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Elkenawy NM, Ghaiad HR, Ibrahim SM, Aziz RK, Rashad E, Eraqi WA. Ubiquinol preserves immune cells in gamma-irradiated rats: Role of autophagy and apoptosis in splenic tissue. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110647. [PMID: 37499399 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Radiation has been applied in cancer treatment to eradicate tumors and displayed great therapeutic benefits for humans. However, it is associated with negative impacts on normal cells, not only cancer cells. Irradiation can trigger cell death through several mechanisms, such as apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. This study aimed to investigate the radioprotective efficacy of ubiquinol against radiation-induced splenic tissue injury in animals and the related involved mechanisms. Animals were classified into four groups: group 1 (normal untreated rats) received vehicle 5 % Tween 80; group 2 received 7 Gy γ-radiation; group 3 received 10 mg/Kg oral ubiquinol post-irradiation; and group 4 received 10 mg/Kg oral ubiquinol before and after (pre/post-) irradiation. Ubiquinol restored the spleen histoarchitecture, associated with improved immunohistochemical quantification of B and T lymphocyte markers and ameliorated hematological alterations induced by irradiation. Such effects may be due to an enhanced antioxidant pathway through stimulation of p62, Nrf2, and GSH, associated with reduced Keap1 and MDA. Moreover, ubiquinol decreased mTOR, thus enhanced autophagy markers viz. LC3-II. Furthermore, ubiquinol showed an antiapoptotic effect by enhancing Bcl-2 and reducing caspase-3 and Bax. Consequently, ubiquinol exerts a splenic-protective effect against irradiation via enhancing antioxidant, autophagic, and survival pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Mohamed Elkenawy
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center of Radiation and Research Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo 11787, Egypt.
| | - Heba Ramadan Ghaiad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Sherehan Mohamed Ibrahim
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Ramy Karam Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; Microbiology and Immunology Research Program, Children's Cancer Hospital (Egypt 57357), Cairo 11617, Egypt
| | - Eman Rashad
- Cytology and Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Walaa Ahmed Eraqi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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2
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Moshfegh C, Rambow SG, Domenig SA, Pieńkowska-Schelling A, Bleul U, Vogel V. Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into cells with spermatogonia-like morphology with chemical intervention-dependent increased gene expression of LIM homeobox 1 (Lhx1). Stem Cell Res 2022; 61:102780. [PMID: 35395624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) originate from gonocytes that differentiate from primordial germ cells (PGCs). In the developing mouse testis, expression of the gene LIM homeobox 1 (Lhx1) marks the most undifferentiated SSCs, which has not yet been reported for spermatogonia-like cells generated in vitro. Previously, it was shown that a chemical intervention in male mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells in serum culture, including Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inhibitor Ex-527, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor RG-108 and electrophilic redox cycling compound tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), was associated with molecular markers of PGC to gonocyte differentiation. Here, we report the in vitro differentiation of male mouse ES cells, cultured under dual chemical inhibition of GSK3β and MEK (2i) with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) (2iL) and serum, into cells with spermatogonia-like morphology (CSMs) and population-averaged expression of spermatogonia-specific genes by removal of 2iL and a specific schedule of twice daily partial medium replacement. Combination of this new protocol with the previously reported chemical intervention increased population-averaged gene expression of Lhx1 in the resulting CSMs. Furthermore, we detected single CSMs with strong nuclear LHX1/5 protein signal only in the chemical intervention group. We propose that further investigation of CSMs may provide new insights into male germline development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Moshfegh
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sebastian G Rambow
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Seraina A Domenig
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aldona Pieńkowska-Schelling
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Bleul
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viola Vogel
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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Gandhirajan A, Roychowdhury S, Vachharajani V. Sirtuins and Sepsis: Cross Talk between Redox and Epigenetic Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010003. [PMID: 35052507 PMCID: PMC8772830 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock are the leading causes of death among hospitalized patients in the US. The immune response in sepsis transitions from a pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant hyper-inflammation to an anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective hypo-inflammatory phase. While 1/3rd sepsis-related deaths occur during hyper-, a vast majority of sepsis-mortality occurs during the hypo-inflammation. Hyper-inflammation is cytotoxic for the immune cells and cannot be sustained. As a compensatory mechanism, the immune cells transition from cytotoxic hyper-inflammation to a cytoprotective hypo-inflammation with anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive phase. However, the hypo-inflammation is associated with an inability to clear invading pathogens, leaving the host susceptible to secondary infections. Thus, the maladaptive immune response leads to a marked departure from homeostasis during sepsis-phases. The transition from hyper- to hypo-inflammation occurs via epigenetic programming. Sirtuins, a highly conserved family of histone deacetylators and guardians of homeostasis, are integral to the epigenetic programming in sepsis. Through their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, the sirtuins modulate the immune response in sepsis. We review the role of sirtuins in orchestrating the interplay between the oxidative stress and epigenetic programming during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anugraha Gandhirajan
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Sanjoy Roychowdhury
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Vidula Vachharajani
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.G.); (S.R.)
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Correspondence:
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Gaisina IN, Hushpulian DM, Gaisin AM, Kazakov EH, Ammal Kaidery N, Ahuja M, Poloznikov AA, Gazaryan IG, Thatcher GRJ, Thomas B. Identification of a potent Nrf2 displacement activator among aspirin-containing prodrugs. Neurochem Int 2021; 149:105148. [PMID: 34329734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin is a desired leaving group in prodrugs aimed at treatment of neurodegeneration and other conditions. A library of aspirin derivatives of various scaffolds potentially activating Nrf2 has been tested in Neh2-luc reporter assay which screens for direct Nrf2 protein stabilizers working via disruption of Nrf2-Keap1 interaction. Most aspirin prodrugs had a pro-alkylating or pro-oxidant motif in the structure and, therefore, were toxic at high concentrations. However, among the active compounds, we identified a molecule resembling a well-known Nrf2 displacement activator, bis-1,4-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonamidyl) naphthalene (NMBSA). The direct comparison of the newly identified compound with NMBSA and its improved analog in the reporter assay showed no quenching with N-acetyl cysteine, thus pointing to Nrf2 stabilization mechanism without cysteine alkylation. The potency of the newly identified compound in the reporter assay was much stronger than NMBSA, despite its inhibitory action in the commercial fluorescence polarization assay was observed only in the millimolar range. Molecular docking predicted that mono-deacetylation of the novel prodrug should generate a potent displacement activator. The time-course of reporter activation with the novel prodrug had a pronounced lag-period pointing to a plausible intracellular transformation leading to an active product. Treatment of the novel prodrug with blood plasma or cell lysate demonstrated stepwise deacetylation as judge by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Hence, the esterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the prodrug liberates only acetyl groups from aspirin moiety and generates a potent Nrf2 activator. The discovered mechanism of prodrug activation makes the newly identified compound a promising lead for future optimization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N Gaisina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Dmitry M Hushpulian
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arsen M Gaisin
- Integrated Molecular Structure Education and Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Navneet Ammal Kaidery
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Manuj Ahuja
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Andrey A Poloznikov
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina G Gazaryan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia; Department of Chemical Enzymology, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY, USA
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Drug Discovery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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5
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Lee DY, Song MY, Kim EH. Role of Oxidative Stress and Nrf2/KEAP1 Signaling in Colorectal Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives with Phytochemicals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:743. [PMID: 34067204 PMCID: PMC8151932 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer still has a high incidence and mortality rate, according to a report from the American Cancer Society. Colorectal cancer has a high prevalence in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Oxidative stress, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation, has been known to cause inflammatory diseases and malignant disorders. In particular, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-related protein 1 (KEAP1) pathway is well known to protect cells from oxidative stress and inflammation. Nrf2 was first found in the homolog of the hematopoietic transcription factor p45 NF-E2, and the transcription factor Nrf2 is a member of the Cap 'N' Collar family. KEAP1 is well known as a negative regulator that rapidly degrades Nrf2 through the proteasome system. A range of evidence has shown that consumption of phytochemicals has a preventive or inhibitory effect on cancer progression or proliferation, depending on the stage of colorectal cancer. Therefore, the discovery of phytochemicals regulating the Nrf2/KEAP1 axis and verification of their efficacy have attracted scientific attention. In this review, we summarize the role of oxidative stress and the Nrf2/KEAP1 signaling pathway in colorectal cancer, and the possible utility of phytochemicals with respect to the regulation of the Nrf2/KEAP1 axis in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Moon-Young Song
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
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6
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Muri J, Feng Q, Wolleb H, Shamshiev A, Ebner C, Tortola L, Broz P, Carreira EM, Kopf M. Cyclopentenone Prostaglandins and Structurally Related Oxidized Lipid Species Instigate and Share Distinct Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Pathways. Cell Rep 2021; 30:4399-4417.e7. [PMID: 32234476 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized lipids play a critical role in a variety of diseases with two faces: pro- and anti-inflammatory. The molecular mechanisms of this Janus-faced activity remain largely unknown. Here, we have identified that cyclopentenone-containing prostaglandins such as 15d-PGJ2 and structurally related oxidized phospholipid species possess a dual and opposing bioactivity in inflammation, depending on their concentration. Exposure of dendritic cells (DCs)/macrophages to low concentrations of such lipids before Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation instigates an anti-inflammatory response mediated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent inhibition of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation and downstream targets. By contrast, high concentrations of such lipids upon TLR activation of DCs/macrophages result in inflammatory apoptosis characterized by mitochondrial depolarization and caspase-8-mediated interleukin (IL)-1β maturation independently of Nrf2 and the classical inflammasome pathway. These results uncover unexpected pro- and anti-inflammatory activities of physiologically relevant lipid species generated by enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation dependent on their concentration, a phenomenon known as hormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Muri
