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Bai X, Gao J, Guan X, Narum DE, Fornis LB, Griffith DE, Gao B, Sandhaus RA, Huang H, Chan ED. Analysis of alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)-regulated, glucocorticoid receptor-dependent genes in macrophages reveals a novel host defense function of AAT. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16124. [PMID: 39016119 PMCID: PMC11252833 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) plays a homeostatic role in attenuating excessive inflammation and augmenting host defense against microbes. We demonstrated previously that AAT binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) resulting in significant anti-inflammatory and antimycobacterial consequences in macrophages. Our current investigation aims to uncover AAT-regulated genes that rely on GR in macrophages. We incubated control THP-1 cells (THP-1control) and THP-1 cells knocked down for GR (THP-1GR-KD) with AAT, performed bulk RNA sequencing, and analyzed the findings. In THP-1control cells, AAT significantly upregulated 408 genes and downregulated 376 genes. Comparing THP-1control and THP-1GR-KD cells, 125 (30.6%) of the AAT-upregulated genes and 154 (41.0%) of the AAT-downregulated genes were significantly dependent on GR. Among the AAT-upregulated, GR-dependent genes, CSF-2 that encodes for granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), known to be host-protective against nontuberculous mycobacteria, was strongly upregulated by AAT and dependent on GR. We further quantified the mRNA and protein of several AAT-upregulated, GR-dependent genes in macrophages and the mRNA of several AAT-downregulated, GR-dependent genes. We also discussed the function(s) of selected AAT-regulated, GR-dependent gene products largely in the context of mycobacterial infections. In conclusion, AAT regulated several genes that are dependent on GR and play roles in host immunity against mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Bai
- Department of MedicineRocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of Academic AffairsNational Jewish HealthDenverColoradoUSA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Junfeng Gao
- Department of Immunology and Genomic MedicineNational Jewish HealthDenverColoradoUSA
| | - Xiaoyu Guan
- Department of Biostatistics and InformaticsUniversity of Colorado School of Public Health Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Drew E. Narum
- Department of Academic AffairsNational Jewish HealthDenverColoradoUSA
| | | | - David E. Griffith
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of MedicineNational Jewish HealthDenverColoradoUSA
| | - Bifeng Gao
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Robert A. Sandhaus
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of MedicineNational Jewish HealthDenverColoradoUSA
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Immunology and Genomic MedicineNational Jewish HealthDenverColoradoUSA
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Edward D. Chan
- Department of MedicineRocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of Academic AffairsNational Jewish HealthDenverColoradoUSA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
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Hirata W, Itatani Y, Masui H, Kawada K, Mizuno R, Yamamoto T, Okamoto T, Ogawa R, Inamoto S, Maekawa H, Okamura R, Kiyasu Y, Hanada K, Okamoto M, Nishikawa Y, Sugimoto N, Tamura T, Hatano E, Sakai Y, Obama K. Downregulation of osteoprotegerin in colorectal cancer cells promotes liver metastasis via activating tumor-associated macrophage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22217. [PMID: 38097649 PMCID: PMC10721637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49312-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a secreted cytokine that functions as a decoy receptor for receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK) ligand (RANKL). Anti-RANKL treatment for bone metastasis has been widely accepted for solid tumors. However, the mechanism of OPG-RANKL-RANK signaling in systemic colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the relevance and function of OPG expression in CRC liver metastasis. First, we performed in silico analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas public database and found that lower OPG expression in CRC was associated with poor overall survival. Immunohistochemistry analyses using resected specimen from patients with CRC in our institute confirmed the result. Patient-matched primary CRC and liver metastases showed a significant downregulation of OPG expression in metastatic lesions. In CRC cell lines, OPG expression did not suppress cell proliferation and migration. However, OPG expression inhibited macrophage migration by suppressing the RANKL-RANK pathway. Moreover, in vivo mouse liver metastasis models showed that OPG expression in CRC cells suppressed liver metastases. In addition, treatment with an anti-RANKL neutralizing antibody also suppressed liver metastases. These results showed that downregulation of OPG expression in CRC cells promotes liver metastasis by activating tumor-associated macrophage, which can become a candidate for targeted therapy with anti-RANKL neutralizing antibody for CRC liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Hirata
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Itatani
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Masui
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, 710-8602, Japan
| | - Rei Mizuno
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Surgery, NHO Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, 611-0041, Japan
| | - Takamasa Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takuya Okamoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Ogawa
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Susumu Inamoto
- Department of Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Osaka Hospital, Osaka, 543-8555, Japan
| | - Hisatsugu Maekawa
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Okamura
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kiyasu
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Keita Hanada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Michio Okamoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Nishikawa
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Naoko Sugimoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takuya Tamura
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Osaka Hospital, Osaka, 543-8555, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Obama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Xiao G, Zhang S, Zhang L, Liu S, Li G, Ou M, Zeng X, Wang Z, Zhang G, Lu S. Untargeted metabolomics analysis reveals Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv specifically induces tryptophan metabolism in human macrophages. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:249. [PMID: 36253713 PMCID: PMC9575276 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) remains a global health issue. The characterized virulent M. tb H37Rv, avirulent M. tb H37Ra and BCG strains are widely used as reference strains to investigate the mechanism of TB pathogenicity. Here, we attempted to determine metabolomic signatures associated with the Mycobacterial virulence in human macrophages through comparison of metabolite profile in THP-1-derived macrophages following exposure to the M. tb H37Rv, M. tb H37Ra and BCG strains. Results Our findings revealed remarkably changed metabolites in infected macrophages compared to uninfected macrophages. H37Rv infection specifically induced 247 differentially changed metabolites compared to H37Ra or BCG infection. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed H37Rv specifically induces tryptophan metabolism. Moreover, quantitative PCR (qPCR) results showed that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (TDO2) which converts the tryptophan to a series of biologically second metabolites were up-regulated in H37Rv-infected macrophages compared to H37Ra- or BCG-infected macrophages, confirming the result of enhanced tryptophan metabolism induced by H37Rv infection. These findings indicated that targeting tryptophan (Trp) metabolism may be a potential therapeutic strategy for pulmonary TB. Conclusions We identified a number of differentially changed metabolites that specifically induced in H37Rv infected macrophages. These signatures may be associated with the Mycobacterial virulence in human macrophages. The present findings provide a better understanding of the host response associated with the virulence of the Mtb strain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02659-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Su Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Like Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Guobao Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Min Ou
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Zhaoqin Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
| | - Shuihua Lu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
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Sinha I, Goel R, Bitzer ZT, Trushin N, Liao J, Sinha R. Evaluating electronic cigarette cytotoxicity and inflammatory
responses in vitro. Tob Induc Dis 2022; 20:45. [PMID: 35611070 PMCID: PMC9081552 DOI: 10.18332/tid/147200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, United States
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, United States
| | - Zachary T. Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, United States
| | - Jason Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, United States
| | - Raghu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, United States
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Investigating Pathogenicity and Virulence of Staphylococcus pettenkoferi: An Emerging Pathogen. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413614. [PMID: 34948410 PMCID: PMC8704685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pettenkoferi is a coagulase-negative Staphylococcus identified in 2002 that has been implicated in human diseases as an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium. Its multiresistant character is becoming a major health problem, yet the pathogenicity of S. pettenkoferi is poorly characterized. In this study, the pathogenicity of a S. pettenkoferi clinical isolate from diabetic foot osteomyelitis was compared with a Staphylococcus aureus strain in various in vitro and in vivo experiments. Growth kinetics were compared against S. aureus, and bacteria survival was assessed in the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line, the THP-1 human leukemia monocytic cell line, and the HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line. Ex vivo analysis was performed in whole blood survival assays and in vivo assays via the infection model of zebrafish embryos. Moreover, whole-genome analysis was performed. Our results show that S. pettenkoferi was able to survive in human blood, human keratinocytes, murine macrophages, and human macrophages. S. pettenkoferi demonstrated its virulence by causing substantial embryo mortality in the zebrafish model. Genomic analysis revealed virulence factors such as biofilm-encoding genes (e.g., icaABCD; rsbUVW) and regulator-encoding genes (e.g., agr, mgrA, sarA, saeS) well characterized in S. aureus. This study thus advances the knowledge of this under-investigated pathogen and validates the zebrafish infection model for this bacterium.
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Ssekitoleko J, Ojok L, Abd El Wahed A, Erume J, Amanzada A, Eltayeb E, Eltom KH, Okuni JB. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Virulence: A Review. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2623. [PMID: 34946224 PMCID: PMC8707695 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To propose a solution for control of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections in animals as well as in humans, and develop effective prevention, diagnostic and treatment strategies, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms of MAP pathogenesis. In the present review, we discuss the mechanisms utilised by MAP to overcome the host defense system to achieve the virulence status. Putative MAP virulence genes are mentioned and their probable roles in view of other mycobacteria are discussed. This review provides information on MAP strain diversity, putative MAP virulence factors and highlights the knowledge gaps regarding MAP virulence mechanisms that may be important in control and prevention of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judah Ssekitoleko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P. O. Box 7062, Uganda; (J.S.); (L.O.); (J.E.)
