an inactive 11-keto form (cortisone in humans and 11-dehydrocorticosterone in rodents). In humans and rodents, intracellular glucocorticoid reactivation is exaggerated in obese adipose tissue. Using differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we demonstrated that DHEA inhibited about 15.6% of 11β-HSD1 activity at a concentration of 1 μM within 10min. Inhibition was also observed in a cell-free system composed of microsomes prepared from rat adipose tissue and NADPH, a coenzyme of 11β-HSD1. A kinetic study revealed that DHEA acted as a non-competitive inhibitor of 11β-HSD1. Moreover, conversion from DHEA to estrogens was not observed by sensitive semi-micro HPLC equipped with electrochemical detector. These results indicate that the inhibition of 11β-HSD1 by DHEA depends on neither the transcriptional pathway nor the nonspecific manner. This is the first demonstration that the anti-obesity effect of DHEA is exerted by non-transcriptional inhibition of 11β-HSD1 in rodent adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Tagawa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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Wada T, Ihunnah CA, Gao J, Chai X, Zeng S, Philips BJ, Rubin JP, Marra KG, Xie W. Estrogen sulfotransferase inhibits adipocyte differentiation. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1612-23. [PMID: 21816900 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogen sulfotransferase (EST) is a phase II drug-metabolizing enzyme known to catalyze the sulfoconjugation of estrogens. EST is highly expressed in the white adipose tissue of male mice, but the role of EST in the development and function of adipocytes remains largely unknown. In this report, we showed that EST played an important role in adipocyte differentiation. EST was highly expressed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and primary mouse preadipocytes. The expression of EST was dramatically reduced in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells and mature primary adipocytes. Overexpression of EST in 3T3-L1 cells prevented adipocyte differentiation. In contrast, preadipocytes isolated from EST knockout (EST-/-) mice exhibited enhanced differentiation. The inhibitory effect of EST on adipogenesis likely resulted from the sustained activation of ERK1/2 MAPK and inhibition of insulin signaling, leading to a failure of switch from clonal expansion to differentiation. The enzymatic activity of EST was required for the inhibitory effect of EST on adipogenesis, because an enzyme-dead EST mutant failed to inhibit adipocyte differentiation. In vivo, overexpression of EST in the adipose tissue of female transgenic mice resulted in smaller adipocyte size. Taken together, our results suggest that EST functions as a negative regulator of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taira Wada
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Chung KF, Qin N, Androutsellis-Theotokis A, Bornstein SR, Ehrhart-Bornstein M. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone on proliferation and differentiation of chromaffin progenitor cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 336:141-8. [PMID: 21130143 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone producing adrenocortical zona reticularis and the adrenal medulla are in direct contact and are highly intermingled in many species. This results in potentially strong paracrine influences of high local dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations on the adrenal medulla. Dehydroepiandrosterone has neuroprotective properties and increases neural stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Therefore, we aimed to establish its effects on chromaffin progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Previously, we successfully isolated chromaffin progenitors from bovine adrenal medulla in spherical cultures, so-called chromospheres. Seven days treatment of chromospheres with dehydroepiandrosterone at high concentrations (100 μM) hampered proliferation of chromaffin progenitors. Under differentiation conditions, dehydroepiandrosterone in the presence of retinoic acid, increased tyrosine hydroxylase and decreased dopamine-β-hydroxylase mRNA expression. In addition, there was a tendency to increase dopamine contents. Dehydroepiandrosterone/retinoic acid is therefore suggested to induce dopaminergic differentiation from chromaffin progenitor cells. Furthermore, the high dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations present in the fetal and adult adrenal may play an important role in adrenomedullary cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Fang Chung
- Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Medical School, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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Kamalakkannan S, Rajendran R, Venkatesh RV, Clayton P, Akbarsha MA. Effect of <i>Caralluma Fimbriata</i> Extract on 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocyte Cell Division. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2011.24047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rice SPL, Zhang L, Grennan-Jones F, Agarwal N, Lewis MD, Rees DA, Ludgate M. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment in vitro inhibits adipogenesis in human omental but not subcutaneous adipose tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 320:51-7. [PMID: 20176080 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a precursor sex steroid, circulates in sulphated form (DHEAS). Serum DHEAS concentrations are inversely correlated with metabolic syndrome components and in vivo/in vitro studies suggest a role in modulating adipose mass. To investigate further, we assessed the in vitro biological effect of DHEA in white (3T3-L1) and brown (PAZ6) preadipocyte cell lines and human primary preadipocytes. DHEA (from 10(-8)M) caused concentration-dependent proliferation inhibition of 3T3-L1 and PAZ6 preadipocytes. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated unaltered apoptosis but indicated blockade at G1/S or G2/M in 3T3-L1 and PAZ6, respectively. Preadipocyte cell-line adipogenesis was not affected. In human primary subcutaneous and omental preadipocytes, DHEA significantly inhibited proliferation from 10(-8)M. DHEA 10(-7)M had opposing effects on adipogenesis in the two fat depots. Subcutaneous preadipocyte differentiation was unaffected or increased whereas omental preadipocytes showed significantly reduced adipogenesis. We conclude that DHEA exerts fat depot-specific differences which modulate body composition by limiting omental fat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P L Rice
- Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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20
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Gender differences in insulin resistance, body composition, and energy balance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 6 Suppl 1:60-75. [PMID: 19318219 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 592] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men and women differ substantially in regard to degrees of insulin resistance, body composition, and energy balance. Adipose tissue distribution, in particular the presence of elevated visceral and hepatic adiposity, plays a central role in the development of insulin resistance and obesity-related complications. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes published data on gender differences in insulin resistance, body composition, and energy balance, to provide insight into novel gender-specific avenues of research as well as gender-tailored treatments of insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, and obesity. METHODS English-language articles were identified from searches of the PubMed database through November 2008, and by reviewing the references cited in these reports. Searches included combinations of the following terms: gender, sex, insulin resistance, body composition, energy balance, and hepatic adipose tissue. RESULTS For a given body mass index, men were reported to have more lean mass, women to have higher adiposity. Men were also found to have more visceral and hepatic adipose tissue, whereas women had more peripheral or subcutaneous adipose tissue. These differences, as well as differences in sex hormones and adipokines, may contribute to a more insulin-sensitive environment in women than in men. When normalized to kilograms of lean body mass, men and women had similar resting energy expenditure, but physical energy expenditure was more closely related to percent body fat in men than in women. CONCLUSION Greater amounts of visceral and hepatic adipose tissue, in conjunction with the lack of a possible protective effect of estrogen, may be related to higher insulin resistance in men compared with women.
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Pérez-de-Heredia F, Sánchez J, Priego T, Nicolás F, Portillo MDP, Palou A, Zamora S, Garaulet M. Adiponectin is involved in the protective effect of DHEA against metabolic risk in aged rats. Steroids 2008; 73:1128-36. [PMID: 18534650 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to analyze the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on several metabolic risk factors, including cardiovascular health and insulin resistance, in aged rats submitted to a high-fat diet. For that, weaned rats were fed on a high-fat diet until 20 months of age. In the last 13 weeks of life, a group (n=11) received the diet supplemented with DHEA (0.5%, w/w), serving the rest (n=10) as controls. Body weight, body fat, serum lipids (triglycerides, total cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)), HOMA index, n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios, serum adiponectin, leptin, resistin and TNF-alpha, as well as adiponectin expression in adipose tissue, were measured. A stepwise discriminant test was used to analyze these variables, and an index of overall metabolic risk was generated from them. DHEA treatment resulted in a significantly lower overall metabolic risk index, as generated by the discriminant test (P<0.01). The DHEA group had lower body fat and n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios than the control group (P<0.01), and the same trends were observed for serum cholesterol, triglycerides and HOMA index; in contrast, adiponectin expression in adipose tissue increased in DHEA-treated rats (P<0.05). The discriminant analysis revealed that adiponectin, both from serum and adipose tissue, was the most influencing factor, followed by n-6/n-3 ratios in adipose tissue, and by body fat. Our results then suggest that adiponectin is involved in the protective effect of DHEA against metabolic risk demonstrated in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Pérez-de-Heredia
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Paseo Rector Sabater s/n, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Role of gender and anatomical region on induction of osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells. Ann Plast Surg 2008; 60:306-22. [PMID: 18443514 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e3180621ff0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) display multilineage plasticity and, under appropriate conditions, can mineralize their extracellular matrix and undergo osteogenesis. The aims of this study are to examine in vitro osteogenic differentiation properties of ASCs to assess the role of gender, fat depot, and optimal duration as variables for differentiation. Human ASCs were isolated from superficial and deep adipose layers of the abdominoplasty specimens obtained from patients undergoing elective surgeries. ASCs were cultured in osteogenic media (OM). After 1, 2, and 4 weeks of differentiation, cultures were assessed for markers of osteogenesis. Alkaline phosphatase (AP), alizarin red (AR) and Masson trichrome (MT) stainings for osteoblastic transformation, matrix mineralization, and collagen production; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Gla-osteocalcin; and Western blot analysis for osteonectin protein expression were performed. Osteogenic differentiation began as early as 1 week. Cells exhibited a vertical growth pattern, lacunae formed in the cultures, matrix volume increased, and mineralization was observed. Differences in AP staining were most evident during the first week. AR activity progressively increased over 4 weeks, and collagen was secreted only by differentiated ASCs. There was no significant difference in the degree of osteogenic differentiation between the ASCs from both depots in the female. In the male, the superficial depot ASCs differentiated faster and more efficiently than those of the deep depot. Male ASCs from both depots differentiated more effectively than female ASCs from both depots. We describe a hierarchy of osteogenic differentiation potential based on gender and anatomic harvest site by layering adipose tissues of the abdominal wall. ASCs derived from male superficial layer were most efficient in achieving osteogenesis. In future clinical applications using stem cells for osseous healing, these gender and depot differences will guide our clinical methods.
