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Foyer CH, Kunert K. The ascorbate-glutathione cycle coming of age. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2682-2699. [PMID: 38243395 PMCID: PMC11066808 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Concepts regarding the operation of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and the associated water/water cycle in the processing of metabolically generated hydrogen peroxide and other forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well established in the literature. However, our knowledge of the functions of these cycles and their component enzymes continues to grow and evolve. Recent insights include participation in the intrinsic environmental and developmental signalling pathways that regulate plant growth, development, and defence. In addition to ROS processing, the enzymes of the two cycles not only support the functions of ascorbate and glutathione, they also have 'moonlighting' functions. They are subject to post-translational modifications and have an extensive interactome, particularly with other signalling proteins. In this assessment of current knowledge, we highlight the central position of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in the network of cellular redox systems that underpin the energy-sensitive communication within the different cellular compartments and integrate plant signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Karl Kunert
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 2001, South Africa
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2
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Huang Z, Yao L, Li B, Ma X, Si E, Yang K, Zhang H, Meng Y, Wang J, Wang H. HgS2, a novel salt-responsive gene from the Halophyte Halogeton glomeratus, confers salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14356. [PMID: 38828569 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Halophyte Halogeton glomeratus mostly grows in saline desert areas in arid and semi-arid regions and is able to adapt to adverse conditions such as salinity and drought. Earlier transcriptomic studies revealed activation of the HgS2 gene in the leaf of H. glomeratus seedlings when exposed to saline conditions. To identify the properties of HgS2 in H. glomeratus, we used yeast transformation and overexpression in Arabidopsis. Yeast cells genetically transformed with HgS2 exhibited K+ uptake and Na+ efflux compared with control (empty vector). Stable overexpression of HgS2 in Arabidopsis improved its resistance to salt stress and led to a notable rise in seed germination in salinity conditions compared to the wild type (WT). Transgenic Arabidopsis regulated ion homeostasis in plant cells by increasing Na+ absorption and decreasing K+ efflux in leaves, while reducing Na+ absorption and K+ efflux in roots. In addition, overexpression of HgS2 altered transcription levels of stress response genes and regulated different metabolic pathways in roots and leaves of Arabidopsis. These results offer new insights into the role of HgS2 in plants' salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Huang
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lirong Yao
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baochun Li
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Botany, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaole Ma
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Erjing Si
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ke Yang
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaxiong Meng
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juncheng Wang
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huajun Wang
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Preiner J, Steccari I, Oburger E, Wienkoop S. Rhizobium symbiosis improves amino acid and secondary metabolite biosynthesis of tungsten-stressed soybean ( Glycine max). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1355136. [PMID: 38628363 PMCID: PMC11020092 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1355136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The industrially important transition metal tungsten (W) shares certain chemical properties with the essential plant micronutrient molybdenum and inhibits the activity of molybdoenzymes such as nitrate reductase, impacting plant growth. Furthermore, tungsten appears to interfere with metabolic processes on a much wider scale and to trigger common heavy metal stress response mechanisms. We have previously found evidence that the tungsten stress response of soybeans (Glycine max) grown with symbiotically associated N2-fixing rhizobia (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) differs from that observed in nitrogen-fertilized soy plants. This study aimed to investigate how association with symbiotic rhizobia affects the primary and secondary metabolite profiles of tungsten-stressed soybean and whether changes in metabolite composition enhance the plant's resilience to tungsten. This comprehensive metabolomic and proteomic study presents further evidence that the tungsten-stress response of soybean plants is shaped by associated rhizobia. Symbiotically grown plants (N fix) were able to significantly increase the synthesis of an array of protective compounds such as phenols, polyamines, gluconic acid, and amino acids such as proline. This resulted in a higher antioxidant capacity, reduced root-to-shoot translocation of tungsten, and, potentially, also enhanced resilience of N fix plants compared to non-symbiotic counterparts (N fed). Taken together, our study revealed a symbiosis-specific metabolic readjustment in tungsten-stressed soybean plants and contributed to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in the rhizobium-induced systemic resistance in response to heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Preiner
- Molecular Systems Biology Unit, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Steccari
- Molecular Systems Biology Unit, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Oburger
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Molecular Systems Biology Unit, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Pleiotropic Functions of Nitric Oxide Produced by Ascorbate for the Prevention and Mitigation of COVID-19: A Revaluation of Pauling's Vitamin C Therapy. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020397. [PMID: 36838362 PMCID: PMC9963342 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Linus Pauling, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, suggested that a high dose of vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid) might work as a prevention or treatment for the common cold. Vitamin C therapy was tested in clinical trials, but clear evidence was not found at that time. Although Pauling's proposal has been strongly criticized for a long time, vitamin C therapy has continued to be tested as a treatment for a variety of diseases, including coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19). The pathogen of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, belongs to the β-coronavirus lineage, which includes human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). This review intends to shed new light on vitamin C antiviral activity that may prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection through the chemical production of nitric oxide (NO). NO is a gaseous free radical that is largely produced by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS) in cells. NO produced by upper epidermal cells contributes to the inactivation of viruses and bacteria contained in air or aerosols. In addition to enzymatic production, NO can be generated by the chemical reduction of inorganic nitrite (NO2-), an alternative mechanism for NO production in living organisms. Dietary vitamin C, largely contained in fruits and vegetables, can reduce the nitrite in saliva to produce NO in the oral cavity when chewing foods. In the stomach, salivary nitrite can also be reduced to NO by vitamin C secreted from the epidermal cells of the stomach. The strong acidic pH of gastric juice facilitates the chemical reduction of salivary nitrite to produce NO. Vitamin C contributes in multiple ways to the host innate immune system as a first-line defense mechanism against pathogens. Highlighting chemical NO production by vitamin C, we suggest that controversies on the therapeutic effects of vitamin C in previous clinical trials may partly be due to less appreciation of the pleiotropic functions of vitamin C as a universal bioreductant.
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Duda-Madej A, Stecko J, Sobieraj J, Szymańska N, Kozłowska J. Naringenin and Its Derivatives-Health-Promoting Phytobiotic against Resistant Bacteria and Fungi in Humans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1628. [PMID: 36421272 PMCID: PMC9686724 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Naringenin is a trihydroxyflavanone present in large amount in different citrus fruits, e.g., oranges, pomelos, grapefruits, but also in tomatoes, fenugreek and coffee. It has a wide range of pharmacological and biological effects beneficial to human health. Its antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antimicrobial activity is frequently reported in scientific literature. In this review we presented the current state of knowledge on the antimicrobial activity of naringenin and its natural and synthetic derivatives as a phytobiotic against resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi in humans. Most of the data reported here have been obtained from in vitro or in vivo studies. Over the past few years, due to the overuse of antibiotics, the occurrence of bacteria resistant to all available antibiotics has been growing. Therefore, the main focus here is on antibiotic resistant strains, which are a significant, worldwide problem in the treatment of infectious diseases. The situation is so alarming that the WHO has listed microbial resistance to drugs on the list of the 10 most important health problems facing humanity. In addition, based on scientific reports from recent years, we described the potential molecular mechanism of action of these bioflavonoids against pathogenic strains of microorganisms. As plant-derived substances have been pushed out of use with the beginning of the antibiotic era, we hope that this review will contribute to their return as alternative methods of preventing and treating infections in the epoch of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Duda-Madej
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 4, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Stecko
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Sobieraj
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natalia Szymańska
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Kozłowska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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Tülüce Y, Hussein AI, Koyuncu İ, Kiliç A, Durgun M. The effect of a bis-structured Schiff base on apoptosis, cytotoxicity, and DNA damage of breast cancer cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23148. [PMID: 35719061 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Developing new anticancer agents are crucial for cancer treatment. Antiproliferative activity of L1H as a bis-structured Schiff base was subjected to preliminary research in eight different kinds of cell lines by the cell viability method using different concentrations to determine their inhibitory concentration. L1H demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. In this perspective, the MCF-7 cell line was cultured for the examination of different molecular techniques, including MTT, apoptosis analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and comet assay. Moreover, the DNA ladder, acridine orange/ethidium bromide as another apoptotic cell analysis, markers of oxidative stress, and total antioxidant status, total thiol, and GSH as nonenzymatic antioxidants assay were conducted. The above techniques have proven that L1H is a growth inhibitor effect when compared to cisplatin as a positive control in human breast cancer cells, especially those affected by L1H. The findings clearly show that L1H evaluated in MCF-7 cell lines causes rising or induced apoptosis, DNA damage, diminished antioxidant status against the increase of oxidized protein, and prevents cell proliferation. Manifold evidence supported our hypothesis that L1H has a potential therapeutically improved effect against the MCF-7 cell line, and then without a doubt is a suitable candidate drug for investigating cancers next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Tülüce
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Türkiye
| | - Azhee Ibrahim Hussein
- Department of Medical Biology, Health Science Institute, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Türkiye
| | - İsmail Koyuncu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Kiliç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa Durgun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Türkiye
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Upadhyaya C, Upadhyaya T, Patel I. Attributes of non-ionizing radiation of 1800 MHz frequency on plant health and antioxidant content of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) plants. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Kim S, Kim S, Shim I, Hong E, Kim S. Drying Operation Effects on the Pigments and Phytochemical Properties of Rose Cultivars. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:1148-1154. [PMID: 33905503 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roses are flowers which contain various phytochemicals and have been used for food and medicinal purposes in many countries. Materials, including flowers, are available for limited periods when plants can be cultivated. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the quality of rose petals on the basis of cultivars and drying methods, chromaticity, phytochemical contents, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. METHOD Petals of three rose cultivars were dried by hot air drying (HD) and freeze drying (FD). Subsequently, the chromaticity and the contents of pigment, total flavonoids, and ascorbic acid, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were analyzed. RESULTS The total color difference (△E)values of rose red (RR, Calypso) and rose orange (RO, Lambada) were low in FD. In contrast, in rose yellow (RY, Ileos), there was no significant difference in chromaticity regulation regardless of the drying methods. The pigment contents were generally increased by drying. The carotenoid content in the RR and anthocyanin and carotenoid contents in RO were higher in FD than in HD. The drying operations increased the flavonoid and ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity in roses, but the difference between the drying methods was not significant. Correlation coefficient analysis revealed ascorbic acid and anthocyanin to have a high positive correlation (r = 0.843), followed by flavonoid and DPPH radical scavenging activity. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the drying operations increased the flavonoid and ascorbic acid contents, and the chromaticity and pigment content of some cultivars was higher in FD. HIGHLIGHTS Comparison of the color change, phytochemical content, and antioxidant activity by the drying methods (FD and HD treatment) in the three rose cultivars with red, orange, and yellow petals showed the increased phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity after drying, and chromaticity and pigment content were more stable and higher in FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujung Kim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea.,Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan 58545, Korea
| | - Seongmin Kim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
| | - Iesung Shim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
| | - Eunhye Hong
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
| | - Sunhyung Kim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
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Photoprotective Role of Photosynthetic and Non-Photosynthetic Pigments in Phillyrea latifolia: Is Their "Antioxidant" Function Prominent in Leaves Exposed to Severe Summer Drought? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158303. [PMID: 34361067 PMCID: PMC8347396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids and phenylpropanoids play a dual role of limiting and countering photooxidative stress. We hypothesize that their “antioxidant” function is prominent in plants exposed to summer drought, when climatic conditions exacerbate the light stress. To test this, we conducted a field study on Phillyrea latifolia, a Mediterranean evergreen shrub, carrying out daily physiological and biochemical analyses in spring and summer. We also investigated the functional role of the major phenylpropanoids in different leaf tissues. Summer leaves underwent the most severe drought stress concomitantly with a reduction in radiation use efficiency upon being exposed to intense photooxidative stress, particularly during the central hours of the day. In parallel, a significant daily variation in both carotenoids and phenylpropanoids was observed. Our data suggest that the morning-to-midday increase in zeaxanthin derived from the hydroxylation of ß-carotene to sustain non-photochemical quenching and limit lipid peroxidation in thylakoid membranes. We observed substantial spring-to-summer and morning-to-midday increases in quercetin and luteolin derivatives, mostly in the leaf mesophyll. These findings highlight their importance as antioxidants, countering the drought-induced photooxidative stress. We concluded that seasonal and daily changes in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic pigments may allow P. latifolia leaves to avoid irreversible photodamage and to cope successfully with the Mediterranean harsh climate.