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Qian Feng
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Helene Wolleb
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Abdijapar Shamshiev
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Ebner
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Tortola
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Erick M Carreira
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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7
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Bousquet MS, Ratnayake R, Pope JL, Chen QY, Zhu F, Chen S, Carney TJ, Gharaibeh RZ, Jobin C, Paul VJ, Luesch H. Seaweed natural products modify the host inflammatory response via Nrf2 signaling and alter colon microbiota composition and gene expression. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 146:306-323. [PMID: 31536771 PMCID: PMC7339024 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Seaweeds are an important component of human diets, especially in Asia and the Pacific islands, and have shown chemopreventive as well as anti-inflammatory properties. However, structural characterization and mechanistic insight of seaweed components responsible for their biological activities are lacking. We isolated cymopol and related natural products from the marine green alga Cymopolia barbata and demonstrated their function as activators of transcription factor Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response to increase the cellular antioxidant status. We probed the reactivity of the bioactivation product of cymopol, cymopol quinone, which was able to modify various cysteine residues of Nrf2's cytoplasmic repressor protein Keap1. The observed adducts are reflective of the polypharmacology at the level of natural product, due to multiple electrophilic centers, and at the amino acid level of the cysteine-rich target protein Keap1. The non-polar C. barbata extract and its major active component cymopol, reduced inflammatory gene transcription in vitro in macrophages and mouse embryonic fibroblasts in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Cymopol-containing extracts attenuated neutrophil migration in a zebrafish tail wound model. RNA-seq analysis of colonic tissues of mice exposed to non-polar extract or cymopol showed an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response, with more pronounced effects exhibited by the extract. Cymopolia extract reduced DSS-induced colitis as measured by fecal lipocalin concentration. RNA-seq showed that mucosal-associated bacterial composition and transcriptional profile in large intestines were beneficially altered to varying degrees in mice treated with either the extract or cymopol. We conclude that seaweed-derived compounds, especially cymopol, alter Nrf2-mediated host and microbial gene expression, thereby providing polypharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Bousquet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery, and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Ranjala Ratnayake
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery, and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jillian L Pope
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Qi-Yin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery, and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Fanchao Zhu
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA; Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Thomas J Carney
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Proteos, 138673, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore
| | - Raad Z Gharaibeh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Valerie J Paul
- Smithsonian Marine Station, 701 Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, Florida, 34949, USA
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery, and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Proteos, 138673, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore.
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8
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Iaconelli J, Ibrahim L, Chen E, Hull M, Schultz PG, Bollong MJ. Small-Molecule Stimulators of NRF1 Transcriptional Activity. Chembiochem 2019; 21:1816-1819. [PMID: 31596542 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1 (NRF1) maintains proteostasis and promotes cellular resilience by stimulating the transcription of proteasomal subunits and a host of protective enzymes. Although NRF1 activation would likely be beneficial in a number of disease states, information regarding its ligandability and upstream regulation are lacking. Herein we report a high-throughput chemical screen that identified selective stimulators of NRF1-driven transcription, including unannotated inhibitors of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) as well as two non-UPS-targeted compounds that synergistically activate NRF1 in the context of submaximal UPS inhibition. This work introduces a suite of tool molecules to study the NRF1 transcriptional response and to uncover the druggable components governing NRF1 activity in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Iaconelli
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lara Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Emily Chen
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mitchell Hull
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peter G Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Michael J Bollong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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Activators and Inhibitors of NRF2: A Review of Their Potential for Clinical Development. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9372182. [PMID: 31396308 PMCID: PMC6664516 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9372182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) triggers the first line of homeostatic responses against a plethora of environmental or endogenous deviations in redox metabolism, proteostasis, inflammation, etc. Therefore, pharmacological activation of NRF2 is a promising therapeutic approach for several chronic diseases that are underlined by oxidative stress and inflammation, such as neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. A particular case is cancer, where NRF2 confers a survival advantage to constituted tumors, and therefore, NRF2 inhibition is desired. This review describes the electrophilic and nonelectrophilic NRF2 activators with clinical projection in various chronic diseases. We also analyze the status of NRF2 inhibitors, which at this time provide proof of concept for blocking NRF2 activity in cancer therapy.
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Nachliely M, Trachtenberg A, Khalfin B, Nalbandyan K, Cohen-Lahav M, Yasuda K, Sakaki T, Kutner A, Danilenko M. Dimethyl fumarate and vitamin D derivatives cooperatively enhance VDR and Nrf2 signaling in differentiating AML cells in vitro and inhibit leukemia progression in a xenograft mouse model. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 188:8-16. [PMID: 30508646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the deadliest hematological malignancies without effective treatment for most patients. Vitamin D derivatives (VDDs) - active metabolites 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (1,25D2) and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) and their analogs - are differentiation-inducing agents which have potential for the therapy of AML. However, calcemic toxicity of VDDs limits their clinical use at doses effective against cancer cells in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that in AML cell cultures, moderate pro-differentiation effects of low concentrations of VDDs can be synergistically enhanced by structurally distinct compounds known to activate the transcription factor Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-derived 2)-Like 2 (NFE2L2 or Nrf2). Particularly, dimethyl fumarate (DMF), which is clinically approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and psoriasis, strongly cooperated with 1,25D3, PRI-5100 (19-nor-1,25D2; paricalcitol) and PRI-5202 (a double-point modified 19-nor analog of 1,25D2). The pro-differentiation synergy between VDDs (1,25D3 or PRI-5202) and Nrf2 activators (DMF, tert-butylhydroquinone or carnosic acid) was associated with a cooperative upregulation of the protein levels of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and Nrf2 as well as increased mRNA expression of their respective target genes. These data support the notion that VDDs and Nrf2 activators synergize in inducing myeloid cell differentiation through the cooperative activation of the VDR and Nrf2/antioxidant response element signaling pathways. We have previously reported that PRI-5202 is more potent by approximately two orders of magnitude than 1,25D3 as a differentiation inducer in AML cell lines. In this study, we found that PRI-5202 was also at least 5-fold less calcemic in healthy mice compared to both its direct precursor PRI-1907 and 1,25D3. In addition, PRI-5202 was remarkably more resistant against degradation by the human 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase than both 1,25D2 and 1,25D3. Importantly, using a xenograft mouse model we demonstrated that co-administration of PRI-5202 and DMF resulted in a marked cooperative inhibition of human AML tumor growth without inducing treatment toxicity. Collectively, our findings provide a rationale for clinical testing of low-toxic VDD/DMF combinations as a novel approach for differentiation therapy of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan Nachliely
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Aviram Trachtenberg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Boris Khalfin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Karen Nalbandyan
- Department of Pathology, Soroka University Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Merav Cohen-Lahav
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Soroka University Medical Center, 84101 Beer Sheva, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 939-0398 Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 939-0398 Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Andrzej Kutner
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Danilenko
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
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Liu W, Guo Q, Zhao H. Oxidative stress-elicited YY1 potentiates antioxidative response via enhancement of NRF2-driven transcriptional activity: A potential neuronal defensive mechanism against ischemia/reperfusion cerebral injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:698-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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12
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A systematic analysis of Nrf2 pathway activation dynamics during repeated xenobiotic exposure. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:435-451. [PMID: 30456486 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress leads to the activation of the Nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. While most studies have focused on the activation of the Nrf2 pathway after single chemical treatment, little is known about the dynamic regulation of the Nrf2 pathway in the context of repeated exposure scenarios. Here we employed single cell live imaging to quantitatively monitor the dynamics of the Nrf2 pathway during repeated exposure, making advantage of two HepG2 fluorescent protein reporter cell lines, expressing GFP tagged Nrf2 or sulfiredoxin 1 (Srxn1), a direct downstream target of Nrf2. High throughput live confocal imaging was used to measure the temporal dynamics of these two components of the Nrf2 pathway after repeated exposure to an extensive concentration range of diethyl maleate (DEM) and tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ). Single treatment with DEM or tBHQ induced Nrf2 and Srxn1 over time in a concentration-dependent manner. The Nrf2 response to a second treatment was lower than the response to the first exposure with the same concentration, indicating that the response is adaptive. Moreover, a limited fraction of individual cells committed themselves into the Nrf2 response during the second treatment. Despite the suppression of the Nrf2 pathway, the second treatment resulted in a three-fold higher Srxn1-GFP response compared to the first treatment, with all cells participating in the response. While after the first treatment Srxn1-GFP response was linearly related to Nrf2-GFP nuclear translocation, such a linear relationship was less clear for the second exposure. siRNA-mediated knockdown demonstrated that the second response is dependent on the activity of Nrf2. Several other, clinically relevant, compounds (i.e., sulphorophane, nitrofurantoin and CDDO-Me) also enhanced the induction of Srxn1-GFP upon two consecutive repeated exposure. Together the data indicate that adaptation towards pro-oxidants lowers the Nrf2 activation capacity, but simultaneously primes cells for the enhancement of an antioxidant response which depends on factors other than just Nrf2. These data provide further insight in the overall dynamics of stress pathway activation after repeated exposure and underscore the complexity of responses that may govern repeated dose toxicity.