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Hernández-Morante JJ, Pérez-de-Heredia F, Luján JA, Zamora S, Garaulet M. Role of DHEA-S on body fat distribution: gender- and depot-specific stimulation of adipose tissue lipolysis. Steroids 2008; 73:209-15. [PMID: 18063002 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the possible impact of DHEA-S on body fat distribution and the specific action of the hormone on lipolysis from visceral and subcutaneous human adipose tissue. First, a clinical evaluation was performed in 84 obese patients (29 men, 55 women), measuring serum DHEA-S, computed tomography (CT) anthropometric parameters of abdominal fat distribution. In a second experiment, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue samples were obtained from 20 obese patients (10 men, 10 women) and cultured in vitro under stimulation with DHEA-S to further assess a possible effect of this hormone on adipose tissue lipolysis. Serum DHEA-S was inversely and specifically associated with visceral fat area (VA) as assessed by CT in men and with waist-to-hip ratio in women. In vitro, DHEA-S increased lipolysis in women's subcutaneous adipose tissue at 2 h, while in men, the effect was evident in visceral tissue and after 24 h of treatment. In conclusion, DHEA-S contributes to gender-related differences in body fat distribution probably by a differential lipolytic action. We have demonstrated for the first time in vitro that DHEA-S stimulates lipolysis preferably in subcutaneous fat in women and in visceral fat in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Hernández-Morante
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, and Surgery Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Spain
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24
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de Heredia FP, Cerezo D, Zamora S, Garaulet M. Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on protein and fat digestibility, body protein and muscular composition in high-fat-diet-fed old rats. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:464-70. [PMID: 17313707 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507332546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to examine the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on the digestive efficiency of dietary protein and fat. Second, we analysed the specific changes in muscle composition induced by the hormone. DHEA was given in the diet (0·5 %, w/w) to 75-week-old, high-fat-fed Sprague–Dawley rats (n11) for 13 weeks; age- and weight-matched rats fed on the same diet without DHEA supplementation were used as controls (n10). To determine dietary protein and fat apparent digestibility coefficients, 1-week 24 h faecal depositions were collected. In parallel, urine N was assessed. These assays were performed twice, in the short term (2-week treatment) and in the long term (13-week treatment). Body and gastrocnemius muscle compositions were also analysed. The present results show that DHEA decreased energy intake, body weight, body fat, adipocyte size and number (P < 0·001). The feed efficiency ratio indicates that DHEA-treated rats were less efficient in transforming nutrients fed into their own biomass. Also, a short-term reduction in protein digestibility (P < 0·05) and in body-protein degradation (P < 0·01) was found in DHEA-treated rats, resulting in an increased content of body protein (P < 0·05). Gastrocnemius muscles were smaller, as a result of fat (P < 0·05) but not protein reduction. In conclusion, we confirm the slimming effect of DHEA and, for the first time, we demonstrate that DHEA has an effect at the digestive level. The anti-obesity properties of DHEA could be related to a reduction in protein digestibility in the short term and a protective effect on body protein with a selective mass loss from body fat.