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Kim IS, Choi W, Son J, Lee JH, Lee H, Lee J, Shin SC, Kim HW. Screening and Genetic Network Analysis of Genes Involved in Freezing and Thawing Resistance in DaMDHAR-Expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using Gene Expression Profiling. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020219. [PMID: 33546197 PMCID: PMC7913288 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cryoprotection of cell activity is a key determinant in frozen-dough technology. Although several factors that contribute to freezing tolerance have been reported, the mechanism underlying the manner in which yeast cells respond to freezing and thawing (FT) stress is not well established. Therefore, the present study demonstrated the relationship between DaMDHAR encoding monodehydroascorbate reductase from Antarctic hairgrass Deschampsia antarctica and stress tolerance to repeated FT cycles (FT2) in transgenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DaMDHAR-expressing yeast (DM) cells identified by immunoblotting analysis showed high tolerance to FT stress conditions, thereby causing lower damage for yeast cells than wild-type (WT) cells with empty vector alone. To detect FT2 tolerance-associated genes, 3′-quant RNA sequencing was employed using mRNA isolated from DM and WT cells exposed to FT (FT2) conditions. Approximately 332 genes showed ≥2-fold changes in DM cells and were classified into various groups according to their gene expression. The expressions of the changed genes were further confirmed using western blot analysis and biochemical assay. The upregulated expression of 197 genes was associated with pentose phosphate pathway, NADP metabolic process, metal ion homeostasis, sulfate assimilation, β-alanine metabolism, glycerol synthesis, and integral component of mitochondrial and plasma membrane (PM) in DM cells under FT2 stress, whereas the expression of the remaining 135 genes was partially related to protein processing, selenocompound metabolism, cell cycle arrest, oxidative phosphorylation, and α-glucoside transport under the same condition. With regard to transcription factors in DM cells, MSN4 and CIN5 were activated, but MSN2 and MGA1 were not. Regarding antioxidant systems and protein kinases in DM cells under FT stress, CTT1, GTO, GEX1, and YOL024W were upregulated, whereas AIF1, COX2, and TRX3 were not. Gene activation represented by transcription factors and enzymatic antioxidants appears to be associated with FT2-stress tolerance in transgenic yeast cells. RCK1, MET14, and SIP18, but not YPK2, have been known to be involved in the protein kinase-mediated signalling pathway and glycogen synthesis. Moreover, SPI18 and HSP12 encoding hydrophilin in the PM were detected. Therefore, it was concluded that the genetic network via the change of gene expression levels of multiple genes contributing to the stabilization and functionality of the mitochondria and PM, not of a single gene, might be the crucial determinant for FT tolerance in DaMDAHR-expressing transgenic yeast. These findings provide a foundation for elucidating the DaMDHAR-dependent molecular mechanism of the complex functional resistance in the cellular response to FT stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Sup Kim
- Advanced Bio-Resource Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Woong Choi
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (W.C.); (J.S.); (J.H.L.); (H.L.); (J.L.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Jonghyeon Son
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (W.C.); (J.S.); (J.H.L.); (H.L.); (J.L.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (W.C.); (J.S.); (J.H.L.); (H.L.); (J.L.); (S.C.S.)
- Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Hyoungseok Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (W.C.); (J.S.); (J.H.L.); (H.L.); (J.L.); (S.C.S.)
- Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Jungeun Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (W.C.); (J.S.); (J.H.L.); (H.L.); (J.L.); (S.C.S.)
- Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Seung Chul Shin
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (W.C.); (J.S.); (J.H.L.); (H.L.); (J.L.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Han-Woo Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (W.C.); (J.S.); (J.H.L.); (H.L.); (J.L.); (S.C.S.)
- Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Korea
- Correspondence:
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11
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Abadie C, Lalande J, Limami AM, Tcherkez G. Non-targeted 13 C metabolite analysis demonstrates broad re-orchestration of leaf metabolism when gas exchange conditions vary. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:445-457. [PMID: 33165970 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is common practice to manipulate CO2 and O2 mole fraction during gas-exchange experiments to suppress or exacerbate photorespiration, or simply carry out CO2 response curves. In doing so, it is implicitly assumed that metabolic pathways other than carboxylation and oxygenation are altered minimally. In the past few years, targeted metabolic analyses have shown that this assumption is incorrect, with changes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, anaplerosis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation), and nitrogen or sulphur assimilation. However, this problem has never been tackled systematically using non-targeted analyses to embrace all possible affected metabolic pathways. Here, we exploited combined NMR, GC-MS, and LC-MS data and conducted non-targeted analyses on sunflower leaves sampled at different O2 /CO2 ratios in a gas exchange system. The statistical analysis of nearly 4,500 metabolic features not only confirms previous findings on anaplerosis or S assimilation, but also reveals significant changes in branched chain amino acids, phenylpropanoid metabolism, or adenosine turn-over. Noteworthy, all of these pathways involve CO2 assimilation or liberation and thus affect net CO2 exchange. We conclude that manipulating CO2 and O2 mole fraction has a broad effect on metabolism, and this must be taken into account to better understand variations in carboxylation (anaplerotic fixation) or apparent day respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Abadie
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA d'Angers, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Julie Lalande
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA d'Angers, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Anis M Limami
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA d'Angers, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA d'Angers, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Zhou F, Zheng B, Wang F, Cao A, Xie S, Chen X, Schick JA, Jin X, Li H. Genome-Wide Analysis of MDHAR Gene Family in Four Cotton Species Provides Insights into Fiber Development via Regulating AsA Redox Homeostasis. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020227. [PMID: 33503886 PMCID: PMC7912408 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monodehydroasorbate reductase (MDHAR) (EC1.6.5.4), a key enzyme in ascorbate-glutathione recycling, plays important roles in cell growth, plant development and physiological response to environmental stress via control of ascorbic acid (AsA)-mediated reduction/oxidation (redox) regulation. Until now, information regarding MDHAR function and regulatory mechanism in Gossypium have been limited. Herein, a genome-wide identification and comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of 36 MDHAR family genes in four Gossypium species, Gossypium arboreum, G. raimondii, G. hirsutum, and G. barbadense, were performed, indicating their close evolutionary relationship. Expression analysis of GhMDHARs in different cotton tissues and under abiotic stress and phytohormone treatment revealed diverse expression features. Fiber-specific expression analysis showed that GhMDHAR1A/D, 3A/D and 4A/D were preferentially expressed in fiber fast elongating stages to reach peak values in 15-DPA fibers, with corresponding coincident observances of MDHAR enzyme activity, AsA content and ascorbic acid/dehydroascorbic acid (AsA/DHA) ratio. Meanwhile, there was a close positive correlation between the increase of AsA content and AsA/DHA ratio catalyzed by MDHAR and fiber elongation development in different fiber-length cotton cultivars, suggesting the potential important function of MDHAR for fiber growth. Following H2O2 stimulation, GhMDHAR demonstrated immediate responses at the levels of mRNA, enzyme, the product of AsA and corresponding AsA/DHA value, and antioxidative activity. These results for the first time provide a comprehensive systemic analysis of the MDHAR gene family in plants and the four cotton species and demonstrate the contribution of MDHAR to fiber elongation development by controlling AsA-recycling-mediated cellular redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (F.Z.); (B.Z.); (F.W.); (A.C.); (S.X.); (X.C.)