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13
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Bauman BM, Jeong C, Savage M, Briker AL, Janigian NG, Nguyen LL, Kemmerer ZA, Eggler AL. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: Oxidizable phenol-generated reactive oxygen species enhance sulforaphane's antioxidant response element activation, even as they suppress Nrf2 protein accumulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:532-540. [PMID: 29969714 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 is a master regulator of antioxidant and cytoprotective genes, binding to antioxidant response elements (AREs) in their promoter regions. Due to the therapeutic role of the Nrf2/ARE system in oxidative homeostasis, its activation has been investigated in many pre-clinical and clinical trials for common chronic diseases. One of the most promising Nrf2 activators is sulforaphane, the subject of over 50 clinical trials. In this work, we examine the effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on sulforaphane's Nrf2/ARE activation in the non-tumorigenic keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, with the non-arylating oxidizable phenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone (dtBHQ), as the source of ROS. We find that, in combination with 2.5 µM sulforaphane, dtBHQ markedly enhances ARE-regulated gene expression, including expression of the cytoprotective proteins aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 (AKR1C1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Additionally, sulforaphane's therapeutic window is widened by 12.5 µM dtBHQ. Our data suggest that H2O2 generated by dtBHQ oxidation is responsible for these effects, as shown by inclusion of catalase and by co-treatment with sulforaphane and H2O2. While sulforaphane treatment causes Nrf2 protein to accumulate as expected, interestingly, dtBHQ and H2O2 appear to act on targets downstream of Nrf2 protein accumulation to enhance sulforaphane's ARE-regulated gene expression. Inclusion of dtBHQ or H2O2 with sulforaphane does not increase Nrf2 protein levels, and catalase has little effect on Nrf2 protein levels in the presence of sulforaphane and dtBHQ. Surprisingly, dtBHQ suppresses Nrf2 protein synthesis. Inclusion of a superoxide dismutase mimetic with sulforaphane and dtBHQ partly rescues Nrf2 suppression and significantly further increases sulforaphane's efficacy for ARE-reporter expression. Thus, there is a "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" effect of ROS: ROS enhance sulforaphane's ARE-regulated gene expression even as they also inhibit Nrf2 protein synthesis. This unexpected finding reveals the degree to which targets in the ARE pathway downstream of Nrf2 protein accumulation contribute to gene expression. The results presented here provide a model system for significant enhancement of sulforaphane's potency with small molecule co-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradly M Bauman
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Chang Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Matthew Savage
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Anna L Briker
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Nicholas G Janigian
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Linda L Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Zachary A Kemmerer
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, United States
| | - Aimee L Eggler
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, United States.
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Zhang S, Li LH, Qiao HM, Yang X, Chen L, Luo XH. Regulation of the Antioxidant Response by MyoD Transcriptional Coactivator in Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Cells. Urology 2018; 123:296.e9-296.e18. [PMID: 29730257 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reveal the potential role of the basic helix-loop-helix myogenic transcription regulator MyoD in the regulation of castration-resistant prostate cancer. METHODS Expression level of MyoD was assessed in prostate cancer tissues using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry and in experimentally induced castration-resistant LNCaP/R cells using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Effect of MyoD knockdown on LNCaP/R cell progression was determined by assessing cell proliferation, apoptosis, and colony formation rate. The effect of MyoD knockdown on the oxidative stress state in PC3 cells was determined by assessing antioxidant response gene expression and glutathione synthetase-to-glutathione ratio. Finally, the functional link between the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 1 (NRF1) and the regulation of antioxidant response element-driven transcription by MyoD was studied at both molecular and functional levels. RESULTS MyoD expression was significantly upregulated in hormone-refractory prostate cancer tissues and in experimentally induced castration-resistant LNCaP/R cells, and MyoD knockdown effectively impaired LNCaP/R cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis under androgen-depleted condition. Moreover, MyoD enhanced the glutathione production and protected against oxidative stress by positively regulating a cluster of antioxidant genes known to be the downstream targets of NRF1. Mechanistically, MyoD could augment the antioxidant response element-driven transcription in an NRF1-dependent manner, and the stimulatory effect of MyoD on the antioxidant response was substantially compromised in the presence of NRF1 small interfering RNA treatment. CONCLUSION We have identified an unexpected collaboration between MyoD and NRF1 under androgen-depleted condition, which may serve as an important adaptive mechanism during the pathogenesis of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin-Hu Li
- Department of Urology, Jingyang County Hospital, Xianyang, China
| | - Hong-Mei Qiao
- Department of Oncology, Baoji Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Baoji, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Oncology, Baoji Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Baoji, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Baoji Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Baoji, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Luo
- Department of Urology, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, China.
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15
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Guo J, Li C, Yang C, Li B, Wei J, Lin Y, Ye P, Hu G, Li J. Liraglutide reduces hepatic glucolipotoxicity‑induced liver cell apoptosis through NRF2 signaling in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:8316-8324. [PMID: 29693190 PMCID: PMC5984007 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of liraglutide on glucolipotoxicity-induced liver cell apoptosis and the underlying mechanisms in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. The results revealed that liraglutide significantly decreased the body weight, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia of ZDF rats relative to those of Zucker lean (ZL) rats (P<0.05). Furthermore, the reduced liver cell apoptosis was observed in the ZDF rats following 6 weeks of liraglutide therapy. These data validated the beneficial effects of liraglutide on diabetic and obese ZDF rats. In addition, novel data was obtained that demonstrated that liraglutide treatment increased the expression of the antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), as well as the transcription of downstream target genes, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate quinone dehydrogenase 1 and heme oxygenase-1 (P<0.05). Additionally, serum and hepatic GSH and SOD levels increased following liraglutide therapy (P<0.05). Hence, it was proposed that liraglutide may enhance the antioxidant activity of liver cells by activating the NRF2 signaling pathway, thereby reducing liver cell apoptosis induced by glucolipotoxicity in ZDF rats, which may shed light on the application of liraglutide in the treatment of diabetes- and obesity-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Cai Li
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Chunxiao Yang
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Encephalopathy, Medical Department of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wei
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Lin
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Peng Ye
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Gang Hu
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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16
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Bao S, Nie X, Ou R, Wang C, Ku P, Li K. Effects of diclofenac on the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream target genes in mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 188:43-53. [PMID: 28456064 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) is one of widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Recently, this drug has been universally detected in aquatic environment. However, its potential adverse effects and oxidative stress toxic mechanisms on fish remain unclear. In the present study, we first cloned the crucial partial sequences of some key oxidative stress related genes, which include NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), NAD(P)H: quinoneoxidoreductase (NQO1), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD2), catalase (CAT), alpha-glutathione S-transferase (GSTA), and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) in mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis). We also deduced amino acids of Nrf2 and then constructed the phylogenetic trees of Nrf2, NQO1 and GCLC, respectively. Results showed that a high identity percentage was founded between G. affinis and other bony fish species, such as Xiphophorus maculates and Poecilia reticulate. The transcriptional expression of these genes and partly related enzymes activities were then investigated under the included environmental relevant concentration DCF exposure (0μmolL-1, 1.572×10-3μmolL-1, 1.572×10-2μmolL-1, 0.1572μmolL-1 and 1.572μmolL-1) for 24h and 168h. The expression of Nrf2 was inhibited at 24h but induced at 168h, exhibiting a significant time and/or dose-effect relationship under DCF exposure. Similar observation was found in its downstream target genes. However, Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes activities displayed differently under the same concentration of DCF exposure for the same time. Under DCF exposure for 168h, the genes exhibited dramatic induction trend, but there were no significant changes in enzyme activities and MDA content. Overall, mRNA responses were more sensitive than enzyme changes in mosquito fish under DCF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Bao
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiangping Nie
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Ruikang Ou
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Peijia Ku
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Kaibing Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
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17
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Kim J, Shin SH, Ko YE, Miki T, Bae HM, Kang JK, Kim JW. HX-1171, a Novel Nrf2 Activator, Induces NQO1 and HMOX1 Expression. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3372-3380. [PMID: 28300285 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
HX-1171 (1-O-hexyl-2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone) is a novel synthesized vitamin E derivative, which reportedly has positive effects on various diseases and conditions, such as liver fibrosis, hepatic cirrhosis, and cancer. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptional activity induced by HX-1171. Results from reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and promoter assays reveal that HX-1171 increased the expression of NQO1 and HMOX1, encoding antioxidant-related enzymes, in A549 human lung epithelial cells. The activity of nuclear factor-E2-related factor (Nrf2), a key transcriptional factor for antioxidative enzymes, was examined in HX-1171-treated cells. Confocal microscopy and Western blotting showed that HX-1171 effectively induced the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of Nrf2. We conclude that HX-1171, a novel Nrf2 activator, may be a promising therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-induced diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3372-3380, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Kim