- Department of Livestock Health Research, Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, National Agricultural Research Organisation, Entebbe P. O. Box 295, Uganda
| | - Lonzy Ojok
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P. O. Box 7062, Uganda; (J.S.); (L.O.); (J.E.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu P. O. Box 166, Uganda
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joseph Erume
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P. O. Box 7062, Uganda; (J.S.); (L.O.); (J.E.)
| | - Ahmad Amanzada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany;
| | - ElSagad Eltayeb
- Ibn Sina Specialised Hospital, Mohammed Najeeb St., Khartoum 11560, Sudan;
- Faculty of Medicine, Al Neelain University, 52nd St., Khartoum 11112, Sudan
| | - Kamal H. Eltom
- Unit of Animal Health and Safety of Animal Products, Institute for Studies and Promotion of Animal Exports, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Khartoum North 13314, Sudan;
| | - Julius Boniface Okuni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P. O. Box 7062, Uganda; (J.S.); (L.O.); (J.E.)
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Tanner L, Mashabela GT, Omollo CC, de Wet TJ, Parkinson CJ, Warner DF, Haynes RK, Wiesner L. Intracellular Accumulation of Novel and Clinically Used TB Drugs Potentiates Intracellular Synergy. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0043421. [PMID: 34585951 PMCID: PMC8557888 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00434-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic repertoire for tuberculosis (TB) remains limited despite the existence of many TB drugs that are highly active in in vitro models and possess clinical utility. Underlying the lack of efficacy in vivo is the inability of TB drugs to penetrate microenvironments inhabited by the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including host alveolar macrophages. Here, we determined the ability of the phenoxazine PhX1 previously shown to be active against M. tuberculosis in vitro to differentially penetrate murine compartments, including plasma, epithelial lining fluid, and isolated epithelial lining fluid cells. We also investigated the extent of permeation into uninfected and M. tuberculosis-infected human macrophage-like Tamm-Horsfall protein 1 (THP-1) cells directly and by comparing to results obtained in vitro in synergy assays. Our data indicate that PhX1 (4,750 ± 127.2 ng/ml) penetrates more effectively into THP-1 cells than do the clinically used anti-TB agents, rifampin (3,050 ± 62.9 ng/ml), moxifloxacin (3,374 ± 48.7 ng/ml), bedaquiline (4,410 ± 190.9 ng/ml), and linezolid (770 ± 14.1 ng/ml). Compound efficacy in infected cells correlated with intracellular accumulation, reinforcing the perceived importance of intracellular penetration as a key drug property. Moreover, we detected synergies deriving from redox-stimulatory combinations of PhX1 or clofazimine with the novel prenylated amino-artemisinin WHN296. Finally, we used compound synergies to elucidate the relationship between compound intracellular accumulation and efficacy, with PhX1/WHN296 synergy levels shown to predict drug efficacy. Collectively, our data support the utility of the applied assays in identifying in vitro active compounds with the potential for clinical development. IMPORTANCE This study addresses the development of novel therapeutic compounds for the eventual treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Tuberculosis continues to progress, with cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) resistance to first-line medications increasing. We assess new combinations of drugs with both oxidant and redox properties coupled with a third partner drug, with the focus here being on the potentiation of M. tuberculosis-active combinations of compounds in the intracellular macrophage environment. Thus, we determined the ability of the phenoxazine PhX1, previously shown to be active against M. tuberculosis in vitro, to differentially penetrate murine compartments, including plasma, epithelial lining fluid, and isolated epithelial lining fluid cells. In addition, the extent of permeation into human macrophage-like THP-1 cells and H37Rv-infected THP-1 cells was measured via mass spectrometry and compared to in vitro two-dimensional synergy and subsequent intracellular efficacy. Collectively, our data indicate that development of new drugs will be facilitated using the methods described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Tanner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gabriel T. Mashabela
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles C. Omollo
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. de Wet
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Digby F. Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Mukundan S, Bhatt R, Lucas J, Tereyek M, Chang TL, Subbian S, Parekkadan B. 3D host cell and pathogen-based bioassay development for testing anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug response and modeling immunodeficiency. Biomol Concepts 2021; 12:117-128. [PMID: 34473918 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health threat that affects 10 million people worldwide. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains one of the major contributors to the reactivation of asymptomatic latent tuberculosis (LTBI). Over the recent years, there has been a significant focus in developing in-vitro 3D models mimicking early events of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) pathogenesis, especially formation of the granuloma. However, these models are low throughput and require extracellular matrix. In this article, we report the generation of a matrix-free 3D model, using THP-1 human monocyte/macrophage cells and mCherry-expressing Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Bacilli Camille Guérin), henceforth referred as 3D spheroids, to study the host cell-bacterial interactions. Using mCherry-intensity-based tracking, we monitored the kinetics of BCG growth in the 3D spheroids. We also demonstrate the application of the 3D spheroids for testing anti-TB compounds such as isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), as well as a host-directed drug, everolimus (EVR) as single and combinational treatments. We further established a dual infection 3D spheroid model by coinfecting THP-1 macrophages with BCG mCherry and pseudotype HIV. In this HIV-TB co-infection model, we found an increase in BCG mCherry growth within the 3D spheroids infected with HIV pseudotype. The degree of disruption of the granuloma was proportional to the virus titers used for co-infection. In summary, this 3D spheroid assay is an useful tool to screen anti-TB response of potential candidate drugs and can be adopted to model HIV-TB interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpaa Mukundan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854
| | - Rachana Bhatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854
| | - John Lucas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854
| | - Matthew Tereyek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854
| | - Theresa L Chang
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 07103
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 07103
| | - Biju Parekkadan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854; Department of Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854
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Developing synergistic drug combinations to restore antibiotic sensitivity in drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02554-20. [PMID: 33619062 PMCID: PMC8092878 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02554-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading global cause of mortality owing to an infectious agent, accounting for almost one-third of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) deaths annually. We aimed to identify synergistic anti-TB drug combinations with the capacity to restore therapeutic efficacy against drug-resistant mutants of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis We investigated combinations containing the known translational inhibitors, spectinomycin (SPT) and fusidic acid (FA), or the phenothiazine, chlorpromazine (CPZ), which disrupts mycobacterial energy metabolism. Potentiation of whole-cell drug efficacy was observed in SPT-CPZ combinations. This effect was lost against an M. tuberculosis mutant lacking the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) efflux pump, Rv1258c. Notably, the SPT-CPZ combination partially restored SPT efficacy against an SPT-resistant mutant carrying a g1379t point mutation in rrs, encoding the mycobacterial 16S ribosomal RNA. Combinations of SPT with FA, which targets the mycobacterial elongation factor G, exhibited potentiating activity against wild-type M. tuberculosis Moreover, this combination produced a modest potentiating effect against both FA-monoresistant and SPT-monoresistant mutants. Finally, combining SPT with the frontline anti-TB agents, rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid, resulted in enhanced activity in vitro and ex vivo against both drug-susceptible M. tuberculosis and a RIF-monoresistant rpoB S531L mutant.These results support the utility of novel potentiating drug combinations in restoring antibiotic susceptibility of M. tuberculosis strains carrying genetic resistance to any one of the partner compounds.
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10
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The Phosphoarginine Phosphatase PtpB from Staphylococcus aureus Is Involved in Bacterial Stress Adaptation during Infection. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030645. [PMID: 33799337 PMCID: PMC8001253 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus continues to be a public health threat, especially in hospital settings. Studies aimed at deciphering the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie pathogenesis, host adaptation, and virulence are required to develop effective treatment strategies. Numerous host-pathogen interactions were found to be dependent on phosphatases-mediated regulation. This study focused on the analysis of the role of the low-molecular weight phosphatase PtpB, in particular, during infection. Deletion of ptpB in S. aureus strain SA564 significantly reduced the capacity of the mutant to withstand intracellular killing by THP-1 macrophages. When injected into normoglycemic C57BL/6 mice, the SA564 ΔptpB mutant displayed markedly reduced bacterial loads in liver and kidney tissues in a murine S. aureus abscess model when compared to the wild type. We also observed that PtpB phosphatase-activity was sensitive to oxidative stress. Our quantitative transcript analyses revealed that PtpB affects the transcription of various genes involved in oxidative stress adaptation and infectivity. Thus, this study disclosed first insights into the physiological role of PtpB during host interaction allowing us to link phosphatase-dependent regulation to oxidative bacterial stress adaptation during infection.