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Bowen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (F.Z.); (B.Z.); (F.W.); (A.C.); (S.X.); (X.C.)
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (F.Z.); (B.Z.); (F.W.); (A.C.); (S.X.); (X.C.)
| | - Aiping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (F.Z.); (B.Z.); (F.W.); (A.C.); (S.X.); (X.C.)
| | - Shuangquan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (F.Z.); (B.Z.); (F.W.); (A.C.); (S.X.); (X.C.)
| | - Xifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (F.Z.); (B.Z.); (F.W.); (A.C.); (S.X.); (X.C.)
| | - Joel A. Schick
- Genetics and Cellular Engineering Group, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Xiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (F.Z.); (B.Z.); (F.W.); (A.C.); (S.X.); (X.C.)
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (F.Z.); (B.Z.); (F.W.); (A.C.); (S.X.); (X.C.)
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (H.L.)
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Shandilya M, Kumar G, Gomkale R, Singh S, Khan MA, Kateriya S, Kundu S. Multiple putative methemoglobin reductases in C. reinhardtii may support enzymatic functions for its multiple hemoglobins. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 171:465-479. [PMID: 33428952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous nature of hemoglobins, their presence in multiple forms and low cellular expression in organisms suggests alternative physiological functions of hemoglobins in addition to oxygen transport and storage. Previous research has proposed enzymatic function of hemoglobins such as nitric oxide dioxygenase, nitrite reductase and hydroxylamine reductase. In all these enzymatic functions, active ferrous form of hemoglobin is converted to ferric form and reconversion of ferric to ferrous through reduction partners is under active investigation. The model alga C. reinhardtii contains multiple globins and is thus expected to have multiple putative methemoglobin reductases to augment the physiological functions of the novel hemoglobins. In this regard, three putative methemoglobin reductases and three algal hemoglobins were characterized. Our results signify that the identified putative methemoglobin reductases can reduce algal methemoglobins in a nonspecific manner under in vitro conditions. Enzyme kinetics of two putative methemoglobin reductases with methemoglobins as substrates and in silico analysis support interaction between the hemoglobins and the two reduction partners as also observed in vitro. Our investigation on algal methemoglobin reductases underpins the valuable chemistry of nitric oxide with the newly discovered hemoglobins to ensure their physiological relevance, with multiple hemoglobins probably necessitating the presence of multiple reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Shandilya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India; Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram 122413, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Ridhima Gomkale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Swati Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Mohd Asim Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Suman Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
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14
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Agati G, Brunetti C, Fini A, Gori A, Guidi L, Landi M, Sebastiani F, Tattini M. Are Flavonoids Effective Antioxidants in Plants? Twenty Years of Our Investigation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1098. [PMID: 33182252 PMCID: PMC7695271 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether flavonoids play significant antioxidant roles in plants challenged by photooxidative stress of different origin has been largely debated over the last few decades. A critical review of the pertinent literature and our experimentation as well, based on a free-of-scale approach, support an important antioxidant function served by flavonoids in plants exposed to a wide range of environmental stressors, the significance of which increases with the severity of stress. On the other side, some questions need conclusive answers when the putative antioxidant functions of plant flavonoids are examined at the level of both the whole-cell and cellular organelles. This partly depends upon a conclusive, robust, and unbiased definition of "a plant antioxidant", which is still missing, and the need of considering the subcellular re-organization that occurs in plant cells in response to severe stress conditions. This likely makes our deterministic-based approach unsuitable to unveil the relevance of flavonoids as antioxidants in extremely complex biological systems, such as a plant cell exposed to an ever-changing stressful environment. This still poses open questions about how to measure the occurred antioxidant action of flavonoids. Our reasoning also evidences the need of contemporarily evaluating the changes in key primary and secondary components of the antioxidant defense network imposed by stress events of increasing severity to properly estimate the relevance of the antioxidant functions of flavonoids in an in planta situation. In turn, this calls for an in-depth analysis of the sub-cellular distribution of primary and secondary antioxidants to solve this still intricate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agati
- Institute of Applied Physics ‘Carrara’, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto F.no, I-50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy; (C.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Alessio Fini
- Department of Agriculural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto F.no, I-50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Federico Sebastiani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy; (C.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy; (C.B.); (F.S.)
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Rácz A, Czégény G, Csepregi K, Hideg É. Ultraviolet-B acclimation is supported by functionally heterogeneous phenolic peroxidases. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16303. [PMID: 33004945 PMCID: PMC7530754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco plants were grown in plant chambers for four weeks, then exposed to one of the following treatments for 4 days: (1) daily supplementary UV-B radiation corresponding to 6.9 kJ m-2 d-1 biologically effective dose (UV-B), (2) daily irrigation with 0.1 mM hydrogen peroxide, or (3) a parallel application of the two treatments (UV-B + H2O2). Neither the H2O2 nor the UV-B treatments were found to be damaging to leaf photosynthesis. Both single factor treatments increased leaf H2O2 contents but had distinct effects on various H2O2 neutralising mechanisms. Non-enzymatic H2O2 antioxidant capacities were increased by direct H2O2 treatment only, but not by UV-B. In contrast, enzymatic H2O2 neutralisation was mostly increased by UV-B, the responses showing an interesting diversity. When class-III peroxidase (POD) activity was assayed using an artificial substrate (ABTS, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)), both treatments appeared to have a positive effect. However, only UV-B-treated leaves showed higher POD activities when phenolic compounds naturally occurring in tobacco leaves (chlorogenic acid or quercetin) were used as substrates. These results demonstrate a substrate-dependent, functional heterogeneity in POD and further suggest that the selective activation of specific isoforms in UV-B acclimated leaves is not triggered by excess H2O2 in these leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Rácz
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Gyula Czégény
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Csepregi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Éva Hideg
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, Pecs, 7624, Hungary.
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Dorostghoal M, Seyyednejad SM, Nejad MNT. Cichorium intybus L. extract ameliorates testicular oxidative stress induced by lead acetate in male rats. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2020; 47:161-167. [PMID: 32862634 PMCID: PMC7482945 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2019.03496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Oxidative stress has been suggested as a possible mechanism for the adverse effects of heavy metal toxicity on male reproduction. Cichorium intybus L. is used in Iranian folk medicine as a hepatoprotective agent as well as for its supposed fertility-enhancing properties. The present study was performed to investigate whether the ethanolic extract of C. intybus leaves could protect male rats against lead-induced testicular oxidative stress. Methods In this experimental study, adult Wistar rats were treated with 0.1% lead acetate in drinking water alone or with 50, 100, or 200 mg/ kg body weight of C. intybus extract via gavage once daily for 70 days. The weight of their reproductive organs, levels of serum hormones, histometric parameters of the seminiferous tubules, epidydimal sperm quality, and oxidative stress status were evaluated. Results The testis weight, seminiferous tubule diameter, epididymal sperm count, serum testosterone level, and testicular levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in the lead-treated rats. Moreover, significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of malondialdehyde were observed in the lead-exposed group compared to the control. However, the co-administration of C. intybus ethanolic extract in lead-treated rats was associated with a significant improvement in reproductive parameters. Conclusion We conclude that C. intybus leaf extract has the potential to prevent lead-induced testicular toxicity and to suppress the adverse effects of lead on male reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Dorostghoal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.,Biotechnology and Bioscience Research Center, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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17
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Novel Aspects on The Interaction Between Grapevine and Plasmopara viticola: Dual-RNA-Seq Analysis Highlights Gene Expression Dynamics in The Pathogen and The Plant During The Battle For Infection. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030261. [PMID: 32121150 PMCID: PMC7140796 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mgaloblishvili, a Vitis vinifera cultivar, exhibits unique resistance traits against Plasmopara viticola, the downy mildew agent. This offers the unique opportunity of exploring the molecular responses in compatible and incompatible plant-pathogen interaction. In this study, whole transcriptomes of Mgaloblishvili, Pinot noir (a V. vinifera susceptible cultivar), and Bianca (a resistant hybrid) leaves, inoculated and non-inoculated with the pathogen, were used to identify P. viticola effector-encoding genes and plant susceptibility/resistance genes. Multiple effector-encoding genes were identified in P. viticola transcriptome, with remarkable expression differences in relation to the inoculated grapevine cultivar. Intriguingly, five apoplastic effectors specifically associated with resistance in V. vinifera. Gene coexpression network analysis identified specific modules and metabolic changes occurring during infection in the three grapevine cultivars. Analysis of these data allowed, for the first time, the detection in V. vinifera of a putative P. viticola susceptibility gene, encoding a LOB domain-containing protein. Finally, the de novo assembly of Mgaloblishvili, Pinot noir, and Bianca transcriptomes and their comparison highlighted novel candidate genes that might be at the basis of the resistant phenotype. These results open the way to functional analysis studies and to new perspectives in molecular breeding of grapevine for resistance to P. viticola.
