1
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Trueblood CT, Singh A, Cusimano MA, Hou S. Autonomic Dysreflexia in Spinal Cord Injury: Mechanisms and Prospective Therapeutic Targets. Neuroscientist 2024; 30:597-611. [PMID: 38084412 PMCID: PMC11166887 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231217455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
High-level spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in cardiovascular dysfunction, especially the development of autonomic dysreflexia. This disorder, characterized as an episode of hypertension accompanied by bradycardia in response to visceral or somatic stimuli, causes substantial discomfort and potentially life-threatening symptoms. The neural mechanisms underlying this dysautonomia include a loss of supraspinal control to spinal sympathetic neurons, maladaptive plasticity of sensory inputs and propriospinal interneurons, and excessive discharge of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. While neural control of cardiovascular function is largely disrupted after SCI, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which mediates blood pressure through hormonal mechanisms, is up-regulated after injury. Whether the RAS engages in autonomic dysreflexia, however, is still controversial. Regarding therapeutics, transplantation of embryonic presympathetic neurons, collected from the brainstem or more specific raphe regions, into the injured spinal cord may reestablish supraspinal regulation of sympathetic activity for cardiovascular improvement. This treatment reduces the occurrence of spontaneous autonomic dysreflexia and the severity of artificially triggered dysreflexic responses in rodent SCI models. Though transplanting early-stage neurons improves neural regulation of blood pressure, hormonal regulation remains high and baroreflex dysfunction persists. Therefore, cell transplantation combined with selected RAS inhibition may enhance neuroendocrine homeostasis for cardiovascular recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron T. Trueblood
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anurag Singh
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marissa A. Cusimano
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shaoping Hou
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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2
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Puspita L, Juwono VB, Shim JW. Advances in human pluripotent stem cell reporter systems. iScience 2024; 27:110856. [PMID: 39290832 PMCID: PMC11407076 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The capability of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to self-renew and differentiate into any cell type has greatly contributed to the advancement of biomedicine. Reporter lines derived from hPSCs have played a crucial role in elucidating the mechanisms underlying human development and diseases by acting as an alternative reporter system that cannot be used in living humans. To bring hPSCs closer to clinical application in transplantation, scientists have generated reporter lines for isolating the desired cell populations, as well as improving graft quality and treatment outcomes. This review presents an overview of the applications of hPSC reporter lines and the important variables in designing a reporter system, including options for gene delivery and editing tools, design of reporter constructs, and selection of reporter genes. It also provides insights into the prospects of hPSC reporter lines and the challenges that must be overcome to maximize the potential of hPSC reporter lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly Puspita
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si 31151, Korea
| | - Virginia Blessy Juwono
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si 31151, Korea
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si 31151, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Shim
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si 31151, Korea
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si 31151, Korea
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3
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Vilaboa N, Bloom DC, Canty W, Voellmy R. A Broad Influenza Vaccine Based on a Heat-Activated, Tissue-Restricted Replication-Competent Herpesvirus. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:703. [PMID: 39066341 PMCID: PMC11281492 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with transiently activated replication-competent controlled herpesviruses (RCCVs) expressing influenza A virus hemagglutinins broadly protects mice against lethal influenza virus challenges. The non-replicating RCCVs can be activated to transiently replicate with high efficiency. Activation involves a brief heat treatment to the epidermal administration site in the presence of a drug. The drug co-control is intended as a block to inadvertent reactivation in the nervous system and, secondarily, viremia under adverse conditions. While the broad protective effects observed raise an expectation that RCCVs may be developed as universal flu vaccines, the need for administering a co-activating drug may dampen enthusiasm for such a development. To replace the drug co-control, we isolated keratin gene promoters that were active in skin cells but inactive in nerve cells and other cells in vitro. In a mouse model of lethal central nervous system (CNS) infection, the administration of a recombinant that had the promoter of the infected cell protein 8 (ICP8) gene of a wild-type herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) strain replaced by a keratin promoter did not result in any clinical signs, even at doses of 500 times wild-type virus LD50. Replication of the recombinant was undetectable in brain homogenates. Second-generation RCCVs expressing a subtype H1 hemagglutinin (HA) were generated in which the infected cell protein 4 (ICP4) genes were controlled by a heat switch and the ICP8 gene by the keratin promoter. In mice, these RCCVs replicated efficiently and in a heat-controlled fashion in the epidermal administration site. Immunization with the activated RCCVs induced robust neutralizing antibody responses against influenza viruses and protected against heterologous and cross-group influenza virus challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Vilaboa
- Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - David C. Bloom
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA; (D.C.B.); (W.C.)