- Division of Systems Biology and Bioengineering, Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Shin
- Division of Systems Biology and Bioengineering, Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Ko
- Division of Systems Biology and Bioengineering, Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Heung-Mo Bae
- Biotoxtech Co., Ltd, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Koo Kang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wha Kim
- Division of Systems Biology and Bioengineering, Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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18
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Nazmy EA, El-Khouly OA, Atef H, Said E. Sulforaphane protects against sodium valproate–induced acute liver injury. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:420-426. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is one of the most commonly encountered obstacles in the field of medical practice. Sodium valproate (VPA) is among many drugs with reported hepatotoxic effects. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a thiol compound found in wide abundance in cruciferous plants that has numerous reported therapeutic efficacies. The current investigation sheds light on the potential hepatoprotective effect of SFN against VPA-induced liver injury in rats. Twice daily VPA (700 mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 days induced significant biochemical alterations and hepatic histopathological damage. SFN (0.5 mg/kg, orally) for 7 days significantly boosted liver function biomarkers; it reduced serum alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase, and restored serum albumin concentration in a significant manner. Meanwhile, SFN significantly mitigated VPA-induced histopathological alterations. To highlight the mechanisms implicated in the observed hepatoprotective action, hepatic malondialdehyde and tumour necrosis factor α content significantly declined with concomitant increase in hepatic heme oxygenase-1 content and glutathione concentration with SFN treatment. In conclusion, SFN can significantly ameliorate VPA-induced hepatotoxicity and liver injury primarily by direct association between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hoda Atef
- Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman Said
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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19
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Implication of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in the coloprotective effect of coenzyme Q10 against experimentally induced ulcerative colitis. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25:119-135. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-016-0305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Singh A, Venkannagari S, Oh KH, Zhang YQ, Rohde JM, Liu L, Nimmagadda S, Sudini K, Brimacombe KR, Gajghate S, Ma J, Wang A, Xu X, Shahane SA, Xia M, Woo J, Mensah GA, Wang Z, Ferrer M, Gabrielson E, Li Z, Rastinejad F, Shen M, Boxer MB, Biswal S. Small Molecule Inhibitor of NRF2 Selectively Intervenes Therapeutic Resistance in KEAP1-Deficient NSCLC Tumors. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:3214-3225. [PMID: 27552339 PMCID: PMC5367156 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in Kelch-like ECH Associated Protein 1 (KEAP1), or gain-of-function mutations in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), are common in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and associated with therapeutic resistance. To discover novel NRF2 inhibitors for targeted therapy, we conducted a quantitative high-throughput screen using a diverse set of ∼400 000 small molecules (Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository Library, MLSMR) at the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. We identified ML385 as a probe molecule that binds to NRF2 and inhibits its downstream target gene expression. Specifically, ML385 binds to Neh1, the Cap 'N' Collar Basic Leucine Zipper (CNC-bZIP) domain of NRF2, and interferes with the binding of the V-Maf Avian Musculoaponeurotic Fibrosarcoma Oncogene Homologue G (MAFG)-NRF2 protein complex to regulatory DNA binding sequences. In clonogenic assays, when used in combination with platinum-based drugs, doxorubicin or taxol, ML385 substantially enhances cytotoxicity in NSCLC cells, as compared to single agents. ML385 shows specificity and selectivity for NSCLC cells with KEAP1 mutation, leading to gain of NRF2 function. In preclinical models of NSCLC with gain of NRF2 function, ML385 in combination with carboplatin showed significant antitumor activity. We demonstrate the discovery and validation of ML385 as a novel and specific NRF2 inhibitor and conclude that targeting NRF2 may represent a promising strategy for the treatment of advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Singh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sreedhar Venkannagari
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kyu H. Oh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ya-Qin Zhang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jason M. Rohde
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Li Liu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Sridhar Nimmagadda
- Departments of Radiology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kuladeep Sudini
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kyle R. Brimacombe
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Sachin Gajghate
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jinfang Ma
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy Wang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Xin Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Sampada A. Shahane
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Juhyung Woo
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - George A. Mensah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marc Ferrer
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zhuyin Li
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Fraydoon Rastinejad
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Matthew B. Boxer
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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21
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Ishida T, Takechi S. Nrf2-ARE-Dependent Alterations in Zinc Transporter mRNA Expression in HepG2 Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166100. [PMID: 27812191 PMCID: PMC5094758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc transporters are solute carrier family members. To date, 10 zinc transporters (ZnTs) and 14 Zrt-, Irt-like proteins (ZIPs) have been identified. ZnTs control intracellular zinc levels by effluxing zinc from the cytoplasm into the extracellular fluid, intracellular vesicles, and organelles; ZIPs also contribute to control intracellular zinc levels with influxing zinc into the cytoplasm. Recently, changes in zinc transporter expression have been observed in some stress-induced diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and diabetes mellitus. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms that regulate zinc transporter expression. To address this, we have investigated the effect of a well-established stress response pathway, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant responsive element (ARE) pathway, on zinc transporter mRNA levels. Exposure to 10-4 M tert-butylhydroquinone (t-BHQ), which activates Nrf2-ARE signaling, for 6 h significantly increases ZnT-1, ZnT-3, and ZnT-6 mRNAs levels, and significantly decreases ZnT-10 and ZIP-3 mRNA levels. These changes are not observed with 10-6 M t-BHQ, which does not activate Nrf2-ARE signaling. Furthermore, t-BHQ exposure does not affect metal responsive element transcription, a cis element that is activated in response to intracellular free zinc accumulation. From these results, we believe that the transcription of ZnT-1, ZnT-3, ZnT-6, ZnT-10, and ZIP-3 is influenced by the Nrf2-ARE signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Ishida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Shinji Takechi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
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22
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Zhang Y, Hou Y, Liu C, Li Y, Guo W, Wu JL, Xu D, You X, Pan Y, Chen Y. Identification of an adaptor protein that facilitates Nrf2-Keap1 complex formation and modulates antioxidant response. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:38-49. [PMID: 27212020 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nrf2 plays a key role in the protection of the body against environmental stress via inducible expression of detoxification and antioxidant enzymes. Keap1 functions as a sensor for oxidative and electrophilic stresses and promotes Nrf2 degradation via its E3 ligase activity. Modulation of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway has been extensively explored as a strategy to combat against drug toxicity and stress-induced diseases. Here we report a new player that modulates the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. PAQR3, a membrane protein specifically localized in the Golgi apparatus, negatively regulates the expression of an array of Nrf2 target genes and alters cellular level of reactive oxygen species. PAQR3 tethers Nrf2 and Keap1, but not small MAF proteins to the Golgi apparatus. PAQR3 interacts with both Nrf2 and Keap1 and facilitates the interaction of Nrf2 with Keap1. PAQR3 promotes ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2. Disruption of PAQR3 interaction with Nrf2 and Keap1 by a synthetic peptide reduces Nrf2 ubiquitination and elevates expression of Nrf2 target genes. At the animal level, deletion of PAQR3 increases Nrf2 protein level and the expression of Nrf2 target genes. In conclusion, our study pinpoints that PAQR3 functions as an adaptor protein to promote Nrf2-Keap1 complex formation, thereby modulating the Nrf2-Keap2 pathway and playing an important role in controlling antioxidant response of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yongfan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chunchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yinlong Li
- The National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiu-Lin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Daqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xue You
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Kurutas EB. The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress: current state. Nutr J 2016; 15:71. [PMID: 27456681 PMCID: PMC4960740 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 958] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Remarkable interest has risen in the idea that oxidative/nitrosative stress is mediated in the etiology of numerous human diseases. Oxidative/Nitrosative stress is the result of an disequilibrium in oxidant/antioxidant which reveals from continuous increase of Reactive Oxygen and Reactive Nitrogen Species production. The aim of this review is to emphasize with current information the importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular responce against oxidative/nitrosative stress, which would be helpful in enhancing the knowledge of any biochemist, pathophysiologist, or medical personnel regarding this important issue. Products of lipid peroxidation have commonly been used as biomarkers of oxidative/nitrosative stress damage. Lipid peroxidation generates a variety of relatively stable decomposition end products, mainly α, β-unsaturated reactive aldehydes, such as malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, 2-propenal (acrolein) and isoprostanes, which can be measured in plasma and urine as an indirect index of oxidative/nitrosative stress. Antioxidants are exogenous or endogenous molecules that mitigate any form of oxidative/nitrosative stress or its consequences. They may act from directly scavenging free radicals to increasing antioxidative defences. Antioxidant deficiencies can develop as a result of decreased antioxidant intake, synthesis of endogenous enzymes or increased antioxidant utilization. Antioxidant supplementation has become an increasingly popular practice to maintain optimal body function. However, antoxidants exhibit pro-oxidant activity depending on the specific set of conditions. Of particular importance are their dosage and redox conditions in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ergul Belge Kurutas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sutcu Imam University, Avsar Campus, Kahramanmaras, 46050, Turkey.