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Dumanović J, Nepovimova E, Natić M, Kuča K, Jaćević V. The Significance of Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Defense System in Plants: A Concise Overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:552969. [PMID: 33488637 PMCID: PMC7815643 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.552969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, there is a complex and multilevel network of the antioxidative system (AOS) operating to counteract harmful reactive species (RS), the foremost important of which are reactive oxygen species (ROS), and maintain homeostasis within the cell. Specific AOSs for plant cells are, first and foremost, enzymes of the glutathione-ascorbate cycle (Asc-GSH), followed by phenolic compounds and lipophilic antioxidants like carotenoids and tocopherols. Evidence that plant cells have excellent antioxidative defense systems is their ability to survive at H2O2 concentrations incompatible with animal cell life. For the survival of stressed plants, it is of particular importance that AOS cooperate and participate in redox reactions, therefore, providing better protection and regeneration of the active reduced forms. Considering that plants abound in antioxidant compounds, and humans are not predisposed to synthesize the majority of them, new fields of research have emerged. Antioxidant potential of plant compounds has been exploited for anti-aging formulations preparation, food fortification and preservation but also in designing new therapies for diseases with oxidative stress implicated in etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Dumanović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Maja Natić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Kamil Kuča, ;
| | - Vesna Jaćević
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové, Czechia
- Department for Experimental Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
- Vesna Jaćević,
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Brunetti C, Fini A, Sebastiani F, Gori A, Tattini M. Modulation of Phytohormone Signaling: A Primary Function of Flavonoids in Plant-Environment Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1042. [PMID: 30079075 PMCID: PMC6062965 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The old observation that plants preferentially synthesize flavonoids with respect to the wide range of phenylpropanoid structures when exposed to high doses of UV-B radiation has supported the view that flavonoids are primarily involved in absorbing the shortest solar wavelengths in photoprotection. However, there is compelling evidence that the biosynthesis of flavonoids is similarly upregulated in response to high photosynthetically active radiation in the presence or in the absence of UV-radiation, as well as in response to excess metal ions and photosynthetic redox unbalance. This supports the hypothesis that flavonoids may play prominent roles as scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by light excess. These 'antioxidant' functions of flavonoids appears robust, as maintained between different life kingdoms, e.g., plants and animals. The ability of flavonoids to buffer stress-induced large alterations in ROS homeostasis and, hence, to modulate the ROS-signaling cascade, is at the base of well-known functions of flavonoids as developmental regulators in both plants and animals. There is both long and very recent evidence indeed that, in plants, flavonoids may strongly affect phytohormone signaling, e.g., auxin and abscisic acid signaling. This function is served by flavonoids in a very low (nM) concentration range and involves the ability of flavonoids to inhibit the activity of a wide range of protein kinases, including but not limited to mitogen-activated protein kinases, that operate downstream of ROS in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. For example, flavonoids inhibit the transport of auxin acting on serine-threonine PINOID (PID) kinases that regulate the localization of auxin efflux facilitators PIN-formed (PIN) proteins. Flavonoids may also determine auxin gradients at cellular and tissue levels, and the consequential developmental processes, by reducing auxin catabolism. Recent observations lead to the hypothesis that regulation/modulation of auxin transport/signaling is likely an ancestral function of flavonoids. The antagonistic functions of flavonoids on ABA-induced stomatal closure also offer novel hypotheses on the functional role of flavonoids in plant-environment interactions, in early as well as in modern terrestrial plants. Here, we surmise that the regulation of phytohormone signaling might have represented a primary function served by flavonols for the conquest of land by plants and it is still of major significance for the successful acclimation of modern terrestrial plants to a severe excess of radiant energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brunetti
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Trees and Timber Institute, Florence, Italy
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Fini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Sebastiani
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Florence, Italy
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Smirnoff N. Ascorbic acid metabolism and functions: A comparison of plants and mammals. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 122:116-129. [PMID: 29567393 PMCID: PMC6191929 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid is synthesised by eukaryotes, the known exceptions being primates and some other animal groups which have lost functional gulonolactone oxidase. Prokaryotes do not synthesise ascorbate and do not need an ascorbate supply, so the functions that are essential for mammals and plants are not required or are substituted by other compounds. The ability of ascorbate to donate electrons enables it to act as a free radical scavenger and to reduce higher oxidation states of iron to Fe2+. These reactions are the basis of its biological activity along with the relative stability of the resulting resonance stabilised monodehydroascorbate radical. The importance of these properties is emphasised by the evolution of at least three biosynthetic pathways and production of an ascorbate analogue, erythroascorbate, by fungi. The iron reducing activity of ascorbate maintains the reactive centre Fe2+ of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2-ODDs) thus preventing inactivation. These enzymes have diverse functions and, recently, the possibility that ascorbate status in mammals could influence 2-ODDs involved in histone and DNA demethylation thereby influencing stem cell differentiation and cancer has been uncovered. Ascorbate is involved in iron uptake and transport in plants and animals. While the above biochemical functions are shared between mammals and plants, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is an enzyme family limited to plants and photosynthetic protists. It provides these organisms with increased capacity to remove H2O2 produced by photosynthetic electron transport and photorespiration. The Fe reducing activity of ascorbate enables hydroxyl radical production (pro-oxidant effect) and the reactivity of dehydroascorbate (DHA) and reaction of its degradation products with proteins (dehydroascorbylation and glycation) is potentially damaging. Ascorbate status influences gene expression in plants and mammals but at present there is little evidence that it acts as a specific signalling molecule. It most likely acts indirectly by influencing the redox state of thiols and 2-ODD activity. However, the possibility that dehydroascorbylation is a regulatory post-translational protein modification could be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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Liu J, Sun X, Xu F, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Miao R, Zhang J, Liang J, Xu W. Suppression of OsMDHAR4 enhances heat tolerance by mediating H 2O 2-induced stomatal closure in rice plants. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 11:38. [PMID: 29951703 PMCID: PMC6021276 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-018-0230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR or MDHAR), which is responsible for growth, development and stress response in plants, is a key enzyme in the maintenance of the ascorbate acid (AsA) pool through the AsA-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle. High temperature affects a broad spectrum of cellular components and metabolism including AsA-GSH cycle in plants. In rice, however, the detailed roles of OsMDHAR4 in resistance against heat stress remains unclear. RESULTS Here, we report that OsMDHAR4 protein was localized to the chloroplasts. OsMDHAR4 expression was detected in all tissues surveyed and peaked in leaf blade. OsMDHAR4 was responsive to multiple stresses and was relatively strongly induced by heat treatment. In comparison with wild type, the osmdhar4 mutant exhibited improved tolerance to heat stress, whereas OsMDHAR4 overexpression lines exhibited enhanced sensitivity to heat stress. Moreover, we found that suppression of OsMDHAR4 promoted stomatal closure and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, and overexpression of OsMDHAR4 increased stomatal opening and decreased hydrogen peroxide content in rice leaves. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results indicated that OsMDHAR4 negatively regulates tolerance to heat stress by mediating H2O2-induced stomatal closure in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Liu
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinjiao Sun
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Feiyun Xu
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yingjiao Zhang
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Rui Miao
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jiansheng Liang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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22
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Tülüce Y, Ahmed BA, Koyuncu İ, Durgun M. The cytotoxic, apoptotic and oxidative effects of carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitor on colorectal cancer cells. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2018. [PMID: 29520697 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-018-9749-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common tumor, malignant and has developed one of the main reasons of cancer mortality. According to studies conducted recently; carbonic anhydrase 9 (CAIX) is an especially attractive target for cancer therapy, in part since it is limited way expressed in normal tissues on the other hand in a wide variety of solid neoplasia are overexpressed. The aim of this study was to appreciate the effects of CAIX inhibitor, namely novel synthesized sulfonamide derivative (H-4i) with high affinity for CAIX, in CAIX-positive human colorectal cancer cell (HT-29) and CAIX-negative human normal embryonic kidney cell line (HEK-293). For this reason, we planned to investigate apoptotic, cytotoxic and oxidative stress activity of H-4i on HT-29 and HEK-293 cell lines. Cell viability determined by WST-1 assay afterwards IC50 values, apoptosis and cell cycle induction measured by flow cytometric analysis, intracellular free radical induction performed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) analyses. The IC50 value of the sulfonamide derivative compound was found to be very low, especially in HT-29 cells, when compared to human normal cells. This research found that H-4i significantly increased cytotoxicity and ROS production, caused significant signs of apoptosis level. High level of ROS and apoptosis lead to arrest the cell cycle and reduce cell survival. The most obvious finding to emerge from the analysis that novel synthesized sulfonamide derivative H-4i is effective on HT-29 more than HEK-293. Therefore, novel derivative H-4i might be used as an anti-cancer potential compound on CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Tülüce
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey.
