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Zhang C, Qiu M, Fu H. Oligodendrocytes in central nervous system diseases: the effect of cytokine regulation. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2132-2143. [PMID: 38488548 PMCID: PMC11034588 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.392854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokines including tumor necrosis factor, interleukins, interferons, and chemokines are abundantly produced in various diseases. As pleiotropic factors, cytokines are involved in nearly every aspect of cellular functions such as migration, survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system and play critical roles in the conduction of action potentials, supply of metabolic components for axons, and other functions. Emerging evidence suggests that both oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells are vulnerable to cytokines released under pathological conditions. This review mainly summarizes the effects of cytokines on oligodendrocyte lineage cells in central nervous system diseases. A comprehensive understanding of the effects of cytokines on oligodendrocyte lineage cells contributes to our understanding of central nervous system diseases and offers insights into treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfu Zhang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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2
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Osei D, Baumgart-Vogt E, Ahlemeyer B, Herden C. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Receptor 1 Mediates Borna Disease Virus 1-Induced Changes in Peroxisomal and Mitochondrial Dynamics in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1849. [PMID: 38339126 PMCID: PMC10855776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV1) causes a persistent infection in the mammalian brain. Peroxisomes and mitochondria play essential roles in the cellular antiviral immune response, but the effect of BoDV1 infection on peroxisomal and mitochondrial dynamics and their respective antioxidant capacities is still not clear. Using different mouse lines-i.e., tumor necrosis factor-α transgenic (TNFTg; to pro-inflammatory status), TNF receptor-1 knockout (TNFR1ko), and TNFR2ko mice in comparison to wild-type (Wt) mice-we analyzed the abundances of both organelles and their main antioxidant enzymes, catalase and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), in neurons of the hippocampal, cerebral, and cerebellar cortices. In TNFTg mice, a strong increase in mitochondrial (6.9-fold) and SOD2 (12.1-fold) abundances was detected; meanwhile, peroxisomal abundance increased slightly (1.5-fold), but that of catalase decreased (2.9-fold). After BoDV1 infection, a strong decrease in mitochondrial (2.1-6.5-fold), SOD2 (2.7-9.1-fold), and catalase (2.7-10.3-fold) abundances, but a slight increase in peroxisomes (1.3-1.6-fold), were detected in Wt and TNFR2ko mice, whereas no changes occurred in TNFR1ko mice. Our data suggest that the TNF system plays a crucial role in the biogenesis of both subcellular organelles. Moreover, TNFR1 signaling mediated the changes in peroxisomal and mitochondrial dynamics after BoDV1 infection, highlighting new mechanisms by which BoDV1 may achieve immune evasion and viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Osei
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (D.O.); (E.B.-V.)
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Eveline Baumgart-Vogt
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (D.O.); (E.B.-V.)
| | - Barbara Ahlemeyer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (D.O.); (E.B.-V.)
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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3
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Nguyen KL, Bhatt IJ, Gupta S, Showkat N, Swanson KA, Fischer R, Kontermann RE, Pfizenmaier K, Bracchi-Ricard V, Bethea JR. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 activation elicits sex-specific effects on cortical myelin proteins and functional recovery in a model of multiple sclerosis. Brain Res Bull 2024; 207:110885. [PMID: 38246200 PMCID: PMC10923072 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), predominately affects females compared to males. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, signaling through TNF receptor 1 contributes to inflammatory disease pathogenesis. In contrast, TNF receptor 2 signaling is neuroprotective. Current anti-TNF MS therapies are shown to be detrimental to patients due to pleiotropic effects on both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. Using a non-pertussis toxin (nPTX) experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in C57BL/6 mice, we systemically administered a TNFR2 agonist (p53-sc-mTNFR2) to investigate behavioral and pathophysiological changes in both female and male mice. Our data shows that TNFR2 activation alleviates motor and sensory symptoms in females. However, in males, the agonist only alleviates sensory symptoms and not motor. nPTX EAE induction in TNFR2 global knockout mice caused exacerbated motor symptoms in females along with an earlier day of onset, but not in males. Our data demonstrates that TNFR2 agonist efficacy is sex-specific for alleviation of motor symptoms, however, it effectively reduces mechanical hypersensitivity in both females and males. Altogether, these data support the therapeutic promise TNFR2 agonism holds as an MS therapeutic and, more broadly, to treat central neuropathic pain.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Male
- Female
- Mice
- Animals
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/agonists
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/therapeutic use
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Myelin Proteins
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Mice, Knockout
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla L Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States.
| | - Ishaan J Bhatt
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Shruti Gupta
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nazaf Showkat
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Kathryn A Swanson
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Roman Fischer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfizenmaier
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - John R Bethea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States.
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Amin NS, El Tayebi HM. More gain, less pain: How resistance training affects immune system functioning in multiple sclerosis patients: A review. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 69:104401. [PMID: 36403379 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a complex etiology that is mirrored by the perplexing and inconsistent treatment responses observed across different patients. Although epigenetic research has garnered rightful interest in its efforts towards demystifying and understanding aberrant responses to treatment, the interim undoubtedly requires alternative non-pharmacological approaches towards attaining more effective management strategies. Of particular interest in this review is resistance training (RT) as a non-pharmacological exercise-based interventional strategy and its potential role as a disease-modifying tool. RT has been reported across literature to positively influence numerous aspects in the quality of life (QoL) and functional capacity of MS patients, and one of the attributes of these benefits may be a shift in the immune system of these individuals. RT has also been proven to affect different immune system key players associated with MS pathology. Ultimately, this brief review aims to provide a potential yet crucial link between RT, alterations in the expression profile of the immune system, and finally an imminent improvement in the overall well-being and QoL of MS patients, suggesting that utilizing RT as an interventional exercise modality may be an effective strategy that would aid in managing such a complex and debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Sherif Amin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Head of Molecular Genetics and Pharmacology Research Group, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Hend M El Tayebi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Head of Molecular Genetics and Pharmacology Research Group, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt.
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5
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Tsunoda SI. Functional Study of TNFR2 Signaling and Drug Discovery Using a Protein Engineering Approach. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:1297-1305. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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6
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Yang J, Ran M, Li H, Lin Y, Ma K, Yang Y, Fu X, Yang S. New insight into neurological degeneration: Inflammatory cytokines and blood–brain barrier. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1013933. [PMID: 36353359 PMCID: PMC9637688 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1013933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological degeneration after neuroinflammation, such as that resulting from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), and post-traumatic brain injury (TBI), is typically associated with high mortality and morbidity and with permanent cognitive dysfunction, which places a heavy economic burden on families and society. Diagnosing and curing these diseases in their early stages remains a challenge for clinical investigation and treatment. Recent insight into the onset and progression of these diseases highlights the permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The primary factor that influences BBB structure and function is inflammation, especially the main cytokines including IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6, the mechanism on the disruption of which are critical component of the aforementioned diseases. Surprisingly, the main cytokines from systematic inflammation can also induce as much worse as from neurological diseases or injuries do. In this review, we will therefore discuss the physiological structure of BBB, the main cytokines including IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, and their mechanism on the disruption of BBB and recent research about the main cytokines from systematic inflammation inducing the disruption of BBB and cognitive impairment, and we will eventually discuss the need to prevent the disruption of BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Research Centre for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzi Ran
- Research Centre for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Anaesthesiology, 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Research Centre for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Ma
- Research Centre for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Yang
- Department of Dermatology, 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Research Centre for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- Xiaobing Fu,
| | - Siming Yang
- Research Centre for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Siming Yang,
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7