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Lacher SE, Lee JS, Wang X, Campbell MR, Bell DA, Slattery M. Beyond antioxidant genes in the ancient Nrf2 regulatory network. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:452-465. [PMID: 26163000 PMCID: PMC4837897 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nrf2, a basic leucine zipper transcription factor encoded by the gene NFE2L2, is a master regulator of the transcriptional response to oxidative stress. Nrf2 is structurally and functionally conserved from insects to humans, and it heterodimerizes with the small MAF transcription factors to bind a consensus DNA sequence (the antioxidant response element, or ARE) and regulate gene expression. We have used genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation and gene expression data to identify direct Nrf2 target genes in Drosophila and humans. These data have allowed us to construct the deeply conserved ancient Nrf2 regulatory network-target genes that are conserved from Drosophila to human. The ancient network consists of canonical antioxidant genes, as well as genes related to proteasomal pathways and metabolism and a number of less expected genes. We have also used enhancer reporter assays and electrophoretic mobility-shift assays to confirm Nrf2-mediated regulation of ARE activity at a number of these novel target genes. Interestingly, the ancient network also highlights a prominent negative feedback loop; this, combined with the finding that Nrf2-mediated regulatory output is tightly linked to the quality of the ARE it is targeting, suggests that precise regulation of nuclear Nrf2 concentration is necessary to achieve proper quantitative regulation of distinct gene sets. Together, these findings highlight the importance of balance in the Nrf2-ARE pathway and indicate that Nrf2-mediated regulation of xenobiotic metabolism, glucose metabolism, and proteostasis has been central to this pathway since its inception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Lacher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Joslynn S Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Xuting Wang
- Environmental Genomics Section, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Michelle R Campbell
- Environmental Genomics Section, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Douglas A Bell
- Environmental Genomics Section, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Matthew Slattery
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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25
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Orena S, Owen J, Jin F, Fabian M, Gillitt ND, Zeisel SH. Extracts of Fruits and Vegetables Activate the Antioxidant Response Element in IMR-32 Cells. J Nutr 2015; 145:2006-11. [PMID: 26224749 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.216705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological effects of antioxidant nutrients are mediated in part by activation of antioxidant response elements (AREs) on genes for enzymes involved in endogenous pathways that prevent free radical damage. Traditional approaches for identifying antioxidant molecules in foods, such as total phenolic compound (TP) content or oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), do not measure capacity to activate AREs. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to develop an assay to assess the ARE activation capacity of fruit and vegetable extracts and determine whether such capacity was predicted by TP content and/or ORAC activity. METHODS Fruits and vegetables were homogenized, extracted with acidified ethanol, lyophilized, and resuspended in growth medium. Human IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells, transfected with an ARE-firefly luciferase reporter, were exposed to extracts for 5 h. Firefly luciferase was normalized to constitutively expressed Renilla luciferase with tertiary butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) as a positive control. TP content and ORAC activity were measured for each extract. Relations between TPs and ORAC and ARE activity were determined. RESULTS A total of 107 of 134 extracts tested significantly activated the ARE-luciferase reporter from 1.2- to 58-fold above that of the solvent control (P < 0.05) in human IMR-32 cells. ARE activity, TP content, and ORAC ranked higher in peels than in associated flesh. Despite this relation, ARE activity did not correlate with TP content (Spearman ρ = 0.05, P = 0.57) and only modestly but negatively correlated with ORAC (Spearman ρ = -0.24, P < 0.01). Many extracts activated the ARE more than predicted by the TP content or ORAC. CONCLUSIONS The ARE reporter assay identified many active fruit and vegetable extracts in human IMR-32 cells. There are components of fruits and vegetables that activate the ARE but are not phenolic compounds and are low in ORAC. The ARE-luciferase reporter assay is likely a better predictor of the antioxidant benefits of fruits and vegetables than TP or ORAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Orena
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, NC
| | - Jennifer Owen
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, NC
| | - Fuxia Jin
- Dole Nutrition Research Laboratory, Kannapolis, NC; and
| | - Morgan Fabian
- Dole Nutrition Research Laboratory, Kannapolis, NC; and
| | | | - Steven H Zeisel
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, NC; Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Abstract
The Nrf2 transcription factor is a master regulator of the cellular defense against oxidative and electrophilic stress. An increase in Nrf2 protein levels and an accumulation of Nrf2 in the nucleus are key parts of the Nrf2 activation mechanism. The western blot technique remains the most widely used method to assess these changes. A well-characterized, specific antibody that is commercially available would greatly enhance these studies in the field. Here, an apparently highly specific Nrf2 monoclonal antibody, EP1808Y from Abcam, is compared with the most widely used Nrf2 antibodies, H-300 and C-20, both from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, in a panel of human cell lines. In addition to detecting Nrf2, EP1808Y avidly detects another protein present in two of the three cell lines tested. This protein can be mistaken for Nrf2 as it co-migrates with verified Nrf2 on two different polyacrylamide gel types. However, unlike Nrf2, its levels and cytoplasmic localization are unaffected by treatment with Nrf2 activators. The possibility that this band corresponds to a form of Nrf2 was excluded by siRNA and immunodepletion experiments. Finally, the monoclonal antibody D1Z9C from Cell Signaling was found to detect Nrf2 with the highest specificity of these four antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Kemmerer
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States
| | - Nicholas R Ader
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States
| | - Sarah S Mulroy
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States
| | - Aimee L Eggler
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States.
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Lee EJ, Ko HM, Jeong YH, Park EM, Kim HS. β-Lapachone suppresses neuroinflammation by modulating the expression of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in activated microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:133. [PMID: 26173397 PMCID: PMC4502557 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background β-Lapachone (β-LAP) is a natural naphthoquinone compound isolated from the lapacho tree (Tabebuia sp.), and it has been used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, infection, and cancer. In the present study, we investigated whether β-LAP has anti-inflammatory effects under in vitro and in vivo neuroinflammatory conditions. Methods The effects of β-LAP on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were examined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells and rat primary microglia by ELISA, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blot analysis. Microglial activation and the expression levels of proinflammatory molecules were measured in the LPS-injected mouse brain by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR analysis. The detailed molecular mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of β-LAP was analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, reporter gene assay, Western blot, and RT-PCR analysis. Results β-LAP inhibited the expression of iNOS, proinflammatory cytokines, and MMPs (MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9) at mRNA and protein levels in LPS-stimulated microglia. On the other hand, β-LAP upregulated the expressions of anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-10, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2). The anti-inflammatory effect of β-LAP was confirmed in an LPS-induced systemic inflammation mouse model. Thus, β-LAP inhibited microglial activation and the expressions of iNOS, proinflammatory cytokines, and MMPs in the LPS-injected mouse brain. Further mechanistic studies revealed that β-LAP exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting MAPKs, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB/AP-1 signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated microglia. β-LAP also inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by suppressing the expression and/or phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase subunit proteins, such as p47phox and gp91phox. The anti-oxidant effects of β-LAP appeared to be related with the increase of HO-1 and NQO1 via the Nrf2/anti-oxidant response element (ARE) pathway and/or the PKA pathway. Conclusions The strong anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant effects of β-LAP may provide preventive therapeutic potential for various neuroinflammatory disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0355-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Mok-6-dong 911-1, Yangchun-Ku, Seoul, 158-710, South Korea.
| | - Hyun-Myung Ko
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Mok-6-dong 911-1, Yangchun-Ku, Seoul, 158-710, South Korea.
| | - Yeon-Hui Jeong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Mok-6-dong 911-1, Yangchun-Ku, Seoul, 158-710, South Korea.
| | - Eun-Mi Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 158-710, South Korea.
| | - Hee-Sun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Mok-6-dong 911-1, Yangchun-Ku, Seoul, 158-710, South Korea.