| | - Bewar Ali Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - İsmail Koyuncu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Durgun
- Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Chemistry, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
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Csepregi K, Hideg É. Phenolic Compound Diversity Explored in the Context of Photo-Oxidative Stress Protection. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:129-136. [PMID: 28895264 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phenolic compounds are a chemically diverse group of plant secondary metabolites with important roles both in plant stress defence and human nutrition. OBJECTIVE To explore structure-function relations potentiating phenolic compounds to promote leaf acclimation to light stress by excess photosynthetically active radiation (photoinhibition) and by solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. METHODOLOGY We report singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide antioxidant capacities and UV-absorbing properties of 27 flavonoids and 11 phenolic acids. Correlations of these characteristics in the whole data set and related activity-structure relationships in flavonoid data were investigated using simple statistical methods. RESULTS In comparison to flavonoids, phenolic acids are relatively ineffective reactive oxygen neutralising antioxidants; and - with the exception of gallic acid - have poor reactivity to hydrogen peroxide. Singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide detoxifying capacities of flavonoids are positively correlated, largely due to the strong positive effect of the hydroxylation of the C-ring in position-3. 3-O-Glycosylation halves reactive oxygen species (ROS) reactivities of quercetin and myricetin but eradicates the hydrogen peroxide reactivity of kaemferol. B-ring polyhydroxylation (cathecol structure) increases the hydrogen peroxide antioxidant function but decreases UV-B (280-315 nm) absorption. UV-A (315-400 nm) absorption is increased by the B-ring C2-C3 double bond either in itself or in combination with the C4 oxo-group. CONCLUSION Among the studied compounds, anthocyanins and flavonols were the strongest singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide scavengers, and are thus capable of supporting defence against both photoinhibition by visible light and UV stress in leaves, while flavanols may only be effective against the latter. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Éva Hideg
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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24
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Tülüce Y, Lak PTA, Koyuncu İ, Kılıç A, Durgun M, Özkol H. The apoptotic, cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of novel binuclear boron-fluoride complex on endometrial cancer. Biometals 2017; 30:933-944. [PMID: 29052084 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-0060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common types of gynecologic cancer of the female genital tract; it considered being the fourth leading death factor among other types of cancer. Therefore, developing new anti-cancer agents are crucial for cancer treatment. Based on the potential of Schiff based complexes for the induction of apoptosis, Schiff base compounds, and their metal complexes displayed excellent anticancer properties. In this current study, antiproliferative activity of [L(BF2)2] as a novel binuclear boron-fluoride complex was examined to preliminary research in eight different cell lines, HELA, DU-145, PC3, DLD-1, ECC-1, PNT1-A, HT-29, and MCF-7, it was found to have a potent, suppressive effect on human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line ECC-1. Based on this data, later investigated its apoptotic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic properties on human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line ECC-1 in different concentrations. Apoptotic and cytotoxic tests such as single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay), DNA fragmentation laddering, acridine orange test for DNA damage, and ELISA for apoptotic measurement was performed. We also gauged the oxidative status by evaluating total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS). Oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated too. As a result [L(BF2)2] has been found to have a marvelous effect on ECC-1 cells, especially in damaging their DNA and cause a series of reactions lead to apoptosis. Taken together, it suggests that the [L(BF2)2] complex can induce the apoptotic pathway of endometrial cancer cells and is a possible candidate for future cancer treatment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Tülüce
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey.
| | - Pawan Tareq Ahmed Lak
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - İsmail Koyuncu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kılıç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Durgun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Halil Özkol
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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25
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Pegu CD, Nasrin SB, Deb ML, Das DJ, Saikia KK, Baruah PK. CAN-catalyzed microwave promoted reaction of indole with Betti bases under solvent-free condition and evaluation of antibacterial activity of the products. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1360912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Choitanya Dev Pegu
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | | - Mohit L. Deb
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Deep Jyoti Das
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kandarpa K. Saikia
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Pranjal K. Baruah
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
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26
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Czerniewicz P, Sytykiewicz H, Durak R, Borowiak-Sobkowiak B, Chrzanowski G. Role of phenolic compounds during antioxidative responses of winter triticale to aphid and beetle attack. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 118:529-540. [PMID: 28778044 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
One of the earliest responses of plants to insects' attack is generation of reactive oxygen species. However, the elevated level of ROS can elicit oxidative burst within plant tissues, and plants employ antioxidant systems against these radicals. Due to their chemical structures, polyphenols are able to diminish the level of ROS. Thus, we investigated the role of phenolic compounds in oxidative stress within winter triticale caused by Sitobion avenae and Oulema melanopus. It was found, that infestation by insects induced a high increase in the content of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radical within resistant Lamberto cv. 24 hpi, whereas in sensitive Marko cv., an increase in H2O2 content was found within two days of aphid feeding. Moreover, resistant plants showed earlier and much greater induction of l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine ammonia lyases and chalcone synthase activities, as well as accumulation of phenolic compounds in response to insect feeding than susceptible Marko. On the other hand, strong positive influence of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical contents on chalcone synthase activity and furthermore flavonoid biosynthesis was detected in the susceptible cultivar. Negative relationships between level of o-coumaric acid or flavonoid compounds and content of hydrogen peroxide or superoxide radical suggest their antioxidant capacity. Luteolin and o-coumaric acid may attend in scavenging of hydrogen peroxide, whereas quercetin, apigenin and (+)-catechin probably participate in reduction of superoxide anion radical content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Czerniewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Hubert Sytykiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Roma Durak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Beata Borowiak-Sobkowiak
- Department of Entomology and Environmental Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Chrzanowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland.
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27
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Gilbert WJR, Johnson SJ, Tsau JS, Liang JT, Scurto AM. Enzymatic degradation of polyacrylamide in aqueous solution with peroxidase and H2O2. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. R. Gilbert
- University of Kansas, Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering; Lawrence Kansas 66045
| | - Stephen J. Johnson
- University of Kansas, Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering; Lawrence Kansas 66045
| | - Jyun-Syung Tsau
- Tertiary Oil Recovery Program; University of Kansas; Lawrence Kansas 66045
| | - Jenn-Tai Liang
- University of Kansas, Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering; Lawrence Kansas 66045
- Tertiary Oil Recovery Program; University of Kansas; Lawrence Kansas 66045
| | - Aaron M. Scurto
- University of Kansas, Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering; Lawrence Kansas 66045
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28
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Vidović M, Morina F, Prokić L, Milić-Komić S, Živanović B, Jovanović SV. Antioxidative response in variegated Pelargonium zonale leaves and generation of extracellular H 2O 2 in (peri)vascular tissue induced by sunlight and paraquat. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 206:25-39. [PMID: 27688091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study we exposed variegated leaves of Pelargonium zonale to strong sunlight (>1100μmolm-2s-1 of photosynthetically active radiation) with and without paraquat (Pq), with the aim to elucidate the mechanisms of H2O2 regulation in green and white tissues with respect to the photosynthetically-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sunlight induced marked accumulation of H2O2 in the apoplast of vascular and (peri)vascular tissues only in green sectors. This effect was enhanced by the addition of Pq. In the presence of diphenyl iodide, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, H2O2 accumulation was abolished. Distinct light-induced responses were observed: in photosynthetic cells, sunlight rapidly provoked ascorbate (Asc) biosynthesis and an increase of glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase activities, while in non-photosynthetic cells, early up-regulation of soluble ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and GR activities was observed. Paraquat addition stimulated DHAR and GR activities in green sectors, while in white sectors activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase, DHAR and class III peroxidases, as well as Asc content rapidly increased. Differential antioxidative responses in the two tissues in the frame of their contrasting metabolisms, and the possible role of (peri)vascular H2O2 in signaling were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Vidović
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Filis Morina
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ljiljana Prokić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Sonja Milić-Komić
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Bojana Živanović
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Sonja Veljović Jovanović
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia.
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29
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Kim IS, Kim YS, Kim YH, Park AK, Kim HW, Lee JH, Yoon HS. Potential Application of the Oryza sativa Monodehydroascorbate Reductase Gene (OsMDHAR) to Improve the Stress Tolerance and Fermentative Capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158841. [PMID: 27392090 PMCID: PMC4938589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR; EC 1.6.5.4) is an important enzyme for ascorbate recycling. To examine whether heterologous expression of MDHAR from Oryza sativa (OsMDHAR) can prevent the deleterious effects of unfavorable growth conditions, we constructed a transgenic yeast strain harboring a recombinant plasmid carrying OsMDHAR (p426GPD::OsMDHAR). OsMDHAR-expressing yeast cells displayed enhanced tolerance to hydrogen peroxide by maintaining redox homoeostasis, proteostasis, and the ascorbate (AsA)-like pool following the accumulation of antioxidant enzymes and molecules, metabolic enzymes, and molecular chaperones and their cofactors, compared to wild-type (WT) cells carrying vector alone. The addition of exogenous AsA or its analogue isoascorbic acid increased the viability of WT and ara2Δ cells under oxidative stress. Furthermore, the survival of OsMDHAR-expressing cells was greater than that of WT cells when cells at mid-log growth phase were exposed to high concentrations of ethanol. High OsMDHAR expression also improved the fermentative capacity of the yeast during glucose-based batch fermentation at a standard cultivation temperature (30°C). The alcohol yield of OsMDHAR-expressing transgenic yeast during fermentation was approximately 25% (0.18 g·g-1) higher than that of WT yeast. Accordingly, OsMDHAR-expressing transgenic yeast showed prolonged survival during the environmental stresses produced during fermentation. These results suggest that heterologous OsMDHAR expression increases tolerance to reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress by improving cellular redox homeostasis and improves survival during fermentation, which enhances fermentative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Sup Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (I-SK); (H-SY)
| | - Young-Saeng Kim
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yul-Ho Kim
- Highland Agriculture Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Kyung Park
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Woo Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyuk Lee
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sung Yoon
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (I-SK); (H-SY)
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30