| | - William Canty
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA; (D.C.B.); (W.C.)
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4
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Gleixner AM, Verdone BM, Otte CG, Anderson EN, Ramesh N, Shapiro OR, Gale JR, Mauna JC, Mann JR, Copley KE, Daley EL, Ortega JA, Cicardi ME, Kiskinis E, Kofler J, Pandey UB, Trotti D, Donnelly CJ. NUP62 localizes to ALS/FTLD pathological assemblies and contributes to TDP-43 insolubility. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3380. [PMID: 35697676 PMCID: PMC9192689 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A G4C2 hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene is the most common genetic cause of ALS and FTLD (C9-ALS/FTLD) with cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions observed in regions of neurodegeneration. The accumulation of repetitive RNAs and dipeptide repeat protein (DPR) are two proposed mechanisms of toxicity in C9-ALS/FTLD and linked to impaired nucleocytoplasmic transport. Nucleocytoplasmic transport is regulated by the phenylalanine-glycine nucleoporins (FG nups) that comprise the nuclear pore complex (NPC) permeability barrier. However, the relationship between FG nups and TDP-43 pathology remains elusive. Our studies show that nuclear depletion and cytoplasmic mislocalization of one FG nup, NUP62, is linked to TDP-43 mislocalization in C9-ALS/FTLD iPSC neurons. Poly-glycine arginine (GR) DPR accumulation initiates the formation of cytoplasmic RNA granules that recruit NUP62 and TDP-43. Cytoplasmic NUP62 and TDP-43 interactions promotes their insolubility and NUP62:TDP-43 inclusions are frequently found in C9orf72 ALS/FTLD as well as sporadic ALS/FTLD postmortem CNS tissue. Our findings indicate NUP62 cytoplasmic mislocalization contributes to TDP-43 proteinopathy in ALS/FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Gleixner
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brandie Morris Verdone
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charlton G Otte
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Physician Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eric N Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nandini Ramesh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Olivia R Shapiro
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jenna R Gale
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jocelyn C Mauna
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacob R Mann
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katie E Copley
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Daley
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University of Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Juan A Ortega
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University of Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Elena Cicardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Evangelos Kiskinis
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University of Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julia Kofler
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Udai B Pandey
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Davide Trotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher J Donnelly
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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5
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Verdone BM, Cicardi ME, Wen X, Sriramoji S, Russell K, Markandaiah SS, Jensen BK, Krishnamurthy K, Haeusler AR, Pasinelli P, Trotti D. A mouse model with widespread expression of the C9orf72-linked glycine-arginine dipeptide displays non-lethal ALS/FTD-like phenotypes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5644. [PMID: 35379876 PMCID: PMC8979946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of the hexanucleotide G4C2 expansion associated with C9orf72 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD) produces five different dipeptide repeat protein (DPR) species that can confer toxicity. There is yet much to learn about the contribution of a single DPR to disease pathogenesis. We show here that a short repeat length is sufficient for the DPR poly-GR to confer neurotoxicity in vitro, a phenomenon previously unobserved. This toxicity is also reported in vivo in our novel knock-in mouse model characterized by widespread central nervous system (CNS) expression of the short-length poly-GR. We observe sex-specific chronic ALS/FTD-like phenotypes in these mice, including mild motor neuron loss, but no TDP-43 mis-localization, as well as motor and cognitive impairments. We suggest that this model can serve as the foundation for phenotypic exacerbation through second-hit forms of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandie Morris Verdone
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Elena Cicardi
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xinmei Wen
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sindhu Sriramoji
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katelyn Russell
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shashirekha S Markandaiah
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brigid K Jensen
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karthik Krishnamurthy
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aaron R Haeusler
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Piera Pasinelli
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Davide Trotti
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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6