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Kobayashi K, Tomiki H, Inaba Y, Ichikawa M, Kim BS, Koh CS. Dimethyl fumarate suppresses Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease by modifying the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. Int Immunol 2015; 27:333-44. [PMID: 25721871 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a modifier of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-2 (Nrf2)-kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) pathway. DMF treatment in the effector phase significantly suppressed the development of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) both clinically and histologically. DMF treatment leads to an enhanced Nrf2 antioxidant response in TMEV-IDD mice. DMF treatment in the effector phase significantly suppressed the level of IL-17A mRNA. DMF is known to inhibit differentiation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells via suppressing NF-κB. Taken together, our data suggest that DMF treatment in the effector phase may suppress TMEV-IDD not only via enhancing the antioxidant response but also via suppressing IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunitoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tomiki
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuji Inaba
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Motoki Ichikawa
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Byung S Kim
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Chang-Sung Koh
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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Plafker KS, Plafker SM. The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2E3 and its import receptor importin-11 regulate the localization and activity of the antioxidant transcription factor NRF2. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:327-38. [PMID: 25378586 PMCID: PMC4294679 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-E2 p45-related factor (Nrf2) induces the expression of cytoprotective proteins that maintain and restore redox homeostasis. Nrf2 levels and activity are tightly regulated, and three subcellular populations of the transcription factor have been identified. During homeostasis, the majority of Nrf2 is degraded in the cytoplasm by ubiquitin (Ub)-mediated degradation. A second population is transcriptionally active in the nucleus, and a third population localizes to the outer mitochondrial membrane. Still unresolved are the mechanisms and factors that govern Nrf2 distribution between its subcellular locales. We show here that the Ub-conjugating enzyme UBE2E3 and its nuclear import receptor importin 11 (Imp-11) regulate Nrf2 distribution and activity. Knockdown of UBE2E3 reduces nuclear Nrf2, decreases Nrf2 target gene expression, and relocalizes the transcription factor to a perinuclear cluster of mitochondria. In a complementary manner, Imp-11 functions to restrict KEAP1, the major suppressor of Nrf2, from prematurely extracting the transcription factor off of a subset of target gene promoters. These findings identify a novel pathway of Nrf2 modulation during homeostasis and support a model in which UBE2E3 and Imp-11 promote Nrf2 transcriptional activity by restricting the transcription factor from partitioning to the mitochondria and limiting the repressive activity of nuclear KEAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra S Plafker
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Scott M Plafker
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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Bhakkiyalakshmi E, Sireesh D, Rajaguru P, Paulmurugan R, Ramkumar KM. The emerging role of redox-sensitive Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in diabetes. Pharmacol Res 2014; 91:104-14. [PMID: 25447793 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic processes involving in the development of diabetes range from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells with consequent insulin deficiency to abnormalities that result in resistance to insulin action. The major contributing factor for excessive β-cell death includes oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial damage, which creates an imbalance in redox homeostasis. Yet, β-cells have evolved adaptive mechanisms to endure a wide range of stress conditions to safeguard its potential functions. These include 'Nrf2/Keap1' pathway, a key cellular defense mechanism, to combat oxidative stress by regulating phase II detoxifying and antioxidant genes. During diabetes, redox imbalance provokes defective Nrf2-dependent signaling and compromise antioxidant capacity of the pancreas which turnout β-cells to become highly vulnerable against various insults. Hence, identification of small molecule activators of Nrf2/Keap1 pathway remains significant to enhance cellular defense to overcome the burden of oxidative stress related disturbances. This review summarizes the molecular mechanism behind Nrf2 activation and the impact of Nrf2 activators in diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dornadula Sireesh
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Palanisamy Rajaguru
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University-BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Zhang T, Kimura Y, Jiang S, Harada K, Yamashita Y, Ashida H. Luteolin modulates expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes through the AhR and Nrf2 pathways in hepatic cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 557:36-46. [PMID: 24914470 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Drugs, xenobiotics including environmental pollutants, and certain food components modulate expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes. An aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) possesses possible expression of phase I and phase II enzymes directly by binding of its ligands such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and indirectly by regulating expression of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Previous our result demonstrated that luteolin, a natural flavonoid existing in vegetables and herbs, competed the binding of TCDD to AhR. In the present study, we investigated the effect of luteolin on the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes through the AhR and Nrf2 pathways. Luteolin inhibited TCDD-induced protein expression of phase I enzyme cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), phase II enzymes NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) and glutathione-S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) in HepG2, Hepa1c1c7 and RL-34 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Luteolin suppressed TCDD- and tert-butylhydroquinone-induced Nrf2 protein by decreasing its stability in HepG2 cells. In tert-butylhydroquinone treated cells, luteolin dose-dependently inhibited NQO1, GSTP1 and aldo-keto reductases (AKRs). Of these, protein expression of CYP1A1 and GSTP1 was mainly dominated by the AhR pathway, while that of NQO1 and AKRs was by the Nrf2 pathway. In conclusion, luteolin inhibits expression of phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes by modulating the AhR and Nrf2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshun Zhang
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Kimura
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Songyan Jiang
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyonari Harada
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamashita
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ashida
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Wang S, Hannafon BN, Wolf RF, Zhou J, Avery JE, Wu J, Lind SE, Ding WQ. Characterization of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in human cancer cells: the importance of enhanced BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1) degradation. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:515-25. [PMID: 24613086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in cancer cells has never been characterized. This study examines DHA-induced HO-1 expression in human cancer cell model systems. DHA enhanced HO-1 gene expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with maximal induction at 21 h of treatment. This induction of HO-1 expression was confirmed in vivo using a xenograft nude mouse model fed a fish-oil-enriched diet. The increase in HO-1 gene transcription induced by DHA was significantly attenuated by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine, suggesting the involvement of oxidative stress. This was supported by direct measurement of lipid peroxide levels after DHA treatment. Using a human HO-1 gene promoter reporter construct, we identified two antioxidant response elements (AREs) that mediate the DHA-induced increase in HO-1 gene transcription. Knockdown of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) expression compromised the DHA-induced increase in HO-1 gene transcription, indicating the importance of the Nrf2 pathway in this event. However, the nuclear protein levels of Nrf2 remained unchanged upon DHA treatment. Further studies demonstrated that DHA reduces nuclear Bach1 protein expression by promoting its degradation and attenuates Bach1 binding to the AREs in the HO-1 gene promoter. In contrast, DHA enhanced Nrf2 binding to the AREs without affecting nuclear Nrf2 expression levels, indicating a new cellular mechanism that mediates DHA's induction of HO-1 gene transcription. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of DHA-induced HO-1 expression in human malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 411A, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Bethany N Hannafon
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 411A, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Roman F Wolf
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 411A, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jundong Zhou
- Department of Radio-Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jori E Avery
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 411A, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jinchang Wu
- Department of Radio-Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Stuart E Lind
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Wei-Qun Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 411A, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Differential regulation of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) MT-A gene by nuclear factor interleukin-6 and activator protein-1. BMC Mol Biol 2013; 14:28. [PMID: 24341438 PMCID: PMC3867414 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-14-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously we have identified a distal region of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) metallothionein-A (rtMT-A) enhancer region, being essential for free radical activation of the rtMT-A gene. The distal promoter region included four activator protein 1 (AP1) cis-acting elements and a single nuclear factor interleukin-6 (NF-IL6) element. In the present study we used the rainbow trout hepatoma (RTH-149) cell line to further examine the involvement of NF-IL6 and AP1 in rtMT-A gene expression following exposure to oxidative stress and tumour promotion. RESULTS Using enhancer deletion studies we observed strong paraquat (PQ)-induced rtMT-A activation via NF-IL6 while the AP1 cis-elements showed a weak but significant activation. In contrast to mammals the metal responsive elements were not activated by oxidative stress. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) mutation analysis revealed that the two most proximal AP1 elements, AP11,2, exhibited strong binding to the AP1 consensus sequence, while the more distal AP1 elements, AP13,4 were ineffective. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), a known tumor promoter, resulted in a robust induction of rtMT-A via the AP1 elements alone. To determine the conservation of regulatory functions we transfected human Hep G2 cells with the rtMT-A enhancer constructs and were able to demonstrate that the cis-elements were functionally conserved. The importance of NF-IL6 in regulation of teleost MT is supported by the conservation of these elements in MT genes from different teleosts. In addition, PMA and PQ injection of rainbow trout resulted in increased hepatic rtMT-A mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that AP1 primarily is involved in PMA regulation of the rtMT-A gene while NF-IL6 is involved in free radical regulation. Taken together this study demonstrates the functionality of the NF-IL6 and AP-1 elements and suggests an involvement of MT in protection during pathological processes such as inflammation and cancer.
