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Giangregorio N, Tonazzi A, Console L, Scalise M, Indiveri C. Inhibition of the Mitochondrial Carnitine/Acylcarnitine Carrier by Itaconate through Irreversible Binding to Cysteine 136: Possible Pathophysiological Implications. Biomolecules 2023; 13:993. [PMID: 37371573 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) represents the route of delivering acyl moieties to the mitochondrial matrix for accomplishing the fatty acid β-oxidation. The CAC has a couple of Cys residues (C136 and C155) most reactive toward ROS and redox signaling compounds such as GSH, NO, and H2S. Among physiological compounds reacting with Cys, itaconate is produced during inflammation and represents the connection between oxidative metabolism and immune responses. The possible interaction between the CAC and itaconate has been investigated. METHODS the modulatory effects of itaconate on the transport activity of the native and recombinant CAC were tested using the proteoliposome experimental model together with site-directed mutagenesis and computational analysis. RESULTS Itaconate reacts with the CAC causing irreversible inhibition. Dose-response experiment performed with the native and recombinant protein showed IC50 for itaconate of 11 ± 4.6 mM and 8.4 ± 2.9 mM, respectively. The IC50 decreased to 3.8 ± 1.0 mM by lowering the pH from pH 7.0 to pH 6.5. Inhibition kinetics revealed a non-competitive type of inhibition. C136 is the main target of itaconate, as demonstrated by the increased IC50 of mutants in which this Cys was substituted by Val. The central role of C136 was confirmed by covalent docking. Administration of dimethyl itaconate to HeLa cells inhibited the CAC transport activity, suggesting that itaconate could react with the CAC also in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Giangregorio
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Tonazzi
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Pasquadibisceglie A, Quadrotta V, Polticelli F. In Silico Analysis of the Structural Dynamics and Substrate Recognition Determinants of the Human Mitochondrial Carnitine/Acylcarnitine SLC25A20 Transporter. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043946. [PMID: 36835358 PMCID: PMC9961348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Carnitine-Acylcarnitine Carrier is a member of the mitochondrial Solute Carrier Family 25 (SLC25), known as SLC25A20, involved in the electroneutral exchange of acylcarnitine and carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane. It acts as a master regulator of fatty acids β-oxidation and is known to be involved in neonatal pathologies and cancer. The transport mechanism, also known as "alternating access", involves a conformational transition in which the binding site is accessible from one side of the membrane or the other. In this study, through a combination of state-of-the-art modelling techniques, molecular dynamics, and molecular docking, the structural dynamics of SLC25A20 and the early substrates recognition step have been analyzed. The results obtained demonstrated a significant asymmetry in the conformational changes leading to the transition from the c- to the m-state, confirming previous observations on other homologous transporters. Moreover, analysis of the MD simulations' trajectories of the apo-protein in the two conformational states allowed for a better understanding of the role of SLC25A20 Asp231His and Ala281Val pathogenic mutations, which are at the basis of Carnitine-Acylcarnitine Translocase Deficiency. Finally, molecular docking coupled to molecular dynamics simulations lend support to the multi-step substrates recognition and translocation mechanism already hypothesized for the ADP/ATP carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma Tre Section, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Giangregorio N, Tonazzi A, Calvano CD, Pierri CL, Incampo G, Cataldi TRI, Indiveri C. The Mycotoxin Patulin Inhibits the Mitochondrial Carnitine/Acylcarnitine Carrier (SLC25A20) by Interaction with Cys136 Implications for Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032228. [PMID: 36768549 PMCID: PMC9917099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of mycotoxin patulin (4-hydroxy-4H-furo [3,2c] pyran-2 [6H] -one) on the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC, SLC25A20) was investigated. Transport function was measured as [3H]-carnitineex/carnitinein antiport in proteoliposomes reconstituted with the native protein extracted from rat liver mitochondria or with the recombinant CAC over-expressed in E. coli. Patulin (PAT) inhibited both the mitochondrial native and recombinant transporters. The inhibition was not reversed by physiological and sulfhydryl-reducing reagents, such as glutathione (GSH) or dithioerythritol (DTE). The IC50 derived from the dose-response analysis indicated that PAT inhibition was in the range of 50 µM both on the native and on rat and human recombinant protein. The kinetics process revealed a competitive type of inhibition. A substrate protection experiment confirmed that the interaction of PAT with the protein occurred within a protein region, including the substrate-binding area. The mechanism of inhibition was identified using the site-directed mutagenesis of CAC. No inhibition was observed on Cys mutants in which only the C136 residue was mutated. Mass spectrometry studies and in silico molecular modeling analysis corroborated the outcomes derived from the biochemical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Giangregorio
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Annamaria Tonazzi
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Ciro Leonardo Pierri
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Incampo
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Tommaso R. I. Cataldi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
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4
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Giangregorio N, Pierri CL, Tonazzi A, Incampo G, Tragni V, De Grassi A, Indiveri C. Proline/Glycine residues of the PG-levels guide conformational changes along the transport cycle in the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (SLC25A20). Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:1453-1465. [PMID: 36122779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) is a member of the mitochondrial carrier (MC) family and imports acylcarnitine into the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for carnitine, playing a pivotal role in carnitine shuttle, crucial for fatty acid oxidation. The crystallized structure of CAC has not been solved yet, however, the availability of several in vitro/in silico studies, also based on the crystallized structures of the ADP/ATP carrier in the cytosolic-conformation and in the matrix-conformation, has made possible to confirm the hypothesis of the single-binding centered-gated pore mechanism for all the members of the MC family. In addition, our recent bioinformatics analyses allowed quantifying in silico the importance of protein residues of MC substrate binding region, of those involved in the formation of the matrix and cytosolic gates, and of those belonging to the Pro/Gly (PG) levels, proposed to be crucial for the tilting/kinking/bending of the six MC transmembrane helices, funneling the substrate translocation pathway. Here we present a combined in silico/in vitro analysis employed for investigating the role played by a group of 6 proline residues and 6 glycine residues, highly conserved in CAC, belonging to MC PG-levels. Residues of the PG-levels surround the similarly located MC common substrate binding region, and were proposed to lead conformational changes and substrate translocation, following substrate binding. For our analysis, we employed 3D molecular modeling approaches, alanine scanning site-directed mutagenesis and in vitro transport assays. Our analysis reveals that P130 (H3), G268 (H6) and G220 (H5), mutated in alanine, affect severely CAC transport activity (mutant catalytic efficiency lower than 5 % compared to the wild type CAC), most likely due to their major role in triggering CAC conformational changes, following carnitine binding. Notably, P30A (H1) and G121A (H3) CAC mutants, increase the carnitine uptake up to 217 % and 112 %, respectively, compared to the wild type CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Giangregorio
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Ciro Leonardo Pierri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Italy, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Tonazzi
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Incampo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Italy, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tragni
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Italy, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna De Grassi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Italy, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Tonazzi A, Giangregorio N, Console L, Calvano CD, Prejanò M, Scalise M, Incampo G, Marino T, Russo N, Cataldi TRI, Indiveri C. Inhibition of the carnitine acylcarnitine carrier by carbon monoxide reveals a novel mechanism of action with non-metal-containing proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:395-403. [PMID: 35792242 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both toxic and physiological effects of CO are mostly caused by well described interactions with heme-groups of proteins. Interactions of CO with non-heme proteins have also been unveiled. Besides interaction of CO with mitochondrial heme containing respiratory complexes, a BK channel and the phosphate carrier which do not contain metal cofactors, have been identified as CO targets. However, the molecular mechanisms of interaction with non-metal-containing proteins are not understood. We show in this work the effect of CO on the mitochondrial carnitine carrier (SLC25A20) using CORM-3, a widely recognized CO releasing compound. CO exerts an inhibitory effect at the micromolar concentration on the transport function of the transporter extracted from treated mitochondria. The effect is due to a single Cys residue, C136 as revealed by mass spectrometry analysis. A computational approach predicted the need for vicinal Asp and Lys residues for the C136 carbonylation to occur. These data demonstrate a novel mechanism of interaction of CO with a protein not containing metal atoms and will enable the prediction of CO targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Tonazzi
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Giangregorio
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cosima Damiana Calvano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Prejanò
- Department CTC (Chemistry and Chemical Technology) University of Calabria, Via Bucci 14C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Giovanna Incampo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Department CTC (Chemistry and Chemical Technology) University of Calabria, Via Bucci 14C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Department CTC (Chemistry and Chemical Technology) University of Calabria, Via Bucci 14C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy; Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
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6