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Marastoni D, Pisani AI, Schiavi G, Mazziotti V, Castellaro M, Tamanti A, Bosello F, Crescenzo F, Ricciardi GK, Montemezzi S, Pizzini FB, Calabrese M. CSF TNF and osteopontin levels correlate with the response to dimethyl fumarate in early multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2022; 15:17562864221092124. [PMID: 35755969 PMCID: PMC9218430 DOI: 10.1177/17562864221092124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Disease activity in the first years after a diagnosis of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is a negative prognostic factor for long-term disability. Markers of both clinical and radiological responses to disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are advocated. Objective: The objective of this study is to estimate the value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory markers at the time of diagnosis in predicting the disease activity in treatment-naïve multiple sclerosis (MS) patients exposed to dimethyl fumarate (DMF). Methods: In total, 48 RRMS patients (31 females/17 males) treated with DMF after the diagnosis were included in this 2-year longitudinal study. All patients underwent a CSF examination, regular clinical and 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans that included the assessment of white matter (WM) lesions, cortical lesions (CLs) and global cortical thickness. CSF levels of 10 pro-inflammatory markers – CXCL13 [chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 or B lymphocyte chemoattractant], CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor or C-X-C motif chemokine 12), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand, or tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13), LIGHT (tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14 or tumour necrosis factor superfamily member 14), interferon (IFN) gamma, interleukin 12 (IL-12), osteopontin, sCD163 [soluble-CD163 (cluster of differentiation 163)] and Chitinase3-like1 – were assessed using immune-assay multiplex techniques. The combined three-domain status of ‘no evidence of disease activity’ (NEDA-3) was defined by no relapses, no disability worsening and no MRI activity, including CLs. Results: Twenty patients (42%) reached the NEDA-3 status; patients with disease activity showed higher CSF TNF (p = 0.009), osteopontin (p = 0.005), CXCL12 (p = 0.037), CXCL13 (p = 0.040) and IFN gamma levels (p = 0.019) compared with NEDA-3 patients. After applying a random forest approach, TNF and osteopontin revealed the most important variables associated with the NEDA-3 status. Six molecules that emerged at the random forest approach were added in a multivariate regression model with demographic, clinical and MRI measures of WM and grey matter damage as independent variables. TNF levels confirmed to be associated with the absence of disease activity: odds ratio (OR) = 0.25, CI% = 0.04–0.77. Conclusion: CSF inflammatory markers may provide prognostic information in predicting disease activity in the first years after DMF initiation. CSF TNF levels are a possible candidate in predicting treatment response, in addition to clinical, demographic and MRI variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Marastoni
- Neurology B, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna I Pisani
- Neurology B, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Schiavi
- Neurology B, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Valentina Mazziotti
- Neurology B, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Castellaro
- Neurology B, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Agnese Tamanti
- Neurology B, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosello
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Eye Clinic, Ocular Immunology and Neuroophthalmology Service, AOUI-University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Crescenzo
- Neurology B, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe K Ricciardi
- Neuroradiology & Radiology Units, Integrated University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefania Montemezzi
- Neuroradiology & Radiology Units, Integrated University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca B Pizzini
- Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Integrated University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Calabrese
- Neurology B, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico 'G.B. Rossi' Borgo Roma, Piazzale L. A. Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
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8
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Gharagozloo M, Bannon R, Calabresi PA. Breaking the barriers to remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102194. [PMID: 35255453 PMCID: PMC8995341 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronically demyelinated axons are rendered susceptible to degeneration through loss of trophic support from oligodendrocytes and myelin, and this process underlies disability progression in multiple sclerosis. Promoting remyelination is a promising neuroprotective therapeutic strategy, but to date, has not been achieved through simply promoting oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation, and it is clear that a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying failed remyelination is required to guide future therapeutic approaches. In multiple sclerosis, remyelination is impaired by extrinsic inhibitory cues in the lesion microenvironment including secreted effector molecules released from compartmentalized immune cells and reactive glia, as well as by intrinsic defects in oligodendrocyte lineage cells, most notably increased metabolic demands causing oxidative stress and accelerated cellular senescence. Promising advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes offers hope for strategically designed interventions to facilitate remyelination thereby resulting in robust clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Gharagozloo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Riley Bannon
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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9
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Papazian I, Tsoukala E, Boutou A, Karamita M, Kambas K, Iliopoulou L, Fischer R, Kontermann RE, Denis MC, Kollias G, Lassmann H, Probert L. Fundamentally different roles of neuronal TNF receptors in CNS pathology: TNFR1 and IKKβ promote microglial responses and tissue injury in demyelination while TNFR2 protects against excitotoxicity in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:222. [PMID: 34565380 PMCID: PMC8466720 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During inflammatory demyelination, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) mediates detrimental proinflammatory effects of soluble TNF (solTNF), whereas TNFR2 mediates beneficial effects of transmembrane TNF (tmTNF) through oligodendroglia, microglia, and possibly other cell types. This model supports the use of selective inhibitors of solTNF/TNFR1 as anti-inflammatory drugs for central nervous system (CNS) diseases. A potential obstacle is the neuroprotective effect of solTNF pretreatment described in cultured neurons, but the relevance in vivo is unknown. Methods To address this question, we generated mice with neuron-specific depletion of TNFR1, TNFR2, or inhibitor of NF-κB kinase subunit β (IKKβ), a main downstream mediator of TNFR signaling, and applied experimental models of inflammatory demyelination and acute and preconditioning glutamate excitotoxicity. We also investigated the molecular and cellular requirements of solTNF neuroprotection by generating astrocyte-neuron co-cultures with different combinations of wild-type (WT) and TNF and TNFR knockout cells and measuring N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity in vitro. Results Neither neuronal TNFR1 nor TNFR2 protected mice during inflammatory demyelination. In fact, both neuronal TNFR1 and neuronal IKKβ promoted microglial responses and tissue injury, and TNFR1 was further required for oligodendrocyte loss and axonal damage in cuprizone-induced demyelination. In contrast, neuronal TNFR2 increased preconditioning protection in a kainic acid (KA) excitotoxicity model in mice and limited hippocampal neuron death. The protective effects of neuronal TNFR2 observed in vivo were further investigated in vitro. As previously described, pretreatment of astrocyte-neuron co-cultures with solTNF (and therefore TNFR1) protected them against NMDA excitotoxicity. However, protection was dependent on astrocyte, not neuronal TNFR1, on astrocyte tmTNF-neuronal TNFR2 interactions, and was reproduced by a TNFR2 agonist. Conclusions These results demonstrate that neuronal TNF receptors perform fundamentally different roles in CNS pathology in vivo, with neuronal TNFR1 and IKKβ promoting microglial inflammation and neurotoxicity in demyelination, and neuronal TNFR2 mediating neuroprotection in excitotoxicity. They also reveal that previously described neuroprotective effects of solTNF against glutamate excitotoxicity in vitro are indirect and mediated via astrocyte tmTNF-neuron TNFR2 interactions. These results consolidate the concept that selective inhibition of solTNF/TNFR1 with maintenance of TNFR2 function would have combined anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties required for safe treatment of CNS diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02200-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Papazian
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Tsoukala
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Athena Boutou
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Karamita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kambas
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Lida Iliopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Roman Fischer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maria C Denis
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre (BSRC) "Alexander Fleming", Vari, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kollias
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre (BSRC) "Alexander Fleming", Vari, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lesley Probert
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece.
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10
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Insights into the biology and therapeutic implications of TNF and regulatory T cells. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:487-504. [PMID: 34226727 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatments that block tumour necrosis factor (TNF) have major beneficial effects in several autoimmune and rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. However, some patients do not respond to TNF inhibitor treatment and rare occurrences of paradoxical disease exacerbation have been reported. These limitations on the clinical efficacy of TNF inhibitors can be explained by the differences between TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2 signalling and by the diverse effects of TNF on multiple immune cells, including FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. This basic knowledge sheds light on the consequences of TNF inhibitor therapies on regulatory T cells in treated patients and on the limitations of such treatment in the control of diseases with an autoimmune component. Accordingly, the next generation of drugs targeting TNF is likely to be based on agents that selectively block the binding of TNF to TNFR1 and on TNFR2 agonists. These approaches could improve the treatment of rheumatic diseases in the future.