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Wang R, Mason DE, Choe KP, Lewin AS, Peters EC, Luesch H. In vitro and in vivo characterization of a tunable dual-reactivity probe of the Nrf2-ARE pathway. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1764-74. [PMID: 23773140 DOI: 10.1021/cb4000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cell utilizes the Keap1/Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway to detoxify harmful chemicals in order to protect itself from oxidative stress and to maintain its reducing environment. When exposed to oxidative stress and xenobiotic inducers, the redox sensitive Keap1 is covalently modified at specific cysteine residues. Consequently, the latent transcription factor Nrf2 is stabilized and translocates into the nucleus, where it transactivates the expression of detoxification genes through binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE). In the pursuit of potent and bioavailable activators of the ARE, we validated hits from a pathway-directed high-throughput screening campaign by testing them in cell culture and a reporter strain of a whole animal model, Caenorhabditis elegans. These studies allowed us to identify AI-3 as an ARE activator that induces cytoprotective genes in human cells and in worms, which also translated into in vivo activity in mice. AI-3 is an electrophilic ARE activator with two thiol sensitive sites toward a nucleophilic aromatic substitution, and SAR studies indicated the tunability of the system. Tandem LC-MS analysis revealed that AI-3 alkylates Keap1 primarily at Cys151, while AI-3 is reactive toward additional cysteine residues at higher doses in vitro and in vivo. The immediate effects of such alkylation included the disruption of Keap1-Cul3 (low [AI-3]) and/or Keap1-Nrf2 (high [AI-3]) interactions that both led to the stabilization of Nrf2. This further translated into the downstream Nrf2-ARE regulated cytoprotective gene activation. Collectively, AI-3 may become a valuable biological tool and may even provide therapeutic benefits in oxidative stress related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E. Mason
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California
92121, United States
| | | | | | - Eric C. Peters
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California
92121, United States
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Abiko Y, Kumagai Y. Interaction of Keap1 Modified by 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzoquinone with GSH: Evidence for S-Transarylation. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1080-7. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Abiko
- Doctoral Program
in Biomedical
Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Doctoral Program
in Biomedical
Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
305-8575, Japan
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1
Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
305-8575, Japan
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Wang R, Paul VJ, Luesch H. Seaweed extracts and unsaturated fatty acid constituents from the green alga Ulva lactuca as activators of the cytoprotective Nrf2-ARE pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 57:141-53. [PMID: 23291594 PMCID: PMC3663146 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increased amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in many pathological conditions, including cancer. The major machinery that the cell employs to neutralize excess ROS is through the activation of the antioxidant-response element (ARE) that controls the activation of many phase II detoxification enzymes. The transcription factor that recognizes the ARE, Nrf2, can be activated by a variety of small molecules, most of which contain an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system. In the pursuit of chemopreventive agents from marine organisms, we built, fractionated, and screened a library of 30 field-collected eukaryotic algae from Florida. An edible green alga, Ulva lactuca, yielded multiple active fractions by ARE-luciferase reporter assay. We isolated three monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) derivatives as active components, including a new keto-type C18 fatty acid (1), the corresponding shorter chain C16 acid (2), and an amide derivative (3) of the C18 acid. Their chemical structures were elucidated by NMR and mass spectrometry. All three contain the conjugated enone motif between C7 and C9, which is thought to be responsible for the ARE activity. Subsequent biological studies focused on 1, the most active and abundant ARE activator isolated. C18 acid 1 induced the expression of ARE-regulated cytoprotective genes, including NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, heme oxygenase 1, thioredoxin reductase 1, both subunits of the glutamate-cysteine ligase (catalytic subunit and modifier subunit), and the cystine/glutamate exchange transporter, in IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cells. Its cellular activity requires the presence of Nrf2 and PI3K function, based on RNA interference and pharmacological inhibitor studies, respectively. Treatment with 1 led only to Nrf2 activation, and not the increase in production of NRF2 mRNA. To test its ARE activity and cytoprotective potential in vivo, we treated mice with a single dose of a U. lactuca fraction that was enriched with 1, which showed ARE-activating effects similar to those observed in vitro. This could be owing to this fraction's ability to stabilize Nrf2 through inhibition of Keap1-mediated Nrf2 ubiquitination and the subsequent accumulation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2. The induction of many ARE-driven antioxidant genes in vivo and most prominently in the heart agreed with the commonly recognized cardioprotective properties of MUFAs. A significant increase in Nqo1 transcript levels was also found in other mouse tissues such as the brain, lung, and stomach. Collectively, this study provides new insight into why consumption of dietary seaweed may have health benefits, and the identified compounds add to the list of chemopreventive dietary unsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 352 2737741
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Kohda K, Goda H, Itoh K, Samejima K, Fukuuchi T. Aged Garlic Extract Reduces ROS Production and Cell Death Induced by 6-Hydroxydopamine through Activation of the Nrf2-ARE Pathway in SH-SY5Y Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2013.41004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the anti-tumor effect of capsaicin on human pharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells (FaDu). MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of apoptosis/cell cycle-related proteins (or genes) was examined by reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and ELISA methods, while the apoptotic cell population, cell morphology and DNA fragmentation levels were assessed using flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Capsaicin was found to inhibit the growth and proliferation of FaDu cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Apoptotic cell death was confirmed by observing increases in nuclear condensation, nuclear DNA fragmentation and sub-G1 DNA content. The observed increase in cytosolic cytochrome c, activation of caspase 3 and PARP (p85) levels following capsaicin treatment indicated that the apoptotic response was mitochondrial pathway-dependent. Gene/protein expression analysis of Bcl-2, Bad and Bax further revealed decreased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and increased pro-apoptotic Bad/Bax expression. Furthermore, capsaicin suppressed the cell cycle progression at the G1/S phase in FaDu cells by decreasing the expression of the regulators of cyclin B1 and D1, as well as cyclin-dependent protein kinases cdk-1, cdk-2 and cdk-4. CONCLUSION Our current data show that capsaicin induces apoptosis in FaDu cells and this response is associated with mitochondrial pathways, possibly by mediating cell cycle arrest at G1/S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Do Le
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dong Chun Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Se Ra Rho
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Myung Su Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Hoon Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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Pal A, Fontanilla D, Gopalakrishnan A, Chae YK, Markley JL, Ruoho AE. The sigma-1 receptor protects against cellular oxidative stress and activates antioxidant response elements. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 682:12-20. [PMID: 22381068 PMCID: PMC3314091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sigma-1 receptors are associated with Alzheimer's disease, major depressive disorders, and schizophrenia. These receptors show progrowth/antiapoptotic properties via their chaperoning functions to counteract ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress, to block neurodegeneration, and to regulate neuritogenesis. The sigma-1 receptor knock out mouse offered an opportunity to assess possible mechanisms by which the sigma-1 receptor modulates cellular oxidative stress. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomic screening of the WT (wild type) and sigma-1 KO (knockout) livers was performed to investigate major changes in metabolites that are linked to oxidative stress. Significant changes in protein levels were also identified by two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Increased levels of the antioxidant protein peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), and the ER chaperone BiP (GRP78) compared to WT littermates were detected. Oxidative stress was measured in WT and sigma-1 KO mouse liver homogenates, in primary hepatocytes and in lung homogenates. Furthermore, sigma-1 receptor mediated activation of the antioxidant response element (ARE) to upregulate NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mRNA expression in COS cells was shown by RT PCR. These novel functions of the sigma-1 receptor were sensitive to well-known sigma ligands via their antagonist/agonist properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Pal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dominique Fontanilla
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anupama Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Young-Kee Chae
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - John L Markley
- Department of Biochemistry and NMRFAM, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Arnold E Ruoho
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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40
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Abdullah A, Kitteringham NR, Jenkins RE, Goldring C, Higgins L, Yamamoto M, Hayes J, Park BK. Analysis of the role of Nrf2 in the expression of liver proteins in mice using two-dimensional gel-based proteomics. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:680-97. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Shibuya N, Kobayashi S, Yoshikawa Y, Watanabe K, Orino K. Effects of oxidative stress caused by tert-butylhydroquinone on cytotoxicity in MDCK cells. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 74:583-9. [PMID: 22185773 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant and oxidative stress effects of prooxidants are generally dose-dependent, and these effects depend on the prooxidant species and cell type. However, the cellular response to oxidant challenge is a complicated interplay of events involving cellular expression of phase II detoxification enzymes and cellular metal metabolism. This study demonstrates the effect of tert-butylhydroquinone (t-BHQ)-induced oxidative stress on MDCK cells. Cell toxicity tests were carried out using the crystal violet (CV) assay with the following prooxidants: t-BHQ, diethyl maleate (DEM), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), diquat (DQ) and β-naphthoflavone (β-NF). Except for β-NF, these prooxidants showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity besides the most potent t-BHQ cytotoxicity. Only t-BHQ and DEM caused significant time-dependent expression of ferritin protein as an antioxidant, which segregates Fe(2+), causing the Fenton reaction. t-BHQ and DEM increased formation of lipid peroxidation, but DQ showed a tendency to decrease lipid peroxidation levels. In XTT assay, even when substantial cell death was observed in the CV assay, t-BHQ appeared to increase cell viability by enhancing XTT reduction, likely through the production of NADPH. Although curcumin, which induces cytoprotective phase II enzymes and chelates metal irons, decreased cell viability, it inhibited t-BHQ cytotoxicity. These results indicate that t-BHQ exhibits strong cytotoxicity against MDCK cells, an effect mitigated by curcumin, and that t-BHQ-induced oxidative stress activates the pentose phosphate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Shibuya
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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42