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Tomura M, Ikebuchi R, Moriya T, Kusumoto Y. Tracking the fate and migration of cells in live animals with cell-cycle indicators and photoconvertible proteins. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 355:109127. [PMID: 33722643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration and cell proliferation are the basic principles that make up a living organism, and both biologically and medically. In order to understand living organism and biological phenomena, it is essential to track the migration, proliferation, and fate of cells in living cells and animals and to clarify the properties and molecular expression of cells. Recent developments in novel fluorescent proteins have made it possible to observe cell migration and proliferation as the cell cycle at the single-cell level in living individuals and tissues. Here, we introduce cell cycle visualization of living cells and animals by Fucci (Fluorescent Ubiquitination-based Cell Cycle Indicator) system and in situ cell labeling of cells and tracking cell migration by photoactivatable and photoconvertible proteins. In addition, we will present our established methods as an example of combines above tools with single-cell molecular expression analysis to reveal the fate of migrating cells at single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Tomura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka 584-8540, Japan.
| | - Ryoyo Ikebuchi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka 584-8540, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Taiki Moriya
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka 584-8540, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kusumoto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka 584-8540, Japan
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7
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Admoni Y, Kozlovski I, Lewandowska M, Moran Y. TATA Binding Protein (TBP) Promoter Drives Ubiquitous Expression of Marker Transgene in the Adult Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1081. [PMID: 32948049 PMCID: PMC7565589 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematostella vectensis has emerged as one as the most established models of the phylum Cnidaria (sea anemones, corals, hydroids and jellyfish) for studying animal evolution. The availability of a reference genome and the relative ease of culturing and genetically manipulating this organism make it an attractive model for addressing questions regarding the evolution of venom, development, regeneration and other interesting understudied questions. We and others have previously reported the use of tissue-specific promoters for investigating the function of a tissue or a cell type of interest in vivo. However, to our knowledge, genetic regulators at the whole organism level have not been reported yet. Here we report the identification and utilization of a ubiquitous promoter to drive a wide and robust expression of the fluorescent protein mCherry. We generated animals containing a TATA binding protein (TBP) promoter upstream of the mCherry gene. Flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy revealed expression of mCherry in diverse cell types, accounting for more than 90% of adult animal cells. Furthermore, we detected a stable mCherry expression at different life stages and throughout generations. This tool will expand the existing experimental toolbox to facilitate genetic engineering and functional studies at the whole organism level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yehu Moran
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; (Y.A.); (I.K.); (M.L.)
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8
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Liu S, Lockhart JR, Fontenard S, Berlett M, Ryan TM. Mapping the Chromosomal Insertion Site of the GFP Transgene of UBC-GFP Mice to the MHC Locus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1982-1987. [PMID: 32122998 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GFP is frequently used as a marker for tracking donor cells adoptively transplanted into recipient animals. The human ubiquitin C promoter (UBC)-driven-GFP transgenic mouse is a commonly used source of donor cells for this purpose. This mouse was initially generated in the C57BL/6 inbred strain and has been backcrossed into the BALB/cBy strain for over 11 generations. Both the C57BL/6 inbred and BALB/cBy congenic UBC-GFP lines are commercially available and have been widely distributed. These UBC-GFP lines can be a convenient resource for tracking donor cells in both syngenic MHC-matched and in allogenic MHC-mismatched studies as C57BL/6 (H-2b) and BALB/cBy (H-2d) have disparate MHC haplotypes. In this report, we surprisingly discover that the UBC-GFP BALB/cBy congenic mice still retain the H-2b MHC haplotype of their original C57BL/6 founder, suggesting that the UBC-GFP transgene integration site is closely linked to the MHC locus on chromosome 17. Using linear amplification-mediated PCR, we successfully map the UBC-GFP transgene to the MHC locus. This study highlights the importance and urgency of mapping the transgene integration site of transgenic mouse strains used in biomedical research. Furthermore, this study raises the possibility of alternative interpretations of previous studies using congenic UBC-GFP mice and focuses attention on the necessity for rigor and reproducibility in scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanrun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jonathan R Lockhart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Suean Fontenard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Mike Berlett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Thomas M Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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9