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11
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Magliozzi R, Pezzini F, Pucci M, Rossi S, Facchiano F, Marastoni D, Montagnana M, Lippi G, Reynolds R, Calabrese M. Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid Balance of TNF and TNF Receptors in Naïve Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Early Involvement in Compartmentalised Intrathecal Inflammation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071712. [PMID: 34359880 PMCID: PMC8303813 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An imbalance of TNF signalling in the inflammatory milieu generated by meningeal immune cell infiltrates in the subarachnoid space in multiple sclerosis (MS), and its animal model may lead to increased cortical pathology. In order to explore whether this feature may be present from the early stages of MS and may be associated with the clinical outcome, the protein levels of TNF, sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2 were assayed in CSF collected from 122 treatment-naïve MS patients and 36 subjects with other neurological conditions at diagnosis. Potential correlations with other CSF cytokines/chemokines and with clinical and imaging parameters at diagnosis (T0) and after 2 years of follow-up (T24) were evaluated. Significantly increased levels of TNF (fold change: 7.739; p < 0.001), sTNF-R1 (fold change: 1.693; p < 0.001) and sTNF-R2 (fold change: 2.189; p < 0.001) were detected in CSF of MS patients compared to the control group at T0. Increased TNF levels in CSF were significantly (p < 0.01) associated with increased EDSS change (r = 0.43), relapses (r = 0.48) and the appearance of white matter lesions (r = 0.49). CSF levels of TNFR1 were associated with cortical lesion volume (r = 0.41) at T0, as well as with new cortical lesions (r = 0.56), whilst no correlation could be found between TNFR2 levels in CSF and clinical or MRI features. Combined correlation and pathway analysis (ingenuity) of the CSF protein pattern associated with TNF expression (encompassing elevated levels of BAFF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-8, IL-16, CCL21, haptoglobin and fibrinogen) showed a particular relationship to the interaction between innate and adaptive immune response. The CSF sTNF-R1-associated pattern (encompassing high levels of CXCL13, TWEAK, LIGHT, IL-35, osteopontin, pentraxin-3, sCD163 and chitinase-3-L1) was mainly related to altered T cell and B cell signalling. Finally, the CSF TNFR2-associated pattern (encompassing high CSF levels of IFN-β, IFN-λ2, sIL-6Rα) was linked to Th cell differentiation and regulatory cytokine signalling. In conclusion, dysregulation of TNF and TNF-R1/2 pathways associates with specific clinical/MRI profiles and can be identified at a very early stage in MS patients, at the time of diagnosis, contributing to the prediction of the disease outcome.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/cerebrospinal fluid
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/cerebrospinal fluid
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- C-Reactive Protein/cerebrospinal fluid
- C-Reactive Protein/genetics
- C-Reactive Protein/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cerebral Cortex/diagnostic imaging
- Cerebral Cortex/immunology
- Cerebral Cortex/pathology
- Chemokine CXCL13/cerebrospinal fluid
- Chemokine CXCL13/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL13/immunology
- Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1/cerebrospinal fluid
- Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1/genetics
- Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1/immunology
- Cytokine TWEAK/cerebrospinal fluid
- Cytokine TWEAK/genetics
- Cytokine TWEAK/immunology
- Early Diagnosis
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Interleukins/cerebrospinal fluid
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/immunology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Meninges/diagnostic imaging
- Meninges/immunology
- Meninges/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/cerebrospinal fluid
- Multiple Sclerosis/diagnostic imaging
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Osteopontin/cerebrospinal fluid
- Osteopontin/genetics
- Osteopontin/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/cerebrospinal fluid
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/cerebrospinal fluid
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/immunology
- Serum Amyloid P-Component/cerebrospinal fluid
- Serum Amyloid P-Component/genetics
- Serum Amyloid P-Component/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/cerebrospinal fluid
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/cerebrospinal fluid
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- White Matter/diagnostic imaging
- White Matter/immunology
- White Matter/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Magliozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (F.P.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.)
- Department of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Pezzini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (F.P.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Mairi Pucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (F.P.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Stefania Rossi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Higher Institute of Health Care, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Facchiano
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Higher Institute of Health Care, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (F.F.)
| | - Damiano Marastoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (F.P.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Martina Montagnana
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (F.P.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (F.P.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Department of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
- Centre for Molecular Neuropathology, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Massimiliano Calabrese
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (F.P.); (M.P.); (D.M.); (M.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.)
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12
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Treelet transform analysis to identify clusters of systemic inflammatory variance in a population with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:45-60. [PMID: 33524553 PMCID: PMC9004489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory cascades following traumatic brain injury (TBI) can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on recovery. Single biomarker studies do not adequately reflect the major arms of immunity and their relationships to long-term outcomes. Thus, we applied treelet transform (TT) analysis to identify clusters of interrelated inflammatory markers reflecting major components of systemic immune function for which substantial variation exists among individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI. METHODS Serial blood samples from 221 adults with moderate-to-severe TBI were collected over 1-6 months post-injury (n = 607 samples). Samples were assayed for 33 inflammatory markers using Millipore multiplex technology. TT was applied to standardized mean biomarker values generated to identify latent patterns of correlated markers. Treelet clusters (TC) were characterized by biomarkers related to adaptive immunity (TC1), innate immunity (TC2), soluble molecules (TC3), allergy immunity (TC4), and chemokines (TC5). For each TC, a score was generated as the linear combination of standardized biomarker concentrations and cluster load for each individual in the cohort. Ordinal logistic or linear regression was used to test associations between TC scores and 6- and 12-month Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), Disability Rating Scale (DRS), and covariates. RESULTS When adjusting for clinical covariates, TC5 was significantly associated with 6-month GOS (odds ratio, OR = 1.44; p-value, p = 0.025) and 6-month DRS scores (OR = 1.46; p = 0.013). TC5 relationships were attenuated when including all TC scores in the model (GOS: OR = 1.29, p = 0.163; DRS: OR = 1.33, p = 0.100). When adjusting for all TC scores and covariates, only TC3 was associated with 6- and 12-month GOS (OR = 1.32, p = 0.041; OR = 1.39, p = 0.002) and also 6- and 12-month DRS (OR = 1.38, p = 0.016; OR = 1.58, p = 0.0002). When applying TT to inflammation markers significantly associated with 6-month GOS, multivariate modeling confirmed that TC3 remained significantly associated with GOS. Biomarker cluster membership remained consistent between the GOS-specific dendrogram and overall dendrogram. CONCLUSIONS TT effectively characterized chronic, systemic immunity among a cohort of individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI. We posit that chronic chemokine levels are effector molecules propagating cellular immune dysfunction, while chronic soluble receptors are inflammatory damage readouts perpetuated, in part, by persistent dysfunctional cellular immunity to impact neuro-recovery.
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13
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Tissue-restricted control of established central nervous system autoimmunity by TNF receptor 2-expressing Treg cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2014043118. [PMID: 33766913 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014043118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are central modulators of autoimmune diseases. However, the timing and location of Treg cell-mediated suppression of tissue-specific autoimmunity remain undefined. Here, we addressed these questions by investigating the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 (TNFR2) signaling in Treg cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis. We found that TNFR2-expressing Treg cells were critical to suppress EAE at peak disease in the central nervous system but had no impact on T cell priming in lymphoid tissues at disease onset. Mechanistically, TNFR2 signaling maintained functional Treg cells with sustained expression of CTLA-4 and Blimp-1, allowing active suppression of pathogenic T cells in the inflamed central nervous system. This late effect of Treg cells was further confirmed by treating mice with TNF and TNFR2 agonists and antagonists. Our findings show that endogenous Treg cells specifically suppress an autoimmune disease by acting in the target tissue during overt inflammation. Moreover, they bring a mechanistic insight to some of the adverse effects of anti-TNF therapy in patients.
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14
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Kristensen LB, Lambertsen KL, Nguyen N, Byg KE, Nielsen HH. The Role of Non-Selective TNF Inhibitors in Demyelinating Events. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11010038. [PMID: 33401396 PMCID: PMC7824660 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of non-selective tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors is well known in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and psoriasis. Its use in neurological disorders is limited however, due to rare adverse events of demyelination, even in patients without preceding demyelinating disease. We review here the molecular and cellular aspects of this neuroinflammatory process in light of a case of severe monophasic demyelination caused by treatment with infliximab. Focusing on the role of TNF, we review the links between CNS inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegenerative changes leading to permanent neurological deficits in a young woman, and we discuss the growing evidence for selective soluble TNF inhibitors as a new treatment approach in inflammatory and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Buch Kristensen
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloewsvej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (L.B.K.); (K.L.L.); (K.-E.B.)
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloewsvej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (L.B.K.); (K.L.L.); (K.-E.B.)
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, St., 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- BRIDGE—Brain Research—Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, J.B. Winsloewsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Nina Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloewsvej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark;
| | - Keld-Erik Byg
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloewsvej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (L.B.K.); (K.L.L.); (K.-E.B.)
- BRIDGE—Brain Research—Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, J.B. Winsloewsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloewsvej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Helle H Nielsen
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloewsvej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (L.B.K.); (K.L.L.); (K.-E.B.)
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, St., 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- BRIDGE—Brain Research—Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, J.B. Winsloewsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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15
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Fresegna D, Bullitta S, Musella A, Rizzo FR, De Vito F, Guadalupi L, Caioli S, Balletta S, Sanna K, Dolcetti E, Vanni V, Bruno A, Buttari F, Stampanoni Bassi M, Mandolesi G, Centonze D, Gentile A. Re-Examining the Role of TNF in MS Pathogenesis and Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102290. [PMID: 33066433 PMCID: PMC7602209 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neurological disorder of putative autoimmune origin. Clinical and experimental studies delineate abnormal expression of specific cytokines over the course of the disease. One major cytokine that has been shown to play a pivotal role in MS is tumor necrosis factor (TNF). TNF is a pleiotropic cytokine regulating many physiological and pathological functions of both the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). Convincing evidence from studies in human and experimental MS have demonstrated the involvement of TNF in various pathological hallmarks of MS, including immune dysregulation, demyelination, synaptopathy and neuroinflammation. However, due to the complexity of TNF signaling, which includes two-ligands (soluble and transmembrane TNF) and two receptors, namely TNF receptor type-1 (TNFR1) and type-2 (TNFR2), and due to its cell- and context-differential expression, targeting the TNF system in MS is an ongoing challenge. This review summarizes the evidence on the pathophysiological role of TNF in MS and in different MS animal models, with a special focus on pharmacological treatment aimed at controlling the dysregulated TNF signaling in this neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fresegna
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.V.); (G.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Silvia Bullitta
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.V.); (G.M.); (A.G.)