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Incampo G, Giangregorio N, Gambacorta N, Nicolotti O, Pacifico C, Palmieri L, Tonazzi A. Praseodymium trivalent ion is an effective inhibitor of mitochondrial basic amino acids and carnitine/acylcarnitine carriers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148557. [PMID: 35367451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the identification of the lantanide praseodymium trivalent ion Pr3+ as inhibitor of mitochondrial transporters for basic amino acids and phylogenetically related carriers belonging to the Slc25 family. The inhibitory effect of Pr3+ has been tested using mitochondrial transporters reconstituted into liposomes being effective in the micromolar range, acting as a competitive inhibitor of the human basic amino acids carrier (BAC, Slc25A29), the human carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC, Slc25A20). Furthermore, we provide computational evidence that the complete inhibition of the transport activity of the recombinant proteins is due to the Pr3+ coordination to key acidic residues of the matrix salt bridge network. Besides being used as a first choice stop inhibitor for functional studies in vitro of mitochondrial carriers reconstituted in proteoliposomes, Pr3+ might also represent a useful tool for structural studies of the mitochondrial carrier family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Incampo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Giangregorio
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Gambacorta
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Concetta Pacifico
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Tonazzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Zhang N, Jia X, Fan S, Wu B, Wang S, OuYang B. NMR Characterization of Long-Chain Fatty Acylcarnitine Binding to the Mitochondrial Carnitine/Acylcarnitine Carrier. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094608. [PMID: 35563000 PMCID: PMC9103206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) transports short-, medium- and long-carbon chain acylcarnitines across the mitochondrial inner membrane in exchange for carnitine. How CAC recognizes the substrates with various fatty acyl groups, especially long-chain fatty acyl groups, remains unclear. Here, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology, we have shown that the CAC protein reconstituted into a micelle system exhibits a typical six transmembrane structure of the mitochondrial carrier family. The chemical shift perturbation patterns of different fatty acylcarnitines suggested that the segment A76–G81 in CAC specifically responds to the long-chain fatty acylcarnitine. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of palmitoyl-L-carnitine inside the CAC channel showed the respective interaction and motion of the long-chain acylcarnitine in CAC at the cytosol-open state and matrix-open state. Our data provided a molecular-based understanding of CAC structure and transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaopu Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; (X.J.); (S.F.)
| | - Shuai Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; (X.J.); (S.F.)
| | - Bin Wu
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, ZhangJiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Shuqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; (X.J.); (S.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (B.O.); Tel.: +86-021-54920143 (B.O.)
| | - Bo OuYang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (B.O.); Tel.: +86-021-54920143 (B.O.)
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Galluccio M, Console L, Pochini L, Scalise M, Giangregorio N, Indiveri C. Strategies for Successful Over-Expression of Human Membrane Transport Systems Using Bacterial Hosts: Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073823. [PMID: 35409183 PMCID: PMC8998559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten percent of human genes encode for membrane transport systems, which are key components in maintaining cell homeostasis. They are involved in the transport of nutrients, catabolites, vitamins, and ions, allowing the absorption and distribution of these compounds to the various body regions. In addition, roughly 60% of FDA-approved drugs interact with membrane proteins, among which are transporters, often responsible for pharmacokinetics and side effects. Defects of membrane transport systems can cause diseases; however, knowledge of the structure/function relationships of transporters is still limited. Among the expression of hosts that produce human membrane transport systems, E. coli is one of the most favorable for its low cultivation costs, fast growth, handiness, and extensive knowledge of its genetics and molecular mechanisms. However, the expression in E. coli of human membrane proteins is often toxic due to the hydrophobicity of these proteins and the diversity in structure with respect to their bacterial counterparts. Moreover, differences in codon usage between humans and bacteria hamper translation. This review summarizes the many strategies exploited to achieve the expression of human transport systems in bacteria, providing a guide to help people who want to deal with this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Galluccio
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4c, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Lara Console
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4c, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Lorena Pochini
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4c, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4c, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Nicola Giangregorio
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4c, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Jasper L, Scarcia P, Rust S, Reunert J, Palmieri F, Marquardt T. Uridine Treatment of the First Known Case of SLC25A36 Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189929. [PMID: 34576089 PMCID: PMC8470663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC25A36 is a pyrimidine nucleotide carrier playing an important role in maintaining mitochondrial biogenesis. Deficiencies in SLC25A36 in mouse embryonic stem cells have been associated with mtDNA depletion as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. In human beings, diseases triggered by SLC25A36 mutations have not been described yet. We report the first known case of SLC25A36 deficiency in a 12-year-old patient with hypothyroidism, hyperinsulinism, hyperammonemia, chronical obstipation, short stature, along with language and general developmental delay. Whole exome analysis identified the homozygous mutation c.803dupT, p.Ser269llefs*35 in the SLC25A36 gene. Functional analysis of mutant SLC25A36 protein in proteoliposomes showed a virtually abolished transport activity. Immunoblotting results suggest that the mutant SLC25A36 protein in the patient undergoes fast degradation. Supplementation with oral uridine led to an improvement of thyroid function and obstipation, increase of growth and developmental progress. Our findings suggest an important role of SLC25A36 in hormonal regulations and oral uridine as a safe and effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Jasper
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A13, 48149 Münster, Germany; (L.J.); (S.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Pasquale Scarcia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Stephan Rust
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A13, 48149 Münster, Germany; (L.J.); (S.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Janine Reunert
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A13, 48149 Münster, Germany; (L.J.); (S.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (T.M.)
| | - Thorsten Marquardt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A13, 48149 Münster, Germany; (L.J.); (S.R.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (T.M.)
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10
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Pasquadibisceglie A, Polticelli F. Computational studies of the mitochondrial carrier family SLC25. Present status and future perspectives. BIO-ALGORITHMS AND MED-SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/bams-2021-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The members of the mitochondrial carrier family, also known as solute carrier family 25 (SLC25), are transmembrane proteins involved in the translocation of a plethora of small molecules between the mitochondrial intermembrane space and the matrix. These transporters are characterized by three homologous domains structure and a transport mechanism that involves the transition between different conformations. Mutations in regions critical for these transporters’ function often cause several diseases, given the crucial role of these proteins in the mitochondrial homeostasis. Experimental studies can be problematic in the case of membrane proteins, in particular concerning the characterization of the structure–function relationships. For this reason, computational methods are often applied in order to develop new hypotheses or to support/explain experimental evidence. Here the computational analyses carried out on the SLC25 members are reviewed, describing the main techniques used and the outcome in terms of improved knowledge of the transport mechanism. Potential future applications on this protein family of more recent and advanced in silico methods are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences , Roma Tre University , Rome , Italy
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma Tre Section , Rome , Italy
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Tonazzi A, Giangregorio N, Console L, Palmieri F, Indiveri C. The Mitochondrial Carnitine Acyl-carnitine Carrier (SLC25A20): Molecular Mechanisms of Transport, Role in Redox Sensing and Interaction with Drugs. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040521. [PMID: 33807231 PMCID: PMC8066319 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The SLC25A20 transporter, also known as carnitine acyl-carnitine carrier (CAC), catalyzes the transport of short, medium and long carbon chain acyl-carnitines across the mitochondrial inner membrane in exchange for carnitine. The 30-year story of the protein responsible for this function started with its purification from rat liver mitochondria. Even though its 3D structure is not yet available, CAC is one of the most deeply characterized transport proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Other than functional, kinetic and mechanistic data, post-translational modifications regulating the transport activity of CAC have been revealed. CAC interactions with drugs or xenobiotics relevant to human health and toxicology and the response of the carrier function to dietary compounds have been discovered. Exploiting combined approaches of site-directed mutagenesis with chemical targeting and bioinformatics, a large set of data on structure/function relationships have been obtained, giving novel information on the molecular mechanism of the transport catalyzed by this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Tonazzi
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.T.); (N.G.)
| | - Nicola Giangregorio
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.T.); (N.G.)
| | - Lara Console
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy;
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.T.); (N.G.)