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Sgherri C, Scattino C, Pinzino C, Tonutti P, Ranieri AM. Ultraviolet-B radiation applied to detached peach fruit: A study of free radical generation by EPR spin trapping. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 96:124-31. [PMID: 26263515 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In peaches, phenolic compounds are the major sources of antioxidants, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside is the main anthocyanin present, above all in the skin. Anthocyanin content has been shown to increase after UV-B irradiation, which may be very harmful for all biological organisms due to the induction of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Peach fruits (cv. 'Suncrest') were exposed during post-harvest to supplemental ultraviolet-B radiation. A spin-trapping technique was used to monitor the generation of free radicals under UV-B, and 5-(diethoxy-phosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DEPMPO) was used as the spin trap. The flesh of peaches was essentially unaffected by the treatment, whereas the skin was responsive at the end of the treatment, accumulating ascorbate, flavonoids, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and showing a higher antioxidant activity. The levels of stable free radicals were also lower at the end of treatment. Carbon-centred radicals contributed the most to the total amounts of free radicals, whereas hydroxyl radicals and oxygen-centred free radicals contributed minimally. The carbon-centred free radical identified was the same as the one obtained after irradiation of authentic cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. During UV-B treatment cyanidin-3-O-glucoside increased and was capable of radicalization protecting the other organic molecules of the cell from oxidation. ROS, among which hydroxyl radicals, were thus maintained to minimal levels. This ability of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside displayed the mechanism underlined the tolerance to UV-B irradiation indicating that shelf life can be prolonged by the presence of anthocyanins. Thus, UV-B technique results a good approach to induce antioxidant production in peach fruits increasing their nutraceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sgherri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - C Scattino
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - C Pinzino
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Area Della Ricerca Del CNR di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - P Tonutti
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri Della Libertà 33, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - A M Ranieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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31
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Kocyigit A, Koyuncu I, Taskin A, Dikilitas M, Bahadori F, Turkkan B. Antigenotoxic and antioxidant potentials of newly derivatized compound naringenin-oxime relative to naringenin on human mononuclear cells. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:66-73. [PMID: 25826180 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1026973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated antigenotoxic and antioxidative effects of newly derivatized compound naringenin-oxime (NG-Ox) compared to its mother compound naringenin (NG) against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (HP) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Antigenotoxic activity was assessed using alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay). Oxidative status was evaluated by measurement of total antioxidant status, total oxidant status and lipid hydroperoxide levels in the cells. Oxidative stress index was also calculated. Both NG and NG-Ox show a protective effect against HP-induced oxidative damage on PBMC and are able to reduce oxidative stress. The percentage of antigenotoxic and antioxidant potential progressively increased in a dose-dependent manner. However, these activities were found to be more significant in NG-Ox-treated cells than in NG-treated cells. Taken together, these observations provide evidences indicating that both NG and NG-Ox are able to protect cells against oxidative damage and apparently NG-Ox is more effective than NG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahim Kocyigit
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | | | - Abdullah Taskin
- c Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and
| | - Murat Dikilitas
- d Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture , Harran University , S. Urfa , Turkey
| | - Fatemeh Bahadori
- e Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey , and
| | - Baki Turkkan
- f Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences , Harran University , S. Urfa , Turkey
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32
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Tattini M, Loreto F, Fini A, Guidi L, Brunetti C, Velikova V, Gori A, Ferrini F. Isoprenoids and phenylpropanoids are part of the antioxidant defense orchestrated daily by drought-stressed Platanus × acerifolia plants during Mediterranean summers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:613-26. [PMID: 25784134 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis was tested that isoprenoids and phenylpropanoids play a prominent role in countering photooxidative stress, following the depletion of antioxidant enzyme activity in plants exposed to severe drought stress under high solar irradiance and high temperatures. Platanus × acerifolia, a high isoprene-emitting species, was drought-stressed during summer (WS) and compared with unstressed controls (WW). Water relations and photosynthetic parameters were measured under mild, moderate, and severe drought stress conditions. Volatile and nonvolatile isoprenoids, antioxidant enzymes, and phenylpropanoids were measured with the same time course, but in four different periods of the day. Drought severely inhibited photosynthesis, whereas it did not markedly affect the photochemical machinery. Isoprene emission and zeaxanthin concentration were higher in WS than in WW leaves, particularly at mild and moderate stresses, and during the hottest hours of the day. The activities of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase steeply declined during the day, while the activity of guaiacol peroxidase and the concentration of quercetin increased during the day, peaking in the hottest hours in both WW and WS plants. Our experiment reveals a sequence of antioxidants that were used daily by plants to orchestrate defense against oxidative stress induced by drought and associated high light and high temperature. Secondary metabolites seem valuable complements of antioxidant enzymes to counter oxidative stress during the hottest daily hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Tattini
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), I-00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Fini
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Trees and Timber Institute, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Violeta Velikova
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele all'Adige (Trento), Italy
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Trees and Timber Institute, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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Darwish M, Lopez-Lauri F, Vidal V, El Maâtaoui M, Sallanon H. Alternation of light/dark period priming enhances clomazone tolerance by increasing the levels of ascorbate and phenolic compounds and ROS detoxification in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plantlets. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2015; 148:9-20. [PMID: 25863439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the alternation of light/dark periods (AL) (16/8 min light/dark cycles and a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 50 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1) for three days) to clarify the mechanisms involved in the clomazone tolerance of tobacco plantlets primed with AL was studied. Clomazone decreased PSII activity, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and the ascorbate and total polyphenol contents and increased H2O2 and starch grain accumulation and the number of the cells that underwent programmed cell death (PCD). The pretreatment with AL reduced the inhibitory effect of clomazone on the PSII activity and photosynthesis, as indicated by the decreases in the H2O2 and starch grain accumulation and the PCD levels, and increased the content of ascorbate and certain phenolic compounds, such as chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid and rutin. The AL treatment could promote photorespiration via post-illumination burst (PIB) effects. This alternative photorespiratory electron pathway may reduce H2O2 generation via the consumption of photochemical energy, such as NADH+H(+). At 10 days (D10) of AL treatment, this process induced moderate stress which stimulates H2O2 detoxification systems by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the biosynthesis of antioxidant components. Therefore, the PCD levels provoked by clomazone were noticeably decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majd Darwish
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Fruits et Légumes (EA 4279), Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Bât Agrosciences, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, F-84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
| | - Félicie Lopez-Lauri
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Fruits et Légumes (EA 4279), Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Bât Agrosciences, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, F-84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
| | - Véronique Vidal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Fruits et Légumes (EA 4279), Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Bât Agrosciences, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, F-84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
| | - Mohamed El Maâtaoui
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Fruits et Légumes (EA 4279), Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Bât Agrosciences, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, F-84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
| | - Huguette Sallanon
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Fruits et Légumes (EA 4279), Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Bât Agrosciences, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, F-84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
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Deamination of Betti bases: a facile route to 1-alkyl-2-naphthols and phenols via a metal-free transfer hydrogenation under microwave irradiation. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Anjum NA, Gill SS, Gill R, Hasanuzzaman M, Duarte AC, Pereira E, Ahmad I, Tuteja R, Tuteja N. Metal/metalloid stress tolerance in plants: role of ascorbate, its redox couple, and associated enzymes. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:1265-83. [PMID: 24682425 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under metal/metalloid stress is most common in plants, and the elevated ROS must be successfully metabolized in order to maintain plant growth, development, and productivity. Ascorbate (AsA) is a highly abundant metabolite and a water-soluble antioxidant, which besides positively influencing various aspects in plants acts also as an enigmatic component of plant defense armory. As a significant component of the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) pathway, it performs multiple vital functions in plants including growth and development by either directly or indirectly metabolizing ROS and its products. Enzymes such as monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR, EC 1.6.5.4) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1) maintain the reduced form of AsA pool besides metabolically controlling the ratio of AsA with its oxidized form (dehydroascorbate, DHA). Ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) utilizes the reduced AsA pool as the specific electron donor during ROS metabolism. Thus, AsA, its redox couple (AsA/DHA), and related enzymes (MDHAR, DHAR, and APX) cumulatively form an AsA redox system to efficiently protect plants particularly against potential anomalies caused by ROS and its products. Here we present a critical assessment of the recent research reports available on metal/metalloid-accrued modulation of reduced AsA pool, AsA/DHA redox couple and AsA-related major enzymes, and the cumulative significance of these antioxidant system components in plant metal/metalloid stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser A Anjum
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal,
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Peroxidase activity in scutella of maize in association with anatomical changes during germination and grain storage. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:399. [PMID: 25120948 PMCID: PMC4128954 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The embryo of the maize grain (Zea mays L.) is separated from the starchy endosperm by a fibrous structure, which is called the fibrous layer (FL). Using histochemical staining, it was determined that the FL is composed of collapsed cellular layers that contain phenols, neutral lipids, and 1,3-β-glucan. Due to its composition, the FL prevents free diffusion and separates the embryo from the endosperm during germination. Twenty-four hours after imbibition, the scutellum epidermis initiated a series of asynchronous spatial modifications, including cell growth, the perforation of cell walls, increased peroxidase activity in the apoplastic space, and elevated levels of superoxide, phenols, and other components that interact with the fibrous layer, enabling its transformation in addition to the free flow between compartments. During storage at high relative humidity levels, which leads to fast or slow deterioration depending on the temperature, the activity of phenol peroxidase in the scutellum was associated with a loss of vigor and reduced germination capacity when compared with low temperature and low relative humidity conditions. Such deterioration is associated with alterations in autofluorescent emissions from endogenous compounds in the scutellum, indicating changes in the microenvironment or in the differential proportions of epidermal and FL components.