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11
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Suzuki T, Sato Y, Sano K, Arashiro T, Katano H, Nakajima N, Shimojima M, Kataoka M, Takahashi K, Wada Y, Morikawa S, Fukushi S, Yoshikawa T, Saijo M, Hasegawa H. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus targets B cells in lethal human infections. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:799-812. [PMID: 31904586 DOI: 10.1172/jci129171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging hemorrhagic fever caused by a tick-borne banyangvirus and is associated with high fatality. Despite increasing incidence of SFTS and serious public health concerns in East Asia, the pathogenesis of lethal SFTS virus (SFTSV) infection in humans is not fully understood. Numbers of postmortem examinations to determine target cells of the viral infection have so far been limited. Here we showed that B cells differentiating into plasmablasts and macrophages in secondary lymphoid organs were targets for SFTSV at the end stage of lethal infection, and the majority of SFTSV-infected cells were B cell-lineage lymphocytes. In affected individuals, B cell-lineage lymphocytes with SFTSV infection were widely distributed in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs, and infiltration of these cells into the capillaries of the organs could be observed occasionally. Moreover, a human plasmablastic lymphoma cell line, PBL-1, was susceptible to SFTSV propagation and had a similar immunophenotype to that of target cells of SFTSV in fatal SFTS. PBL-1 can therefore provide a potential in vitro model for human SFTSV infection. These results extend our understanding of the pathogenesis of human lethal SFTSV infection and can facilitate the development of SFTSV countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Sano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Global Infectious Diseases, Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Arashiro
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakajima
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimojima
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Wada
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoshikawa
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Global Infectious Diseases, Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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Bekeschus S, Ressel V, Freund E, Gelbrich N, Mustea A, B. Stope M. Gas Plasma-Treated Prostate Cancer Cells Augment Myeloid Cell Activity and Cytotoxicity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E323. [PMID: 32316245 PMCID: PMC7222373 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent improvements in cancer treatment, with many of them being related to foster antitumor immunity, tumor-related deaths continue to be high. Novel avenues are needed to complement existing therapeutic strategies in oncology. Medical gas plasma technology recently gained attention due to its antitumor activity. Gas plasmas act via the local deposition of a plethora of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that promote the oxidative cancer cell death. The immunological consequences of plasma-mediated tumor cell death are only poorly understood, however. To this end, we exposed two prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, PC3) to gas plasma in vitro, and investigated the immunomodulatory effects of the supernatants in as well as of direct co-culturing with two human myeloid cell lines (THP-1, HL-60). After identifying the cytotoxic action of the kINPen plasma jet, the supernatants of plasma-treated prostate cancer cells modulated myeloid cell-related mitochondrial ROS production and their metabolic activity, proliferation, surface marker expression, and cytokine release. Direct co-culture amplified differentiation-like surface marker expression in myeloid cells and promoted their antitumor-toxicity in the gas plasma over the untreated control conditions. The results suggest that gas plasma-derived ROS not only promote prostate cancer cell death but also augment myeloid cell activity and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Bekeschus
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (V.R.); (E.F.)
| | - Verena Ressel
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (V.R.); (E.F.)
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Eric Freund
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (V.R.); (E.F.)
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nadine Gelbrich
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Alexander Mustea
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.M.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Matthias B. Stope
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.M.); (M.B.S.)
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13
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Limongi T, Dattola E, Botta C, Coluccio ML, Candeloro P, Cucè M, Scopacasa B, Gallo Cantafio ME, Critello CD, Pullano SA, Fiorillo AS, Tagliaferri P, Tassone P, Lamanna E, Di Fabrizio E, Perozziello G. Influence of the Fabrication Accuracy of Hot-Embossed PCL Scaffolds on Cell Growths. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:84. [PMID: 32117950 PMCID: PMC7033415 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer widely used for the realization of 3D scaffold for tissue engineering applications. The hot embossing technique (HE) allows the obtainment of PCL scaffolds with a regular array of micro pillars on their surface. The main drawback affecting this kind of micro fabrication process is that such structural superficial details can be damaged when detaching the replica from the mold. Therefore, the present study has focused on the optimization of the HE processes through the development of an analytical model for the prediction of the demolding force as a function of temperature. This model allowed calculating the minimum demolding force to obtain regular micropillars without defects. We demonstrated that the results obtained by the analytical model agree with the experimental data. To address the importance of controlling accurately the fabricated microstructures, we seeded on the PCL scaffolds human stromal cell line (HS-5) and monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) to evaluate how the presence of regular or deformed pillars affect cells viability. In vitro viability results, scanning electron and fluorescence microscope imaging analysis show that the HS-5 preferentially grows on regular microstructured surfaces, while the THP-1 on irregular microstructured ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Limongi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Polytechnic University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Dattola
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cirino Botta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Coluccio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Patrizio Candeloro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Cucè
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Bernadette Scopacasa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Antonino S Fiorillo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Lamanna
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Enzo Di Fabrizio
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Polytechnic University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gerardo Perozziello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
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14
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Comparison of human monocyte derived macrophages and THP1-like macrophages as in vitro models for M. tuberculosis infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 67:101355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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González-Torres M, Guzmán-Beltrán S, Mata-Gómez MA, González-Valdez J, Leyva-Gómez G, Melgarejo-Ramírez Y, Brostow W, Velasquillo C, Zúñiga-Ramos J, Rodríguez-Talavera R. Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of gamma radiation-induced PEGylated isoniazid. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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16
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Agre N, Degani M, Gupta A, Bhakta S, Ray MK. Synthesis and mycobacterial evaluation of 5‐substituted‐6‐acetyl‐2‐amino‐7‐methyl‐5,8‐dihydropyrido‐[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐one derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1900068. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Agre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and TechnologyInstitute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Institute of Structural and Molecular BiologyBirkbeck, University of London London United Kingdom
| | - Mariam Degani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and TechnologyInstitute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - Antima Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Institute of Structural and Molecular BiologyBirkbeck, University of London London United Kingdom
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Institute of Structural and Molecular BiologyBirkbeck, University of London London United Kingdom
| | - Mukti Kanta Ray
- Tuberculosis, Immunology, & Immunoassay Development Section, Radiation Medicine Centre (BARC)Tata Memorial Hospital Mumbai India
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17
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Miller L, Singbartl K, Chroneos ZC, Ruiz-Velasco V, Lang CH, Bonavia A. Resistin directly inhibits bacterial killing in neutrophils. Intensive Care Med Exp 2019; 7:30. [PMID: 31147868 PMCID: PMC6542889 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-019-0257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis-induced immunosuppression is a key factor contributing to the morbidity and mortality of critically ill patients, and polymorphonuclear neutrophil dysfunction is believed to be a hallmark of this immunosuppression. Circulating myeloid cells produce the cytokine resistin (RETN), which has been associated with poor outcomes in sepsis/septic shock and can directly inhibit neutrophil function. We previously demonstrated that resistin caused a dose-dependent impairment in neutrophil migration, reactive oxygen species production, and bacterial clearance in neutrophil cell lines. However, the relative antimicrobial responses of other innate immune cells to Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections in the presence of elevated levels of resistin have not been evaluated. We hypothesized that resistin directly contributes to sepsis-induced immunosuppression by selectively targeting the neutrophil component of the innate cellular immune system. Thus, the goal of the present study was to compare the effect of resistin on bacterial killing using monocultures or co-cultures of monocyte and neutrophil cell lines, as well as to extend our findings to primary immune cells. Results Our results indicate that human resistin impairs the ability of neutrophils to kill the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, with the exception of macrophages incubated with P. aeruginosa, resistin did not affect the ability of macrophages or monocytes to kill either Gram-positive or Gram-negative organisms. Furthermore, co-incubation of neutrophils with increasing proportions of monocytes did not enhance bacterial killing. Resistin blocked bactericidal activity through partial reduction of F-actin polymerization and suppression of the oxidative burst in neutrophils. Conclusions Our studies indicate that resistin selectively impairs neutrophil bacterial killing. These findings further support the notion that resistin can mimic cell type-dependent immunosuppressive effects. This is consistent with its putative role in the pathogenesis of bacterial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Miller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr, Mail Code H-187, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Kai Singbartl
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Zissis C Chroneos
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Victor Ruiz-Velasco
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr, Mail Code H-187, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Charles H Lang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Anthony Bonavia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr, Mail Code H-187, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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18
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Rienksma RA, Schaap PJ, Martins dos Santos VAP, Suarez-Diez M. Modeling Host-Pathogen Interaction to Elucidate the Metabolic Drug Response of Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:144. [PMID: 31139575 PMCID: PMC6519342 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the metabolic state of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) inside the phagosome, a compartment inside phagocytes for killing pathogens and other foreign substances. We have developed a combined model of Mtb and human metabolism, sMtb-RECON and used this model to predict the metabolic state of Mtb during infection of the host. Amino acids are predicted to be used for energy production as well as biomass formation. Subsequently we assessed the effect of increasing dosages of drugs targeting metabolism on the metabolic state of the pathogen and predict resulting metabolic adaptations and flux rerouting through various pathways. In particular, the TCA cycle becomes more important upon drug application, as well as alanine, aspartate, glutamate, proline, arginine and porphyrin metabolism, while glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism become less important. We modeled the effect of 11 metabolically active drugs. Notably, the effect of eight could be recreated and two major profiles of the metabolic state were predicted. The profiles of the metabolic states of Mtb affected by the drugs BTZ043, cycloserine and its derivative terizidone, ethambutol, ethionamide, propionamide, and isoniazid were very similar, while TMC207 is predicted to have quite a different effect on metabolism as it inhibits ATP synthase and therefore indirectly interferes with a multitude of metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rienk A. Rienksma
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Vitor A. P. Martins dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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19
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Yang R, Yang E, Shen L, Modlin RL, Shen H, Chen ZW. IL-12+IL-18 Cosignaling in Human Macrophages and Lung Epithelial Cells Activates Cathelicidin and Autophagy, Inhibiting Intracellular Mycobacterial Growth. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2405-2417. [PMID: 29453279 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to block host antimicrobial responses in infected cells provides a key mechanism for disease pathogenesis. The immune system has evolved to overcome this blockade to restrict the infection, but it is not clear whether two key innate cytokines (IL-12/IL-18) involved in host defense can enhance antimycobacterial mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrated that the combination of IL-12 and IL-18 triggered an antimicrobial response against mycobacteria in infected macrophages (THP-1 and human primary monocyte-derived macrophages) and pulmonary epithelial A549 cells. The inhibition of intracellular bacterial growth required p38-MAPK and STAT4 pathways, the vitamin D receptor, the vitamin D receptor-derived antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin, and autophagy, but not caspase-mediated apoptosis. Finally, the ability of IL-12+IL-18 to activate an innate antimicrobial response in human primary macrophages was dependent on the autonomous production of IFN-γ and the CAMP/autophagy pathway. Together, these data suggest that IL-12+IL-18 cosignaling can trigger the antimicrobial protein cathelicidin and autophagy, resulting in inhibition of intracellular mycobacteria in macrophages and lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Unit of Anti-Tuberculosis Immunity, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Enzhuo Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| | - Hongbo Shen