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Browning J, Rooney M, Hams E, Takahashi S, Mizuno S, Sugiyama F, Fallon PG, Kelly VP. Highly efficient CRISPR-targeting of the murine Hipp11 intergenic region supports inducible human transgene expression. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:1491-1498. [PMID: 31811500 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Safe harbor loci allow predicable integration of a transgene into the genome without perturbing endogenous gene activity and for decades have been exploited in the mouse to investigate gene function, generate humanised models and create tissue specific reporter and Cre recombinase expressing lines. Herein, we show that the murine Hipp11 intergenic region can facilitate highly efficient integration of a large transgene-the human CD1A promoter and coding region-by means of CRISPR-Cas9 mediated homology directed repair. The data shows that the single copy human CD1A transgene is faithfully expressed in an inducible manner in homozygous animals in both macrophage and dendritic cells. Our results validate the Hipp11 intergenic region as being a highly amenable target site for functional transgene integration in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Browning
- School of Biochemistry& Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael Rooney
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Emily Hams
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- 1-1-1 Tennodai Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- 1-1-1 Tennodai Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- 1-1-1 Tennodai Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Padraic G Fallon
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Vincent P Kelly
- School of Biochemistry& Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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10
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Bäck S, Necarsulmer J, Whitaker LR, Coke LM, Koivula P, Heathward EJ, Fortuno LV, Zhang Y, Yeh CG, Baldwin HA, Spencer MD, Mejias-Aponte CA, Pickel J, Hoffman AF, Spivak CE, Lupica CR, Underhill SM, Amara SG, Domanskyi A, Anttila JE, Airavaara M, Hope BT, Hamra FK, Richie CT, Harvey BK. Neuron-Specific Genome Modification in the Adult Rat Brain Using CRISPR-Cas9 Transgenic Rats. Neuron 2019; 102:105-119.e8. [PMID: 30792150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the rat has been the preferred animal model for behavioral studies. Limitations in genome modification have, however, caused a lag in their use compared to the bevy of available transgenic mice. Here, we have developed several transgenic tools, including viral vectors and transgenic rats, for targeted genome modification in specific adult rat neurons using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Starting from wild-type rats, knockout of tyrosine hydroxylase was achieved with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors expressing Cas9 or guide RNAs (gRNAs). We subsequently created an AAV vector for Cre-dependent gRNA expression as well as three new transgenic rat lines to specifically target CRISPR-Cas9 components to dopaminergic neurons. One rat represents the first knockin rat model made by germline gene targeting in spermatogonial stem cells. The rats described herein serve as a versatile platform for making cell-specific and sequence-specific genome modifications in the adult brain and potentially other Cre-expressing tissues of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bäck
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Julie Necarsulmer
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core/Genetic Engineering and Viral Vector Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Leslie R Whitaker
- Neuronal Ensembles in Drug Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Lamarque M Coke
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Pyry Koivula
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Emily J Heathward
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core/Genetic Engineering and Viral Vector Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Lowella V Fortuno
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core/Genetic Engineering and Viral Vector Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core/Genetic Engineering and Viral Vector Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - C Grace Yeh
- Neuronal Ensembles in Drug Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Heather A Baldwin
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Morgan D Spencer
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Carlos A Mejias-Aponte
- Histology Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - James Pickel
- Transgenic Technology Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander F Hoffman
- Electrophysiology Research Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Charles E Spivak
- Electrophysiology Research Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Carl R Lupica
- Electrophysiology Research Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Suzanne M Underhill
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan G Amara
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrii Domanskyi
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni E Anttila
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bruce T Hope
- Neuronal Ensembles in Drug Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - F Kent Hamra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Christopher T Richie
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core/Genetic Engineering and Viral Vector Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core/Genetic Engineering and Viral Vector Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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11
