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FIZZ1 Promotes Airway Remodeling in Asthma Through the PTEN Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2016; 38:1464-72. [PMID: 25655389 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to elucidate the function and signaling pathway of found in inflammatory zone 1 (FIZZ1) in airway remodeling in asthma. We used a mice model sensitized and challenged by ovalbumin (OVA) to evaluate the expression of FIZZ1, type I collagen, and fibronectin-1 in the airway in asthma. To investigate the signaling pathway regulated by FIZZ1, we treated a cultured murine lung epithelium cell-12 (MLE-12) with FIZZ1 recombination protein, silenced the expression of FIZZ1 with FIZZ1-shRNA in vitro, and then detected phosphorylated phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and expression of type I collagen and fibronectin-1 (FN-1) by Western blotting. In addition, we increased the expression of PTEN by PTEN plasmid transfection then detected the expression of type I collagen and fibronectin-1 in MLE-12 by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence cytochemistry technology, respectively. First, the expression of FIZZ1, type I collagen, and fibronectin-1 was significantly elevated in the lungs of OVA-challenged mice compared with saline-treated control animals. Secondly, the phosphorylation of PTEN was decreased in MLE-12 treated with FIZZ1 recombination protein in vitro. On the contrary, the phosphorylation of PTEN was increased in MLE-12 cells transfected with FIZZ1-shRNA. Thirdly, results of the Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence cytochemistry showed that expression of type I collagen and fibronectin-1 was increased in cells treated with FIZZ1 recombination protein, while the levels of type I collagen and fibronectin-1 were significantly decreased in cells transfected with PTEN plasmid. FIZZ1 may be a critical cytokine in airway remodeling in asthma. This study indicates that targeting FIZZ1 and/or PTEN may be a new therapeutic strategy for asthma.
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Fukunaga S, Kakehashi A, Sumida K, Kushida M, Asano H, Gi M, Wanibuchi H. Integrative analyses of miRNA and proteomics identify potential biological pathways associated with onset of pulmonary fibrosis in the bleomycin rat model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 286:188-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Park HJ, Yang MJ, Oh JH, Yang YS, Kwon MS, Song CW, Yoon S. Genome-wide transcriptional response during the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in sprague-dawley rats. Toxicol Res 2013; 26:137-47. [PMID: 24278517 PMCID: PMC3834473 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2010.26.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a common consequence of many lung diseases and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The molecular mechanisms underlying the development of pulmonary fibrosis remain poorly understood. One model used successfully to study pulmonary fibrosis over the past few decades is the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. We aimed to identify the genes associated with fibrogenesis using an Affymetrix GeneChip system in a bleomycin-induced rat model for pulmonary fibrosis. To confirm fibrosis development, several analyses were performed, including cellular evaluations using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, measurement of lactate dehydrogenase activity, and histopathological examinations. Common aspects of pulmonary fibrosis such as prolonged inflammation, immune cell infiltration, emergence of fibroblasts, and deposition of extracellular matrix and connective tissue elements were observed. Global gene expression analysis revealed significantly altered expression of genes (≥ 1.5-fold, p < 0.05.) in a time-dependent manner during the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Our results are consistent with previous results of well-documented gene expression. Interestingly, the expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) , secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) , and several proteases such as Tpsab1, Mcpt1, and Cma1 was considerably induced in the lung after bleomycin treatment, despite little evidence that they are involved in pulmonary fibrogenesis. These data will aid in our understanding of fibrogenic mechanisms and contribute to the identification of candidate biomarkers of fibrotic disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jin Park
- Division of Research and Development, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 305-343
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Walford HH, Doherty TA. STAT6 and lung inflammation. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e25301. [PMID: 24416647 PMCID: PMC3876430 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.25301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung inflammation has many etiologies, including diseases of Th2-type immunity, such as asthma and anti-parasitic responses. Inflammatory diseases of the lung involve complex interactions among structural cells (airway epithelium, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts) and immune cells (B and T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and innate lymphoid cells). Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) has been demonstrated to regulate many pathologic features of lung inflammatory responses in animal models including airway eosinophilia, epithelial mucus production, smooth muscle changes, Th2 cell differentiation, and IgE production from B cells. Cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 that are upstream of STAT6 are found elevated in human asthma and clinical trials are underway to therapeutically target the IL-4/IL-13/STAT6 pathway. Additionally, recent work suggests that STAT6 may also regulate lung anti-viral responses and contribute to pulmonary fibrosis. This review will focus on the role of STAT6 in lung diseases and mechanisms by which STAT6 controls immune and structural lung cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah H Walford
- Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA ; Department of Pediatrics; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Taylor A Doherty
- Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA
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Li B, Ze Y, Sun Q, Zhang T, Sang X, Cui Y, Wang X, Gui S, Tan D, Zhu M, Zhao X, Sheng L, Wang L, Hong F, Tang M. Molecular mechanisms of nanosized titanium dioxide-induced pulmonary injury in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55563. [PMID: 23409001 PMCID: PMC3567101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary damage induced by nanosized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) is of great concern, but the mechanism of how this damage may be incurred has yet to be elucidated. Here, we examined how multiple genes may be affected by nano-TiO2 exposure to contribute to the observed damage. The results suggest that long-term exposure to nano-TiO2 led to significant increases in inflammatory cells, and levels of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphate, and total protein, and promoted production of reactive oxygen species and peroxidation of lipid, protein and DNA in mouse lung tissue. We also observed nano-TiO2 deposition in lung tissue via light and confocal Raman microscopy, which in turn led to severe pulmonary inflammation and pneumonocytic apoptosis in mice. Specifically, microarray analysis showed significant alterations in the expression of 847 genes in the nano-TiO2-exposed lung tissues. Of 521 genes with known functions, 361 were up-regulated and 160 down-regulated, which were associated with the immune/inflammatory responses, apoptosis, oxidative stress, the cell cycle, stress responses, cell proliferation, the cytoskeleton, signal transduction, and metabolic processes. Therefore, the application of nano-TiO2 should be carried out cautiously, especially in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuguan Ze