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandra Musella
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.V.); (G.M.); (A.G.)
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University of Rome San Raffaele, 00166 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Rizzo
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesca De Vito
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (Is), 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.D.V.); (S.C.); (F.B.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Livia Guadalupi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.V.); (G.M.); (A.G.)
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Silvia Caioli
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (Is), 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.D.V.); (S.C.); (F.B.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Sara Balletta
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Krizia Sanna
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Ettore Dolcetti
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Valentina Vanni
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.V.); (G.M.); (A.G.)
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonio Bruno
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Fabio Buttari
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (Is), 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.D.V.); (S.C.); (F.B.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Mario Stampanoni Bassi
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (Is), 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.D.V.); (S.C.); (F.B.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Georgia Mandolesi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.V.); (G.M.); (A.G.)
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University of Rome San Raffaele, 00166 Roma, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (Is), 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.D.V.); (S.C.); (F.B.); (M.S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-7259-6010; Fax: +39-06-7259-6006
| | - Antonietta Gentile
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.V.); (G.M.); (A.G.)
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16
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Bagnoud M, Briner M, Remlinger J, Meli I, Schuetz S, Pistor M, Salmen A, Chan A, Hoepner R. c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase as a Therapeutic Target in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102154. [PMID: 32977663 PMCID: PMC7598244 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is upregulated during multiple sclerosis relapses and at the peak of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We aim to investigate the effects of pharmacological pan-JNK inhibition on the course of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55) EAE disease using in vivo and in vitro experimental models. EAE was induced in female C57BL/6JRj wild type mice using MOG35-55. SP600125 (SP), a reversible adenosine triphosphate competitive pan-JNK inhibitor, was then given orally after disease onset. Positive correlation between SP plasma and brain concentration was observed. Nine, but not three, consecutive days of SP treatment led to a significant dose-dependent decrease of mean cumulative MOG35-55 EAE severity that was associated with increased mRNA expression of interferon gamma (INF-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the spinal cord. On a histological level, reduced spinal cord immune cell-infiltration predominantly of CD3+ T cells as well as increased activity of Iba1+ cells were observed in treated animals. In addition, in vitro incubation of murine and human CD3+ T cells with SP resulted in reduced T cell apoptosis and proliferation. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that pharmacological pan-JNK inhibition might be a treatment strategy for autoimmune central nervous system demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Bagnoud
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31-6323076
| | - Myriam Briner
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jana Remlinger
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Meli
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Schuetz
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Pistor
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anke Salmen
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Hoepner
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Veroni C, Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Fagnani C, Aloisi F, Agresti C. Connecting Immune Cell Infiltration to the Multitasking Microglia Response and TNF Receptor 2 Induction in the Multiple Sclerosis Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:190. [PMID: 32733206 PMCID: PMC7359043 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling from central nervous system (CNS)-infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages is critical to activate microglia and cause tissue damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). We combined laser microdissection with high-throughput real time RT-PCR to investigate separately the CNS exogenous and endogenous inflammatory components in postmortem brain tissue of progressive MS cases. A previous analysis of immune infiltrates isolated from the white matter (WM) and the meninges revealed predominant expression of genes involved in antiviral and cytotoxic immunity, including IFNγ and TNF. Here, we assessed the expression of 71 genes linked to IFN and TNF signaling and microglia/macrophage activation in the parenchyma surrounding perivascular cuffs at different stages of WM lesion evolution and in gray matter (GM) lesions underlying meningeal infiltrates. WM and GM from non-neurological subjects were used as controls. Transcriptional changes in the WM indicate activation of a classical IFNγ-induced macrophage defense response already in the normal-appearing WM, amplification of detrimental (proinflammatory/pro-oxidant) and protective (anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant) responses in actively demyelinating WM lesions and persistence of these dual features at the border of chronic active WM lesions. Transcriptional changes in chronic subpial GM lesions indicate skewing toward a proinflammatory microglia phenotype. TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) mediating TNF neuroprotective functions was one of the genes upregulated in the MS WM. Using immunohistochemistry we show that TNFR2 is highly expressed in activated microglia in the normal-appearing WM, at the border of chronic active WM lesions, and in foamy macrophages in actively demyelinating WM and GM lesions. In lysolecithin-treated mouse cerebellar slices, a model of demyelination and remyelination, TNFR2 RNA and soluble protein increased immediately after toxin-induced demyelination along with transcripts for microglia/macrophage-derived pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. TNFR2 and IL10 RNA and soluble TNFR2 protein remained elevated during remyelination. Furthermore, myelin basic protein expression was increased after selective activation of TNFR2 with an agonistic antibody. This study highlights the key role of cytotoxic adaptive immunity in driving detrimental microglia activation and the concomitant healing response. It also shows that TNFR2 is an early marker of microglia activation and promotes myelin synthesis, suggesting that microglial TNFR2 activation can be exploited therapeutically to stimulate CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Veroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Corrado Fagnani
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Aloisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Agresti
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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18
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Wagner CA, Roqué PJ, Goverman JM. Pathogenic T cell cytokines in multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20190460. [PMID: 31611252 PMCID: PMC7037255 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is believed to have an autoimmune etiology. As MS is the most common nontraumatic disease that causes disability in young adults, extensive research has been devoted to identifying therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the current understanding derived from studies of patients with MS and animal models of how specific cytokines produced by autoreactive CD4 T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of MS. Defining the roles of these cytokines will lead to a better understanding of the potential of cytokine-based therapies for patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela J Roqué
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Joan M Goverman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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19
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Fischer R, Kontermann RE, Pfizenmaier K. Selective Targeting of TNF Receptors as a Novel Therapeutic Approach. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:401. [PMID: 32528961 PMCID: PMC7264106 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a central regulator of immunity. Due to its dominant pro-inflammatory effects, drugs that neutralize TNF were developed and are clinically used to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis. However, despite their clinical success the use of anti-TNF drugs is limited, in part due to unwanted, severe side effects and in some diseases its use even is contraindicative. With gaining knowledge about the signaling mechanisms of TNF and the differential role of the two TNF receptors (TNFR), alternative therapeutic concepts based on receptor selective intervention have led to the development of novel protein therapeutics targeting TNFR1 with antagonists and TNFR2 with agonists. These antibodies and bio-engineered ligands are currently in preclinical and early clinical stages of development. Preclinical data obtained in different disease models show that selective targeting of TNFRs has therapeutic potential and may be superior to global TNF blockade in several disease indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Fischer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfizenmaier
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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20
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Vijapur SM, Yang Z, Barton DJ, Vaughan L, Awan N, Kumar RG, Oh BM, Berga SL, Wang KK, Wagner AK. Anti-Pituitary and Anti-Hypothalamus Autoantibody Associations with Inflammation and Persistent Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in Men with Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1609-1626. [PMID: 32111134 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and can lead to persistent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (PHH) and poor outcomes. We hypothesized that autoimmune and inflammatory mechanisms contribute to PHH pathogenesis. Men with moderate-to-severe TBI (n = 143) were compared with healthy men (n = 39). The TBI group provided blood samples 1-12 months post-injury (n = 1225). TBI and healthy control (n = 39) samples were assayed for testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH) to adjudicate PHH status. TBI samples 1-6 months post-injury and control samples were assayed for immunoglobulin M (IgM)/immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-pituitary autoantibodies (APA) and anti-hypothalamus autoantibodies (AHA). Tissue antigen specificity for APA and AHA was confirmed via immunohistochemistry (IHC). IgM and IgG autoantibodies for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) (AGA) were evaluated to gauge APA and AHA production as a generalized autoimmune response to TBI and to evaluate the specificity of APA and AHA to PHH status. An inflammatory marker panel was used to assess relationships to autoantibody profiles and PHH status. Fifty-one men with TBI (36%) had PHH. An age-related decline in T levels by both TBI and PHH status were observed. Injured men had higher APA IgM, APA IgG, AHA IgM, AHA IgG, AGA IgM, and AGA IgG than controls (p < 0.0001 all comparisons). However, only APA IgM (p = 0.03) and AHA IgM (p = 0.03) levels were lower in the PHH than in the non-PHH group in multivariate analysis. There were no differences in IgG levels by PHH status. Multiple inflammatory markers were positively correlated with IgM autoantibody production. PHH was associated with higher soluble tumor-necrosis-factor receptors I/II, (sTNFRI, sTNFRII), regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and soluble interleukin-2-receptor-alpha (sIL-2Rα) levels. Higher IgM APA, and AHA, but not AGA, in the absence of PHH may suggest a beneficial or reparative role for neuroendocrine tissue-specific IgM autoantibody production against PHH development post-TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushupta M Vijapur
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, North Florida / South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David J Barton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leah Vaughan
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nabil Awan
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raj G Kumar
- Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Byung-Mo Oh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sarah L Berga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kevin K Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy K Wagner
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Atretkhany KSN, Gogoleva VS, Drutskaya MS, Nedospasov SA. Distinct modes of TNF signaling through its two receptors in health and disease. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:893-905. [PMID: 32083339 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr0120-510r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF is a key proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokine whose deregulation is associated with the development of autoimmune diseases and other pathologies. Recent studies suggest that distinct functions of TNF may be associated with differential engagement of its two receptors: TNFR1 or TNFR2. In this review, we discuss the relative contributions of these receptors to pathogenesis of several diseases, with the focus on autoimmunity and neuroinflammation. In particular, we discuss the role of TNFRs in the development of regulatory T cells during neuroinflammation and recent findings concerning targeting TNFR2 with agonistic and antagonistic reagents in various murine models of autoimmune and neuroinflammatory disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamar-Sulu N Atretkhany