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Detailed Visual Cortical Responses Generated by Retinal Sheet Transplants in Rats with Severe Retinal Degeneration. J Neurosci 2018; 38:10709-10724. [PMID: 30396913 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1279-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To combat retinal degeneration, healthy fetal retinal sheets have been successfully transplanted into both rodent models and humans, with synaptic connectivity between transplant and degenerated host retina having been confirmed. In rodent studies, transplants have been shown to restore responses to flashes of light in a region of the superior colliculus corresponding to the location of the transplant in the host retina. To determine the quality and detail of visual information provided by the transplant, visual responsivity was studied here at the level of visual cortex where higher visual perception is processed. For our model, we used the transgenic Rho-S334ter line-3 rat (both sexes), which loses photoreceptors at an early age and is effectively blind at postnatal day 30. These rats received fetal retinal sheet transplants in one eye between 24 and 40 d of age. Three to 10 months following surgery, visually responsive neurons were found in regions of primary visual cortex matching the transplanted region of the retina that were as highly selective as normal rat to stimulus orientation, size, contrast, and spatial and temporal frequencies. Conversely, we found that selective response properties were largely absent in nontransplanted line-3 rats. Our data show that fetal retinal sheet transplants can result in remarkably normal visual function in visual cortex of rats with a degenerated host retina and represents a critical step toward developing an effective remedy for the visually impaired human population.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa lead to profound vision loss in millions of people worldwide. Many patients lose both retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. Hence, there is a great demand for the development of efficient techniques that allow for long-term vision restoration. In this study, we transplanted dissected fetal retinal sheets, which can differentiate into photoreceptors and integrate with the host retina of rats with severe retinal degeneration. Remarkably, we show that transplants generated visual responses in cortex similar in quality to normal rats. Furthermore, transplants preserved connectivity within visual cortex and the retinal relay from the lateral geniculate nucleus to visual cortex, supporting their potential application in curing vision loss associated with retinal degeneration.
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12
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Smith LJ, Wright J, Clark G, Ul-Hasan T, Jin X, Fong A, Chandra M, St Martin T, Rubin H, Knowlton D, Ellsworth JL, Fong Y, Wong KK, Chatterjee S. Stem cell-derived clade F AAVs mediate high-efficiency homologous recombination-based genome editing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7379-E7388. [PMID: 30018062 PMCID: PMC6077703 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802343115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise correction of genetic mutations at the nucleotide level is an attractive permanent therapeutic strategy for human disease. However, despite significant progress, challenges to efficient and accurate genome editing persist. Here, we report a genome editing platform based upon a class of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived clade F adeno-associated virus (AAV), which does not require prior nuclease-mediated DNA breaks and functions exclusively through BRCA2-dependent homologous recombination. Genome editing is guided by complementary homology arms and is highly accurate and seamless, with no evidence of on-target mutations, including insertion/deletions or inclusion of AAV inverted terminal repeats. Efficient genome editing was demonstrated at different loci within the human genome, including a safe harbor locus, AAVS1, and the therapeutically relevant IL2RG gene, and at the murine Rosa26 locus. HSC-derived AAV vector (AAVHSC)-mediated genome editing was robust in primary human cells, including CD34+ cells, adult liver, hepatic endothelial cells, and myocytes. Importantly, high-efficiency gene editing was achieved in vivo upon a single i.v. injection of AAVHSC editing vectors in mice. Thus, clade F AAV-mediated genome editing represents a promising, highly efficient, precise, single-component approach that enables the development of therapeutic in vivo genome editing for the treatment of a multitude of human gene-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Smith
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | | | - Gabriella Clark
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Taihra Ul-Hasan
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Xiangyang Jin
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Abigail Fong
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Manasa Chandra
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Kamehameha K Wong
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Saswati Chatterjee
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010;
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13