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (C.I.); Tel.: +39-080-544-3323 (F.P.); Tel.: +39-0984-492939 (C.I.)
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.T.); (N.G.)
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (C.I.); Tel.: +39-080-544-3323 (F.P.); Tel.: +39-0984-492939 (C.I.)
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12
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Biochemical and functional characterization of a mitochondrial citrate carrier in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem J 2020; 477:1759-1777. [PMID: 32329787 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A homolog of the mitochondrial succinate/fumarate carrier from yeast (Sfc1p) has been found in the Arabidopsis genome, named AtSFC1. The AtSFC1 gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the gene product was purified and reconstituted in liposomes. Its transport properties and kinetic parameters demonstrated that AtSFC1 transports citrate, isocitrate and aconitate and, to a lesser extent, succinate and fumarate. This carrier catalyzes a fast counter-exchange transport as well as a low uniport of substrates, exhibits a higher transport affinity for tricarboxylates than dicarboxylates, and is inhibited by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and other inhibitors of mitochondrial carriers to various degrees. Gene expression analysis indicated that the AtSFC1 transcript is mainly present in heterotrophic tissues, and fusion with a green-fluorescent protein localized AtSFC1 to the mitochondria. Furthermore, 35S-AtSFC1 antisense lines were generated and characterized at metabolic and physiological levels in different organs and at various developmental stages. Lower expression of AtSFC1 reduced seed germination and impaired radicle growth, a phenotype that was related to reduced respiration rate. These findings demonstrate that AtSFC1 might be involved in storage oil mobilization at the early stages of seedling growth and in nitrogen assimilation in root tissue by catalyzing citrate/isocitrate or citrate/succinate exchanges.
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13
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Cunningham CN, Rutter J. 20,000 picometers under the OMM: diving into the vastness of mitochondrial metabolite transport. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50071. [PMID: 32329174 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic compartmentalization enabled by mitochondria is key feature of many cellular processes such as energy conversion to ATP production, redox balance, and the biosynthesis of heme, urea, nucleotides, lipids, and others. For a majority of these functions, metabolites need to be transported across the impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane by dedicated carrier proteins. Here, we examine the substrates, structural features, and human health implications of four mitochondrial metabolite carrier families: the SLC25A family, the mitochondrial ABCB transporters, the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), and the sideroflexin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey N Cunningham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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14
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Effect of Copper on the Mitochondrial Carnitine/Acylcarnitine Carrier Via Interaction with Cys136 and Cys155. Possible Implications in Pathophysiology. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040820. [PMID: 32070004 PMCID: PMC7070283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of copper on the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) was studied. Transport function was assayed as [3H]carnitine/carnitine antiport in proteoliposomes reconstituted with the native protein extracted from rat liver mitochondria or with the recombinant CAC over-expressed in E. coli. Cu2+ (as well as Cu+) strongly inhibited the native transporter. The inhibition was reversed by GSH (reduced glutathione) or by DTE (dithioerythritol). Dose-response analysis of the inhibition of the native protein was performed from which an IC50 of 1.6 µM for Cu2+ was derived. The mechanism of inhibition was studied by using the recombinant WT or Cys site-directed mutants of CAC. From the dose-response curve of the effect of Cu2+ on the recombinant protein, an IC50 of 0.28 µM was derived. Inhibition kinetics revealed a non-competitive type of inhibition by Cu2+. However, a substrate protection experiment indicated that the interaction of Cu2+ with the protein occurred in the vicinity of the substrate-binding site. Dose-response analysis on Cys mutants led to much higher IC50 values for the mutants C136S or C155S. The highest value was obtained for the C136/155S double mutant, indicating the involvement of both Cys residues in the interaction with Cu2+. Computational analysis performed on the WT CAC and on Cys mutants showed a pattern of the binding energy mostly overlapping the binding affinity derived from the dose-response analysis. All the data concur with bridging of Cu2+ with the two Cys residues, which blocks the conformational changes required for transport cycle.
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15
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A Prospective Repurposing of Dantrolene as a Multitarget Agent for Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234298. [PMID: 31775359 PMCID: PMC6930524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan drug dantrolene (DAN) is the only therapeutic treatment for malignant hyperthermia (MH), a pharmacogenetic pathology affecting 0.2 over 10,000 people in the EU. It acts by inhibiting ryanodine receptors, which are responsible for calcium recruitment in striatal muscles and brain. Because of its involvement in calcium homeostasis, DAN has been successfully investigated for its potential as neuroprotecting small molecule in several animal models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Nevertheless, its effects at a molecular level, namely on putative targets involved in neurodegeneration, are still scarcely known. Herein, we present a prospective study on repurposing of DAN involving, besides the well-known calcium antagonism, inhibition of monoamine oxidase B and acetylcholinesterase, cytoprotection from oxidative insult, and activation of carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier, as concurring biological activities responsible for neuroprotection.
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16
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Gorgoglione R, Porcelli V, Santoro A, Daddabbo L, Vozza A, Monné M, Di Noia MA, Palmieri L, Fiermonte G, Palmieri F. The human uncoupling proteins 5 and 6 (UCP5/SLC25A14 and UCP6/SLC25A30) transport sulfur oxyanions, phosphate and dicarboxylates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:724-733. [PMID: 31356773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The human genome encodes 53 members of the solute carrier family 25 (SLC25), also called the mitochondrial carrier family. In this work, two members of this family, UCP5 (BMCP1, brain mitochondrial carrier protein 1 encoded by SLC25A14) and UCP6 (KMCP1, kidney mitochondrial carrier protein 1 encoded by SLC25A30) have been thoroughly characterized biochemically. They were overexpressed in bacteria, purified and reconstituted in phospholipid vesicles. Their transport properties and kinetic parameters demonstrate that UCP5 and UCP6 transport inorganic anions (sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate and phosphate) and, to a lesser extent, a variety of dicarboxylates (e.g. malonate, malate and citramalate) and, even more so, aspartate and (only UCP5) glutamate and tricarboxylates. Both carriers catalyzed a fast counter-exchange transport and a very low uniport of substrates. Transport was saturable and inhibited by mercurials and other mitochondrial carrier inhibitors at various degrees. The transport affinities of UCP5 and UCP6 were higher for sulfate and thiosulfate than for any other substrate, whereas the specific activity of UCP5 was much higher than that of UCP6. It is proposed that a main physiological role of UCP5 and UCP6 is to catalyze the export of sulfite and thiosulfate (the H2S degradation products) from the mitochondria, thereby modulating the level of the important signal molecule H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggiero Gorgoglione
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Porcelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Santoro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Daddabbo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vozza
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Di Noia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiermonte
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), 70126 Bari, Italy
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Giangregorio N, Tonazzi A, Console L, Pistillo M, Scalera V, Indiveri C. Tryptophan 224 of the rat mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier is crucial for the antiport mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:708-716. [PMID: 31340138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CACT) catalyzes an antiport of carnitine and acylcarnitines and also a uniport reaction with a rate of about one tenth with respect to the antiport rate. The antiport process results from the coupling of the two uniport reactions in opposite directions. In this mechanism, the transition of the carrier from the outward open conformation to the inward open one (or vice versa) is much faster for the carrier-substrate complex than for the unbound carrier. To investigate the molecular determinants that couple the binding of the substrate with the conformational transitions, site directed mutagenesis has been employed. The antiport or the uniport reaction was followed as [3H]carnitine uptake in or efflux from proteoliposomes reconstituted with the WT or Trp mutants of the rat CACT. Substitution of each the three Trp residues led to different results. Nearly no variations were observed upon substitution of W192 and/or W296 with Ala. While, substantial alteration of the transport function was observed in the mutants W224A, W224Y and W224F. Mutation of W224 led to the loss of the antiport function while the uniport function was unaltered. In these mutants impairment of the substrate affinity on the external side was also observed. The data highlights that W224 is involved in the coupling of the substrate binding with the matrix gate opening. The experimental data are in line with predictions by homology modeling of the CACT in its cytosolic (c-state) or matrix (m-state) opened conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Giangregorio