- Unit of Anti-Tuberculosis Immunity, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Zheng W Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612.,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, China
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20
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Smith SR, Schaaf K, Rajabalee N, Wagner F, Duverger A, Kutsch O, Sun J. The phosphatase PPM1A controls monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:902. [PMID: 29343725 PMCID: PMC5772551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of circulating monocytes into tissue-bound or tissue-resident macrophages is a critical regulatory process affecting host defense and inflammation. However, the regulatory signaling pathways that control the differentiation of monocytes into specific and distinct functional macrophage subsets are poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate that monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation is controlled by the Protein Phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent 1A (PPM1A). Genetic manipulation experiments demonstrated that overexpression of PPM1A attenuated the macrophage differentiation program, while knockdown of PPM1A expression accelerated the ability of monocytes to differentiate into macrophages. We identify imiquimod and Pam3CSK4 as two Toll-like receptor agonists that induce PPM1A expression, and show that increased expression of PPM1A at the onset of differentiation impairs cellular adherence, reduces expression of inflammatory (M1) macrophage-specific markers, and inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines. Our findings reveal PPM1A as a negative threshold regulator of M1-type monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, establishing it as a key phosphatase that orchestrates this program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Schaaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Nusrah Rajabalee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frederic Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alexandra Duverger
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jim Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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21
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Sun J, Schaaf K, Duverger A, Wolschendorf F, Speer A, Wagner F, Niederweis M, Kutsch O. Protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent 1A controls the innate antiviral and antibacterial response of macrophages during HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15394-409. [PMID: 27004401 PMCID: PMC4941249 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infection with HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a major public health issue. While some research has described how each pathogen accelerates the course of infection of the other pathogen by compromising the immune system, very little is known about the molecular biology of HIV-1/Mtb co-infection at the host cell level. This is somewhat surprising, as both pathogens are known to replicate and persist in macrophages. We here identify Protein Phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent 1A (PPM1A) as a molecular link between Mtb infection and increased HIV-1 susceptibility of macrophages. We demonstrate that both Mtb and HIV-1 infection induce the expression of PPM1A in primary human monocyte/macrophages and THP-1 cells. Genetic manipulation studies revealed that increased PPMA1 expression rendered THP-1 cells highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection, while depletion of PPM1A rendered them relatively resistant to HIV-1 infection. At the same time, increased PPM1A expression abrogated the ability of THP-1 cells to respond to relevant bacterial stimuli with a proper cytokine/chemokine secretion response, blocked their chemotactic response and impaired their ability to phagocytose bacteria. These data suggest that PPM1A, which had previously been shown to play a role in the antiviral response to Herpes Simplex virus infection, also governs the antibacterial response of macrophages to bacteria, or at least to Mtb infection. PPM1A thus seems to play a central role in the innate immune response of macrophages, implying that host directed therapies targeting PPM1A could be highly beneficial, in particular for HIV/Mtb co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Sun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Schaaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alexandra Duverger
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Frank Wolschendorf
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alexander Speer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frederic Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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22
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Aggarwal A, Parai MK, Shetty N, Wallis D, Woolhiser L, Hastings C, Dutta NK, Galaviz S, Dhakal RC, Shrestha R, Wakabayashi S, Walpole C, Matthews D, Floyd D, Scullion P, Riley J, Epemolu O, Norval S, Snavely T, Robertson GT, Rubin EJ, Ioerger TR, Sirgel FA, van der Merwe R, van Helden PD, Keller P, Böttger EC, Karakousis PC, Lenaerts AJ, Sacchettini JC. Development of a Novel Lead that Targets M. tuberculosis Polyketide Synthase 13. Cell 2017; 170:249-259.e25. [PMID: 28669536 PMCID: PMC5509550 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Widespread resistance to first-line TB drugs is a major problem that will likely only be resolved through the development of new drugs with novel mechanisms of action. We have used structure-guided methods to develop a lead molecule that targets the thioesterase activity of polyketide synthase Pks13, an essential enzyme that forms mycolic acids, required for the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our lead, TAM16, is a benzofuran class inhibitor of Pks13 with highly potent in vitro bactericidal activity against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis. In multiple mouse models of TB infection, TAM16 showed in vivo efficacy equal to the first-line TB drug isoniazid, both as a monotherapy and in combination therapy with rifampicin. TAM16 has excellent pharmacological and safety profiles, and the frequency of resistance for TAM16 is ∼100-fold lower than INH, suggesting that it can be developed as a new antitubercular aimed at the acute infection. PAPERCLIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Aggarwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Maloy K Parai
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Nishant Shetty
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Deeann Wallis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lisa Woolhiser
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Courtney Hastings
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Noton K Dutta
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stacy Galaviz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ramesh C Dhakal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rupesh Shrestha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shoko Wakabayashi
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris Walpole
- Structure-guided Drug Discovery Coalition, SGC Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Matthews
- Structure-guided Drug Discovery Coalition, SGC Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Floyd
- Structure-guided Drug Discovery Coalition, SGC Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Scullion
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ola Epemolu
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Suzanne Norval
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas Snavely
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gregory T Robertson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eric J Rubin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas R Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Frik A Sirgel
- NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research and the South African MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Ruben van der Merwe
- NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research and the South African MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Paul D van Helden
- NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research and the South African MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Peter Keller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, National Center for Mycobacteria, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erik C Böttger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, National Center for Mycobacteria, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petros C Karakousis
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anne J Lenaerts
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - James C Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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23
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Batra SD, Nandi M, Sikri K, Tyagi JS. Genome-wide expression profiling establishes novel modulatory roles of vitamin C in THP-1 human monocytic cell line. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:252. [PMID: 28335738 PMCID: PMC5364625 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin C (vit C) is an essential dietary nutrient, which is a potent antioxidant, a free radical scavenger and functions as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions. Vit C is also considered to enhance the immune effector function of macrophages, which are regarded to be the first line of defence in response to any pathogen. The THP-1 cell line is widely used for studying macrophage functions and for analyzing host cell-pathogen interactions. Results We performed a genome-wide temporal gene expression and functional enrichment analysis of THP-1 cells treated with 100 μM of vit C, a physiologically relevant concentration of the vitamin. Modulatory effects of vitamin C on THP-1 cells were revealed by differential expression of genes starting from 8 h onwards. The number of differentially expressed genes peaked at the earliest time-point i.e. 8 h followed by temporal decline till 96 h. Further, functional enrichment analysis based on statistically stringent criteria revealed a gamut of functional responses, namely, ‘Regulation of gene expression’, ‘Signal transduction’, ‘Cell cycle’, ‘Immune system process’, ‘cAMP metabolic process’, ‘Cholesterol transport’ and ‘Ion homeostasis’. A comparative analysis of vit C-mediated modulation of gene expression data in THP-1cells and human skin fibroblasts disclosed an overlap in certain functional processes such as ‘Regulation of transcription’, ‘Cell cycle’ and ‘Extracellular matrix organization’, and THP-1 specific responses, namely, ‘Regulation of gene expression’ and ‘Ion homeostasis’. It was noteworthy that vit C modulated the ‘Immune system’ process throughout the time-course. Conclusions This study reveals the genome-wide effects of physiological levels of vit C on THP-1 gene expression. The multitude of effects impacted by vit C in macrophages highlights its role in maintaining homeostasis of several cellular functions. This study provides a rational basis for the use of the Vitamin C- THP-1 cell model, to study biochemical and cellular responses to stresses, including infection with M. tuberculosis and other intracellular pathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3635-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Dhingra Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Malobi Nandi
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Kriti Sikri
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Jaya Sivaswami Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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24
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Schaaf K, Smith SR, Duverger A, Wagner F, Wolschendorf F, Westfall AO, Kutsch O, Sun J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits the PPM1A signaling pathway to block host macrophage apoptosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42101. [PMID: 28176854 PMCID: PMC5296758 DOI: 10.1038/srep42101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to suppress host macrophage apoptosis is essential for M. tuberculosis (Mtb) to replicate intracellularly while protecting it from antibiotic treatment. We recently described that Mtb infection upregulated expression of the host phosphatase PPM1A, which impairs the antibacterial response of macrophages. Here we establish PPM1A as a checkpoint target used by Mtb to suppress macrophage apoptosis. Overproduction of PPM1A suppressed apoptosis of Mtb-infected macrophages by a mechanism that involves inactivation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Targeted depletion of PPM1A by shRNA or inhibition of PPM1A activity by sanguinarine restored JNK activation, resulting in increased apoptosis of Mtb-infected macrophages. We also demonstrate that activation of JNK by subtoxic concentrations of anisomycin induced selective apoptotic killing of Mtb-infected human macrophages, which was completely blocked in the presence of a specific JNK inhibitor. Finally, selective killing of Mtb-infected macrophages and subsequent bacterial release enabled rifampicin to effectively kill Mtb at concentrations that were insufficient to act against intracellular Mtb, providing proof of principle for the efficacy of a "release and kill" strategy. Taken together, these findings suggest that drug-induced selective apoptosis of Mtb-infected macrophages is achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Schaaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Samuel R. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alexandra Duverger
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Frederic Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Frank Wolschendorf
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Andrew O. Westfall
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jim Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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25
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The Effects of First-Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs on the Actions of Vitamin D in Human Macrophages. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 2016; 6:23-29. [PMID: 28111615 PMCID: PMC5242622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health problem. Patients with TB have a high rate of vitamin D deficiency, both at diagnosis and during the course of treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs. Although data on the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) clearance is uncertain from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), vitamin D enhances the expression of the anti-microbial peptide human cathelicidin (hCAP18) in cultured macrophages in vitro. One possible explanation for the mixed (primarily negative) results of RCTs examining vitamin D treatment in TB infection is that anti-TB drugs given to enrolled subjects may impact actions of vitamin D to enhance cathelicidin in macrophages. To address this hypothesis, human macrophage-like monocytic (THP-1) cells were treated with varying doses of first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs in the presence of the active form of vitamin D, 1N1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). The expression of hCAP18 was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 1,25(OH)2D3 strongly induced expression of hCAP18 mRNA in THP-1 cells (fold-change from control). The combination of the standard 4-drug TB therapy (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol) in the cultured THP-1 cells demonstrated a significant decrease of hCAP18 mRNA at the dosage of 10 ug/mL. In 31 subjects with newly diagnosed drug-sensitive TB randomized to either high-dose vitamin D3 (1.2 million IU over 8 weeks, n=13) versus placebo (n=18), there was no change from baseline to week 8 in hCAP18 mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or in plasma concentrations of LL-37, the protein product of hCAP18.These data suggest that first-line anti-TB drugs may alter the vitamin D-dependent increase in hCAP18 and LL-37 human macrophages.