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuezi Sang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaling Cui
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Suxin Gui
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Danlin Tan
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Sheng
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fashui Hong
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Milton PL, Dickinson H, Jenkin G, Lim R. Assessment of Respiratory Physiology of C57BL/6 Mice following Bleomycin Administration Using Barometric Plethysmography. Respiration 2012; 83:253-66. [DOI: 10.1159/000330586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Dackor RT, Cheng J, Voltz JW, Card JW, Ferguson CD, Garrett RC, Bradbury JA, DeGraff LM, Lih FB, Tomer KB, Flake GP, Travlos GS, Ramsey RW, Edin ML, Morgan DL, Zeldin DC. Prostaglandin E₂ protects murine lungs from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and lung dysfunction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L645-55. [PMID: 21856819 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00176.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is a lipid mediator that is produced via the metabolism of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase enzymes. In the lung, PGE(2) acts as an anti-inflammatory factor and plays an important role in tissue repair processes. Although several studies have examined the role of PGE(2) in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in rodents, results have generally been conflicting, and few studies have examined the therapeutic effects of PGE(2) on the accompanying lung dysfunction. In this study, an established model of pulmonary fibrosis was used in which 10-12-wk-old male C57BL/6 mice were administered a single dose (1.0 mg/kg) of bleomycin via oropharyngeal aspiration. To test the role of prostaglandins in this model, mice were dosed, via surgically implanted minipumps, with either vehicle, PGE(2) (1.32 μg/h), or the prostacyclin analog iloprost (0.33 μg/h) beginning 7 days before or 14 days after bleomycin administration. Endpoints assessed at 7 days after bleomycin administration included proinflammatory cytokine levels and measurement of cellular infiltration into the lung. Endpoints assessed at 21 days after bleomycin administration included lung function assessment via invasive (FlexiVent) analysis, cellular infiltration, lung collagen content, and semiquantitative histological analysis of the degree of lung fibrosis (Ashcroft method). Seven days after bleomycin administration, lymphocyte numbers and chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 expression were significantly lower in PGE(2)- and iloprost-treated animals compared with vehicle-treated controls (P < 0.05). When administered 7 days before bleomycin challenge, PGE(2) also protected against the decline in lung static compliance, lung fibrosis, and collagen production that is associated with 3 wk of bleomycin exposure. However, PGE(2) had no therapeutic effect on these parameters when administered 14 days after bleomycin challenge. In summary, PGE(2) prevented the decline in lung static compliance and protected against lung fibrosis when it was administered before bleomycin challenge but had no therapeutic effect when administered after bleomycin challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Dackor
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Scotton CJ, Krupiczojc MA, Königshoff M, Mercer PF, Lee YCG, Kaminski N, Morser J, Post JM, Maher TM, Nicholson AG, Moffatt JD, Laurent GJ, Derian CK, Eickelberg O, Chambers RC. Increased local expression of coagulation factor X contributes to the fibrotic response in human and murine lung injury. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2550-63. [PMID: 19652365 PMCID: PMC2735922 DOI: 10.1172/jci33288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled activation of the coagulation cascade contributes to the pathophysiology of several conditions, including acute and chronic lung diseases. Coagulation zymogens are considered to be largely derived from the circulation and locally activated in response to tissue injury and microvascular leak. Here we report that expression of coagulation factor X (FX) is locally increased in human and murine fibrotic lung tissue, with marked immunostaining associated with bronchial and alveolar epithelia. FXa was a potent inducer of the myofibroblast differentiation program in cultured primary human adult lung fibroblasts via TGF-beta activation that was mediated by proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and integrin alphavbeta5. PAR1, alphavbeta5, and alpha-SMA colocalized to fibrotic foci in lung biopsy specimens from individuals with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, we demonstrated a causal link between FXa and fibrosis development by showing that a direct FXa inhibitor attenuated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. These data support what we believe to be a novel pathogenetic mechanism by which FXa, a central proteinase of the coagulation cascade, is locally expressed and drives the fibrotic response to lung injury. These findings herald a shift in our understanding of the origins of excessive procoagulant activity and place PAR1 central to the cross-talk between local procoagulant signaling and tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Scotton
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Schissel SL, Dunsmore SE, Liu X, Shine RW, Perrella MA, Layne MD. Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein is expressed in fibrotic human lung and its absence protects against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:818-28. [PMID: 19179605 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathological hallmarks of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis include proliferating fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, as well as excessive collagen matrix deposition. In addition, both myofibroblast contraction and remodeling of the collagen-rich matrix contribute to the abnormal structure and function of the fibrotic lung. Little is known, however, about collagen-associated proteins that promote fibroblast and myofibroblast retention, as well as the proliferation of these cells on the extracellular matrix. In this study, we demonstrate that aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP), a collagen-associated protein with a discoidin-like domain, is expressed at high levels in human fibrotic lung tissue and human fibroblasts, and that its expression increases markedly in the lungs of bleomycin-injured mice. Importantly, ACLP-deficient mice accumulated significantly fewer myofibroblasts and less collagen in the lung after bleomycin injury, as compared with wild-type