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Tonazzi
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariella Pistillo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Scalera
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
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The mitochondrial citrate carrier in Yarrowia lipolytica: Its identification, characterization and functional significance for the production of citric acid. Metab Eng 2019; 54:264-274. [PMID: 31071446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial citrate carrier plays a central role in exporting acetyl-CoA in the form of citrate from mitochondria to cytosol thereby connecting carbohydrate catabolism and lipogenesis. In this study, Yarrowia lipolytica mitochondrial citrate carrier was functionally defined and characterized. Firstly, deletion of Y. lipolytica YlCTP1 and YlYHM2 genes coding putative tricarboxylate mitochondrial carriers were performed. ΔYlctp1 strain did not differ significantly from wild type strain in terms of growth rate, organic acids and lipid production. In contrast, ΔYlyhm2 strain did not grow in liquid citrate-containing minimal medium. Moreover, in glucose-containing lipogenic medium YlYHM2 null mutant strain did not produce citric acid; the production of isocitric acid and lipids were decreased. Reintroduction of YlYHM2 gene as well as heterologous expression of Aspergillus niger gene AnYHM2 into ΔYlyhm2 strain restored the growth in minimal citrate medium and even enhanced citric acid production by 45% in both variants compared with wild type strain during test tube cultivation. Mitochondrial extracts isolated from YlYHM2 null mutant and wild type strain were incorporated into liposomes; citrate/citrate and α-ketoglutarate/α-ketoglutarate homoexchange activities were reduced by 87% and 40% in ΔYlyhm2 strain, respectively, compared with the wild type, whereas citratein/α-ketoglutarateout and α-ketoglutaratein/citrateout heteroexchanges were decreased by 87% and 95%, respectively. YlYhm2p was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and reconstituted into liposomes. Besides high efficiency to citrate and α-ketoglutarate transport, YlYhm2p also transported oxaloacetate, succinate, fumarate, and to a much lesser extent, aconitate, malate, isocitrate, oxoadipate, and glutamate. The activity of reconstituted YlYhm2p was inhibited strongly by SH-blocking reagents, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, and partly by N-ethylmaleimide. Co-expression of YlYHM2 and adenosine monophosphate deaminase YlAMPD genes resulted in the production of 49.7 g/L of citric acid during test tube cultivation, whereas wild type strain accumulated 30.1 g/L of citric acid. Large-scale cultivation in bioreactor of the engineered strain resulted in 97.1 g/L of citric acid production with a process selectivity of 94.2% and an overall citric acid yield of 0.5 g/g. The maximal specific rate of citric acid synthesis was 0.93 g/L/h. Therefore, the physiological role of YlYhm2p in glucose-containing medium is to catalyze both import of citrate into mitochondria for catabolic reactions and export of citrate as a source of acetyl-CoA from mitochondria. Possible shuttles for citrate exporting are discussed. Moreover, for the first time evidence has been given for the improvement of TCA cycle intermediate production by manipulation of a gene coding a mitochondrial carrier.
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Console L, Giangregorio N, Cellamare S, Bolognino I, Palasciano M, Indiveri C, Incampo G, Campana S, Tonazzi A. Human mitochondrial carnitine acylcarnitine carrier: Molecular target of dietary bioactive polyphenols from sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Chem Biol Interact 2019; 307:179-185. [PMID: 31063765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of polyphenols, recognized as the principal antioxidant and beneficial molecules introduced with the diet, extracted from sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) on the recombinant human mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter (CACT) has been studied in proteoliposomes. CACT transport activity, which was strongly impaired after oxidation by atmospheric O2 or H2O2, due to the formation of a disulfide bridge between cysteines 136 and 155, was restored by externally added polyphenols. CACT reduction by polyphenols was time dependent. Spectroscopic analysis of polyphenolic extracts revealed eight most represented compounds in four cultivars. Molecular docking of CACT structural omology model with the most either abundant and arguably bio-available phenolic compound (trans 3-O-feruloyl-quinic acid) of the mix, is in agreement with the experimental data since it results located in the active site close to cysteine 136 at the bottom of the translocation aqueous cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Console
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Via Bucci 4C, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Nicola Giangregorio
- CNR-IBIOM (Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology), via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, Via Orabona 4, 70125, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Saverio Cellamare
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Via Orabona 4, 70125, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Isabella Bolognino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Via Orabona 4, 70125, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Marino Palasciano
- DiSSPA (Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science), University of Bari, via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Via Bucci 4C, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; CNR-IBIOM (Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology), via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Incampo
- CNR-IBIOM (Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology), via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, Via Orabona 4, 70125, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Campana
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, Via Orabona 4, 70125, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Tonazzi
- CNR-IBIOM (Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology), via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, Via Orabona 4, 70125, University of Bari, Italy.
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20
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Giangregorio N, Tonazzi A, Console L, Galluccio M, Porcelli V, Indiveri C. Structure/function relationships of the human mitochondrial ornithine/citrulline carrier by Cys site-directed mutagenesis. Relevance to mercury toxicity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:93-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Porcelli V, Vozza A, Calcagnile V, Gorgoglione R, Arrigoni R, Fontanesi F, Marobbio CMT, Castegna A, Palmieri F, Palmieri L. Molecular identification and functional characterization of a novel glutamate transporter in yeast and plant mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:1249-1258. [PMID: 30297026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes 35 members of the mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) and 58 MCF members are coded by the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, most of which have been functionally characterized. Here two members of this family, Ymc2p from S. cerevisiae and BOU from Arabidopsis, have been thoroughly characterized. These proteins were overproduced in bacteria and reconstituted into liposomes. Their transport properties and kinetic parameters demonstrate that Ymc2p and BOU transport glutamate, and to a much lesser extent L-homocysteinesulfinate, but not other amino acids and many other tested metabolites. Transport catalyzed by both carriers was saturable, inhibited by mercuric chloride and dependent on the proton gradient across the proteoliposomal membrane. The growth phenotype of S. cerevisiae cells lacking the genes ymc2 and agc1, which encodes the only other S. cerevisiae carrier capable to transport glutamate besides aspartate, was fully complemented by expressing Ymc2p, Agc1p or BOU. Mitochondrial extracts derived from ymc2Δagc1Δ cells, reconstituted into liposomes, exhibited no glutamate transport at variance with wild-type, ymc2Δ and agc1Δ cells, showing that S. cerevisiae cells grown in the presence of acetate do not contain additional mitochondrial transporters for glutamate besides Ymc2p and Agc1p. Furthermore, mitochondria isolated from wild-type, ymc2Δ and agc1Δ strains, but not from the double mutant ymc2Δagc1Δ strain, swell in isosmotic ammonium glutamate showing that glutamate is transported by Ymc2p and Agc1p together with a H+. It is proposed that the function of Ymc2p and BOU is to transport glutamate across the mitochondrial inner membrane and thereby play a role in intermediary metabolism, C1 metabolism and mitochondrial protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Porcelli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vozza
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Calcagnile
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Gorgoglione
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Arrigoni
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
| | - Flavia Fontanesi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Carlo M T Marobbio
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Castegna
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Bari, Italy.