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26
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Leisching G, Pietersen RD, Wiid I, Baker B. Virulence, biochemistry, morphology and host-interacting properties of detergent-free cultured mycobacteria: An update. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 100:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Chen X, Sakamoto K, Quinn FD, Chen H, Fu Z. Lack of intracellular replication of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG caused by delivering bacilli to lysosomes in murine brain microvascular endothelial cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32456-67. [PMID: 26440149 PMCID: PMC4741705 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion and traversal of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause meningeal tuberculosis (TB) in the central nervous system (CNS). Meningeal TB is a serious, often fatal disease that disproportionately affects young children. The mechanisms involved in CNS invasion by M. tuberculosis bacilli are poorly understood. In this study, we microscopically examined endosomal trafficking and measured survival of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) bacilli in murine brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). The results show that both species internalize but do not replicate in BMECs in the absence of a cytotoxic response. Confocal microscopy indicates that bacilli-containing vacuoles are associated with the early endosomal marker, Rab5, late endosomal marker, Rab7, and lysosomal marker, LAMP2, suggesting that bacilli-containing endosomes mature into endolysosomes in BMECs. Our data also show that a subset of intracellular M. tuberculosis, but not BCG bacilli, escape into the cytoplasm to avoid rapid lysosomal killing. However, the intracellular mycobacteria examined cannot spread cell-to-cell in BMECs. Taken together, these data show that with the exception of the small terminal cytoplasmic population of bacilli, M. tuberculosis does not modulate intracellular trafficking in BMECs as occurs in macrophages and lung epithelial and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State-key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Frederick D Quinn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State-key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenfang Fu
- State-key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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28
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Schaaf K, Hayley V, Speer A, Wolschendorf F, Niederweis M, Kutsch O, Sun J. A Macrophage Infection Model to Predict Drug Efficacy Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 14:345-54. [PMID: 27327048 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 40 years, only a single new antituberculosis drug was FDA approved. New tools that improve the drug development process will be essential to accelerate the development of next-generation antituberculosis drugs. The drug development process seems to be hampered by the inefficient transition of initially promising hits to candidate compounds that are effective in vivo. In this study, we introduce an inexpensive, rapid, and BSL-2 compatible infection model using macrophage-passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that forms densely packed Mtb/macrophage aggregate structures suitable for drug efficacy testing. Susceptibility to antituberculosis drugs determined with this Mtb/macrophage aggregate model differed from commonly used in vitro broth-grown single-cell Mtb cultures. Importantly, altered drug susceptibility correlated well with the reported ability of the respective drugs to generate high tissue and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations relative to their serum concentrations, which seems to be the best predictors of in vivo efficacy. Production of these Mtb/macrophage aggregates could be easily scaled up to support throughput efforts. Overall, its simplicity and scalability should make this Mtb/macrophage aggregate model a valuable addition to the currently available Mtb drug discovery tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Schaaf
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Virginia Hayley
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Alexander Speer
- 2 Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank Wolschendorf
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Michael Niederweis
- 2 Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jim Sun
- 2 Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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29
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Mortimer GM, Jack KS, Musumeci AW, Martin DJ, Minchin RF. Stable non-covalent labeling of layered silicate nanoparticles for biological imaging. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 61:674-80. [PMID: 26838896 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Layered silicate nanoparticles (LSN) are widely used in industrial applications and consumer products. They also have potential benefits in biomedical applications such as implantable devices and for drug delivery. To study how nanomaterials interact with cells and tissues, techniques to track and quantify their movement through different biological compartments are essential. While radiolabels can be very sensitive, particularly for in vivo studies, fluorescent labeling has been preferred in recent years because of the array of methods available to image and quantify fluorescent nanoparticles. However, labeling can be problematic, especially if it alters the physical properties of the nanomaterial. Herein is described a novel non-covalent labeling technique for LSN using readily available fluorescent dimeric cyanine dyes without the need to use excess amounts of dye to achieve labeling, or the need for removal of unbound dye. The approach utilizes the cationic binding properties of layered silicate clays and the multiple quaternary nitrogens associated with the dyes. Preparation of YOYO-1 labeled LSN with optimal dispersion in aqueous media is presented. The utilization of the labeled particles is then demonstrated in cell binding and uptake studies using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The labeled LSN are highly fluorescent, stable and exhibit identical physical properties with respect to the unlabeled nanoparticles. The general approach described here is applicable to other cyanine dyes and may be utilized more widely for labeling nanoparticles that comprise a crystalline plate structure with a high binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gysell M Mortimer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kevin S Jack
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Anthony W Musumeci
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Darren J Martin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Rodney F Minchin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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30
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Ganbat D, Seehase S, Richter E, Vollmer E, Reiling N, Fellenberg K, Gaede KI, Kugler C, Goldmann T. Mycobacteria infect different cell types in the human lung and cause species dependent cellular changes in infected cells. BMC Pulm Med 2016; 16:19. [PMID: 26803467 PMCID: PMC4724406 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterial infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to limitations of the currently available model systems, there are still comparably large gaps in the knowledge about the pathogenesis of these chronic inflammatory diseases in particular with regard to the human host. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the initial phase of mycobacterial infections utilizing a human ex vivo lung tissue culture model designated STST (Short-Term Stimulation of Tissues). Methods Human lung tissues from 65 donors with a size of 0.5–1 cm3 were infected each with two strains of three different mycobacterial species (M. tuberculosis, M. avium, and M. abscessus), respectively. In order to preserve both morphology and nucleic acids, the HOPE® fixation technique was used. The infected tissues were analyzed using histo- and molecular-pathological methods. Immunohistochemistry was applied to identify the infected cell types. Results Morphologic comparisons between ex vivo incubated and non-incubated lung specimens revealed no noticeable differences. Viability of ex vivo stimulated tissues demonstrated by TUNEL-assay was acceptable. Serial sections verified sufficient diffusion of the infectious agents deep into the tissues. Infection was confirmed by Ziel Neelsen-staining and PCR to detect mycobacterial DNA. We observed the infection of different cell types, including macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, and pneumocytes-II, which were critically dependent on the mycobacterial species used. Furthermore, different forms of nuclear alterations (karyopyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis) resulting in cell death were detected in the infected cells, again with characteristic species-dependent differences. Conclusion We show the application of a human ex vivo tissue culture model for mycobacterial infections. The immediate primary infection of a set of different cell types and the characteristic morphologic changes observed in these infected human tissues significantly adds to the current understanding of the initial phase of human pulmonary tuberculosis. Further studies are ongoing to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the early onset of mycobacterial infections in the human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariimaa Ganbat
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. .,Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
| | - Sophie Seehase
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. .,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Elvira Richter
- National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. .,Present address: Labor Limbach, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ekkehard Vollmer
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. .,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.
| | | | - Karoline I Gaede
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. .,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Christian Kugler
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Germany. .,Thoracic Surgery, Lungen Clinic Grosshansdorf, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
| | - Torsten Goldmann
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. .,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Germany.