controls, despite equivalent levels of bleomycin-induced inflammation. ACLP that is secreted by lung fibroblasts was retained on fibrillar collagen, and ACLP-deficient lung fibroblasts that were cultured on collagen exhibited changes in cell spreading, proliferation, and contraction of the collagen matrix. Finally, the addition of recombinant discoidin-like domain of ACLP to cultured ACLP-deficient lung fibroblasts restored cell spreading and increased the contraction of collagen gels. Therefore, both ACLP and its discoidin-like domain may be novel targets for anti-myofibroblast-based therapies for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Schissel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Fujita K, Morimoto Y, Ogami A, Myojyo T, Tanaka I, Shimada M, Wang WN, Endoh S, Uchida K, Nakazato T, Yamamoto K, Fukui H, Horie M, Yoshida Y, Iwahashi H, Nakanishi J. Gene expression profiles in rat lung after inhalation exposure to C60 fullerene particles. Toxicology 2009; 258:47-55. [PMID: 19167457 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Concern over the influence of nanoparticles on human health has risen due to advances in the development of nanotechnology. We are interested in the influence of nanoparticles on the pulmonary system at a molecular level. In this study, gene expression profiling of the rat lung after whole-body inhalation exposure to C(60) fullerene (0.12mg/m(3); 4.1x10(4) particles/cm(3), 96nm diameter) and ultrafine nickel oxide (Uf-NiO) particles (0.2mg/m(3); 9.2x10(4) particles/cm(3), 59nm diameter) as a positive control were employed to gain insights into these molecular events. In response to C(60) fullerene exposure for 6h a day, for 4 weeks (5 days a week), C(60) fullerene particles were located in alveolar epithelial cells at 3 days post-exposure and engulfed by macrophages at both 3 days and 1 month post-exposures. Gene expression profiles revealed that few genes involved in the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and metalloendopeptidase activity were up-regulated at both 3 days and 1 month post-exposure. Only some genes associated with the immune system process, including major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mediated immunity were up-regulated. These results were significantly different from those of Uf-NiO particles which induced high expression of genes associated with chemokines, oxidative stress, and matrix metalloproteinase 12 (Mmp12), suggesting that Uf-NiO particles lead to acute inflammation for the inhalation exposure period, and the damaged tissues were repaired in the post-exposure period. We suggest that C(60) fullerene might not have a severe pulmonary toxicity under the inhalation exposure condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhide Fujita
- Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.
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Zhou T, Chou J, Watkins PB, Kaufmann WK. Toxicogenomics: transcription profiling for toxicology assessment. EXS 2009; 99:325-66. [PMID: 19157067 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8336-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxicogenomics, the application of transcription profiling to toxicology, has been widely used for elucidating the molecular and cellular actions of chemicals and other environmental stressors on biological systems, predicting toxicity before any functional damages, and classification of known or new toxicants based on signatures of gene expression. The success of a toxicogenomics study depends upon close collaboration among experts in different fields, including a toxicologist or biologist, a bioinformatician, statistician, physician and, sometimes, mathematician. This review is focused on toxicogenomics studies, including transcription profiling technology, experimental design, significant gene extraction, toxicological results interpretation, potential pathway identification, database input and the applications of toxicogenomics in various fields of toxicological study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- Center for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Steele MP, Brown KK. Genetic predisposition to respiratory diseases: infiltrative lung diseases. Respiration 2008; 74:601-8. [PMID: 18037811 DOI: 10.1159/000110204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of high-throughput genotyping and large collaborative clinical networks creating well-characterized patient populations with DNA repositories has facilitated genome-wide scans and candidate gene studies to identify susceptibility alleles for the development of interstitial lung disease. The association of pulmonary fibrosis with rare inherited disorders, and the variable susceptibility of inbred mouse strains to this disease indicate that pulmonary fibrosis is determined by genetic factors. Sarcoidosis represents a complex disease with racial and ethnic differences in disease prevalence, and evidence of familial clustering. Familial aggregation of sarcoidosis from 'A Case-Control Etiologic Study of Sarcoidosis' (ACCESS) reveals a familial odds ratio (OR) of sarcoidosis of 5.8 (95% CI 2.1-15.9) for sibs and 3.8 (95% CI 1.2-11.3) for parents. Several HLA class II alleles have been associated with either increased or decreased risk of sarcoidosis, and results vary depending on study populations of different ethnicity. Genome-wide screening has conclusively identified linkage to chromosome 5q11and the development of sarcoidosis, and HLA genes and BTNL2 are susceptibility genes located in this region. Familial aggregation of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) has been established by several groups, and a large US-based study suggests autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance; furthermore, cigarette smoking was associated with affection status among siblings (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 1.3-9.8, p = 0.01). Families demonstrate more than one type of IIP, suggesting various subtypes of IIP may share a common pathogenesis. Genome-wide linkage scans in familial interstitial pneumonia demonstrate linkage to chromosomes 4, 5 and 11. Candidate gene studies indicate that surfactant protein C and telomerase are susceptibility genes for the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Future challenges include determining how multiple susceptibility alleles interact with each other and environmental factors resulting in disease risk and multiple phenotypes, and determining the mechanism of action and cellular pathways involving susceptibility alleles. Further insight into these areas may lead to new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Steele