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Violetta S Gogoleva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina S Drutskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei A Nedospasov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
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22
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Smagina IV, Elchaninova SA, Palashchenko AS, Galaktionova LP. [Pathological and protective effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in multiple sclerosis]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 119:14-20. [PMID: 31934984 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20191191014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is involved in the regulation of both physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system (CNS). The effects of TNF-α on CNS reported in clinical trials and experimental studies, evidence of involvement of this cytokine in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis are analyzed. Possible causes of failures of non-selective pharmacological inhibition of TNF-α effects in MS are considered in view of current concepts on mechanisms of TNF-α action.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Smagina
- Altai State Medical University, Barnaul, Russia; Regional Clinical Hospital, Barnaul, Russia
| | | | - A S Palashchenko
- Altai State Medical University, Barnaul, Russia; Regional Clinical Hospital, Barnaul, Russia
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23
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Madsen PM, Desu HL, Vaccari JPDR, Florimon Y, Ellman DG, Keane RW, Clausen BH, Lambertsen KL, Brambilla R. Oligodendrocytes modulate the immune-inflammatory response in EAE via TNFR2 signaling. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 84:132-146. [PMID: 31785393 PMCID: PMC7010565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is involved in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). In various models of MS, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the membrane-bound form of TNF (tmTNF), which signals primarily via TNFR2, mediates protective and reparative effects, whereas the soluble form (solTNF), which signals primarily via TNFR1, promotes pro-inflammatory and detrimental functions. In this study, we investigated the role of TNFR2 expressed in oligodendrocytes in the early phase of EAE pathogenesis. We demonstrated that mice with specific ablation of oligodendroglial TNFR2 displayed early onset and higher peak of motor dysfunction when subjected to EAE, in advance of which accelerated infiltration of immune cells was observed as early as 10 days post EAE induction. The immune cell influx was preceded by microglial activation and increased blood brain barrier permeability. Lack of oligodendroglial TNFR2 accelerated the expression of inflammatory cytokines as well as expression and activation of the inflammasome. Gene expression profiling of oligodendrocytes sorted from the spinal cord 14 days post EAE induction showed robust upregulation of inflammatory genes, some of which were elevated in cells lacking TNFR2 compared to controls. Together, our data demonstrate that oligodendrocytes are directly involved in inflammation and immune modulation in CNS disease and this function is regulated, at least in part, by TNFR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille M. Madsen
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, Dept. Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA,Dept. Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Haritha L. Desu
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, Dept. Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA,The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, Dept. Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yoleinny Florimon
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, Dept. Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ditte G. Ellman
- Dept. Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Robert W. Keane
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, Dept. Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA,The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Dept. Physiology and Biophysics University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA
| | - Bettina H. Clausen
- Dept. Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark,BRIDGE - Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kate L. Lambertsen
- Dept. Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark,Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark,BRIDGE - Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Dept. Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA; Dept. Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; BRIDGE - Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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24
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Engel S, Luessi F, Mueller A, Schopf RE, Zipp F, Bittner S. PPMS onset upon adalimumab treatment extends the spectrum of anti-TNF-α therapy-associated demyelinating disorders. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2020; 13:1756286419895155. [PMID: 31921355 PMCID: PMC6940603 DOI: 10.1177/1756286419895155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their introduction in 1999, anti-tumour necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF-α)
therapies have been suspected repeatedly to be associated with the occurrence of
central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disorders, including multiple
sclerosis (MS). However, recent publications were restricted to descriptions of
monophasic demyelinating events or cases of relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS). We
here provide the first case report of primary progressive MS (PPMS) onset upon
anti-TNF-α therapy as well as a literature review of previously published cases
of anti-TNF-α therapy-associated MS onset. The 51-year old male patient was
treated with adalimumab due to psoriasis arthritis. About 18 months after
treatment initiation, he developed slowly progressing neurological deficits
including gait impairment, paraesthesia of the lower limbs, strangury and visual
impairment, which led to the discontinuation of adalimumab therapy. Magnetic
resonance imaging of the brain and the spinal cord revealed multiple
inflammatory lesions and cerebrospinal fluid examination showed slight
pleocytosis and positive oligoclonal bands. Thus, PPMS was diagnosed according
to the 2017 revision of the McDonald criteria. As PPMS often causes only subtle
symptoms in the beginning and early treatment discontinuation of anti-TNF-α
therapy seems essential to improve the patient’s outcome, we think that it is
important to increase the awareness of slowly progressing neurological deficits
as a potential adverse event of anti-TNF-α therapy among all clinicians involved
in the initiation and monitoring of these drugs. In addition, the occurrence of
both RRMS and progressive MS upon anti-TNF-α therapy might suggest a shared
TNF-α-mediated pathophysiological mechanism in the evolution of all MS
subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinah Engel
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Luessi
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aneka Mueller
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rudolf E Schopf
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
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25
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Raphael I, Gomez-Rivera F, Raphael RA, Robinson RR, Nalawade S, Forsthuber TG. TNFR2 limits proinflammatory astrocyte functions during EAE induced by pathogenic DR2b-restricted T cells. JCI Insight 2019; 4:132527. [PMID: 31852844 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease where the underlying mechanisms driving disease progression have remained unresolved. HLA-DR2b (DRB1*15:01) is the most common genetic risk factor for MS. Additionally, TNF and its receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2 play key roles in MS and its preclinical animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). TNFR2 is believed to ameliorate CNS pathology by promoting remyelination and Treg function. Here, we show that transgenic mice expressing the human MHC class II (MHC-II) allele HLA-DR2b and lacking mouse MHC-II and TNFR2 molecules, herein called DR2bΔR2, developed progressive EAE, while disease was not progressive in DR2b littermates. Mechanistically, expression of the HLA-DR2b favored Th17 cell development, whereas T cell-independent TNFR2 expression was critical for restraining of an astrogliosis-induced proinflammatory milieu and Th17 cell responses, while promoting remyelination. Our data suggest the TNFR2 signaling pathway as a potentially novel mechanism for curtailing astrogliosis and promoting remyelination, thus providing new insights into mechanisms limiting progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Children's Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Francisco Gomez-Rivera
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rebecca A Raphael
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachel R Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Saisha Nalawade
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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26
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Fischer R, Padutsch T, Bracchi-Ricard V, Murphy KL, Martinez GF, Delguercio N, Elmer N, Sendetski M, Diem R, Eisel ULM, Smeyne RJ, Kontermann RE, Pfizenmaier K, Bethea JR. Exogenous activation of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 promotes recovery from sensory and motor disease in a model of multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:247-259. [PMID: 31220564 PMCID: PMC6754799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) is a transmembrane receptor that promotes immune modulation and tissue regeneration and is recognized as a potential therapeutic target for multiple sclerosis (MS). However, TNFR2 also contributes to T effector cell function and macrophage-TNFR2 recently was shown to promote disease development in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. We here demonstrate that systemic administration of a TNFR2 agonist alleviates peripheral and central inflammation, and reduces demyelination and neurodegeneration, indicating that protective signals induced by TNFR2 exceed potential pathogenic TNFR2-dependent responses. Our behavioral data show that systemic treatment of female EAE mice with a TNFR2 agonist is therapeutic on motor symptoms and promotes long-term recovery from neuropathic pain. Mechanistically, our data indicate that TNFR2 agonist treatment follows a dual mode of action and promotes both suppression of CNS autoimmunity and remyelination. Strategies based on the concept of exogenous activation of TNFR2 therefore hold great promise as a new therapeutic approach to treat motor and sensory disease in MS as well as other inflammatory diseases or neuropathic pain conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- Demyelinating Diseases/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Inflammation/pathology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Neuralgia/pathology
- Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/agonists
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Fischer
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Tanja Padutsch
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | | | - Kayla L Murphy
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - George F Martinez
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Niky Delguercio
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nicholas Elmer
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Maksim Sendetski
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ricarda Diem
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; CCU Neurooncoloy, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Richard J Smeyne
- Department of Neurosciences, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfizenmaier
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John R Bethea
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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27
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Mancusi A, Alvarez M, Piccinelli S, Velardi A, Pierini A. TNFR2 signaling modulates immunity after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 47:54-61. [PMID: 31122819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) signaling through TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) plays a complex immune regulatory role in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). TNF-α is rapidly released in the circulation after the conditioning regimen with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. It activates the function of donor alloreactive T cells and donor Natural Killer cells and promotes graft versus tumor effects. However, donor alloreactive T cells also attack host tissues and cause graft versus host disease (GVHD), a life-threatening complication of HCT. Indeed, anti-TNF-α therapy has been used to treat steroid-refractory GVHD. Recent studies have highlighted another role for TNFR2 signaling, as it enhances the function of immune cells with suppressive properties, in particular CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Various clinical trials are employing Treg-based treatments to prevent or treat GVHD. The present review will discuss the effects of TNFR2 signaling in the setting of allogeneic HCT, the implications for the use of anti-TNF-α therapy to treat GVHD and the clinical perspectives of strategies that specifically target this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Mancusi
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Piccinelli
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy
| | - Andrea Velardi
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy
| | - Antonio Pierini
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy.