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Li S, Chen L, Peng X, Wang C, Qin B, Tan D, Han C, Yang H, Ren X, Liu F, Xu C, Zhou X. Overview of the reporter genes and reporter mouse models. Animal Model Exp Med 2018; 1:29-35. [PMID: 30891544 PMCID: PMC6357428 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reporter genes are widely applied in biotechnology and biomedical research owning to their easy observation and lack of toxicity. Taking advantage of the reporter genes in conjunction with imaging technologies, a large number of reporter mouse models have been generated. Reporter mouse models provide systems that enable the studies of live cell imaging, cell lineage tracing, immunological research and cancers etc. in vivo. In this review, we describe the types of different reporter genes and reporter mouse models including, random reporter strains, Cre reporter strains and ROSA26 reporter strains. Collectively, these reporter mouse models have broadened scientific inquires and provided potential strategies for generation of novel reporter animal models with enhanced capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologyShanghai Public Health Clinical CenterMinistry of Education and HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Li‐xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologyShanghai Public Health Clinical CenterMinistry of Education and HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiu‐hua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologyShanghai Public Health Clinical CenterMinistry of Education and HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologyShanghai Public Health Clinical CenterMinistry of Education and HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bo‐yin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologyShanghai Public Health Clinical CenterMinistry of Education and HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologyShanghai Public Health Clinical CenterMinistry of Education and HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Cheng‐xiao Han
- School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologyShanghai Public Health Clinical CenterMinistry of Education and HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiao‐nan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologyShanghai Public Health Clinical CenterMinistry of Education and HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologyShanghai Public Health Clinical CenterMinistry of Education and HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chun‐hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologyShanghai Public Health Clinical CenterMinistry of Education and HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiao‐hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologyShanghai Public Health Clinical CenterMinistry of Education and HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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14
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Zwolanek D, Satué M, Proell V, Godoy JR, Odörfer KI, Flicker M, Hoffmann SC, Rülicke T, Erben RG. Tracking mesenchymal stem cell contributions to regeneration in an immunocompetent cartilage regeneration model. JCI Insight 2017; 2:87322. [PMID: 29046476 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It is currently controversially discussed whether mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) facilitate cartilage regeneration in vivo by a progenitor- or a nonprogenitor-mediated mechanism. Here, we describe a potentially novel unbiased in vivo cell tracking system based on transgenic donor and corresponding immunocompetent marker-tolerant recipient mouse and rat lines in inbred genetic backgrounds. Tolerance of recipients was achieved by transgenic expression of an immunologically neutral but physicochemically distinguishable variant of the marker human placental alkaline phosphatase (ALPP). In this dual transgenic system, donor lines ubiquitously express WT, heat-resistant ALPP protein, whereas recipient lines express a heat-labile ALPP mutant (ALPPE451G) resulting from a single amino acid substitution. Tolerance of recipient lines to ALPP-expressing cells and tissues was verified by skin transplantation. Using this model, we show that intraarticularly injected MSC contribute to regeneration of articular cartilage in full-thickness cartilage defects mainly via a nonprogenitor-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zwolanek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - María Satué
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Proell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - José R Godoy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin I Odörfer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Flicker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrid C Hoffmann
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhold G Erben
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Streicher C, Heyny A, Andrukhova O, Haigl B, Slavic S, Schüler C, Kollmann K, Kantner I, Sexl V, Kleiter M, Hofbauer LC, Kostenuik PJ, Erben RG. Estrogen Regulates Bone Turnover by Targeting RANKL Expression in Bone Lining Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6460. [PMID: 28744019 PMCID: PMC5527119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is critical for skeletal homeostasis and regulates bone remodeling, in part, by modulating the expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), an essential cytokine for bone resorption by osteoclasts. RANKL can be produced by a variety of hematopoietic (e.g. T and B-cell) and mesenchymal (osteoblast lineage, chondrocyte) cell types. The cellular mechanisms by which estrogen acts on bone are still a matter of controversy. By using murine reconstitution models that allow for selective deletion of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) or selective inhibition of RANKL in hematopoietic vs. mesenchymal cells, in conjunction with in situ expression profiling in bone cells, we identified bone lining cells as important gatekeepers of estrogen-controlled bone resorption. Our data indicate that the increase in bone resorption observed in states of estrogen deficiency in mice is mainly caused by lack of ERα-mediated suppression of RANKL expression in bone lining cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Streicher