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Lewis CC, Yang JYH, Huang X, Banerjee SK, Blackburn MR, Baluk P, McDonald DM, Blackwell TS, Nagabhushanam V, Peters W, Voehringer D, Erle DJ. Disease-specific gene expression profiling in multiple models of lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 177:376-87. [PMID: 18029791 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200702-333oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Microarray technology is widely employed for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying complex diseases. However, analyses of individual diseases or models of diseases frequently yield extensive lists of differentially expressed genes with uncertain relationships to disease pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES To compare gene expression changes in a heterogeneous set of lung disease models in order to identify common gene expression changes seen in diverse forms of lung pathology, as well as relatively small subsets of genes likely to be involved in specific pathophysiological processes. METHODS We profiled lung gene expression in 12 mouse models of infection, allergy, and lung injury. A linear model was used to estimate transcript expression changes for each model, and hierarchical clustering was used to compare expression patterns between models. Selected expression changes were verified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 24 transcripts, including many involved in inflammation and immune activation, were differentially expressed in a substantial majority (9 or more) of the models. Expression patterns distinguished three groups of models: (1) bacterial infection (n = 5), with changes in 89 transcripts, including many related to nuclear factor-kappaB signaling, cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors; (2) bleomycin-induced diseases (n = 2), with changes in 53 transcripts, including many related to matrix remodeling and Wnt signaling; and (3) T helper cell type 2 (allergic) inflammation (n = 5), with changes in 26 transcripts, including many encoding epithelial secreted molecules, ion channels, and transporters. CONCLUSIONS This multimodel dataset highlights novel genes likely involved in various pathophysiological processes and will be a valuable resource for the investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying lung disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Lewis
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center/Division of Immunobiology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7038, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Fibrotic response as a distinguishing feature of resistance and susceptibility to pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Infect Immun 2007; 76:78-88. [PMID: 17938213 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00369-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The differential susceptibility of inbred mouse strains DBA/2J (susceptible) and C57BL/6J (resistant) to pulmonary tuberculosis following aerosol infection is under complex genetic control. In this report, transcriptional profiling with RNAs from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lungs was used to investigate the physiological response, cell type, and biochemical pathways underlying differential susceptibility to infection. Statistical analysis of cDNA-based microarrays revealed that 1,097 transcripts showed statistically significant changes in abundance (changes of > or = 1.5-fold) in at least one of four experimental group comparisons (C57BL/6J [day 0] versus DBA/2J [day 0] mice, C57BL/6J [day 90] versus DBA/2J [day 90] mice, C57BL/6J [day 90] versus C57BL/6J [day 0] mice, or DBA/2J [day 90] versus DBA/2J [day 0] mice). A group of genes showing very high degrees of significance (changes of > or = 2.0-fold) displayed enrichment for transcripts associated with tissue remodeling and the fibrotic response. The differential expression of fibrotic response genes (Sparc, Col1a1, Col1a2, Col4a1, and Col4a2) in the infected lungs of the two mouse strains was validated by another microarray platform (Affymetrix oligonucleotide chips) and by reverse transcription-PCR. Furthermore, the differential expression of additional genes known to be associated with fibrosis (Mmp2, Timp1, and Arg1) was also validated by these approaches. Overall, these results identify the differential fibrotic response as a pathological basis for the high susceptibility of DBA/2J mice to pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Tzouvelekis A, Harokopos V, Paparountas T, Oikonomou N, Chatziioannou A, Vilaras G, Tsiambas E, Karameris A, Bouros D, Aidinis V. Comparative expression profiling in pulmonary fibrosis suggests a role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in disease pathogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:1108-19. [PMID: 17761615 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200705-683oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite intense research efforts, the etiology and pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To discover novel genes and/or cellular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. METHODS We performed expression profiling of disease progression in a well-characterized animal model of the disease. Differentially expressed genes that were identified were compared with all publicly available expression profiles both from human patients and animal models. The role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha in disease pathogenesis was examined with a series of immunostainings, both in the animal model as well as in tissue microarrays containing tissue samples of human patients, followed by computerized image analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Comparative expression profiling produced a prioritized gene list of high statistical significance, which consisted of the most likely disease modifiers identified so far in pulmonary fibrosis. Extending beyond target identification, a series of meta-analyses produced a number of biological hypotheses on disease pathogenesis. Among them, the role of HIF-1 signaling was further explored to reveal HIF-1alpha overexpression in the hyperplastic epithelium of fibrotic lungs, colocalized with its target genes p53 and Vegf. CONCLUSIONS Comparative expression profiling was shown to be a highly efficient method in identifying deregulated genes and pathways. Moreover, tissue microarrays and computerized image analysis allowed for the high-throughput and unbiased assessment of histopathologic sections, adding substantial confidence in pathologic evaluations. More importantly, our results suggest an early primary role of HIF-1 in alveolar epithelial cell homeostasis and disease pathogenesis, provide insights on the pathophysiologic differences of different interstitial pneumonias, and indicate the importance of assessing the efficacy of pharmacologic inhibitors of HIF-1 activity in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris Tzouvelekis
- Department of Pneumonology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, and University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Pottier N, Chupin C, Defamie V, Cardinaud B, Sutherland R, Rios G, Gauthier F, Wolters PJ, Berthiaume Y, Barbry P, Mari B. Relationships between early inflammatory response to bleomycin and sensitivity to lung fibrosis: a role for dipeptidyl-peptidase I and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:1098-107. [PMID: 17673693 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200607-1051oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Different sensitivities to profibrotic compounds such as bleomycin are observed among mouse strains. OBJECTIVES To identify genetic factors contributing to the outcome of lung injury. METHODS Physiological comparison of C57BL/6 (sensitive) and BALB/c (resistant) mice challenged by intratracheal bleomycin instillation revealed several early differences: global gene expression profiles were thus established from lungs derived from the two strains, in the absence of any bleomycin administration. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Expression of 25 genes differed between the two strains. Among them, two molecules, not previously associated with pulmonary fibrosis, were identified. The first corresponded to dipeptidyl-peptidase I (DPPI), a cysteine peptidase (also known as cathepsin C) essential for the activation of serine proteinases produced by immune/inflammatory cells. The second corresponded to tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3, which also inhibits members of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) family, such as the tumor necrosis factor-converting enzyme. In functional studies performed in the bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model, the level of expression of these two genes was closely correlated with specific early events associated with lung fibrosis, namely activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived serine proteases and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-dependent inflammatory syndrome. Surprisingly, genetic deletion of DPPI in the context of a C57BL/6 genetic background did not protect against bleomycin-mediated fibrosis, suggesting additional function(s) for this key enzyme. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of the early inflammatory events that follow bleomycin instillation in the development of lung fibrosis, and describes for the first time the roles that DPPI and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3 may play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pottier
- IPMC, CNRS UMR6097, 660, route des Lucioles, F06560 Sophia Antipolis, France
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Abstract
The integrated effect of multiple pathways, molecules, genetic polymorphisms, environmental stimuli, and possible infection determines the lung phenotype in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a chronic progressive and often lethal lung disease. Systems biology approaches aim to provide a systemwide view of biological process using computational tools and high-throughput technologies. Although much of the analysis of genome-level transcriptional high-resolution profiles of IPF was reductionist, usually focusing on a single factor in the disease process, there are some studies that implement systems approaches. We discuss these analyses and provide examples of the global analysis of IPF, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Detailed quantitative phenotyping and correlation with microarray results as well as high-throughput genotyping should provide us with the datasets to implement systems biology approaches in fibrosis research. Interdisciplinary teams and training of junior investigators in the vocabulary of systems biology should allow us to use these datasets integratively and generate a global model of human pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Studer
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Brass DM, Tomfohr J, Yang IV, Schwartz DA. Using mouse genomics to understand idiopathic interstitial fibrosis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2007; 4:92-100. [PMID: 17202297 PMCID: PMC2647620 DOI: 10.1513/pats.200607-147jg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia represents a broad category of lung disorders characterized by scarring or fibrosis of the lung accompanied by varying degrees of inflammation. A number of important hypotheses based on clinical observations have substantially contributed to our understanding of the pathogenesis of the most insidious and devastating of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, idiopathic interstitial fibrosis (IIF). Patients with IIF usually present late in the course of their illness; thus, animal models of the early, preclinical stage of these diseases are needed. Although no model faithfully recapitulates the clinical course of disease or the histopathology observed in humans, all result in scarring of the lung and may therefore be used to understand the biological processes that contribute to this scarring. The purpose of this article is to summarize the application of mouse genetic and genomic tools to these models to advance our understanding of IIF and to describe emerging agnostic approaches to identifying genes important to the fibroproliferative component of IIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Brass
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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21
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Yamaji-Kegan K, Su Q, Angelini DJ, Champion HC, Johns RA. Hypoxia-induced mitogenic factor has proangiogenic and proinflammatory effects in the lung via VEGF and VEGF receptor-2. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 291:L1159-68. [PMID: 16891392 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00168.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
From a mouse model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension, we previously found a highly upregulated protein in the lung that we named hypoxia-induced mitogenic factor (HIMF), also known as found in inflammatory zone 1 (FIZZ1), and resistin-like molecule alpha (RELMalpha). However, the mechanisms of HIMF in the pulmonary vascular remodeling remain unknown. We now demonstrate that HIMF promoted cell proliferation, migration, and the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in pulmonary endothelial cells as well as the production of reactive oxygen species in murine monocyte/macrophage cells. HIMF-induced CD31-positive cell infiltrate in in vivo Matrigel plugs was significantly suppressed by VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) blockade. In ex vivo studies, HIMF stimulated the production of VEGF, MCP-1, and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in the lung resident cells, and VEGFR2 neutralization significantly suppressed HIMF-induced MCP-1 and SDF-1 production. Furthermore, intravenous injection of HIMF showed marked increase of CD68-positive inflammatory cells in the lungs, and these events were attenuated by VEGFR2 neutralization. Intravenous injection of HIMF also downregulated the expression of VEGFR2 in the lung. These results suggest that HIMF plays critical roles in pulmonary inflammation as well as angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Yamaji-Kegan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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22
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Nagino K, Nomura O, Takii Y, Myomoto A, Ichikawa M, Nakamura F, Higasa M, Akiyama H, Nobumasa H, Shiojima S, Tsujimoto G. Ultrasensitive DNA chip: gene expression profile analysis without RNA amplification. J Biochem 2006; 139:697-703. [PMID: 16672270 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a new DNA chip whose substrate has a unique minute columnar array structure made of plastic. The DNA chip exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity, up to 100-fold higher than that of reference DNA chips, which makes it possible to monitor gene expression profiles even with very small amounts of RNA (0.1-0.01 microg of total RNA) without amplification. Differential expression ratios obtained with the new DNA chip were validated against those obtained with quantitative real-time PCR assays. This novel microarray technology would be a powerful tool for monitoring gene expression profiles, especially for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihisa Nagino
- New Frontiers Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Kanagawa 248-8555.