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Medler J, Wajant H. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (TNFR2): an overview of an emerging drug target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:295-307. [PMID: 30856027 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1586886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 (TNFR2) is one of two receptors of the cytokines, TNF and lymphotoxin-α. TNFR1 is a strong inducer of proinflammatory activities. TNFR2 has proinflammatory effects too, but it also elicits strong anti-inflammatory activities and has protective effects on oligodendrocytes, cardiomyocytes, and keratinocytes. The protective and anti-inflammatory effects of TNFR2 may explain why TNF inhibitors failed to be effective in diseases such as heart failure or multiple sclerosis, where TNF has been strongly implicated as a driving force. Stimulatory and inhibitory TNFR2 targeting hence attracts considerable interest for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Areas covered: Based on a brief description of the pathophysiological importance of the TNF-TNFR1/2 system, we discuss the potential applications of TNFR2 targeting therapies. We also debate TNFR2 activation as a way forward in the search for TNFR2-specific agents. Expert opinion: The use of TNFR2 to target regulatory T-cells is attractive, but this approach is just one amongst many suitable targets. With respect to its preference for Treg stimulation and protection of non-immune cells, TNFR2 is more unique and thus offers opportunities for translational success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Medler
- a Division for Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II , University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- a Division for Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II , University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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Differential roles of TNFα-TNFR1 and TNFα-TNFR2 in the differentiation and function of CD4 +Foxp3 + induced Treg cells in vitro and in vivo periphery in autoimmune diseases. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:27. [PMID: 30631042 PMCID: PMC6328545 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) α is a multifunctional cytokine with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Increasing evidence suggests that thymus-derived, natural regulatory T cells (nTreg) express a remarkably high level of TNF Receptor 2 (TNFR2) and TNFα modulates the number or function of nTreg via TNFR2 in autoimmune diseases. Nonetheless, Treg cells consist of at least nTreg and iTreg that are induced in the periphery or in vitro and two subsets may have different biological characteristics. However, the role of TNF-TNFR signaling in development and function of these iTreg cells is less clear. In this study, we systemically studied the effect of TNFα and its receptor signals on iTreg differentiation, proliferation, and function in vitro and in vivo. We further investigated the expression and requirement of TNFR1 or TNFR2 expression on iTreg by utilizing TNFR1-/- and TNFR2-/- mice. We found that exogenous TNFα facilitated iTreg differentiation and function in vitro. TNFR2 deficiency hampered iTreg differentiation, proliferation, and function, while TNFR1 deficiency decreased the differentiation of inflammatory T cells such as Th1 and Th17 cells but maintained the regulatory capabilities of iTreg both in vitro and in vivo. Using colitis model, we also revealed TNFR2 but not TNFR1 deficiency compromised the iTreg functionality. Interestingly, inflammation affects TNFR expression on nTreg but not iTreg subset. Our results demonstrate that exogenous TNFα may enhance the differentiation and function of iTreg via TNFR2 signaling. The expression of TNFR2 on Treg might be downregulated in some autoimmune diseases, accompanied by an increased level of TNFR1. Thus, TNFR2 agonists or TNFR1-specific antagonists hold a potential promise for clinical application in treating patients with autoimmune diseases.
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Gogoleva VS, Atretkhany KSN, Drutskaya MS, Mufazalov IA, Kruglov AA, Nedospasov SA. Cytokines as Mediators of Neuroinflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1089-1103. [PMID: 30472948 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918090110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis of the immune system and in regulation of the immune response. Cytokine dysregulation is often associated with development of various pathological conditions, including autoimmunity. Recent studies have provided insights into the cytokine signaling pathways that are involved not only in pathogenesis of autoimmune neuroinflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, but also in neurodegenerative states, for example, Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the exact molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and evaluation of relevant experimental animal models are necessary for development of effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Gogoleva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - K-S N Atretkhany
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - M S Drutskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - I A Mufazalov
- University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - A A Kruglov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - S A Nedospasov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119234, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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Kumar P, Bhattacharya P, Prabhakar BS. A comprehensive review on the role of co-signaling receptors and Treg homeostasis in autoimmunity and tumor immunity. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:77-99. [PMID: 30174217 PMCID: PMC6289740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immune system ensures optimum T-effector (Teff) immune responses against invading microbes and tumor antigens while preventing inappropriate autoimmune responses against self-antigens with the help of T-regulatory (Treg) cells. Thus, Treg and Teff cells help maintain immune homeostasis through mutual regulation. While Tregs can contribute to tumor immune evasion by suppressing anti-tumor Teff response, loss of Treg function can result in Teff responses against self-antigens leading to autoimmune disease. Thus, loss of homeostatic balance between Teff/Treg cells is often associated with both cancer and autoimmunity. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors, collectively known as co-signaling receptors, play an indispensable role in the regulation of Teff and Treg cell expansion and function and thus play critical roles in modulating autoimmune and anti-tumor immune responses. Over the past three decades, considerable efforts have been made to understand the biology of co-signaling receptors and their role in immune homeostasis. Mutations in co-inhibitory receptors such as CTLA4 and PD1 are associated with Treg dysfunction, and autoimmune diseases in mice and humans. On the other hand, growing tumors evade immune surveillance by exploiting co-inhibitory signaling through expression of CTLA4, PD1 and PDL-1. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) using anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 has drawn considerable attention towards co-signaling receptors in tumor immunology and created renewed interest in studying other co-signaling receptors, which until recently have not been as well studied. In addition to co-inhibitory receptors, co-stimulatory receptors like OX40, GITR and 4-1BB have also been widely implicated in immune homeostasis and T-cell stimulation, and use of agonistic antibodies against OX40, GITR and 4-1BB has been effective in causing tumor regression. Although ICB has seen unprecedented success in cancer treatment, autoimmune adverse events arising from ICB due to loss of Treg homeostasis poses a major obstacle. Herein, we comprehensively review the role of various co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors in Treg biology and immune homeostasis, autoimmunity, and anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, we discuss the autoimmune adverse events arising upon targeting these co-signaling receptors to augment anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Associate Dean for Technological Innovation and Training, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Room E-705, (M/C 790), 835 S. Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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A New Venue of TNF Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051442. [PMID: 29751683 PMCID: PMC5983675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first Food and Drug Administration-(FDA)-approved drugs were small, chemically-manufactured and highly active molecules with possible off-target effects, followed by protein-based medicines such as antibodies. Conventional antibodies bind a specific protein and are becoming increasingly important in the therapeutic landscape. A very prominent class of biologicals are the anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) drugs that are applied in several inflammatory diseases that are characterized by dysregulated TNF levels. Marketing of TNF inhibitors revolutionized the treatment of diseases such as Crohn’s disease. However, these inhibitors also have undesired effects, some of them directly associated with the inherent nature of this drug class, whereas others are linked with their mechanism of action, being pan-TNF inhibition. The effects of TNF can diverge at the level of TNF format or receptor, and we discuss the consequences of this in sepsis, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. Recently, researchers tried to design drugs with reduced side effects. These include molecules with more specificity targeting one specific TNF format or receptor, or that neutralize TNF in specific cells. Alternatively, TNF-directed biologicals without the typical antibody structure are manufactured. Here, we review the complications related to the use of conventional TNF inhibitors, together with the anti-TNF alternatives and the benefits of selective approaches in different diseases.