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Agati G, Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Ferrini F, Pollastri S, Tattini M. Functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection: new evidence, lessons from the past. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 72:35-45. [PMID: 23583204 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We discuss on the relative significance of different functional roles potentially served by flavonoids in photoprotection, with special emphasis to their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and control the development of individual organs and whole plant. We propose a model in which chloroplast-located flavonoids scavenge H2O2 and singlet oxygen generated under excess light-stress, thus avoiding programmed cell death. We also draw a picture in which vacuolar flavonoids in conjunction with peroxidases and ascorbic acid constitute a secondary antioxidant system aimed at detoxifying H2O2, which may diffuse out of the chloroplast at considerable rates and enter the vacuole following excess light stress-induced depletion of ascorbate peroxidase. We hypothesize for flavonols key roles as developmental regulators in early and current-day land-plants, based on their ability to modulate auxin movement and auxin catabolism. We show that antioxidant flavonoids display the greatest capacity to regulate key steps of cell growth and differentiation in eukaryotes. These regulatory functions of flavonoids, which are shared by plants and animals, are fully accomplished in the nM concentration range, as likely occurred in early land plants. We therefore conclude that functions of flavonoids as antioxidants and/or developmental regulators flavonoids are of great value in photoprotection. We also suggest that UV-B screening was just one of the multiple functions served by flavonoids when early land-plants faced an abrupt increase in sunlight irradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agati
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Carrara', IFAC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Garg H, Li H, Sivasithamparam K, Barbetti MJ. Differentially expressed proteins and associated histological and disease progression changes in cotyledon tissue of a resistant and susceptible genotype of brassica napus infected with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65205. [PMID: 23776450 PMCID: PMC3679123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most serious diseases of oilseed rape. To understand the resistance mechanisms in the Brassica napus to S. sclerotiorum, comparative disease progression, histological and proteomic studies were conducted of two B. napus genotypes (resistant cv. Charlton, susceptible cv. RQ001-02M2). At 72 and 96 h post inoculation (hpi), lesion size on cotyledons was significantly (P≤0.001) smaller in the resistant Charlton. Anatomical investigations revealed impeded fungal growth (at 24 hpi and onwards) and hyphal disintegration only on resistant Charlton. Temporal changes (12, 24, 48 and 72 hpi) in protein profile showed certain enzymes up-regulated only in resistant Charlton, such as those related to primary metabolic pathways, antioxidant defence, ethylene biosynthesis, pathogenesis related proteins, protein synthesis and protein folding, play a role in mediating defence responses against S. sclerotiorum. Similarly a eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A enzyme with increased abundance in susceptible RQ001-02M2 and decreased levels in resistant Charlton has a role in increased susceptibility to this pathogen. This is the first time that the expression of these enzymes has been shown to be associated with mediating the defence response against S. sclerotinia in cotyledon tissue of a resistant cultivar of B. napus at a proteomics level. This study not only provides important new insights into the resistance mechanisms within B. napus against S. sclerotiorum, but opens the way for novel engineering of new B. napus varieties that over-express these key enzymes as a strategy to enhance resistance and better manage this devastating pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Garg
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hua Li
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martin J. Barbetti
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- The University of Western Australia Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Kim YS, Kim IS, Bae MJ, Choe YH, Kim YH, Park HM, Kang HG, Yoon HS. Homologous expression of cytosolic dehydroascorbate reductase increases grain yield and biomass under paddy field conditions in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L. japonica). PLANTA 2013; 237:1613-25. [PMID: 23519921 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1) maintains redox pools of ascorbate (AsA) by recycling oxidized AsA to reduced AsA. To investigate whether DHAR affects rice yield under normal environmental conditions, cDNA-encoding DHAR (OsDHAR1) was isolated from rice and used to develop OsDHAR1-overexpressing transgenic rice plants, under the regulation of a maize ubiquitin promoter. Incorporation and expression of the transgene in transgenic rice plants was confirmed by genomic polymerase chain reaction (PCR), semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), western blot, and enzyme activity. The expression levels were at least twofold higher in transgenic (TG) rice plants than in control wild-type (WT) rice plants. In addition, OsDHAR1-overexpression in seven-independent homologous transgenic plants, as compared to WT plants, increased photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant enzyme activities under paddy field conditions, which led to an improved AsA pool and redox homeostasis. Furthermore, OsDHAR1 overexpression significantly improved grain yield and biomass due to the increase of culm and root weights and to enhance panicle and spikelet numbers in the same seven independent TG rice plants during the farming season (2010 and 2011) in South Korea. The OsDHAR protein contained the redox-active site (Cys20), as well as the conserved GSH-binding region, GSH-binding motif, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) N-terminal domain, C-terminal domain interface, and GST C-terminal domain. Therefore, our results indicate that OsDHAR1 overexpression, capable of functioning in AsA recycling, and protein folding increases environmental adaptation to paddy field conditions by the improving AsA pool and redox homeostasis, which enhances rice grain yield and biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Saeng Kim
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea.
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Agati G, Azzarello E, Pollastri S, Tattini M. Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: location and functional significance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 196:67-76. [PMID: 23017900 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 876] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stress-responsive dihydroxy B-ring-substituted flavonoids have great potential to inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduce the levels of ROS once they are formed, i.e., to perform antioxidant functions. These flavonoids are located within or in the proximity of centers of ROS generation in severely stressed plants. Efficient mechanisms have been recently identified for the transport of flavonoids from the endoplasmic reticulum, the site of their biosynthesis, to different cellular compartments. The mechanism underlying flavonoid-mediated ROS reduction in plants is still unclear. 'Antioxidant' flavonoids are found in the chloroplast, which suggests a role as scavengers of singlet oxygen and stabilizers of the chloroplast outer envelope membrane. Dihydroxy B-ring substituted flavonoids are present in the nucleus of mesophyll cells and may inhibit ROS-generation making complexes with Fe and Cu ions. The genes that govern the biosynthesis of antioxidant flavonoids are present in liverworts and mosses and are mostly up-regulated as a consequence of severe stress. This suggests that the antioxidant flavonoid metabolism is a robust trait of terrestrial plants. Vacuolar dihydroxy B-ring flavonoids have been reported to serve as co-substrates for vacuolar peroxidases to reduce H(2)O(2) escape from the chloroplast, following the depletion of ascorbate peroxidase activity. Antioxidant flavonoids may effectively control key steps of cell growth and differentiation, thus acting regulating the development of the whole plant and individual organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Carrara', Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto F. No, Firenze, Italy
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Fini A, Guidi L, Ferrini F, Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Biricolti S, Pollastri S, Calamai L, Tattini M. Drought stress has contrasting effects on antioxidant enzymes activity and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in Fraxinus ornus leaves: an excess light stress affair? JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:929-39. [PMID: 22537713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The experiment was conducted using Fraxinus ornus plants grown outside under full sunlight irradiance, and supplied with 100% (well-watered, WW), 40% (mild drought, MD), or 20% (severe drought, SD) of the daily evapotranspiration demand, with the main objective of exploring the effect of excess light stress on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Net CO₂ assimilation rate at saturating light and daily assimilated CO₂ were significantly smaller in SD than in WW and MD plants. Xanthophyll-cycle pigments supported nonphotochemical quenching to a significantly greater extent in SD than in MD and WW leaves. As a consequence, the actual efficiency of PSII (Φ(PSII)) was smaller, while the excess excitation-energy in the photosynthetic apparatus was greater in SD than in WW or MD plants. The concentrations of violaxanthin-cycle pigments relative to total chlorophyll (Chl(tot)) exceeded 200 mmol mol⁻¹ Chl(tot) in SD leaves at the end of the experiment. This leads to hypothesize for zeaxanthin a role not only as nonphotochemical quencher, but also as chloroplast antioxidant. Reductions in ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities, as drought-stress progressed, were paralleled by greater accumulations of esculetin and quercetin 3-O-glycosides, both phenylpropanoids having effective capacity to scavenge H₂O₂. The drought-induced accumulation of esculetin and quercetin 3-O-glycosides in the vacuoles of mesophyll cells is consistent with their putative functions as reducing agents for H₂O₂ in excess light-stressed leaves. Nonetheless, the concentration of H₂O₂ and the lipid peroxidation were significantly greater in SD than in MD and WW leaves. It is speculated that vacuolar phenylpropanoids may constitute a secondary antioxidant system, even on a temporal basis, activated upon the depletion of primary antioxidant defences, and aimed at keeping whole-cell H₂O₂ within a sub-lethal concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali, del Suolo e dell'Ambiente Agroforestale, Università di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Damage, and Antioxidative Defense Mechanism in Plants under Stressful Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/217037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2231] [Impact Index Per Article: 185.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced as a normal product of plant cellular metabolism. Various environmental stresses lead to excessive production of ROS causing progressive oxidative damage and ultimately cell death. Despite their destructive activity, they are well-described second messengers in a variety of cellular processes, including conferment of tolerance to various environmental stresses. Whether ROS would serve as signaling molecules or could cause oxidative damage to the tissues depends on the delicate equilibrium between ROS production, and their scavenging. Efficient scavenging of ROS produced during various environmental stresses requires the action of several nonenzymatic as well as enzymatic antioxidants present in the tissues. In this paper, we describe the generation, sites of production and role of ROS as messenger molecules as well as inducers of oxidative damage. Further, the antioxidative defense mechanisms operating in the cells for scavenging of ROS overproduced under various stressful conditions of the environment have been discussed in detail.