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Heyny
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olena Andrukhova
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Haigl
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svetlana Slavic
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Schüler
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline Kollmann
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Kantner
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- UCB Pharma GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Kleiter
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul J Kostenuik
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
- Phylon Pharma Services, Newbury Park, CA, USA
| | - Reinhold G Erben
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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16
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Seiler MJ, Lin RE, McLelland BT, Mathur A, Lin B, Sigman J, De Guzman AT, Kitzes LM, Aramant RB, Thomas BB. Vision Recovery and Connectivity by Fetal Retinal Sheet Transplantation in an Immunodeficient Retinal Degenerate Rat Model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:614-630. [PMID: 28129425 PMCID: PMC6020716 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-19028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To characterize a recently developed model, the retinal degenerate immunodeficient S334ter line-3 rat (SD-Foxn1 Tg(S334ter)3Lav) (RD nude rat), and to test whether transplanted rat fetal retinal sheets can elicit lost responses to light. Methods National Institutes of Health nude rats (SD-Foxn1 Tg) with normal retina were compared to RD nude rats with and without transplant for morphology and visual function. Retinal sheets from transgenic rats expressing human placental alkaline phosphatase (hPAP) were transplanted into the subretinal space of RD nude rats between postnatal day (P) 26 and P38. Transplant morphology was examined in vivo using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Visual function was assessed by optokinetic (OKN) testing, electroretinogram (ERG), and superior colliculus (SC) electrophysiology. Cryostat sections were analyzed for various retinal/synaptic markers and for the expression of donor hPAP. Results Optical coherence tomography scans showed the placement and laminar development of retinal sheet transplants in the subretinal space. Optokinetic testing demonstrated a deficit in visual acuity in RD nude rats that was improved after retinal sheet transplantation. No ERG responses were detected in the RD nude rats with or without transplantation. Superior colliculus responses were absent in age-matched control and sham surgery RD nude rats; however, robust light-evoked responses were observed in a specific location in the SC of transplanted RD nude rats. Responsive regions corresponded to the area of transplant placement in the eye. The quality of visual responses correlated with transplant organization and placement. Conclusions The data suggest that retinal sheet transplants integrate into the host retina of RD nude rats and recover significant visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene J. Seiler
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Robert E. Lin
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Bryce T. McLelland
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Anuradha Mathur
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Bin Lin
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Jaclyn Sigman
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Alexander T. De Guzman
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Leonard M. Kitzes
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Robert B. Aramant
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Biju B. Thomas
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
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17
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Wick MJ, Loomis ZL, Harral JW, Le M, Wehling CA, Miller YE, Dempsey EC. Protection against vascular leak in neprilysin transgenic mice with complex overexpression pattern. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:773-784. [PMID: 27369050 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neprilysin (NEP) is a cell surface metallopeptidase found in many tissues. Based mostly on pharmacological manipulations, NEP has been thought to protect blood vessels from plasma extravasation. We have suggested that NEP may protect against pulmonary vascular injury. However, these prior studies did not utilize mice which overexpress NEP. The aims of the present investigation were to develop and characterize doubly transgenic (DT) mice that overexpress NEP universally and conditionally, and to investigate the protective effect that overexpressed NEP may have against plasma extravasation in the vasculature. The duodenum, which is often used to assess vascular permeability, and in which the NEP protein was overexpressed in our DT mice two-fold, was selected as our experimental preparation. We found that substance P-induced plasma extravasation was decreased substantially (3.5-fold) in the duodenums of our doxycycline-treated DT mice, giving independent evidence of NEP's protective effects against plasma extravasation. Transgenic lung NEP protein was not stably expressed in the DT mice, so we were not able to test the effect of NEP overexpression in the lung. Although initially overexpressed nearly nine-fold at that site, pulmonary NEP protein overexpression eventually dissipated. Surprisingly, at a time when there was no lung transgenic NEP protein overexpression, lung NEP mRNA expression was still increased 23-fold, indicating that the expression defect probably is not transcriptional. These studies help to characterize our complex transgenic model of NEP overexpression and further demonstrate NEP's protective effects against plasma extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilee J Wick