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Mancusi A, Piccinelli S, Velardi A, Pierini A. The Effect of TNF-α on Regulatory T Cell Function in Graft-versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29541073 PMCID: PMC5835761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4+ T cells that can suppress proliferation and effector functions of T cells, B cells, NK cells, and antigen-presenting cells. Treg deficiency causes dramatic immunologic disease in both animal models and humans. As they are capable to suppress the function and the proliferation of conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Treg-based cell therapies are under evaluation for the treatment of various autoimmune diseases and are currently employed to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in clinical trials of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Even though tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is well known for its pro-inflammatory role, recent studies show that it promotes Treg activation and suppressive function. In the present review, we discuss the role of TNF-α in Treg function and the possible implications on the actual treatments for immune-mediated diseases, with a particular attention to GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Mancusi
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Piccinelli
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Velardi
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Pierini
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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TNFR1 inhibition with a Nanobody protects against EAE development in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13646. [PMID: 29057962 PMCID: PMC5651799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF has as detrimental role in multiple sclerosis (MS), however, anti-TNF medication is not working. Selective TNF/TNFR1 inhibition whilst sparing TNFR2 signaling reduces the pro-inflammatory effects of TNF but preserves the important neuroprotective signals via TNFR2. We previously reported the generation of a Nanobody-based selective inhibitor of human TNFR1, TROS that will be tested in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We specifically antagonized TNF/TNFR1 signaling using TROS in a murine model of MS, namely MOG35-55-induced EAE. Because TROS does not cross-react with mouse TNFR1, we generated mice expressing human TNFR1 in a mouse TNFR1-knockout background (hTNFR1 Tg), and we determined biodistribution of 99mTc-TROS and effectiveness of TROS in EAE in those mice. Biodistribution analysis demonstrated that intraperitoneally injected TROS is retained more in organs of hTNFR1 Tg mice compared to wild type mice. TROS was also detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of hTNFR1 Tg mice. Prophylactic TROS administration significantly delayed disease onset and ameliorated its symptoms. Moreover, treatment initiated early after disease onset prevented further disease development. TROS reduced spinal cord inflammation and neuroinflammation, and preserved myelin and neurons. Collectively, our data illustrate that TNFR1 is a promising therapeutic target in MS.
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Kim EY, Moudgil KD. Immunomodulation of autoimmune arthritis by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine 2017; 98:87-96. [PMID: 28438552 PMCID: PMC5581685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines promote autoimmune inflammation and tissue damage, while anti-inflammatory cytokines help resolve inflammation and facilitate tissue repair. Over the past few decades, this general feature of cytokine-mediated events has offered a broad framework to comprehend the pathogenesis of autoimmune and other immune-mediated diseases, and to successfully develop therapeutic approaches for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) therapy is a testimony in support of this endeavor. However, many patients with RA fail to respond to this or other biologics, and some patients may suffer unexpected aggravation of arthritic inflammation or other autoimmune effects. These observations combined with rapid advancements in immunology in regard to newer cytokines and T cell subsets have enforced a re-evaluation of the perceived pathogenic attribute of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Studies conducted by others and us in experimental models of arthritis involving direct administration of IFN-γ or TNF-α; in vivo neutralization of the cytokine; the use of animals deficient in the cytokine or its receptor; and the impact of the cytokine or anti-cytokine therapy on defined T cell subsets have revealed paradoxical anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory attributes of these two cytokines. Similar studies in other models of autoimmunity as well as limited studies in arthritis patients have also unveiled the disease-protective effects of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. A major mechanism in this regard is the altered balance between the pathogenic T helper 17 (Th17) and protective T regulatory (Treg) cells in favor of the latter. However, it is essential to consider that this aspect of the pro-inflammatory cytokines is context-dependent such that the dose and timing of intervention, the experimental model of the disease under study, and the differences in individual responsiveness can influence the final outcomes. Nevertheless, the realization that pro-inflammatory cytokines can also be immunoregulatory offers a new perspective in fully understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and in designing better therapies for controlling them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Kamal D Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Oligodendroglial TNFR2 Mediates Membrane TNF-Dependent Repair in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Promoting Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Remyelination. J Neurosci 2017; 36:5128-43. [PMID: 27147664 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0211-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is associated with the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis. It exists as a transmembrane form tmTNF, signaling via TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) and TNFR1, and a soluble form, solTNF, signaling via TNFR1. Multiple sclerosis is associated with the detrimental effects of solTNF acting through TNFR1, while tmTNF promotes repair and remyelination. Here we demonstrate that oligodendroglial TNFR2 is a key mediator of tmTNF-dependent protection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). CNP-cre:TNFR2(fl/fl) mice with TNFR2 ablation in oligodendrocytes show exacerbation of the disease with increased axon and myelin pathology, reduced remyelination, and increased loss of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and mature oligodendrocytes. The clinical course of EAE is not improved by the solTNF inhibitor XPro1595 in CNP-cre:TNFR2(fl/fl) mice, indicating that for tmTNF to promote recovery TNFR2 in oligodendrocytes is required. We show that TNFR2 drives differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, but not proliferation or survival. TNFR2 ablation leads to dysregulated expression of microRNAs, among which are regulators of oligodendrocyte differentiation and inflammation, including miR-7a. Our data provide the first direct in vivo evidence that TNFR2 in oligodendrocytes is important for oligodendrocyte differentiation, thereby sustaining tmTNF-dependent repair in neuroimmune disease. Our studies identify TNFR2 in the CNS as a molecular target for the development of remyelinating agents, addressing the most pressing need in multiple sclerosis therapy nowadays. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our study, using novel TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) conditional KO mice with selective TNFR2 ablation in oligodendrocytes, provides the first direct evidence that TNFR2 is an important signal for oligodendrocyte differentiation. Following activation by transmembrane TNF, TNFR2 initiates pathways that drive oligodendrocytes into a reparative mode contributing to remyelination following disease. This identifies TNFR2 as a new molecular target for the development of therapeutic agents in multiple sclerosis.
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Abstract
We report the first documented case of retrobulbar optic neuropathy associated with golimumab. A 48-year-old man was admitted with a 3-week history of progressive visual loss of his left eye. He had received a second infusion of golimumab for ankylosing spondylitis 10 days before admission. A magnetic resonance imaging scan showed enhancement of both optic nerves and visual evoked potentials were consistent with demyelinating bilateral optic neuropathy, although visual acuity drop in the right eye could not be determined because of deep amblyopia. No improvement was observed after golimumab dechallenge or corticosteroid treatment. Demyelinating complications related to treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (TNFAI) have been previously described. Golimumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody, is the most recently developed TNFAI and thus, fewer adverse effects have been reported. Further studies should be developed to elucidate if variability in golimumab's pharmacokinetics or TNF receptor binding affinity could explain different safety profiles compared with other TNFAI.
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Abstract
Cytokines provide cells with the ability to communicate with one another and orchestrate complex multicellular behaviour. There is an emerging understanding of the role that cytokines play in normal homeostatic tissue function and how dysregulation of these cytokine networks is associated with pathological conditions. The central nervous system (CNS), where few blood-borne immune cells circulate, seems to be particularly vulnerable to dysregulated cytokine networks. In degenerative diseases, such as proteopathies, CNS-resident cells are the predominant producers of pro-inflammatory cytokines. By contrast, in classical neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and encephalitides, pro-inflammatory cytokines are mainly produced by tissue-invading leukocytes. Whereas the effect of dysregulated cytokine networks in proteopathies is controversial, cytokines delivered to the CNS by invading immune cells are in general detrimental to the tissue. Here, we summarize recent observations on the impact of dysregulated cytokine networks in neuroinflammation.
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TNF- α Autocrine Feedback Loops in Human Monocytes: The Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Roles of the TNF- α Receptors Support the Concept of Selective TNFR1 Blockade In Vivo. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:1079851. [PMID: 27747245 PMCID: PMC5055993 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1079851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective TNFR1 blockade in inflammatory diseases is emerging as a clinical strategy. We studied the roles of the two TNF-α receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, in human monocytes, the principal producer of TNF-α and central to many TNF-α driven diseases. We hypothesised that TNF-α has pro- and anti-inflammatory effects on monocytes, occurring differentially via TNFR1 and TNFR2. Monocytes were isolated from healthy human subjects and exposed to LPS, plus/minus the addition of blocking antibodies to TNF-α or its receptors. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production was quantified using real-time PCR and ELISAs. Cell surface expression of TNFR1/2 was measured by flow cytometry. We demonstrated that monocytes vary in the expression patterns of TNFR1 and TNFR2. Autocrine binding of TNF-α led to sustained upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines via TNFR1. In contrast, autocrine binding via TNFR2 upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, without proinflammatory effect. TNFR2 was responsible for binding soluble TNF-α secreted by monocytes, clearing the cytokine from the pericellular environment. TNFR1 blockade did not change the cell surface expression of TNFR2, leaving this receptor free to upregulate IL-10. These novel results support the concept of selective TNFR1 blockade in vivo in order that positive anti-inflammatory effects of TNF-α can be retained via TNFR2 ligation.