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22
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Monné M, Daddabbo L, Gagneul D, Obata T, Hielscher B, Palmieri L, Miniero DV, Fernie AR, Weber APM, Palmieri F. Uncoupling proteins 1 and 2 (UCP1 and UCP2) from Arabidopsis thaliana are mitochondrial transporters of aspartate, glutamate, and dicarboxylates. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4213-4227. [PMID: 29371401 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains 58 members of the solute carrier family SLC25, also called the mitochondrial carrier family, many of which have been shown to transport specific metabolites, nucleotides, and cofactors across the mitochondrial membrane. Here, two Arabidopsis members of this family, AtUCP1 and AtUCP2, which were previously thought to be uncoupling proteins and hence named UCP1/PUMP1 and UCP2/PUMP2, respectively, are assigned with a novel function. They were expressed in bacteria, purified, and reconstituted in phospholipid vesicles. Their transport properties demonstrate that they transport amino acids (aspartate, glutamate, cysteine sulfinate, and cysteate), dicarboxylates (malate, oxaloacetate, and 2-oxoglutarate), phosphate, sulfate, and thiosulfate. Transport was saturable and inhibited by mercurials and other mitochondrial carrier inhibitors to various degrees. AtUCP1 and AtUCP2 catalyzed a fast counterexchange transport as well as a low uniport of substrates, with transport rates of AtUCP1 being much higher than those of AtUCP2 in both cases. The aspartate/glutamate heteroexchange mediated by AtUCP1 and AtUCP2 is electroneutral, in contrast to that mediated by the mammalian mitochondrial aspartate glutamate carrier. Furthermore, both carriers were found to be targeted to mitochondria. Metabolite profiling of single and double knockouts shows changes in organic acid and amino acid levels. Notably, AtUCP1 and AtUCP2 are the first reported mitochondrial carriers in Arabidopsis to transport aspartate and glutamate. It is proposed that the primary function of AtUCP1 and AtUCP2 is to catalyze an aspartateout/glutamatein exchange across the mitochondrial membrane and thereby contribute to the export of reducing equivalents from the mitochondria in photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Monné
- From the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.,the Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Lucia Daddabbo
- From the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - David Gagneul
- the Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- the Department Willmitzer, Max-Planck-Institut fur Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muhlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany, and
| | - Björn Hielscher
- the Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- From the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.,the Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Valeria Miniero
- From the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- the Department Willmitzer, Max-Planck-Institut fur Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muhlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany, and
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- the Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- From the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy, .,the Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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23
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Scarcia P, Palmieri L, Agrimi G, Palmieri F, Rottensteiner H. Three mitochondrial transporters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are essential for ammonium fixation and lysine biosynthesis in synthetic minimal medium. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 122:54-60. [PMID: 28784321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae YHM2, ODC1 and ODC2 encode three transporters that are localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In this study, the roles of YHM2, ODC1 and ODC2 in the assimilation of nitrogen and in the biosynthesis of lysine have been investigated. Both the odc1Δodc2Δ double knockout and the yhm2Δ mutant grew similarly as the YPH499 wild-type strain on synthetic minimal medium (SM) containing 2% glucose and ammonia as the main nitrogen source. In contrast, the yhm2Δodc1Δodc2Δ triple knockout exhibited a marked growth defect under the same conditions. This defect was fully restored by the individual expression of YHM2, ODC1 or ODC2 in the triple deletion strain. Furthermore, the lack of growth of yhm2Δodc1Δodc2Δ on 2% glucose SM was rescued by the addition of glutamate, but not glutamine, to the medium. Using lysine-prototroph YPH499-derived strains, the yhm2Δodc1Δodc2Δ knockout (but not the odc1Δodc2Δ and yhm2Δ mutants) also displayed a growth defect in lysine biosynthesis on 2% glucose SM, which was rescued by the addition of lysine and, to a lesser extent, by the addition of 2-aminoadipate. Additional analysis of the triple mutant showed that it is not respiratory-deficient and does not display mitochondrial DNA instability. These results provide evidence that only the simultaneous absence of YHM2, ODC1 and ODC2 impairs the export from the mitochondrial matrix of i) 2-oxoglutarate which is necessary for the synthesis of glutamate and ammonium fixation in the cytosol and ii) 2-oxoadipate which is required for lysine biosynthesis in the cytosol. Finally, the data presented allow one to suggest that the yhm2Δodc1Δodc2Δ triple knockout is suitable in complementation studies aimed at assessing the pathogenic potential of human SLC25A21 (ODC) mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Scarcia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - L Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - G Agrimi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - F Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - H Rottensteiner
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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24
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Isom GL, Davies NJ, Chong ZS, Bryant JA, Jamshad M, Sharif M, Cunningham AF, Knowles TJ, Chng SS, Cole JA, Henderson IR. MCE domain proteins: conserved inner membrane lipid-binding proteins required for outer membrane homeostasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8608. [PMID: 28819315 PMCID: PMC5561183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial proteins with MCE domains were first described as being important for Mammalian Cell Entry. More recent evidence suggests they are components of lipid ABC transporters. In Escherichia coli, the single-domain protein MlaD is known to be part of an inner membrane transporter that is important for maintenance of outer membrane lipid asymmetry. Here we describe two multi MCE domain-containing proteins in Escherichia coli, PqiB and YebT, the latter of which is an orthologue of MAM-7 that was previously reported to be an outer membrane protein. We show that all three MCE domain-containing proteins localise to the inner membrane. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that MCE domains are widely distributed across bacterial phyla but multi MCE domain-containing proteins evolved in Proteobacteria from single-domain proteins. Mutants defective in mlaD, pqiAB and yebST were shown to have distinct but partially overlapping phenotypes, but the primary functions of PqiB and YebT differ from MlaD. Complementing our previous findings that all three proteins bind phospholipids, results presented here indicate that multi-domain proteins evolved in Proteobacteria for specific functions in maintaining cell envelope homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia L Isom
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nathaniel J Davies
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zhi-Soon Chong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jack A Bryant
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Jamshad
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Sharif
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Knowles
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shu-Sin Chng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey A Cole
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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25
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Monné M, Daddabbo L, Giannossa LC, Nicolardi MC, Palmieri L, Miniero DV, Mangone A, Palmieri F. Mitochondrial ATP-Mg/phosphate carriers transport divalent inorganic cations in complex with ATP. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2017; 49:369-380. [PMID: 28695448 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-017-9721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-Mg/phosphate carriers (APCs) modulate the intramitochondrial adenine nucleotide pool size. In this study the concentration-dependent effects of Mg2+ and other divalent cations (Me2+) on the transport of [3H]ATP in liposomes reconstituted with purified human and Arabidopsis APCs (hAPCs and AtAPCs, respectively, including some lacking their N-terminal domains) have been investigated. The transport of Me2+ mediated by these proteins was also measured. In the presence of a low external concentration of [3H]ATP (12 μM) and increasing concentrations of Me2+, Mg2+ stimulated the activity (measured as initial transport rate of [3H]ATP) of hAPCs and decreased that of AtAPCs; Fe2+ and Zn2+ stimulated markedly hAPCs and moderately AtAPCs; Ca2+ and Mn2+ markedly AtAPCs and moderately hAPCs; and Cu2+ decreased the activity of both hAPCs and AtAPCs. All the Me2+-dependent effects correlated well with the amount of ATP-Me complex present. The transport of [14C]AMP, which has a much lower ability of complexation than ATP, was not affected by the presence of the Me2+ tested, except Cu2+. Furthermore, the transport of [3H]ATP catalyzed by the ATP/ADP carrier, which is known to transport only free ATP and ADP, was inhibited by all the Me2+ tested in an inverse relationship with the formation of the ATP-Me complex. Finally, direct measurements of Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ showed that they are cotransported with ATP by both hAPCs and AtAPCs. It is likely that in vivo APCs transport free ATP and ATP-Mg complex to different degrees, and probably trace amounts of other Me2+ in complex with ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.,Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Lucia Daddabbo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Maria Cristina Nicolardi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.,Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Valeria Miniero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Annarosa Mangone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy. .,Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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26
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Tonazzi A, Giangregorio N, Console L, De Palma A, Indiveri C. Nitric oxide inhibits the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier through reversible S-nitrosylation of cysteine 136. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:475-482. [PMID: 28438511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosylation of the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter (CACT) has been investigated on the native and the recombinant proteins reconstituted in proteoliposomes, and on intact mitochondria. The widely-used NO-releasing compound, GSNO, strongly inhibited the antiport measured in proteoliposomes reconstituted with the native CACT from rat liver mitochondria or the recombinant rat CACT over-expressed in E. coli. Inhibition was reversed by the reducing agent dithioerythritol, indicating a reaction mechanism based on nitrosylation of Cys residues of the CACT. The half inhibition constant (IC50) was very similar for the native and recombinant proteins, i.e., 74 and 71μM, respectively. The inhibition resulted to be competitive with respect the substrate, carnitine. NO competed also with NEM, correlating well with previous data showing interference of NEM with the substrate transport path. Using a site-directed mutagenesis approach on Cys residues of the recombinant CACT, the target of NO was identified. C136 plays a major role in the reaction mechanism. The occurrence of S-nitrosylation was demonstrated in intact mitochondria after treatment with GSNO, immunoprecipitation and immunostaining of CACT with a specific anti NO-Cys antibody. In parallel samples, transport activity of CACT measured in intact mitochondria, was strongly inhibited after GSNO treatment. The possible physiological and pathological implications of the post-translational modification of CACT are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Tonazzi
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Giangregorio
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Via Bucci 4C, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Via Bucci 4C, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
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27
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Post-translational modification by acetylation regulates the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine transport protein. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 426:65-73. [PMID: 27864727 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter (CACT; SLC25A20) mediates an antiport reaction allowing entry of acyl moieties in the form of acylcarnitines into the mitochondrial matrix and exit of free carnitine. The transport function of CACT is crucial for the β-oxidation pathway. In this work, it has been found that CACT is partially acetylated in rat liver mitochondria as demonstrated by anti-acetyl-lys antibody immunostaining. Acetylation was reversed by the deacetylase Sirtuin 3 in the presence of NAD+. After treatment of the mitochondrial extract with the deacetylase, the CACT activity, assayed in proteoliposomes, increased. The half-saturation constant of the CACT was not influenced, while the V max was increased by deacetylation. Sirtuin 3 was not able to deacetylate the CACT when incubation was performed in intact mitoplasts, indicating that the acetylation sites are located in the mitochondrial matrix. Prediction on the localization of acetylated residues by bioinformatics correlates well with the experimental data. Recombinant CACT treated with acetyl-CoA was partially acetylated by non-enzymatic mechanism with a corresponding decrease of transport activity. The experimental data indicate that acetylation of CACT inhibits its transport activity, and thus may contribute to the regulation of the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway.