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Ara I, Perez-Gomez J, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Chavarren J, Dorado C, Calbet JAL. Serum free testosterone, leptin and soluble leptin receptor changes in a 6-week strength-training programme. Br J Nutr 2007; 96:1053-9. [PMID: 17181880 DOI: 10.1017/bjn20061956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Strength training is usually associated with a reduction in fat mass and with muscle hypertrophy. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the serum free leptin index (FLI), measured by the molar excess of soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) over leptin, is increased by 6 weeks of strength training. Eighteen male, physical education students were randomly assigned to two groups: a strength-training (n 12) and a control group (n 6). Body composition (lean body mass and body fat) determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), muscle performance and leptin, sOB-R, total testosterone and free testosterone concentrations were determined before and after training. Fat mass was reduced by 1 kg with strength training (P<0.05). Lean body mass of trained extremities was increased by 3% (P<0.05), while the concentration of free testosterone in serum was reduced by 17% (P<0.05) after training. However, despite the reduction in fat mass and free testosterone, serum leptin concentration was not significantly affected by strength training, even after accounting for the differences in body fat. By contrast, for a given fat mass, the sOB-R was increased by 13% (P<0.05) at the end of the strength-training programme, although the molar excess of sOB-R over leptin remained unchanged. Therefore, the quantity of free leptin available to bind to the target tissues was not significantly affected by the short strength-training programme, which elicited a 7% reduction in fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ara
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Karbowska J, Kochan Z. Effect of DHEA on endocrine functions of adipose tissue, the involvement of PPAR gamma. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:249-57. [PMID: 15904896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), an adrenal steroid, is known to decrease body fat. Thus, it may also alter the endocrine functions of adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to determine if administration of DHEA might influence adiponectin gene expression and secretion from adipose tissue. We demonstrate here the inducing effect of exogenously administered DHEA on adiponectin gene expression in epididymal WAT and adiponectin levels in serum of rats fed a DHEA-containing diet (0.6%, w/w) for 2 weeks, accompanied by a reduction in epididymal adipose tissue mass. A corresponding increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR(gamma)) mRNA expression suggests that PPAR(gamma) may be involved in the up-regulation of adiponectin gene expression after DHEA treatment. The presented observations indicate that the positive effects of DHEA, which seems to play a protective role against insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, may be in fact indirect and due to up-regulation of adiponectin gene expression and stimulation of adiponectin secretion from adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Karbowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
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Nakatsu M, Doshi M, Saeki K, Yuo A. Synergistic Effects of Dehydroepiandrosterone and Retinoic Acid on Granulocytic Differentiation of Human Promyelocytic NB4 Cells. Int J Hematol 2005; 81:32-8. [PMID: 15717686 DOI: 10.1532/ijh97.04117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on human granulocyte differentiation: DHEA enhances the all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation of promyelocytic NB4 cells. DHEA (100 microM) significantly augmented the respiratory burst activity of NB4 cells treated with 1 nM ATRA, whereas DHEA alone did not induce respiratory burst activity. The protein and message expressions of p67phox, the gene for the dose-limiting component of phagocyte NADPH oxidase, were significantly enhanced by the coexistence of DHEA and ATRA. The protein expression of p47phox, another component of phagocyte NADPH oxidase, was also up-regulated by DHEA and ATRA. Moreover, the ATRA-induced increment of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) and the reciprocal reduction in C/EBPUalpha expression were also potentiated by DHEA. In contrast, the expression of PU.1, a transcription factor reportedly involved in the basal expression of p67phox in monocytic cells, was only slightly up-regulated by DHEA and ATRA. Interestingly, DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), the sulfate ester of DHEA that exists in peripheral blood at a concentration approximately 3 orders of magnitude larger than that of DHEA, did not stimulate the ATRA-induced differentiation of NB4 cells. Thus, DHEA, but not DHEAS, plays important roles in synergy with ATRA during granulocyte differentiation of human promyelocytic NB4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Nakatsu
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