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31
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Fan C, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Li B, He Y, Guo Y, Jia Z. Up-regulation of A20/ABIN1 contributes to inefficient M1 macrophage polarization during Hepatitis C virus infection. Virol J 2015; 12:147. [PMID: 26382585 PMCID: PMC4574525 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) responses are often accompanied by an increase in alanine aminotransferase levels in HCV-infected patients, indicating that inflammatory responses are compromised by the virus. Additionally, inflammation is associated with M1-polarizated macrophages, which secrete cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1, and interleukin-12, and present antigens through phagocytosis. HCV-encoded proteins are presented as specific viral antigens in particular infectious steps that influence the immune response. For instance, HCV antigens impact macrophage PD-1 and Tim-3 expression, and contribute to impaired viral clearance. Furthermore, circulatory HCV antigens from infected patients inhibit dendritic cell differentiation, which raises the possibility that HCV antigens may also interfere with macrophage polarization. METHODS In this study, the impact of HCV antigen stimulation on M1-polarized macrophages was investigated. The influence of HCV antigens was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Specific changes were investigated clinically by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Effects of NF-κB during the process were analyzed by western blot. RESULTS HCV infection dampened M1 macrophage polarization ex vivo and in vitro. After antigen stimulation, NF-κB signaling was suppressed by the up-regulation of A20 and A20-binding inhibitor of NF-κB binding protein, which likely leads to a variation of functional molecules such as tumor necrosis factor-α, CD163, matrix metalloproteinases, transferrin receptor-1, and CD100, reflecting an anti-inflammatory reaction against M1-polarization. CONCLUSION HCV antigens stimulation up-regulates A20/A20-binding inhibitor of NF-κB binding protein expression, which consequently contributes to inefficient M1 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Bingjie Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Yu He
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Yonghong Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Zhansheng Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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32
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Elsaidi HRH, Lowary TL. Effect of phenolic glycolipids from Mycobacterium kansasii on proinflammatory cytokine release. A structure-activity relationship study. Chem Sci 2015; 6:3161-3172. [PMID: 28706688 PMCID: PMC5490424 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc04004j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall of pathogenic mycobacteria is abundant with virulence factors, among which phenolic glycolipids (PGLs) are prominent examples. Mycobacterium kansasii, an important opportunistic pathogen, produces seven PGLs and their effect on the release of important proinflammatory cytokines that mediate disease progression has not been investigated. We previously showed that proinflammatory cytokines are modulated by PGLs from M. tuberculosis, M. leprae and M. bovis. In this paper we describe the synthesis of a series of 17 analogs of M. kansasii PGLs containing a truncated aglycone. Subsequently, the effect of these compounds on the release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1) and nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated. These compounds exerted an immunoinhibitory effect on the release of the tested cytokines. The concentration-dependent inhibitory profile of the tested molecules was also found to be dependent on the methylation pattern of the molecule and was mediated via toll-like receptor (TLR)-2. This study led to the discovery of a glycolipid (18) that shows promising potent anti-inflammatory properties making it a potential candidate for further optimization of its anti-inflammatory profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan R H Elsaidi
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB , Canada T6G 2G2 .
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB , Canada T6G 2G2 .
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Larsson MC, Lerm M, Ängeby K, Nordvall M, Juréen P, Schön T. A luciferase-based assay for rapid assessment of drug activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis including monitoring of macrophage viability. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 106:146-150. [PMID: 25194234 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular (IC) effect of drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is not well established but increasingly important to consider when combining current and future multidrug regimens into the best possible treatment strategies. For this purpose, we developed an IC model based on a genetically modified Mtb H37Rv strain, expressing the Vibrio harvei luciferase (H37Rv-lux) infecting the human macrophage like cell line THP-1. Cells were infected at a low multiplicity of infection (1:1) and subsequently exposed to isoniazid (INH), ethambutol (EMB), amikacin (AMI) or levofloxacin (LEV) for 5days in a 96-well format. Cell viability was evaluated by Calcein AM and was maintained throughout the experiment. The number of viable H37Rv-lux was determined by luminescence and verified by a colony forming unit analysis. The results were compared to the effects of the same drugs in broth cultures. AMI, EMB and LEV were significantly less effective intracellularly (MIC90: >4mg/L, 8mg/L and 2mg/L, respectively) compared to extracellularly (MIC90: 0.5mg/L for AMI and EMB; 0.25mg/L for LEV). The reverse was the case for INH (IC: 0.064mg/L vs EC: 0.25mg/L). In conclusion, this luciferase based method, in which monitoring of cell viability is included, has the potential to become a useful tool while evaluating the intracellular effects of anti-mycobacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C Larsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Maria Lerm
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Kristian Ängeby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital Department of Clinical Microbiology, MTC-Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Michaela Nordvall
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
| | | | - Thomas Schön
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kalmar County Hospital, Sweden; Department of Medicine and Optometry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
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Neonatal bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination and environmental mycobacteria in sensitizing antimycobacterial activity of macrophages. Am J Med Sci 2014; 348:57-64. [PMID: 24374737 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0000000000000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An immunoepidemiological study was performed to evaluate the effect of neonatal bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination and tuberculin response on macrophage killing profile against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this epidemiological field work, the study subjects were drawn from in and around Chennai city, South India. The descriptive epidemiological pattern of neonatal BCG vaccination and its impact on tuberculin skin test were studied. The study subjects for the immunologic laboratory experiments were recruited based on the skin test (Mantoux) outcome and were grouped in to 4 natural study groups that include vaccinated reactors, vaccinated nonreactors, nonvaccinated reactors and nonvaccinated nonreactors. In immunologic laboratory work part, the elucidation of macrophage killing profile was studied for all the 4 groups, and appropriate intercomparisons were made. The parameters used for the macrophage killing profile were (1) glutathione assay, (2) measurement of phagocytosis, (3) intracellular growth kinetics of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, (4) tumor necrosis factor-α assay and (5) interferon-γ assay. The results found that in the BCG-vaccinated tuberculin reactors the macrophage responses were significantly higher than the BCG-vaccinated tuberculin nonreactors. There was no significant difference in the responses among the BCG-vaccinated tuberculin reactors when compared with the nonvaccinated tuberculin reactors. The immune responses of nonvaccinated tuberculin reactors were significantly higher than the vaccinated tuberculin nonreactors. These findings show that the immune response among the adolescents/young adults is elicited by exposure to mycobacteria and not by the neonatal BCG vaccination.
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Elsaidi HRH, Lowary TL. Inhibition of cytokine release by mycobacterium tuberculosis phenolic glycolipid analogues. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1176-82. [PMID: 24797221 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, a disease characterized by alteration of host innate and adaptive immunity. These processes are mediated by a series of bacterial biomolecules, among which phenolic glycolipids (PGLs) and the related p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives have been suggested to play important roles. To probe the importance of structural features of these glycans on cytokine modulation, we synthesized three M. tuberculosis PGL analogues (1-3), which differ from the native glycoconjugates by possessing a simplified lipid algycone. The ability of 1-3 to modulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1) and nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated. None of the compounds stimulated the secretion of these signalling molecules. However, all showed a Toll-like Receptor 2-mediated, concentration-dependent inhibition profile that was related to the methylation pattern on the glycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan R H Elsaidi
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, 11225 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2 (Canada)
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Elsaidi HRH, Barreda DR, Cairo CW, Lowary TL. Mycobacterial phenolic glycolipids with a simplified lipid aglycone modulate cytokine levels through Toll-like receptor 2. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2153-9. [PMID: 24115598 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic glycolipids (PGLs) are virulence factors present in the cell walls of many pathogenic mycobacteria. PGLs have been implicated in various aspects of mycobacterial disease, but there are limited structure-activity data available for these molecules. We report here the preparation of seven synthetic PGL analogues, differing from the native compounds in the replacement of the complex phenolic lipid moiety with a p-methoxyphenyl group. The ability of these compounds to stimulate or inhibit the production of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1) and nitric oxide (NO) was then evaluated by ELISA-based assays. None of the compounds stimulated the production of these biological signalling molecules. In contrast, they each displayed concentration-dependent inhibitory activity, related to the methylation pattern of the molecule and mediated by Toll-like receptor 2. Additional studies revealed that native PGL-I from Mycobacterium leprae and a synthetic PGL-I analogue containing a simplified lipid domain had enhanced inhibitory activities relative to the corresponding analogues containing the p-methoxyphenyl aglycone; however, the natural lipid phenolthiocerol was only weakly active. These studies reveal that synthetic molecules of this type can be used as probes for PGL function. Moreover, their ease of synthesis relative to the natural glycolipids, as well as their more favourable aqueous solubility, should allow for more thorough structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan R H Elsaidi
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2 (Canada)
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Interactions between an M. tuberculosis strain overexpressing mtrA and mononuclear phagocytes. Adv Med Sci 2013; 58:172-83. [PMID: 23640943 DOI: 10.2478/v10039-012-0058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It was previously shown that the bacterial two-component regulatory signal transduction (2CR) system MtrAB may be associated with the ability of M. tuberculosis (Mtb) to survive in macrophages. In the present work Mtb mutants: Rv-78 with overexpression of mtrA and Rv-129 with elevated level of phosphorylation-defective MtrA were used for further investigation of the potential influence of the MtrAB system on Mtb interaction with human monocytes. MATERIAL/METHODS Flow cytometry was used to determine the expression of MHC class II molecules. The expression of genes for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cathepsin G was quantified by RT-PCR. The association of Mtb strains with Rab5 and Rab7 positive vacuoles was investigated applying confocal microscopy. IL-10 and IL-12 secretion by monocytes as well as the Mtb susceptibility to cathepsin G were investigated. RESULTS Mutation-carried and wild type Mtb strains inhibited MHC class II expression on monocytes to a similar extent. Monocyte stimulation with mycobacteria led to the increased production of IL-10 but no detectable amounts of IL-12 or NO were observed. Expression of the gene for iNOS was not detected while that for cathepsin G was shown, however its intensity was not associated with MtrA mutation. Mtb mutant strains were more effectively enclosed in phagosomes containing the late endosome marker Rab7 as compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS The results may confirm the importance of the MtrAB system in mycobacterial capacity for successful survival in phagocytes, especially in the context of high degree of colocalization of Mtb Rv-78 to mature phagosomes.