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28
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Palmieri F, Monné M. Discoveries, metabolic roles and diseases of mitochondrial carriers: A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2362-78. [PMID: 26968366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial carriers (MCs) are a superfamily of nuclear-encoded proteins that are mostly localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane and transport numerous metabolites, nucleotides, cofactors and inorganic anions. Their unique sequence features, i.e., a tripartite structure, six transmembrane α-helices and a three-fold repeated signature motif, allow MCs to be easily recognized. This review describes how the functions of MCs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Homo sapiens and Arabidopsis thaliana (listed in the first table) were discovered after the genome sequence of S. cerevisiae was determined in 1996. In the genomic era, more than 50 previously unknown MCs from these organisms have been identified and characterized biochemically using a method consisting of gene expression, purification of the recombinant proteins, their reconstitution into liposomes and transport assays (EPRA). Information derived from studies with intact mitochondria, genetic and metabolic evidence, sequence similarity, phylogenetic analysis and complementation of knockout phenotypes have guided the choice of substrates that were tested in the transport assays. In addition, the diseases associated to defects of human MCs have been briefly reviewed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Channels edited by Pierre Sonveaux, Pierre Maechler and Jean-Claude Martinou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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29
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The mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier is regulated by hydrogen sulfide via interaction with C136 and C155. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:20-7. [PMID: 26459002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC or CACT) mediates transport of acylcarnitines into mitochondria for the β-oxidation. CAC possesses Cys residues which respond to redox changes undergoing to SH/disulfide interconversion. METHODS The effect of H2S has been investigated on the [(3)H]carnitine/carnitine antiport catalyzed by recombinant or native CAC reconstituted in proteoliposomes. Site-directed mutagenesis was employed for identifying Cys reacting with H2S. RESULTS H2S led to transport inhibition, which was dependent on concentration, pH and time of incubation. Best inhibition with IC50 of 0.70 μM was observed at physiological pH after 30-60 min incubation. At longer times of incubation, inhibition was reversed. After oxidation of the carrier by O2, transport activity was rescued by H2S indicating that the inhibition/activation depends on the initial redox state of the protein. The observed effects were more efficient on the native rat liver transporter than on the recombinant protein. Only the protein containing both C136 and C155 responded to the reagent as the WT. While reduced responses were observed in the mutants containing C136 or C155. Multi-alignment of known mitochondrial carriers, highlighted that only the CAC possesses both Cys residues. This correlates well with the absence of effects of H2S on carriers which does not contain the Cys couple. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these data demonstrate that H2S regulates the CAC by inhibiting or activating transport on the basis of the redox state of the protein. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE CAC represents a specific target of H2S among mitochondrial carriers in agreement with the presence of a reactive Cys couple.
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Functional characterization and organ distribution of three mitochondrial ATP-Mg/Pi carriers in Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1220-30. [PMID: 26140942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains 58 membrane proteins belonging to the mitochondrial carrier family. Three members of this family, here named AtAPC1, AtAPC2, and AtAPC3, exhibit high structural similarities to the human mitochondrial ATP-Mg(2+)/phosphate carriers. Under normal physiological conditions the AtAPC1 gene was expressed at least five times more than the other two AtAPC genes in flower, leaf, stem, root and seedlings. However, in stress conditions the expression levels of AtAPC1 and AtAPC3 change. Direct transport assays with recombinant and reconstituted AtAPC1, AtAPC2 and AtAPC3 showed that they transport phosphate, AMP, ADP, ATP, adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate and, to a lesser extent, other nucleotides. AtAPC2 and AtAPC3 also had the ability to transport sulfate and thiosulfate. All three AtAPCs catalyzed a counter-exchange transport that was saturable and inhibited by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The transport activities of AtAPCs were also inhibited by the addition of EDTA or EGTA and stimulated by the addition of Ca(2+). Given that phosphate and sulfate can be recycled via their own specific carriers, these findings indicate that AtAPCs can catalyze net transfer of adenine nucleotides across the inner mitochondrial membrane in exchange for phosphate (or sulfate), and that this transport is regulated both at the transcriptional level and by Ca(2+).
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31
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Console L, Giangregorio N, Indiveri C, Tonazzi A. Carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 form a complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 394:307-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Porcelli V, Fiermonte G, Longo A, Palmieri F. The human gene SLC25A29, of solute carrier family 25, encodes a mitochondrial transporter of basic amino acids. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13374-84. [PMID: 24652292 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.547448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome encodes 53 members of the solute carrier family 25 (SLC25), also called the mitochondrial carrier family, many of which have been shown to transport carboxylates, amino acids, nucleotides, and cofactors across the inner mitochondrial membrane, thereby connecting cytosolic and matrix functions. In this work, a member of this family, SLC25A29, previously reported to be a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine- or ornithine-like carrier, has been thoroughly characterized biochemically. The SLC25A29 gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the gene product was purified and reconstituted in phospholipid vesicles. Its transport properties and kinetic parameters demonstrate that SLC25A29 transports arginine, lysine, homoarginine, methylarginine and, to a much lesser extent, ornithine and histidine. Carnitine and acylcarnitines were not transported by SLC25A29. This carrier catalyzed substantial uniport besides a counter-exchange transport, exhibited a high transport affinity for arginine and lysine, and was saturable and inhibited by mercurial compounds and other inhibitors of mitochondrial carriers to various degrees. The main physiological role of SLC25A29 is to import basic amino acids into mitochondria for mitochondrial protein synthesis and amino acid degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Porcelli
- From the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
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33
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Indiveri C, Galluccio M, Scalise M, Pochini L. Strategies of bacterial over expression of membrane transporters relevant in human health: the successful case of the three members of OCTN subfamily. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 54:724-36. [PMID: 22843325 PMCID: PMC3636443 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The OCTN subfamily includes OCTN1, 2, and 3 which are structurally and functionally related. These transporters are involved in maintenance of the carnitine homeostasis, which is essential in mammals for fatty acid β-oxidation, VLDL assembly, post-translational modifications, and other essential functions. Indeed, defects of these transporters lead to severe pathologies. OCTN1 and OCTN2 are expressed in many human tissues, while OCTN3 gene has been identified only in mouse and rat. The transporters mediate transport of carnitine and other substrates with different efficiencies and mechanisms. In order to over express the three proteins, a screening of many combinations of E. coli strains with plasmid constructs has been conducted. Only Rosetta(DE3) or Rosettagami2(DE3) gave significant expression. Higher protein amounts were firstly obtained with pET-41a(+) or pGEX-4T1 carrying fusion protein tags which required additional purification passages. Vectors carrying only a 6His tag, suitable for single passage purification, were preferred even though they lead to lower initial expression levels. Expressions were then increased optimizing several critical parameters. hOCTN1 was obtained with pH6EX3 in RosettaGami2(DE3)pLysS. hOCTN2 and mOCTN3 were obtained using pET-21a(+) in Rosetta(DE3). In particular, hOCTN2 was expressed only after codon bias, substituting the second triplet CGG with AAA (R2K mutant). The best growth conditions for hOCTN1 and mOCTN3 were 28 °C and 6 h of induction, while 4 h of induction for hOCTN2R2K. The proteins collected in the insoluble fraction of cell lysates, solubilized with sarkosyl, were purified by Ni-chelating chromatography. Final yield was 2.0, 3.0, or 3.5 mg/l of cell culture for mOCTN3, hOCTN1, or hOCTN2R2K. The data indicated that, in spite of the close evolutionary relations, several factors play different critical roles in bacterial expression of the three proteins, thus general criteria cannot be underlined. However, the strategy of dealing with related proteins revealed to be finally successful for over expressing all the three subfamily members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Indiveri