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Andrade PR, Jardim MR, da Silva ACC, Manhaes PS, Antunes SLG, Vital R, Prata RBDS, Petito RB, Pinheiro RO, Sarno EN. Inflammatory Cytokines Are Involved in Focal Demyelination in Leprosy Neuritis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:272-83. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Targeting of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Receptors as a Therapeutic Strategy for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Antibodies (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/antib4040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Laaksonen H, Flytzani S, N'diaye M, Olsson T, Jagodic M. Translational utility of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: recent developments. J Inflamm Res 2015; 8:211-25. [PMID: 26622189 PMCID: PMC4654535 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s76707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune condition with firmly established genetic and environmental components. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed a large number of genetic polymorphisms in the vicinity of, and within, genes that associate to disease. However, the significance of these single-nucleotide polymorphisms in disease and possible mechanisms of action remain, with a few exceptions, to be established. While the animal model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), has been instrumental in understanding immunity in general and mechanisms of MS disease in particular, much of the translational information gathered from the model in terms of treatment development (glatiramer acetate and natalizumab) has been extensively summarized. In this review, we would thus like to cover the work done in EAE from a GWAS perspective, highlighting the research that has addressed the role of different GWAS genes and their pathways in EAE pathogenesis. Understanding the contribution of these pathways to disease might allow for the stratification of disease subphenotypes in patients and in turn open the possibility for new and individualized treatment approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Ortlieb Guerreiro-Cacais
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Laaksonen
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sevasti Flytzani
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie N'diaye
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Miller PG, Bonn MB, Franklin CL, Ericsson AC, McKarns SC. TNFR2 Deficiency Acts in Concert with Gut Microbiota To Precipitate Spontaneous Sex-Biased Central Nervous System Demyelinating Autoimmune Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4668-84. [PMID: 26475926 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
TNF-α antagonists provide benefit to patients with inflammatory autoimmune disorders such as Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. However, TNF antagonism unexplainably exacerbates CNS autoimmunity, including multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. The underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. We demonstrate that TNFR2 deficiency results in female-biased spontaneous autoimmune CNS demyelination in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific 2D2 TCR transgenic mice. Disease in TNFR2(-/-) 2D2 mice was associated with CNS infiltration of T and B cells as well as increased production of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific IL-17, IFN-γ, and IgG2b. Attenuated disease in TNF(-/-) 2D2 mice relative to TNFR2(-/-) 2D2 mice identified distinctive roles for TNFR1 and TNFR2. Oral antibiotic treatment eliminated spontaneous autoimmunity in TNFR2(-/-) 2D2 mice to suggest role for gut microbiota. Illumina sequencing of fecal 16S rRNA identified a distinct microbiota profile in male TNFR2(-/-) 2D2 that was associated with disease protection. Akkermansia muciniphila, Sutterella sp., Oscillospira sp., Bacteroides acidifaciens, and Anaeroplasma sp. were selectively more abundant in male TNFR2(-/-) 2D2 mice. In contrast, Bacteroides sp., Bacteroides uniformis, and Parabacteroides sp. were more abundant in affected female TNFR2(-/-) 2D2 mice, suggesting a role in disease causation. Overall, TNFR2 blockade appears to disrupt commensal bacteria-host immune symbiosis to reveal autoimmune demyelination in genetically susceptible mice. Under this paradigm, microbes likely contribute to an individual's response to anti-TNF therapy. This model provides a foundation for host immune-microbiota-directed measures for the prevention and treatment of CNS-demyelinating autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Miller
- Laboratory of TGF-β Biology, Epigenetics, and Cytokine Regulation, Center for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Michael B Bonn
- Laboratory of TGF-β Biology, Epigenetics, and Cytokine Regulation, Center for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Craig L Franklin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201; and
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201; and
| | - Susan C McKarns
- Laboratory of TGF-β Biology, Epigenetics, and Cytokine Regulation, Center for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
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TNF and its receptors in the CNS: The essential, the desirable and the deleterious effects. Neuroscience 2015; 302:2-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Calsavara AC, Soriani FM, Vieira LQ, Costa PA, Rachid MA, Teixeira AL. TNFR1 absence protects against memory deficit induced by sepsis possibly through over-expression of hippocampal BDNF. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:669-78. [PMID: 25148914 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of TNF-α type 1 receptor (TNFR1) in memory deficits induced by sepsis was explored by using TNFR1 knockout (KO) mice. We reported that wild type (WT) mice presented memory deficits in the novel object recognition test 10 days after sepsis induced by cecum ligation and perforation (CLP). These deficits were not observed in TNFR1 KO mice. The involvement of serum and brain cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 was then investigated. TNFR1 KO mice had higher serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, and brain levels of TNF-α than WT mice. After CLP, the brain levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ increased in both WT and KO mice. Our next step was to determine the expression of inflammatory cytokines, BDNF and TrKb in the hippocampus. The absence of TNFR1 in mice subjected to polymicrobial sepsis resulted in higher BDNF expression in the hippocampus. In conclusion, after CLP, memory is preserved in the absence of TNFR1. This finding was associated with increased BDNF expression in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan C Calsavara
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil,
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Interrelation of oxidative stress and inflammation in neurodegenerative disease: role of TNF. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:610813. [PMID: 25834699 PMCID: PMC4365363 DOI: 10.1155/2015/610813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are common features of chronic neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Both conditions can lead to increased oxidative stress by excessive release of harmful reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), which further promote neuronal damage and subsequent inflammation resulting in a feed-forward loop of neurodegeneration. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a master regulator of the immune system, plays an important role in the propagation of inflammation due to the activation and recruitment of immune cells via its receptor TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1). Moreover, TNFR1 can directly induce oxidative stress by the activation of ROS and RNS producing enzymes. Both TNF-induced oxidative stress and inflammation interact and cooperate to promote neurodegeneration. However, TNF plays a dual role in neurodegenerative disease, since stimulation via its second receptor, TNFR2, is neuroprotective and promotes tissue regeneration. Here we review the interrelation of oxidative stress and inflammation in the two major chronic neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and discuss the dual role of TNF in promoting neurodegeneration and tissue regeneration via its two receptors.
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48
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Didonna A, Oksenberg JR. Genetic determinants of risk and progression in multiple sclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 449:16-22. [PMID: 25661088 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that represents a primary cause of neurological disability in the young adult population. Converging evidence supports the importance of genetic determinants for MS etiology. However, with the exception of the major histocompatibility complex, their nature has been elusive for more than 20 years. In the last decade, the advent of large genome-wide association studies has significantly improved our understanding of the disease, leading to the golden era of MS genetic research. To date more than 110 genetic variants have been firmly associated to an increased risk of developing MS. A large part of these variants tag genes involved in the regulation of immune response and several of them are shared with other autoimmune diseases, suggesting a common etiological root for this class of disorders. Despite the impressive body of data obtained in the last years, we are still far from fully decoding MS genetic complexity. For example, we ignore how these genetic factors interact with each other and with the environment. Thus, the biggest challenge for the next era of MS research will consist in identifying and characterizing the molecular mechanisms and the cellular pathways in which these risk variants play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Didonna
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jorge R Oksenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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49
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Role of the immunogenic and tolerogenic subsets of dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:513295. [PMID: 25705093 PMCID: PMC4325219 DOI: 10.1155/2015/513295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disorder in the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation and demyelination as well as axonal and neuronal degeneration. So far effective therapies to reverse the disease are still lacking; most therapeutic drugs can only ameliorate the symptoms or reduce the frequency of relapse. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) that are key players in both mediating immune responses and inducing immune tolerance. Increasing evidence indicates that DCs contribute to the pathogenesis of MS and might provide an avenue for therapeutic intervention. Here, we summarize the immunogenic and tolerogenic roles of DCs in MS and review medicinal drugs that may affect functions of DCs and have been applied in clinic for MS treatment. We also describe potential therapeutic molecules that can target DCs by inducing anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines in MS.
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50
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Blaževski J, Petković F, Momčilović M, Jevtić B, Mostarica Stojković M, Miljković D. Tumor necrosis factor stimulates expression of CXCL12 in astrocytes. Immunobiology 2015; 220:845-50. [PMID: 25662914 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been increasingly appreciated that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) performs various protective and anti-inflammatory functions in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Recently, CXCL12 has been identified as a key inhibitor of leukocyte entry into the central nervous system (CNS) and as a regulator of inflammation resulting from the invasion. Here, a positive correlation between expression of TNF and CXCL12 in the CNS samples of EAE rats is presented. Also, it is shown that TNF potentiates CXCL12 expression in astrocytes. These results contribute to a view that TNF produced within the CNS plays a protective role in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Blaževski
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Filip Petković
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miljana Momčilović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Jevtić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Djordje Miljković
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Serbia.
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