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Rivero-Lezcano OM. In vitro infection of human cells with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 93:123-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Influence of the protein kinase C activator phorbol myristate acetate on the intracellular activity of antibiotics against hemin- and menadione-auxotrophic small-colony variant mutants of Staphylococcus aureus and their wild-type parental strain in human THP-1 cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:6166-74. [PMID: 22985883 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01031-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study (L. G. Garcia et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56:3700-3711, 2012), we evaluated the intracellular fate of menD and hemB mutants (corresponding to menadione- and hemin-dependent small-colony variants, respectively) of the parental COL methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain and the pharmacodynamic profile of the intracellular activity of a series of antibiotics in human THP-1 monocytes. We have now examined the phagocytosis and intracellular persistence of the same strains in THP-1 cells activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and measured the intracellular activity of gentamicin, moxifloxacin, and oritavancin in these cells. Postphagocytosis intracellular counts and intracellular survival were lower in PMA-activated cells, probably due to their higher killing capacities. Gentamicin and moxifloxacin showed a 5- to 7-fold higher potency (lower static concentrations) against the parental strain, its hemB mutant, and the genetically complemented strain in PMA-activated cells and against the menD strain in both activated and nonactivated cells. This effect was inhibited when cells were incubated with N-acetylcysteine (a scavenger of oxidant species). In parallel, we observed that the MICs of these drugs were markedly reduced if bacteria had been preexposed to H(2)O(2). In contrast, the intracellular potency of oritavancin was not different in activated and nonactivated cells and was not decreased by the addition of N-acetylcysteine, regardless of the phenotype of the strains. The oritavancin MIC was also unaffected by preincubation of the bacteria with H(2)O(2). Thus, activation of THP-1 cells by PMA may increase the intracellular potency of certain antibiotics (probably due to synergy with reactive oxygen species), but this effect cannot be generalized to all antibiotics.
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Khattak FA, Kumar A, Kamal E, Kunisch R, Lewin A. Illegitimate recombination: an efficient method for random mutagenesis in Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:204. [PMID: 22966811 PMCID: PMC3511198 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Mycobacterium (M.) comprises highly pathogenic bacteria such as M. tuberculosis as well as environmental opportunistic bacteria called non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). While the incidence of tuberculosis is declining in the developed world, infection rates by NTM are increasing. NTM are ubiquitous and have been isolated from soil, natural water sources, tap water, biofilms, aerosols, dust and sawdust. Lung infections as well as lymphadenitis are most often caused by M. avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH), which is considered to be among the clinically most important NTM. Only few virulence genes from M. avium have been defined among other things due to difficulties in generating M. avium mutants. More efforts in developing new methods for mutagenesis of M. avium and identification of virulence-associated genes are therefore needed. Results We developed a random mutagenesis method based on illegitimate recombination and integration of a Hygromycin-resistance marker. Screening for mutations possibly affecting virulence was performed by monitoring of pH resistance, colony morphology, cytokine induction in infected macrophages and intracellular persistence. Out of 50 randomly chosen Hygromycin-resistant colonies, four revealed to be affected in virulence-related traits. The mutated genes were MAV_4334 (nitroreductase family protein), MAV_5106 (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), MAV_1778 (GTP-binding protein LepA) and MAV_3128 (lysyl-tRNA synthetase LysS). Conclusions We established a random mutagenesis method for MAH that can be easily carried out and combined it with a set of phenotypic screening methods for the identification of virulence-associated mutants. By this method, four new MAH genes were identified that may be involved in virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Asghar Khattak
- Robert Koch-Institute, Division 16 Mycology/Parasitology/Intracellular Pathogens, Nordufer 20, Berlin 13353, Germany
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Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the activity of antibiotics against hemin- and menadione-dependent small-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus in models of extracellular (broth) and intracellular (THP-1 monocytes) infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3700-11. [PMID: 22564838 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00285-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus small-colony variants (SCVs) persist intracellularly, which may contribute to persistence/recurrence of infections and antibiotic failure. We have studied the intracellular fate of menD and hemB mutants (corresponding to menadione- and hemin-dependent SCVs, respectively) of the COL methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain and the antibiotic pharmacodynamic profile against extracellular (broth) and intracellular (human THP-1 monocytes) bacteria. Compared to the parental strain, SCVs showed slower extracellular growth (restored upon medium supplementation with menadione or hemin), reduced phagocytosis, and, for the menD SCV, lower intracellular counts at 24 h postinfection. Against extracellular bacteria, daptomycin, gentamicin, rifampin, moxifloxacin, and oritavancin showed similar profiles of activity against all strains, with a static effect obtained at concentrations close to their MICs and complete eradication as maximal effect. In contrast, vancomycin was not bactericidal against SCVs. Against intracellular bacteria, concentration-effect curves fitted sigmoidal regressions for vancomycin, daptomycin, gentamicin, and rifampin (with maximal effects lower than a 2-log decrease in CFU) but biphasic regressions (with a maximal effect greater than a 3-log decrease in CFU) for moxifloxacin and oritavancin, suggesting a dual mode of action against intracellular bacteria. For all antibiotics, these curves were indistinguishable between the strains investigated, except for the menD mutant, which systematically showed a lower amplitude of the concentration-effect response, with markedly reduced minimal efficacy (due to slower growth) but no change in maximal efficacy. The data therefore show that the maximal efficacies of antibiotics are similar against normal-phenotype and menadione- and hemin-dependent strains despite their different intracellular fates, with oritavancin, and to some extent moxifloxacin, being the most effective.
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Lepur A, Carlsson MC, Novak R, Dumić J, Nilsson UJ, Leffler H. Galectin-3 endocytosis by carbohydrate independent and dependent pathways in different macrophage like cell types. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:804-18. [PMID: 22450157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 (the Mac-2 antigen) is abundantly expressed in both macrophage like cells and certain non-macrophage cells. We have studied endocytosis of galectin-3 as one important step relevant for its function, and compared it between variants of a macrophage like cell line, and non-macrophage cells. METHODS Endocytosis of galectin-3 was observed by fluorescence microscopy and measured by flow cytometry. The endocytosis mechanism was analysed using galectin-3 mutants, galectin-3 inhibitors and endocytic pathways inhibitors in the human leukaemia THP-1 cell line differentiated into naïve (M0), classical (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) macrophage like cells, and the non-macrophage cell lines HFL-1 fibroblasts and SKBR3 breast carcinoma. RESULTS Galectin-3 endocytosis in non-macrophage cells and M2 cells was blocked by lactose and a potent galectin-3 inhibitor TD139, and also by the R186S mutation in the galectin-3 carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). In M1 cells galectin-3 endocytosis could be inhibited only by chlorpromazine and by interference with the non-CRD N-terminal part of galectin-3. In all the cell types galectin-3 entered early endosomes within 5-10 min, to be subsequently targeted mainly to non-degradative vesicles, where it remained even after 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Galectin-3 endocytosis in M1 cells is receptor mediated and carbohydrate independent, while in M2 cells it is CRD mediated, although the non-CRD galectin-3 domain is also involved. General significance The demonstration that galectin-3 endocytosis in M1 macrophages is carbohydrate independent and different from M2 macrophages and non-macrophage cells, suggests novel, immunologically significant interactions between phagocytic cells, galectin-3 and its ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Lepur
- Section MIG (Microbiology, Immunology, Glycobiology), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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Bai X, Ovrutsky AR, Kartalija M, Chmura K, Kamali A, Honda JR, Oberley-Deegan RE, Dinarello CA, Crapo JD, Chang LY, Chan ED. IL-32 expression in the airway epithelial cells of patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Int Immunol 2011; 23:679-91. [PMID: 22033195 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxr075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung disease due to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) organisms is increasing. A greater understanding of the host immune response to MAC organisms will provide a foundation to develop novel therapies for these recalcitrant infections. IL-32 is a newly described pro-inflammatory cytokine that enhances host immunity against various microbial pathogens. Cytokines that induce IL-32 such as interferon-gamma, IL-18, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are of considerable importance to mycobacterial immunity. We performed immunohistochemistry and morphometric analysis to quantify IL-32 expression in the lungs of 11 patients with MAC lung disease and 10 controls with normal lung tissues. After normalizing for basement membrane length, there was a profound increase in IL-32 expression in the airway epithelial cells of the MAC-infected lungs compared with controls. Following normalization for alveolar surface area, there was a trend toward increased IL-32 expression in type II alveolar cells and alveolar macrophages in the lungs of MAC patients. Human airway epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) infected with M. avium produced IL-32 by a nuclear factor-kappa B-dependent mechanism. In both BEAS-2B cells and human monocyte-derived macrophages, exogenous IL-32γ significantly reduced the growth of intracellular M. avium. This finding was corroborated by an increase in the number of intracellular M. avium recovered from THP-1 monocytes silenced for endogenous IL-32 expression. The anti-mycobacterial effect of IL-32 may be due, in part, to increased apoptosis of infected cells. These findings indicate that IL-32 facilitates host defense against MAC organisms but may also contribute to the airway inflammation associated with MAC pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Bai
- Department of Medicine, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO 80220, USA.