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
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Tonazzi A, Eberini I, Indiveri C. Molecular mechanism of inhibition of the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter by omeprazole revealed by proteoliposome assay, mutagenesis and bioinformatics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82286. [PMID: 24349247 PMCID: PMC3857281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of omeprazole on the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter has been studied in proteoliposomes. Externally added omeprazole inhibited the carnitine/carnitine antiport catalysed by the transporter. The inhibition was partially reversed by DTE indicating that it was caused by the covalent reaction of omeprazole with Cys residue(s). Inhibition of the C-less mutant transporter indicated also the occurrence of an alternative non-covalent mechanism. The IC50 of the inhibition of the WT and the C-less CACT by omeprazole were 5.4 µM and 29 µM, respectively. Inhibition kinetics showed non competitive inhibition of the WT and competitive inhibition of the C-less. The presence of carnitine or acylcarnitines during the incubation of the proteoliposomes with omeprazole increased the inhibition. Using site-directed Cys mutants it was demonstrated that C283 and C136 were essential for covalent inhibition. Molecular docking of omeprazole with CACT indicated the formation of both covalent interactions with C136 and C283 and non-covalent interactions in agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Laboratorio di Biochimica e Biofisica Computazionale, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Sezione di Biochimica, Biofisica, Fisiologia ed Immunopatologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Bari, Italy
- Department BEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The mitochondrion relies on compartmentalization of certain enzymes, ions and metabolites for the sake of efficient metabolism. In order to fulfil its activities, a myriad of carriers are properly expressed, targeted and folded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Among these carriers, the six-transmembrane-helix mitochondrial SLC25 (solute carrier family 25) proteins facilitate transport of solutes with disparate chemical identities across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Although their proper function replenishes building blocks needed for metabolic reactions, dysfunctional SLC25 proteins are involved in pathological states. It is the purpose of the present review to cover the current knowledge on the role of SLC25 transporters in health and disease.
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Glutathione controls the redox state of the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier Cys residues by glutathionylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:5299-304. [PMID: 23948593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) is essential for cell metabolism since it catalyzes the transport of acylcarnitines into mitochondria allowing the β-oxidation of fatty acids. CAC functional and structural properties have been characterized. Cys residues which could form disulfides suggest the involvement of CAC in redox switches. METHODS The effect of GSH and GSSG on the [(3)H]-carnitine/carnitine antiport catalyzed by the CAC in proteoliposomes has been studied. The Cys residues involved in the redox switch have been identified by site-directed mutagenesis. Glutathionylated CAC has been assessed by glutathionyl-protein specific antibody. RESULTS GSH led to increase of transport activity of the CAC extracted from liver mitochondria. A similar effect was observed on the recombinant CAC. The presence of glutaredoxin-1 (Grx1) accelerated the GSH activation of the recombinant CAC. The effect was more evident at 37°C. GSSG led to transport inhibition which was reversed by dithioerythritol (DTE). The effects of GSH and GSSG were studied on CAC Cys-mutants. CAC lacking C136 and C155 was insensitive to both reagents. Mutants containing these two Cys responded as the wild-type. Anti-glutathionyl antibody revealed the formation of glutathionylated CAC. CONCLUSIONS CAC is redox-sensitive and it is regulated by the GSH/GSSG couple. C136 and C155 are responsible for the regulation which occurs through glutathionylation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE CAC is sensitive to the redox state of the cell switching between oxidized and reduced forms in response to variation of GSSG and GSH concentrations.
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Tonazzi A, Console L, Indiveri C. Inhibition of mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter by H2O2: Molecular mechanism and possible implication in pathophysiology. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:423-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Violante S, Ijlst L, Ruiter J, Koster J, van Lenthe H, Duran M, de Almeida IT, Wanders RJA, Houten SM, Ventura FV. Substrate specificity of human carnitine acetyltransferase: Implications for fatty acid and branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:773-9. [PMID: 23485643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Carnitine acyltransferases catalyze the reversible conversion of acyl-CoAs into acylcarnitine esters. This family includes the mitochondrial enzymes carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) and carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT). CPT2 is part of the carnitine shuttle that is necessary to import fatty acids into mitochondria and catalyzes the conversion of acylcarnitines into acyl-CoAs. In addition, when mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation is impaired, CPT2 is able to catalyze the reverse reaction and converts accumulating long- and medium-chain acyl-CoAs into acylcarnitines for export from the matrix to the cytosol. However, CPT2 is inactive with short-chain acyl-CoAs and intermediates of the branched-chain amino acid oxidation pathway (BCAAO). In order to explore the origin of short-chain and branched-chain acylcarnitines that may accumulate in various organic acidemias, we performed substrate specificity studies using purified recombinant human CrAT. Various saturated, unsaturated and branched-chain acyl-CoA esters were tested and the synthesized acylcarnitines were quantified by ESI-MS/MS. We show that CrAT converts short- and medium-chain acyl-CoAs (C2 to C10-CoA), whereas no activity was observed with long-chain species. Trans-2-enoyl-CoA intermediates were found to be poor substrates for this enzyme. Furthermore, CrAT turned out to be active towards some but not all the BCAAO intermediates tested and no activity was found with dicarboxylic acyl-CoA esters. This suggests the existence of another enzyme able to handle the acyl-CoAs that are not substrates for CrAT and CPT2, but for which the corresponding acylcarnitines are well recognized as diagnostic markers in inborn errors of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Violante
- Metabolism and Genetics Group, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Portugal
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Transcriptional Regulation of the Mitochondrial Citrate and Carnitine/Acylcarnitine Transporters: Two Genes Involved in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and β-oxidation. BIOLOGY 2013; 2:284-303. [PMID: 24832661 PMCID: PMC4009865 DOI: 10.3390/biology2010284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism is considered the major long-term regulatory mechanism controlling lipid homeostasis. By means of this mechanism, transcription factors, nutrients, hormones and epigenetics control not only fatty acid metabolism, but also many metabolic pathways and cellular functions at the molecular level. The regulation of the expression of many genes at the level of their transcription has already been analyzed. This review focuses on the transcriptional control of two genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and oxidation: the citrate carrier (CIC) and the carnitine/ acylcarnitine/carrier (CAC), which are members of the mitochondrial carrier gene family, SLC25. The contribution of tissue-specific and less tissue-specific transcription factors in activating or repressing CIC and CAC gene expression is discussed. The interaction with drugs of some transcription factors, such as PPAR and FOXA1, and how this interaction can be an attractive therapeutic approach, has also been evaluated. Moreover, the mechanism by which the expression of the CIC and CAC genes is modulated by coordinated responses to hormonal and nutritional changes and to epigenetics is highlighted.