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23
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Lemay AM, Haston CK. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis susceptibility genes in AcB/BcA recombinant congenic mice. Physiol Genomics 2006; 23:54-61. [PMID: 16179420 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00095.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of susceptibility to pulmonary fibrosis is largely unknown. Initially, in this study, loci regulating the response of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis were mapped using a set of recombinant congenic strains bred from pulmonary fibrosis-resistant A/J and susceptible C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Linkage was identified (logarithm of the odds score = 4.9) on chromosome 9, and other suggestive loci were detected. The putative loci included alleles from both the B6 and A/J strains as increasing the fibrosis response of congenic mice. Gene expression analysis with microarrays revealed 3,304 genes or expressed sequence tags to be differentially expressed (P < 0.01) in lung tissue between bleomycin-treated B6 and A/J mice, and 246 of these genes mapped to potential susceptibility loci. Pulmonary genes differentially expressed between bleomycin-treated B6 and A/J mice included those of heparin binding and extracellular matrix deposition pathways. A review of available genomic sequences revealed 809 (43% of total) genes in the linkage intervals to have variations predicted to alter the encoded proteins or their regulation, 68 (8.4%) of which were also differentially expressed. Genomic approaches were combined to produce a set of candidate genes that may influence susceptibility to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the A/J:B6 mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lemay
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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24
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Haston CK, Tomko TG, Godin N, Kerckhoff L, Hallett MT. Murine candidate bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis susceptibility genes identified by gene expression and sequence analysis of linkage regions. J Med Genet 2006; 42:464-73. [PMID: 15937080 PMCID: PMC1736068 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2004.027938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary fibrosis is a complex disease for which the predisposing genetic variants remain unknown. In a prior study, susceptibility to bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis was mapped to loci Blmpf1 and Blmpf2 on chromosomes 17 and 11, respectively, in a C57BL/6J (B6, susceptible) and C3Hf/KAM (C3H, resistant) mouse cross. METHODS Herein, the genetic basis of bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis was investigated in an approach combining gene expression and sequencing data with previously mapped linkage intervals. RESULTS In this study, gene expression analysis with microarrays revealed 1892 genes or ESTs (expressed sequence tags) to be differentially expressed between bleomycin treated B6 and C3H mice and 67 of these genetic elements map to Blmpf1 or Blmpf2. This group included genes involved in an oxidative stress response, in apoptosis, and in immune regulation. A comparison of the B6 and C3H sequence, for Blmpf1 and Blmpf2, made using the NCBI database and available C3H sequence, revealed approximately 35% of the genes in these regions contain non-synonymous coding sequence changes. An assessment of genotype/phenotype correlation among other inbred strains revealed 36% of these B6/C3H sequence variations predict for the known bleomycin induced fibrosis susceptibility of the DBA (susceptible) and A/J (resistant) mouse strains. CONCLUSIONS Combining genomics approaches of differential gene expression and sequence variation potentially identifies approximately 5% the linked genes as fibrosis susceptibility candidate genes in this mouse cross.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Haston
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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25
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Sabo-Attwood T, Ramos-Nino M, Bond J, Butnor KJ, Heintz N, Gruber AD, Steele C, Taatjes DJ, Vacek P, Mossman BT. Gene expression profiles reveal increased mClca3 (Gob5) expression and mucin production in a murine model of asbestos-induced fibrogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 167:1243-56. [PMID: 16251409 PMCID: PMC1603789 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate genes important in development or repair of asbestos-induced lung diseases, gene expression was examined in mice after inhalation of chrysotile asbestos for 3, 9, and 40 days. We identified changes in the expression of genes linked to proliferation (cyclin B2, CDC20, and CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 2), inflammation (CCL9, CCL6, complement component 1, chitinase3-like 3, TNF superfamily member 10, and IL-1B), and matrix remodeling (MMP12, MMP3, integrin alphaX, and cathepsins K, Z, B, and S). The most highly induced gene at all time points was mclca3 (gob5), a putative calcium-activated chloride channel involved in the regulation of mucus production and/or secretion. Using histochemistry, we demonstrated accumulation of mucus and increased mClca3 protein in the bronchiolar epithelium of asbestos-exposed mice at all time points but peaking at 9 days. Cytokine levels (interleukin-1beta, interleukin-4, interleukin-6) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid also increased at 9 days, suggesting Th2-mediated immunity may play a role in asbestos-induced mucus production. In contrast, levels of cathepsin K, a potent elastase, increased between 3 and 40 days at both the mRNA and protein levels, localizing primarily in CD45-positive leukocytes and interstitial cells. Identification of genes involved in lung injury and remodeling after asbestos exposure could aid in defining mechanisms of airborne particulate-induced disease and in developing therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Ave., HSRF 218, Burlington, VT 05405, and the Pediatric Pulmonary Division, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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26
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Abstract
Bleomycins are a family of glycopeptide antibiotics that have potent antitumour activity against a range of lymphomas, head and neck cancers and germ-cell tumours. The therapeutic efficacy of the bleomycins is limited by development of lung fibrosis. The cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of the bleomycins are thought to be related to their ability to mediate both single-stranded and double-stranded DNA damage, which requires the presence of specific cofactors (a transition metal, oxygen and a one-electron reductant). Progress in understanding the mechanisms involved in the therapeutic efficacy of the bleomycins and the unwanted toxicity and elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway of the bleomycins sets the stage for developing a more potent, less toxic therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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27
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Application of microarray technology in pulmonary diseases. Respir Res 2004; 5:26. [PMID: 15585067 PMCID: PMC543572 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-5-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarrays are a powerful tool that have multiple applications both in clinical and cell biology arenas of common lung diseases. To exemplify how this tool can be useful, in this review, we will provide an overview of the application of microarray technology in research relevant to common lung diseases and present some of the future perspectives.