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Saraç F, Yıldız S, Saygılı F, Özgen G, Yılmaz C, Kabalak T, Tüzün M. Insulin Alters the Proliferation of Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2005.10817240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Liu PS, Wang PY. DHEA attenuates catecholamine secretion from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. J Biomed Sci 2004; 11:200-5. [PMID: 14966370 DOI: 10.1007/bf02256563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2003] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a putative anti-stress agent and stress is associated with the secretion of catecholamine from the adrenal gland, but the effects of DHEA on catecholamine secretion are not fully understood. Using bovine chromaffin cells, we found that DHEA inhibited catecholamine secretion and cytosolic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) rise coupled with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) without exerting an effect on (3)H-nicotine binding. In the case of high K(+) stimulation, DHEA effectively suppressed secretion without affecting [Ca(2+)](i) rise. Trifluoperazine (TFP), a calmodulin inhibitor, was capable of counteracting the inhibition of DHEA on high K(+)-induced secretions. In permeabilized cells, DHEA suppressed the Ca(2+)-induced secretion. These results suggest that DHEA (a) acts as a channel blocker that suppresses Ca(2+) influx and subsequent secretions associated with nAChR, or (b) affects the intracellular secretion machinery to suppress high K(+)-induced secretions without affecting the high K(+)-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shihlin, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Kajita K, Ishizuka T, Mune T, Miura A, Ishizawa M, Kanoh Y, Kawai Y, Natsume Y, Yasuda K. Dehydroepiandrosterone down-regulates the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in adipocytes. Endocrinology 2003; 144:253-9. [PMID: 12488352 DOI: 10.1210/en.2002-220039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is expected to have a weight-reducing effect. In this study, we evaluated the effect of DHEA on genetically obese Otsuka Long Evans Fatty rats (OLETF) compared with Long-Evans Tokushima rats (LETO) as control. Feeding with 0.4% DHEA-containing food for 2 wk reduced the weight of sc, epididymal, and perirenal adipose tissue in association with decreased plasma leptin levels in OLETF. Adipose tissue from OLETF showed increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) protein, which was prevented by DHEA treatment. Further, we examined the effect of DHEA on PPARgamma in primary cultured adipocytes and monolayer adipocytes differentiated from rat preadipocytes. PPARgamma protein level was decreased in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, and DHEA significantly reduced mRNA levels of PPARgamma, adipocyte lipid-binding protein, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein, but not CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha. DHEA-sulfate also reduced the PPARgamma protein, but dexamethasone, testosterone, or androstenedione did not alter its expression. In addition, treatment with DHEA for 5 d reduced the triglyceride content in monolayer adipocytes. These results suggest that DHEA down-regulates adiposity through the reduction of PPARgamma in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Kajita
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Tsukasa-machi 40, Gifu 500-8705, Japan
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Whitnall MH, Wilhelmsen CL, McKinney L, Miner V, Seed TM, Jackson WE. Radioprotective efficacy and acute toxicity of 5-androstenediol after subcutaneous or oral administration in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2002; 24:595-626. [PMID: 12510793 DOI: 10.1081/iph-120016038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that one subcutaneous (sc) injection of 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol (AED) stimulated the innate immune system in mice and prevented mortality due to hemopoietic suppression after whole-body ionizing irradiation with gamma rays. In the present study, we tested whether there was any significant toxicity in mice that might hinder development of this steroid for human use. There were no indications of toxicity in chemical analyses of serum after sc doses as high as 4000 mg/kg. At this dose, 2 of 54 mice died when given AED alone. When 4800 mg/kg was given orally, no deaths resulted. The only adverse findings attributed to AED administration were 1) a moderate elevation of granulocytes in abdominal organs and fat after sc injections of 320 mg/kg; and 2) occasional wasting of skin over the injection site in female B6D2F1 but not male C3H/HeN mice. Significant weight loss (6%) was observed after sc injections of 320 mg/kg but not 160 or 80 mg/kg. When male C3H/HeN mice were injected sc with AED at doses of 0-200 mg/kg 24 h before whole body gamma-irradiation (9 Gy), a significant improvement in survival was observed at doses as low as 5 mg/kg. Oral administration of AED produced significant survival enhancement at a dose of 1600 mg/kg. We conclude that the radioprotective efficacy of AED is accompanied by low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Whitnall
- Radiation Casualty Management Team, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603, USA.