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Pollastri S, Tattini M. Flavonols: old compounds for old roles. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:1225-33. [PMID: 21880658 PMCID: PMC3197460 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New roles for flavonoids, as developmental regulators and/or signalling molecules, have recently been proposed in eukaryotic cells exposed to a wide range of environmental stimuli. In plants, these functions are actually restricted to flavonols, the ancient and widespread class of flavonoids. In mosses and liverworts, the whole set of genes for flavonol biosynthesis - CHS, CHI, F3H, FLS and F3'H - has been detected. The flavonol branch pathway has remained intact for millions of years, and is almost exclusively involved in the responses of plants to a wide array of stressful agents, despite the fact that evolution of flavonoid metabolism has produced >10 000 structures. SCOPE Here the emerging functional roles of flavonoids in the responses of present-day plants to different stresses are discussed based on early, authoritative views of their primary functions during the colonization of land by plants. Flavonols are not as efficient as other secondary metabolites in absorbing wavelengths in the 290-320 nm spectral region, but display the greatest potential to keep stress-induced changes in cellular reactive oxygen species homeostasis under control, and to regulate the development of individual organs and the whole plant. Very low flavonol concentrations, as probably occurred in early terrestrial plants, may fully accomplish these regulatory functions. CONCLUSIONS During the last two decades the routine use of genomic, chromatography/mass spectrometry and fluorescence microimaging techniques has provided new insights into the regulation of flavonol metabolism as well as on the inter- and intracellular distribution of stress-responsive flavonols. These findings offer new evidence on how flavonols may have performed a wide array of functional roles during the colonization of land by plants. In our opinion this ancient flavonoid class is still playing the same old and robust roles in present-day plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Pollastri
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali, del Suolo e dell'Ambiente Agroforestale, Sezione Coltivazioni Arboree, Università di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Fini A, Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Ferrini F, Tattini M. Stress-induced flavonoid biosynthesis and the antioxidant machinery of plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:709-11. [PMID: 21448007 PMCID: PMC3172844 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.5.15069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that flavonoids do not primarily function as UV-B screening pigments in photoprotection. Recent findings support the idea that excess light stress, irrespective of the relative proportions of the solar wavebands reaching the leaf surface, up-regulates the biosynthesis of dihydroxy B-ring-substituted flavonoid glycosides, as a consequence of and aimed at countering the generation of ROS. Intriguingly, the very conditions that lead to the inactivation of antioxidant enzymes can also up-regulate the biosynthesis of antioxidant flavonoids, which suggests flavonoids constituting a secondary ROS-scavenging system in plants exposed to severe/prolonged stress conditions. H2O2 may diffuse out of the chloroplast at considerable rates and be transported to the vacuole, the storing site for flavonoids, by tonoplast intrinsic proteins, under severe excess light conditions. We suggest that the unanticipated key role of the vacuole in the ROS homeostasis might be mediated by flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali; del Suolo e dell'Ambiente Agroforestale; Università di Firenze; Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali; del Suolo e dell'Ambiente Agroforestale; Università di Firenze; Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze Italy
| | - Martina Di Ferdinando
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali; del Suolo e dell'Ambiente Agroforestale; Università di Firenze; Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali; del Suolo e dell'Ambiente Agroforestale; Università di Firenze; Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali; del Suolo e dell'Ambiente Agroforestale; Università di Firenze; Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante; Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze Italy
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Agati G, Tattini M. Multiple functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 186:786-793. [PMID: 20569414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agati
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Carrara', Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto F.no, Firenze, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto F.no, Firenze, Italy
- Present address: Dip. Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali, del Suolo dell'Ambiente Agroforestale, sez. Coltivazioni Arboree, Università di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, I-50019, Sesto F.no, Firenze, Italy
- (Author for correspondence: tel +39 055 4574038; email )
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André CM, Schafleitner R, Legay S, Lefèvre I, Aliaga CAA, Nomberto G, Hoffmann L, Hausman JF, Larondelle Y, Evers D. Gene expression changes related to the production of phenolic compounds in potato tubers grown under drought stress. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1107-1116. [PMID: 19664789 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols represent a large family of plant secondary metabolites implicated in the prevention of various diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases. The potato is a significant source of polyphenols in the human diet. In this study, we examined the expression of thirteen genes involved in the biosynthesis of polyphenols in potato tubers using real-time RT-PCR. A selection of five field grown native Andean cultivars, presenting contrasting polyphenol profiles, was used. Moreover, we investigated the expression of the genes after a drought exposure. We concluded that the diverse polyphenolic profiles are correlated to variations in gene expression profiles. The drought-induced variations of the gene expression was highly cultivar-specific. In the three anthocyanin-containing cultivars, gene expression was coordinated and reflected at the metabolite level supporting a hypothesis that regulation of gene expression plays an essential role in the potato polyphenol production. We proposed that the altered sucrose flux induced by the drought stress is partly responsible for the changes in gene expression. This study provides information on key polyphenol biosynthetic and regulatory genes, which could be useful in the development of potato varieties with enhanced health and nutritional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle M André
- Department 'Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies', Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Rue du Brill, 41, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2/8, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Roland Schafleitner
- Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement Division, International Potato Center, Avenida La Molina 1895, Apartado 1558, La Molina, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Department 'Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies', Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Rue du Brill, 41, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Isabelle Lefèvre
- Department 'Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies', Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Rue du Brill, 41, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Carlos A Alvarado Aliaga
- Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement Division, International Potato Center, Avenida La Molina 1895, Apartado 1558, La Molina, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Giannina Nomberto
- Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement Division, International Potato Center, Avenida La Molina 1895, Apartado 1558, La Molina, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Lucien Hoffmann
- Department 'Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies', Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Rue du Brill, 41, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-François Hausman
- Department 'Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies', Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Rue du Brill, 41, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Yvan Larondelle
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2/8, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Danièle Evers
- Department 'Environment and Agro-Biotechnologies', Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Rue du Brill, 41, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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Hernández I, Alegre L, Van Breusegem F, Munné-Bosch S. How relevant are flavonoids as antioxidants in plants? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:125-32. [PMID: 19230744 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a large family of plant secondary metabolites, principally recognized for their health-promoting properties in human diets. Most flavonoids outperform well-known antioxidants, such as ascorbate (vitamin C) and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), in in vitro antioxidant assays because of their strong capacity to donate electrons or hydrogen atoms. However, experimental evidence for an antioxidant function in plants is limited to a few individual flavonoids under very specific experimental and developmental conditions. As we discuss here, although flavonoids have been demonstrated to accumulate with oxidative stress during abiotic and biotic environmental assaults, a convincing spatio-temporal correlation with the flavonoid oxidation products is not yet available. Thereby, the widely accepted antioxidant function of flavonoids in plants is still a matter of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Hernández
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
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48
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Hadzi-Tasković Sukalović V, Vuletić M, Vucinić Z, Veljović-Jovanović S. Effectiveness of phenoxyl radicals generated by peroxidase/H2O2-catalyzed oxidation of caffeate, ferulate, and p-coumarate in cooxidation of ascorbate and NADH. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2008; 121:115-23. [PMID: 18071845 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-007-0124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The rate of ascorbate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide plus hydrogen (NADH) cooxidation (i.e., their nonenzymic oxidation by peroxidase/H2O2-generated phenoxyl radicals of three hydroxycinnamates: caffeate, ferulate and p-coumarate) was studied in vitro. The reactions initiated by different sources of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) [isolates from soybean (Glycine max L.) seed coat, maize (Zea mays L.) root-cell wall, and commercial horseradish peroxidase] were monitored. Native electrophoresis of samples and specific staining for peroxidase activity revealed various isoforms in each of the three enzyme sources. The peroxidase sources differed both in the rate of H2O2-dependent hydroxycinnamate oxidation and in the order of affinity for the phenolic substrates. The three hydroxycinnamates did not differ in their ability to cooxidize ascorbate, whereas NADH cooxidation was affected by substitution of the phenolic ring. Thus, p-coumarate was more efficient than caffeate in NADH cooxidation, with ferulate not being effective at all. Metal ions (Zn2+ and Al3+) inhibited the reaction of peroxidase with p-coumarate and affected the cooxidation rate of ascorbate and the peroxidase reaction in the same manner with all substrates used. However, inhibition of p-coumarate oxidation by metal ions did not affect NADH cooxidation rate. We propose that both the ascorbate and NADH cooxidation systems can function as mechanisms to scavenge H2O2 and regenerate phenolics in different cellular compartments, thus contributing to protection from oxidative damage.
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49
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Eastmond PJ. MONODEHYROASCORBATE REDUCTASE4 is required for seed storage oil hydrolysis and postgerminative growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2007; 19:1376-87. [PMID: 17449810 PMCID: PMC1913749 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.043992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is a major by-product of peroxisomal metabolism and has the potential to cause critical oxidative damage. In all eukaryotes, catalase is thought to be instrumental in removing this H(2)O(2). However, plants also contain a peroxisomal membrane-associated ascorbate-dependent electron transfer system, using ascorbate peroxidase and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR). Here, I report that the conditional seedling-lethal sugar-dependent2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana is deficient in the peroxisomal membrane isoform of MDAR (MDAR4). Following germination, Arabidopsis seeds rely on storage oil breakdown to supply carbon skeletons and energy for early seedling growth, and massive amounts of H(2)O(2) are generated within the peroxisome as a by-product of fatty acid beta-oxidation. My data suggest that the membrane-bound MDAR4 component of the ascorbate-dependent electron transfer system is necessary to detoxify H(2)O(2), which escapes the peroxisome. This function appears to be critical to protect oil bodies that are in close proximity to peroxisomes from incurring oxidative damage, which otherwise inactivates the triacylglycerol lipase SUGAR-DEPENDENT1 and cuts off the supply of carbon for seedling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Eastmond
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwickshire, CV35 9EF, UK.
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50
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Drew DP, Lunde C, Lahnstein J, Fincher GB. Heterologous expression of cDNAs encoding monodehydroascorbate reductases from the moss, Physcomitrella patens and characterization of the expressed enzymes. PLANTA 2007; 225:945-54. [PMID: 16983536 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR; EC 1.6.5.4) catalyses the reduction of the monodehydroascorbate (MDHA) radical to ascorbate, using NADH or NADPH as an electron donor, and is believed to be involved in maintaining the reactive oxygen scavenging capability of plant cells. This key enzyme in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle has been studied here in the moss Physcomitrella patens, which is tolerant to a range of abiotic stresses and is increasingly used as a model plant. In the present study, three cDNAs encoding different MDHAR isoforms of 47 kDa were identified in P. patens, and found to exhibit enzymic characteristics similar to MDHARs in vascular plants despite low-sequence identity and a distant evolutionary relationship between the species. The three cDNAs for the P. patens MDHAR enzymes were expressed in Escherichia coli and the active enzymes were purified and characterized. Each recombinant protein displayed an absorbance spectrum typical of flavoenzymes and contained a single non-covalently bound FAD coenzyme molecule. The Km and kcat values for the heterologously expressed PpMDHAR enzymes ranged from 8 to 18 microM and 120-130 s(-1), respectively, using NADH as the electron donor. The Km values were at least an order of magnitude higher for NADPH. The Km values for the MDHA radical were approximately 0.5-1.0 microM for each of the purified enzymes, and further kinetic analyses indicated that PpMDHARs follow a 'ping-pong' kinetic mechanism. In contrast to previously published data, site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the conserved cysteine residue is not directly involved in the reduction of MDHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian P Drew
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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