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28
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Liu T, Jin H, Ullenbruch M, Hu B, Hashimoto N, Moore B, McKenzie A, Lukacs NW, Phan SH. Regulation of found in inflammatory zone 1 expression in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis: role of IL-4/IL-13 and mediation via STAT-6. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3425-31. [PMID: 15322207 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Found in inflammatory zone (FIZZ)1, also known as resistin-like molecule alpha, belongs to a novel class of cysteine-rich secreted protein family, named FIZZ/resistin-like molecule, with unique tissue expression patterns. FIZZ1 is induced in alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECs) in bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis, and found to induce myofibroblast differentiation in vitro. The objective of this study was to elucidate the regulation of AEC FIZZ1 expression in pulmonary fibrosis. AECs were isolated from rat lungs and the effects of a number of cytokines on FIZZ1 expression were evaluated by RT-PCR. Of all cytokines examined, only IL-4 and IL-13 were effective in stimulating FIZZ1 expression in AECs. Stimulation by IL-4/IL-13 was accompanied by increases in phosphorylated STAT6 and JAK1. FIZZ1 expression was also stimulated by transfection with a STAT6 expression plasmid, but was inhibited by antisense oligonucleotides directed against STAT6. In vivo studies showed that compared with wild-type controls, both IL-4- and IL-13-deficient mice showed reduced BLM-induced lung FIZZ1 expression and fibrosis, which were essentially abolished in IL-4 and IL-13 doubly deficient mice. Furthermore, STAT6-deficient mice showed marked reduction in BLM-induced lung FIZZ1 expression. Thus, IL-4 and IL-13 are potent inducers of AEC FIZZ1 expression via STAT6 and play key roles in BLM-induced lung FIZZ1 expression and fibrosis. This represents a potential mechanism by which IL-4/IL-13 could play a role in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianju Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6154, MSC 8003, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Liu T, Dhanasekaran SM, Jin H, Hu B, Tomlins SA, Chinnaiyan AM, Phan SH. FIZZ1 stimulation of myofibroblast differentiation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:1315-26. [PMID: 15039219 PMCID: PMC1615359 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by inflammation, emergence of myofibroblasts, and deposition of extracellular matrix. In an attempt to identify genes that may be involved in fibrosis, we used a 10,000 element (10 K) rat cDNA microarray to analyze the lung gene expression profiles in this model in the rat. Cluster analysis showed 628 genes were more than or equal to twofold up- or down-regulated, many of which were known to be involved in fibrosis. However, the most dramatic increase was observed with FIZZ1 (found in inflammatory zone; also known as RELM-alpha or resistin-like molecule-alpha), which was induced 17-fold to approximately 25-fold at the peak of expression. In situ hybridization analysis revealed FIZZ1 expression to localize primarily to alveolar and airway epithelium, which was confirmed in vitro by analysis of isolated type II alveolar epithelial cells. However FIZZ1 expression was not detected in isolated lung fibroblasts. Co-culture of FIZZ1-expressing type II cells with fibroblasts stimulated alpha-smooth muscle actin and type I collagen expression independent of transforming growth factor-beta. Transfection of a FIZZ1-expressing plasmid into fibroblasts or treatment with glutathione S-transferase-FIZZ1 fusion protein stimulated alpha-smooth muscle actin and collagen I production. These results suggest a novel role for FIZZ1 in myofibroblast differentiation in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianju Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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31
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Takagaki K, Katsuma S, Horio T, Kaminishi Y, Hada Y, Tanaka T, Ohgi T, Yano J. cDNA microarray analysis of altered gene expression in Ara-C-treated leukemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 309:351-8. [PMID: 12951057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line CCRF-CEM is sensitive to Ara-C and undergoes apoptosis. In contrast, the chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell line K562 is highly resistant to Ara-C, which causes the cells to differentiate into erythrocytes before undergoing apoptosis. We used cDNA microarrays to monitor the alterations in gene expression in these two cell lines under conditions leading to apoptosis or differentiation. Ara-C-treated CCRF-CEM cells were characterized by a cluster of down-regulated chaperone genes, whereas Ara-C-treated K562 cells were characterized by a cluster of up-regulated hemoglobin genes. In K562 cells, Ara-C treatment induced significant down-regulation of the asparagine synthetase gene, which is involved in resistance to L-asparaginase. Sequential treatment with Ara-C and L-asparaginase had a synergistic effect on the inhibition of K562 cell growth, and combination therapy with these two anticancer agents may prove effective in the treatment of CML, which cannot be cured by either drug alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuchika Takagaki
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co. Ltd, 3-14-1 Sakura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan.