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Christeff N, De Truchis P, Melchior JC, Perronne C, Gougeon ML. Longitudinal evolution of HIV-1-associated lipodystrophy is correlated to serum cortisol:DHEA ratio and IFN-alpha. Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32:775-84. [PMID: 12406027 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2002.01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that lipid alterations in HIV-1-associated lipodystrophy (LD) are correlated with decreased serum dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA) and increased cortisol:DHEA ratio and IFN-alpha levels. OBJECTIVE To evaluate in a longitudinal study whether steroid and cytokine modifications are associated with the evolution of physical changes and lipid alterations associated with LD. METHODS Thirty-four HIV-1-positive men were followed during 32.5 +/- 4.0 months and tested at four time-points. The patients were subdivided into five groups according to physical changes and anthropometric measurements: LD-negative, initially LD-negative becoming LD-positive, LD-positive unchanged, aggravated or improved. Serum lipids, apolipoproteins, adrenal steroids and cytokines were measured and compared with baseline values. RESULTS (1) LD aggravation is associated with persistent elevated lipids, a decrease in serum DHEA, an increase in cortisol:DHEA ratio and persistent high levels of IFN-alpha. (2) LD improvement is associated with normalization of serum lipids, an increase in serum DHEA leading to normalization in cortisol:DHEA ratio, and normalization of IFN-alpha levels. (3) In LD-positive men evolution of VLDL cholesterol is negatively correlated with DHEA (r = -0.56, P < 0.01) and positively with cortisol:DHEA ratio (r = 0.62, P < 0.004) and with IFN-alpha (r = 0.57, P < 0.01). (4) The switch to LD is associated with a decrease in serum DHEA. (5) Patients who remained LD-negative maintained normal lipids, elevated cortisol and DHEA, and normal cortisol:DHEA ratio and normal levels of IFN-alpha. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that cortisol:DHEA ratio and serum IFN-alpha levels are closely associated with clinical evolution and atherogenic lipid alterations in LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Christeff
- Institut Pasteur, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, CHU Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris Cedex, France
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Du C, Guan Q, Khalil MW, Sriram S. Stimulation of Th2 response by high doses of dehydroepiandrosterone in KLH-primed splenocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2001; 226:1051-60. [PMID: 11743142 DOI: 10.1177/153537020122601113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has long been considered as a precursor for steroid hormones, it has also been shown to have regulatory effects in immune homeostasis. We have examined the effect of high DHEA doses on T cell proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine secretion patterns following stimulation with mitogens and soluble antigens. DHEA profoundly inhibited T cell receptor-mediated T cell proliferation in the upstream of IL-2R signaling. Addition of DHEA to KLH-primed splenocytes stimulated Th2 response, indicated by an increase of IL-4 or a decrease of IFN-gamma production in the cultures. Further studies showed that DHEA enhanced IL-4, but inhibited IL-12-mediated T cell proliferation and IL-12 production in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Our data demonstrated that supraphysiologic levels of DHEA favored Th2 immune responses in vitro by inhibition of IL-12 production from APCs and/or stimulation of Th2 proliferation during the interactions of T cells with APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Du
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA.
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Dieudonne MN, Pecquery R, Leneveu MC, Giudicelli Y. Opposite effects of androgens and estrogens on adipogenesis in rat preadipocytes: evidence for sex and site-related specificities and possible involvement of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2. Endocrinology 2000; 141:649-56. [PMID: 10650946 DOI: 10.1210/endo.141.2.7293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of sex steroid hormones in adipose tissue development and distribution, we have studied the effect of various sex steroids (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 17beta-estradiol) in vitro, on the proliferation and differentiation processes in rat preadipocytes from deep (epididymal and parametrial) and superficial (femoral sc) fat deposits. All added steroids failed to affect the growth rate of preadipocytes from male rats when determined from day 1 to day 4 after plating, whether FCS was present or not in the culture medium. In contrast, in preadipocytes from female rats, we observed a positive effect (x2) of 17beta-estradiol (0.01 microM) on the proliferative capacities of sc but not parametrial preadipocytes. When preadipocytes were exposed to testosterone or DHT (0.1 microM) during the differentiation process, the glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was significantly decreased in epididymal preadipocytes only. When preadipocytes from male rats were exposed to 17beta-estradiol (0.01 microM), the differentiation capacities of preadipocytes were not modified. However, in parametrial preadipocytes from ovariectomized female rats, 17beta-estradiol significantly increased (x1.34) the glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. In differentiated preadipocytes that had been exposed to sex steroids, expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 was up-regulated by 17beta-estradiol but not by androgens. As described in other cell types, sex steroids modulate insulin growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) expression in preadipocytes. Indeed, IGF1R levels were either enhanced by 17 beta-estradiol (0.01 microM) in sc preadipocytes from female ovariectomized rats or decreased by DHT (0.01 microM) in epididymal preadipocytes. These effects were reversed by simultaneous exposure to androgen or estrogen receptor antagonists. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that, in rat preadipocytes kept in primary culture and chronically exposed to sex hormones, androgens elicit an antiadipogenic effect, whereas estrogens behave as proadipogenic hormones. Moreover, our results suggest that these opposite effects could be related to changes in IGF1R (androgens and estrogens) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 expression (estrogens).
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Dieudonne
- Service de Biochimie, INSERM CJF 94-02, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ouest, Université René Descartes (Paris V) Centre Hospitalier de POISSY, France
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