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Bouwens M, de Kleijn S, Ferwerda G, Cuppen JJ, Savelkoul HF, Kemenade BLVV. Low-frequency electromagnetic fields do not alter responses of inflammatory genes and proteins in human monocytes and immune cell lines. Bioelectromagnetics 2011; 33:226-37. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Daniel J, Maamar H, Deb C, Sirakova TD, Kolattukudy PE. Mycobacterium tuberculosis uses host triacylglycerol to accumulate lipid droplets and acquires a dormancy-like phenotype in lipid-loaded macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002093. [PMID: 21731490 PMCID: PMC3121879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Two billion people are latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb-infected macrophages are likely to be sequestered inside the hypoxic environments of the granuloma and differentiate into lipid-loaded macrophages that contain triacylglycerol (TAG)-filled lipid droplets which may provide a fatty acid-rich host environment for Mtb. We report here that human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages and THP-1 derived macrophages incubated under hypoxia accumulate Oil Red O-staining lipid droplets containing TAG. Inside such hypoxic, lipid-loaded macrophages, nearly half the Mtb population developed phenotypic tolerance to isoniazid, lost acid-fast staining and accumulated intracellular lipid droplets. Dual-isotope labeling of macrophage TAG revealed that Mtb inside the lipid-loaded macrophages imports fatty acids derived from host TAG and incorporates them intact into Mtb TAG. The fatty acid composition of host and Mtb TAG were nearly identical suggesting that Mtb utilizes host TAG to accumulate intracellular TAG. Utilization of host TAG by Mtb for lipid droplet synthesis was confirmed when fluorescent fatty acid-labeled host TAG was utilized to accumulate fluorescent lipid droplets inside the pathogen. Deletion of the Mtb triacylglycerol synthase 1 (tgs1) gene resulted in a drastic decrease but not a complete loss in both radiolabeled and fluorescent TAG accumulation by Mtb suggesting that the TAG that accumulates within Mtb is generated mainly by the incorporation of fatty acids released from host TAG. We show direct evidence for the utilization of the fatty acids from host TAG for lipid metabolism inside Mtb. Taqman real-time PCR measurements revealed that the mycobacterial genes dosR, hspX, icl1, tgs1 and lipY were up-regulated in Mtb within hypoxic lipid loaded macrophages along with other Mtb genes known to be associated with dormancy and lipid metabolism. Two billion people are latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Cure and possible eradication of tuberculosis are limited by the lack of availability of any drug that can kill dormant Mtb. Understanding of the processes critical for dormancy and a reliable dormancy model suitable for high throughput screening of chemicals will help to discover drugs that can kill dormant Mtb. Storage of lipids for utilization as energy source is critically needed for dormancy. In the human lung, Mtb-infected macrophages are sequestered inside the hypoxic environments of the physical enclosure called granuloma in which Mtb becomes dormant. None of the currently used cell culture models of Mtb infection mimic this situation. We developed a model that mimics the environment inside the human granuloma by incubating Mtb-infected macrophages under hypoxia. We found that, under these conditions, macrophages accumulate lipid droplets and Mtb within these macrophages acquire a dormancy phenotype. We report how the pathogen inside the macrophages utilizes the host lipids to store lipids within the pathogen and acquire the hallmark traits of dormant Mtb. Thus, our novel model of Mtb dormancy may enable better understanding of the metabolic processes vital for the dormant pathogen and help to discover drugs that can kill latent pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaiyanth Daniel
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JD); (PEK)
| | - Hédia Maamar
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Chirajyoti Deb
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Tatiana D. Sirakova
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pappachan E. Kolattukudy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JD); (PEK)
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Shang S, Ordway D, Henao-Tamayo M, Bai X, Oberley-Deegan R, Shanley C, Orme IM, Case S, Minor M, Ackart D, Hascall-Dove L, Ovrutsky AR, Kandasamy P, Voelker DR, Lambert C, Freed BM, Iseman MD, Basaraba RJ, Chan ED. Cigarette Smoke Increases Susceptibility to Tuberculosis—Evidence From In Vivo and In Vitro Models. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1240-8. [PMID: 21357942 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Shang
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Bai X, Chmura K, Ovrutsky AR, Bowler RP, Scheinman RI, Oberley-Deegan RE, Liu H, Shang S, Ordway D, Chan ED. Mycobacterium tuberculosis increases IP-10 and MIG protein despite inhibition of IP-10 and MIG transcription. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zhang J, Sun B, Huang Y, Kouadir M, Zhou X, Wang Y, Zhao D. IFN-γpromotes THP-1 cell apoptosis during early infection withMycobacterium bovisby activating different apoptotic signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 60:191-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Akan Z, Aksu B, Tulunay A, Bilsel S, Inhan-Garip A. Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields affect the immune response of monocyte-derived macrophages to pathogens. Bioelectromagnetics 2010; 31:603-12. [PMID: 20809504 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on the physiological response of phagocytes to an infectious agent. THP-1 cells (human monocytic leukemia cell line) were cultured and 50 Hz, 1 mT EMF was applied for 4-6 h to cells induced with Staphylococcus aureus or interferon gamma/lipopolysaccharide (IFγ/LPS). Alterations in nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels, heat shock protein 70 levels (hsp70), cGMP levels, caspase-9 activation, and the growth rate of S. aureus were determined. The growth curve of exposed bacteria was lower than the control. Field application increased NO levels. The increase was more prominent for S. aureus-induced cells and appeared earlier than the increase in cells without field application. However, a slight decrease was observed in iNOS levels. Increased cGMP levels in response to field application were closely correlated with increased NO levels. ELF-EMF alone caused increased hsp70 levels in a time-dependent manner. When cells were induced with S. aureus or IFγ/LPS, field application produced higher levels of hsp70. ELF-EMF suppressed caspase-9 activation by a small extent. These data confirm that ELF-EMF affects bacterial growth and the response of the immune system to bacterial challenges, suggesting that ELF-EMF could be exploited for beneficial uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Akan
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Li AH, Waddell SJ, Hinds J, Malloff CA, Bains M, Hancock RE, Lam WL, Butcher PD, Stokes RW. Contrasting transcriptional responses of a virulent and an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infecting macrophages. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11066. [PMID: 20548782 PMCID: PMC2883559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background H37Rv and H37Ra are well-described laboratory strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis derived from the same parental strain, H37, that show dramatically different pathogenic phenotypes. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, the transcriptomes of the two strains during axenic growth in broth and during intracellular growth within murine bone-marrow macrophages were compared by whole genome expression profiling. We identified and compared adaptations of either strain upon encountering an intracellular environment, and also contrasted the transcriptomes of the two strains while inside macrophages. In the former comparison, both strains induced genes that would facilitate intracellular survival including those involved in mycobactin synthesis and fatty acid metabolism. However, this response was stronger and more extensive for H37Rv than for H37Ra. This was manifested as the differential expression of a greater number of genes and an increased magnitude of expression for these genes in H37Rv. In comparing intracellular transcriptional signatures, fifty genes were found to be differentially expressed between the strains. Of these fifty, twelve were under control of the PhoPR regulon. Further differences between strains included genes whose products were members of the ESAT-6 family of proteins, or were associated with their secretion. Conclusions/Significance Along with the recent identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in H37Ra when compared to H37Rv, our demonstration of differential expression of PhoP-regulated and ESX-1 region-related genes during macrophage infection further highlights the significance of these genes in the attenuation of H37Ra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H. Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Simon J. Waddell
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Hinds
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chad A. Malloff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Manjeet Bains
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Robert E. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Wan L. Lam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Philip D. Butcher
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W. Stokes
- Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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