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Violante S, IJlst L, Brinke HT, Almeida IT, Wanders RJA, Ventura FV, Houten SM. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 and carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase are involved in the mitochondrial synthesis and export of acylcarnitines. FASEB J 2013; 27:2039-44. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-216689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Violante
- Metabolism and Genetics GroupResearch Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL)Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department Clinical Chemistry and PediatricsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk IJlst
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department Clinical Chemistry and PediatricsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Heleen te Brinke
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department Clinical Chemistry and PediatricsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Isabel Tavares Almeida
- Metabolism and Genetics GroupResearch Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL)Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Ronald J. A. Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department Clinical Chemistry and PediatricsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Fátima V. Ventura
- Metabolism and Genetics GroupResearch Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL)Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Sander M. Houten
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department Clinical Chemistry and PediatricsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Zhang L, Zhang Q, Wang C. Refolding of detergent-denatured lysozyme using β-cyclodextrin-assisted ion exchange chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 27:365-70. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science; Northwest University; Xi'an; 710069; China
| | - Qinming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science; Northwest University; Xi'an; 710069; China
| | - Chaozhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science; Northwest University; Xi'an; 710069; China
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Tonazzi A, Console L, Giangregorio N, Indiveri C, Palmieri F. Identification by site-directed mutagenesis of a hydrophobic binding site of the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier involved in the interaction with acyl groups. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:697-704. [PMID: 22365929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of hydrophobic residues of the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) in the inhibition by acylcarnitines has been investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. According to the homology model of CAC in cytosolic opened conformation (c-state), L14, G17, G21, V25, P78, V82, M85, C89, F93, A276, A279, C283, F287 are located in the 1st (H1), 2nd (H2) and 6th (H6) transmembrane α-helices and exposed in the central cavity, forming a hydrophobic half shell. These residues have been substituted with A (or G) and in some cases with M. Mutants have been assayed for transport activity measured as [(3)H]carnitine/carnitine antiport in proteoliposomes. With the exception of G17A and G21M, mutants exhibited activity from 20% to 100% of WT. Among the active mutants only G21A, V25M, P78A and P78M showed Vmax lower than half and/or Km more than two fold respect to WT. Acylcarnitines competitively inhibited carnitine antiport. The extent of inhibition of the mutants by acylcarnitines with acyl chain length of 2, 4, 8, 12, 14 and 16 has been compared with the WT. V25A, P78A, P78M and A279G showed reduced extent of inhibition by all the acylcarnitines; V25M showed reduced inhibition by shorter acylcarnitines; V82A, V82M, M85A, C89A and A276G showed reduced inhibition by longer acylcarnitines, respect to WT. C283A showed increased extent of inhibition by acylcarnitines. Variations of Ki of mutants for acylcarnitines reflected variations of the inhibition profiles. The data demonstrated that V25, P78, V82, M85 and C89 are involved in the acyl chain binding to the CAC in c-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Tonazzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Indiveri C, Iacobazzi V, Tonazzi A, Giangregorio N, Infantino V, Convertini P, Console L, Palmieri F. The mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier: Function, structure and physiopathology. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 32:223-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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44
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Role of FOXA and Sp1 in mitochondrial acylcarnitine carrier gene expression in different cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 404:376-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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45
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Site-directed mutagenesis of charged amino acids of the human mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier: Insight into the molecular mechanism of transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:839-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Site-directed mutagenesis of the His residues of the rat mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier: Implications for the role of His-29 in the transport pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:1009-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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De Lucas JR, Indiveri C, Tonazzi A, Perez P, Giangregorio N, Iacobazzi V, Palmieri F. Functional characterization of residues within the carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase RX2PANAAXF distinct motif. Mol Membr Biol 2008; 25:152-63. [PMID: 18307102 DOI: 10.1080/09687680701697476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) is characterized by the presence of a distinct motif, RXXPANAAXF, within its sixth transmembrane alpha-helix. In this study, we analysed the role of the amino acids of this motif in the structure-function relationships of the human CAC by using two complementary approaches. First, we performed functional analysis in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans of selected mutations with structural and functional relevance. Second, similar mutant human CACs were biochemically characterized after their reconstitution into liposomes. Both analyses have provided relevant information on the importance and role of the CAC motif residues in the activity and metabolic function of CAC. Only the two adjacent alanines, Ala281 and Ala282 in the human CAC, have been found not to be crucial for transport activity and in vivo function. Results obtained from amino acid substitutions of residues Arg275, Asn280 and Phe284 of human CAC together with structural analysis using molecular modelling of the carrier suggest that R275, N280 and F284 are involved in substrate binding during acylcarnitine/carnitine translocation. Furthermore, functional analysis of mutations of residues Pro278 and Ala279 in A. nidulans, together with kinetic data in reconstituted liposomes, suggest a predominant structural role for these amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ramon De Lucas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Rottensteiner H, Theodoulou FL. The ins and outs of peroxisomes: Co-ordination of membrane transport and peroxisomal metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1527-40. [PMID: 17010456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes perform a range of metabolic functions which require the movement of substrates, co-substrates, cofactors and metabolites across the peroxisomal membrane. In this review, we discuss the evidence for and against specific transport systems involved in peroxisomal metabolism and how these operate to co-ordinate biochemical reactions within the peroxisome with those in other compartments of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanspeter Rottensteiner
- Medical Faculty of the Ruhr-University of Bochum, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Section of Systems Biochemistry, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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Palmieri F, Agrimi G, Blanco E, Castegna A, Di Noia MA, Iacobazzi V, Lasorsa FM, Marobbio CMT, Palmieri L, Scarcia P, Todisco S, Vozza A, Walker J. Identification of mitochondrial carriers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by transport assay of reconstituted recombinant proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2006; 1757:1249-62. [PMID: 16844075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The inner membranes of mitochondria contain a family of carrier proteins that are responsible for the transport in and out of the mitochondrial matrix of substrates, products, co-factors and biosynthetic precursors that are essential for the function and activities of the organelle. This family of proteins is characterized by containing three tandem homologous sequence repeats of approximately 100 amino acids, each folded into two transmembrane alpha-helices linked by an extensive polar loop. Each repeat contains a characteristic conserved sequence. These features have been used to determine the extent of the family in genome sequences. The genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains 34 members of the family. The identity of five of them was known before the determination of the genome sequence, but the functions of the remaining family members were not. This review describes how the functions of 15 of these previously unknown transport proteins have been determined by a strategy that consists of expressing the genes in Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, reconstituting the gene products into liposomes and establishing their functions by transport assay. Genetic and biochemical evidence as well as phylogenetic considerations have guided the choice of substrates that were tested in the transport assays. The physiological roles of these carriers have been verified by genetic experiments. Various pieces of evidence point to the functions of six additional members of the family, but these proposals await confirmation by transport assay. The sequences of many of the newly identified yeast carriers have been used to characterize orthologs in other species, and in man five diseases are presently known to be caused by defects in specific mitochondrial carrier genes. The roles of eight yeast mitochondrial carriers remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Lamhonwah AM, Tein I. Novel localization of OCTN1, an organic cation/carnitine transporter, to mammalian mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:1315-25. [PMID: 16729965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine is a zwitterion essential for the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. We report novel localization of the organic cation/carnitine transporter, OCTN1, to mitochondria. We made GFP- and RFP-human OCTN1 cDNA constructs and showed expression of hOCTN1 in several transfected mammalian cell lines. Immunostaining of GFP-hOCTN1 transfected cells with different intracellular markers and confocal fluorescent microscopy demonstrated mitochondrial expression of OCTN1. There was striking co-localization of an RFP-hOCTN1 fusion protein and a mitochondrial-GFP marker construct in transfected MEF-3T3 and no co-localization of GFP-hOCTN1 in transfected human skin fibroblasts with other intracellular markers. L-[(3)H]Carnitine uptake in freshly isolated mitochondria of GFP-hOCTN1 transfected HepG2 demonstrated a K(m) of 422 microM and Western blot with an anti-GFP antibody identified the expected GFP-hOCTN1 fusion protein (90 kDa). We showed endogenous expression of native OCTN1 in HepG2 mitochondria with anti-GST-hOCTN1 antibody. Further, we definitively confirmed intact L-[(3)H]carnitine uptake (K(m) 1324 microM), solely attributable to OCTN1, in isolated mitochondria of mutant human skin fibroblasts having <1% of carnitine acylcarnitine translocase activity (alternate mitochondrial carnitine transporter). This mitochondrial localization was confirmed by TEM of murine heart incubated with highly specific rabbit anti-GST-hOCTN1 antibody and immunogold labeled goat anti-rabbit antibody. This suggests an important yet different role for OCTN1 from other OCTN family members in intracellular carnitine homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lamhonwah
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Ont., Canada
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