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Erlank H, Elmann A, Kohen R, Kanner J. Polyphenols activate Nrf2 in astrocytes via H2O2, semiquinones, and quinones. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:2319-27. [PMID: 22037513 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols, which occur both in edible plants and in foodstuff, have been reported to exert a wide range of health effects; however, the mechanism of action of these molecules is not fully understood. One important cellular pathway affected by polyphenols is the activation of the transcription factor Nrf2 via the electrophile response element, which mediates generation of phase 2 detoxifying enzymes. Our study found that Nrf2 nuclear translocation and the activity of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) were increased significantly after treatment of astrocytes with tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), resveratrol, or curcumin, at 20-50μM. Incubation of tBHQ, resveratrol, and curcumin in the growth medium in the absence of astrocytes caused the accumulation of H(2)O(2). Treatment of cells with either glutathione or metmyoglobin was found to decrease Nrf2 translocation and NQO1 activity induced by polyphenols by up to 40 and 60%, respectively. Addition of both glutathione and metmyoglobin to growth medium decreased Nrf2 translocation and NQO1 activity by up to 100 and 80%, respectively. In conclusion, because metmyoglobin, in the presence of polyphenols and glutathione, is known to interact with H(2)O(2), semiquinones, and quinones, the up-regulation of the antioxidant defense of the cells through activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor, paradoxically, occurs via the generation of H(2)O(2) and polyphenol-oxidized species generated from the exogenous microenvironment of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilla Erlank
- Department of Food Science, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
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43
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Greco T, Shafer J, Fiskum G. Sulforaphane inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition and oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:2164-71. [PMID: 21986339 PMCID: PMC3278304 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of mitochondria to oxidative stress and elevated Ca(2+) promotes opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), resulting in membrane depolarization, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, and potentially cell death. This study tested the hypothesis that treatment of rats with sulforaphane (SFP), an activator of the Nrf2 pathway of antioxidant gene expression, increases the resistance of liver mitochondria to redox-regulated PTP opening and elevates mitochondrial levels of antioxidants. Rats were injected with SFP or drug vehicle and liver mitochondria were isolated 40h later. Respiring mitochondria actively accumulated added Ca(2+), which was then released through PTP opening induced by agents that either cause an oxidized shift in the mitochondrial redox state or directly oxidize protein thiol groups. SFP treatment of rats inhibited the rate of pro-oxidant-induced mitochondrial Ca(2+) release and increased expression of the glutathione peroxidase/reductase system, thioredoxin, and malic enzyme. These results are the first to demonstrate that SFP treatment of animals increases liver mitochondrial antioxidant defenses and inhibits redox-sensitive PTP opening. This novel form of preconditioning could protect against a variety of pathologies that include oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in their etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Greco
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jonathan Shafer
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Gary Fiskum
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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Pullikotil P, Chen H, Muniyappa R, Greenberg CC, Yang S, Reiter CEN, Lee JW, Chung JH, Quon MJ. Epigallocatechin gallate induces expression of heme oxygenase-1 in endothelial cells via p38 MAPK and Nrf-2 that suppresses proinflammatory actions of TNF-α. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:1134-45. [PMID: 22137262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol in green tea, acutely stimulates production of nitric oxide (NO) from vascular endothelium to reduce hypertension and improve endothelial dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Herein, we explored additional mechanisms whereby EGCG may mediate beneficial cardiovascular actions. When compared with vehicle-treated controls, EGCG treatment (2.5 μM, 8 h) of human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) caused a ~three-fold increase in heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA and protein with comparable increases in HO-1 activity. This was unaffected by pretreatment of cells with wortmannin, LY294002, PD98059 or L-NAME (PI 3-kinase, MEK and NO synthase inhibitors, respectively). Pretreatment of HAEC with SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) or siRNA knockdown of p38 MAPK completely blocked EGCG-stimulated induction of HO-1. EGCG treatment also inhibited tumor-necrosis-factor-α-stimulated expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and decreased adhesion of monocytes to HAEC. siRNA knockdown of HO-1, p38 MAPK or Nrf-2 blocked these inhibitory actions of EGCG. In HAEC transiently transfected with a human HO-1 promoter luciferase reporter (or an isolated Nrf-2 responsive region), luciferase activity increased in response to EGCG. This was inhibitable by SB203580 pretreatment. EGCG-stimulated expression of HO-1 and Nrf-2 was blocked by siRNA knockdown of Nrf-2 or p38 MAPK. Finally, liver from mice chronically treated with EGCG had increased HO-1 and decreased VCAM-1 expression. Thus, in vascular endothelium, EGCG requires p38 MAPK to increase expression of Nrf-2 that drives expression of HO-1, resulting in increased HO-1 activity. Increased HO-1 expression may underlie anti-inflammatory actions of EGCG in vascular endothelium that may help mediate beneficial cardiovascular actions of green tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philomena Pullikotil
- Diabetes Unit, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Expression, purification, and refolding of active Nrf2 transcription factor fused to protein transduction TAT tag. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 74:280-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Li H, Wu S, Shi N, Lin W, You J, Zhou W. NF-E2-related factor 2 activation in PC12 cells: its protective role in manganese-induced damage. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:901-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0625-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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47
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Hur W, Sun Z, Jiang T, Mason DE, Peters EC, Zhang DD, Luesch H, Schultz PG, Gray NS. A small-molecule inducer of the antioxidant response element. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 17:537-47. [PMID: 20534351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells counteract oxidative and other environmental stress through the activation of Nrf2, the transcription factor that controls the expression of a host of protective enzymes by binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE). The electrophilic molecules that are able to activate Nrf2 and its downstream target genes have demonstrated therapeutic potential in carcinogen-induced tumor models. Using a high-throughput cellular screen, we discovered a class of ARE activator, which we named AI-1, that activates Nrf2 by covalently modifying Keap1, the negative regulator of Nrf2. Biochemical studies indicated that modification of Cys151 of Keap1 by AI-1 disrupted the ability of Keap1 to serve as an adaptor for Cul3-Keap1 ubiquitin ligase complex, thereby causing stabilization and transcriptional activation of Nrf2. AI-1 and its biotinylated derivative are useful pharmacological probes for investigating the molecular details of the cellular antioxidant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooyoung Hur
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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René C, Lopez E, Claustres M, Taulan M, Romey-Chatelain MC. NF-E2-related factor 2, a key inducer of antioxidant defenses, negatively regulates the CFTR transcription. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2297-309. [PMID: 20309604 PMCID: PMC11115627 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A few studies have clearly indicated that oxidative stress suppresses the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance receptor (CFTR) function and expression. However, the mechanisms by which this occurs are still poorly understood. To clarify this effect, we investigated the role of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor, a key cellular sensor of oxidative stress. A conserved antioxidant response element (ARE) in the CFTR minimal promoter, which binds Nrf2, has been identified. Surprisingly, Nrf2 exerts an unexpected repressive role on the CFTR gene promoter activity. To decipher the molecular mechanisms involved, we evaluated the role of YY1 in the Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activity and showed cooperation between these two factors. We demonstrated that Nrf2 promotes YY1 nuclear localization and increases its binding to the CFTR promoter. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report a repressor role of Nrf2 through the cooperation with YY1 and contributes to clarify the cascade events leading to the oxidative stress-suppressed CFTR expression.
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49
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Kitteringham NR, Abdullah A, Walsh J, Randle L, Jenkins RE, Sison R, Goldring CEP, Powell H, Sanderson C, Williams S, Higgins L, Yamamoto M, Hayes J, Park BK. Proteomic analysis of Nrf2 deficient transgenic mice reveals cellular defence and lipid metabolism as primary Nrf2-dependent pathways in the liver. J Proteomics 2010; 73:1612-31. [PMID: 20399915 PMCID: PMC2891861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 regulates expression of multiple cellular defence proteins through the antioxidant response element (ARE). Nrf2-deficient mice (Nrf2(-/-)) are highly susceptible to xenobiotic-mediated toxicity, but the precise molecular basis of enhanced toxicity is unknown. Oligonucleotide array studies suggest that a wide range of gene products is altered constitutively, however no equivalent proteomics analyses have been conducted. To define the range of Nrf2-regulated proteins at the constitutive level, protein expression profiling of livers from Nrf2(-/-) and wild type mice was conducted using both stable isotope labelling (iTRAQ) and gel electrophoresis methods. To establish a robust reproducible list of Nrf2-dependent proteins, three independent groups of mice were analysed. Correlative network analysis (MetaCore) identified two predominant groups of Nrf2-regulated proteins. As expected, one group comprised proteins involved in phase II drug metabolism, which were down-regulated in the absence of Nrf2. Surprisingly, the most profound changes were observed amongst proteins involved in the synthesis and metabolism of fatty acids and other lipids. Importantly, we show here for the first time, that the enzyme ATP-citrate lyase, responsible for acetyl-CoA production, is negatively regulated by Nrf2. This latter finding suggests that Nrf2 is a major regulator of cellular lipid disposition in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom.
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Calkins MJ, Townsend JA, Johnson DA, Johnson JA. Cystamine protects from 3-nitropropionic acid lesioning via induction of nf-e2 related factor 2 mediated transcription. Exp Neurol 2010; 224:307-17. [PMID: 20406637 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Systemic administration of cystamine is known to protect from both chemical and genetic models of neurotoxicity. Despite positive effects in laboratory models, cystamine has not been successfully translated to clinical application for neurodegenerative disease. Furthermore, the long held assumption that cystamine protects through tissue transglutaminase inhibition has recently been challenged. The studies described here examine other potential mechanisms of cystamine-mediated protection in an attempt to reveal molecular targets for neurodegenerative therapy. Based on previously described effects of cystamine, we examined the potential for activation of NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) mediated signaling through the antioxidant response element (ARE). We found that cystamine activates Nrf2/ARE both in cell culture and in brain tissue and then probed the mechanism of activation in cell culture. In live animals, we show that neuroprotection from 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP) toxicity is Nrf2-dependent. Therefore, these findings provide strong evidence that Nrf2 signaling may be an effective target for prevention of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Calkins
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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