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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Pittsburgh International Lung Conference. October 2002. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29:S1-105. [PMID: 12936907 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0159su] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Fukuhara Y, Hirasawa A, Li XK, Kawasaki M, Fujino M, Funeshima N, Katsuma S, Shiojima S, Yamada M, Okuyama T, Suzuki S, Tsujimoto G. Gene expression profile in the regenerating rat liver after partial hepatectomy. J Hepatol 2003; 38:784-92. [PMID: 12763372 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(03)00077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS When a loss of hepatic mass occurs, the expression of a large number of genes is either induced or altered, accompanying hepatocyte proliferation. In the present study, we made an in-house cDNA microarray containing 4608 elements (Liver chip), and analyzed extensively gene expression profiles of the regenerating liver after 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) in rats. METHODS RNAs were prepared from three rat livers at each time point (taken at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72 h, and 1 week after PHx). Using the liver chip, we performed large-scale analysis of gene expression during liver regeneration. Elements either up- or down-regulated more than twofold at one or more time points were selected. RESULTS Among the 4608, 382 were identified. Using cluster analysis, we found great similarity between gene-expression profiles at 12 and 18 h after PHx as well as between 48 and 72 h after PHx. We also found that there are at least six distinct temporal patterns of gene expression in the regenerating rat liver after PHx. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that microarray analysis is a powerful approach for monitoring molecular events in the regenerating liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Fukuhara
- Department of Innovative Surgery, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 3-35-31 Taishido, Setagaya-ku, 154-8567, Tokyo, Japan
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Nakamura T, Shiojima S, Hirai Y, Iwama T, Tsuruzoe N, Hirasawa A, Katsuma S, Tsujimoto G. Temporal gene expression changes during adipogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 303:306-12. [PMID: 12646203 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) give rise to adipocytes in response to adipogenic hormones. An in-house cDNA microarray representing 3400 genes was employed to characterize the modulation of genes involved in this process. A total of 197 genes showed temporal gene expression changes during adipogenesis, including genes encoding transcriptional regulators and signaling molecules. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses confirmed differential expression at the transcriptional level of several genes identified by cDNA microarray screening. Cluster analysis of the genes regulated during the late phase (from day 7 to day 14) of hMSC adipogenesis indicated that these changes are well correlated with data previously reported for murine preadipocytes. However, during the early phase (day 1-day 5), the modulations of genes differed from those reported for the preadipocytes. These data provide novel information on the molecular mechanisms required for lineage commitment and maturation accompanying adipogenesis of hMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Nakamura
- Phamaceutical Research Department, Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd., 1470, Shiraoka, Minamisaitama, Saitama 349-0294, Japan
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35
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Watters JW, McLeod HL. Cancer pharmacogenomics: current and future applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1603:99-111. [PMID: 12618310 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-419x(03)00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in patient response to chemotherapy is consistently observed across patient populations. Pharmacogenomics is the study of inherited differences in interindividual drug disposition and effects, with the goal of selecting the optimal drug therapy and dosage for each patient. Pharmacogenomics is especially important for oncology, as severe systemic toxicity and unpredictable efficacy are hallmarks of cancer therapies. In addition, genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes and other molecules are responsible for much of the interindividual differences in the efficacy and toxicity of many chemotherapy agents. This review will discuss clinically relevant examples of gene polymorphisms that influence the outcome of cancer therapy, and whole-genome expression studies using microarray technology that have shown tremendous potential for benefiting cancer pharmacogenomics. The power and utility of the mouse as an experimental system for pharmacogenomic discovery will also be discussed in the context of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Watters
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave-Campus Box 8069, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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36
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Katsuma S, Hada Y, Shiojima S, Hirasawa A, Tanoue A, Takagaki K, Ohgi T, Yano J, Tsujimoto G. Transcriptional profiling of gene expression patterns during sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced mesangial cell proliferation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 300:577-84. [PMID: 12504122 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is known to regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and motility. Recently, we have reported that S1P and its analogue dihydro-S1P (DHS1P) promote proliferation of rat cultured mesangial cells. To investigate the signaling mechanisms underlying S1P- and DHS1P-induced mesangial cell proliferation, we performed cDNA microarray analysis of gene expression during mesangial cell proliferation. In terms of the overall pattern, gene expression waves induced by S1P and DHS1P were similar to those induced by a potent mesangial mitogen platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), whereas we found several genes, such as two growth factors, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), which were induced by the sphingolipids, but not by PDGF. Cluster analysis also identified calcium-dependent molecules highly expressed in DHS1P-stimulated cells compared to S1P-stimulated cells. Calcium mobilization analysis showed that DHS1P had higher magnitudes of intracellular calcium mobilization than S1P, suggesting that S1P and DHS1P differentially regulate intracellular calcium mobilization, possibly leading to different gene expression in mesangial cells. The large-scale monitoring of gene expression performed here allows us to identify S1P-induced transcriptional properties during mesangial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Katsuma
- Department of Molecular, Cell Pharmacology, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, 3-35-31 Taishido, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 154-8567, Japan
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Watters JW, McLeod HL. Murine pharmacogenomics: using the mouse to understand the genetics of drug therapy. Pharmacogenomics 2002; 3:781-90. [PMID: 12437480 DOI: 10.1517/14622416.3.6.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics seeks to understand the genetic basis of interindividual differences in drug disposition and effects. Differential drug response is likely to most often be a complex trait, in which multiple genes contribute with varying strengths to the therapeutic phenotype. Due to technical and economic limitations, pharmacogenomic studies in humans are mainly limited to a small number of candidate genes with relatively major influences on drug response. This review discusses the problems involved in mapping genes underlying drug response in humans and highlights the theoretical and applied uses of mouse genetics to address these important issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Watters
- Department of Medicine, The Siteman Cancer Center4, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave-Campus Box 8069, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Katsuma S, Shiojima S, Hirasawa A, Takagaki K, Kaminishi Y, Koba M, Hagidai Y, Murai M, Ohgi T, Yano J, Tsujimoto G. Global analysis of differentially expressed genes during progression of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 296:544-52. [PMID: 12176015 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The process of nephrolithiasis development is poorly understood at the molecular level. Here, we constructed a cDNA microarray from a rat kidney normalized cDNA library, and investigated the pattern of gene expression in rat kidneys from a calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis model. One hundred and seventy-three genes were found to be at least 2-fold regulated at one or more time points during progression of nephrolithiasis. RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed differential expression at both transcriptional and translational levels of genes identified by cDNA microarray screening. The differentially regulated genes were grouped into six clusters based on their expression profiles; the magnitude and the temporal patterns of gene expression identified known and novel molecular components involved in inflammation and matrix expansion in the CaOx nephrolithiasis kidney. This microarray study is the first report on gene expression programs underlying the process of nephrolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Katsuma
- Department of Molecular, Cell Pharmacology, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, 3-35-31 Taishido, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 154-8567, Japan
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Copland IB, Post M. Understanding the mechanisms of infant respiratory distress and chronic lung disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 26:261-5. [PMID: 11867331 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.26.3.f231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Copland
- Department of Lung Biology and Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Ontario, Canada
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2002. [PMCID: PMC2447281 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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