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, RC-2, Box B-133, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Zoe L Loomis
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, RC-2, Box B-133, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Julie W Harral
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, RC-2, Box B-133, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Mysan Le
- Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, 80220, USA
| | | | - York E Miller
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, 80220, USA
| | - Edward C Dempsey
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, RC-2, Box B-133, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, 80220, USA
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18
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Shi D, Usami F, Komatsu K, Oka S, Abe T, Uemura T, Fujimori T. Dynamics of planar cell polarity protein Vangl2 in the mouse oviduct epithelium. Mech Dev 2016; 141:78-89. [PMID: 27155041 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway regulates morphogenesis in various organs. The polarized localization is a key feature of core PCP factors for orchestrating cell polarity in an epithelial sheet. Several studies using Drosophila melanogaster have investigated the mechanism of the polarized localization. However, to what extent these mechanisms are conserved and how the polarization of core PCP factors is maintained in mature vertebrates are still open questions. Here, we addressed these questions by analyzing the dynamics of Vangl2, a member of core PCP factors, in the mouse oviduct epithelium. Multiple core PCP factors including Vangl2 were expressed in the mouse oviduct in postnatal stages. Vangl1, Vangl2 and Frizzled6 had polarized localization in the oviduct epithelium. Exogenously introduced expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged core PCP factors by electroporation revealed that Vangl1, Vangl2 and Prickle2 are localized on the ovarian side of the cell periphery in the oviduct. To visualize the Vangl2 dynamics, we generated the R26-Vangl2-EGFP transgenic mice. In these mice, Vangl2-EGFP was ubiquitously expressed and showed polarized localization in multiple organs including the oviduct, the trachea, the lateral ventricle and the uterus. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis in the mature oviduct revealed that Vangl2 in the enriched subdomain of cell periphery (cellular edge) was more stable than Vangl2 in the less-enriched cellular edge. Furthermore, when a subregion of a Vangl2-enriched cellular edge was bleached, the Vangl2-enriched subregion neighboring the bleached region in the same cellular edge tended to decrease more intensities than the neighboring sub-region in the next Vangl2-enriched cellular edge. Finally, the polarization of Vangl2 was observed in nocodazole treated mouse viduct, suggesting the maintenance of Vangl2 asymmetry is independent of microtubule formation. Taken together, we revealed the characteristics of Vangl2 dynamics in the oviduct epithelium, and found that Vangl2 forms stable complex at the enriched cellular edge and forms compartments. Our data collectively suggest that the mechanism for maintenance of Vangl2 asymmetry in mature mouse oviduct is different from the microtubule dependent polarized transport model, which has been proposed for the reinforcement of the asymmetry of two core PCP proteins, Flamingo and Dishevelled, in the developing fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Shi
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Fumiko Usami
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Japan
| | - Kouji Komatsu
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Sanae Oka
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi,Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Japan; Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi,Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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19
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Takemoto T, Abe T, Kiyonari H, Nakao K, Furuta Y, Suzuki H, Takada S, Fujimori T, Kondoh H. R26-WntVis reporter mice showing graded response to Wnt signal levels. Genes Cells 2016; 21:661-9. [PMID: 27030109 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway plays a major role in the regulation of embryogenesis and organogenesis, where signal strength-dependent cellular responses are of particular importance. To assess Wnt signal levels in individual cells, and to circumvent the integration site-dependent bias shown in previous Wnt reporter lines, we constructed a new Wnt signal reporter mouse line R26-WntVis. Heptameric TCF/LEF1 binding sequences were combined with a viral minimal promoter to confer a graded response to the reporter depending on Wnt signal strengths. The histone H2B-EGFP fusion protein was chosen as the fluorescent reporter to facilitate single-cell resolution analyses. This WntVis reporter gene was then inserted into the ROSA26 locus in an orientation opposite to that of the endogenous gene. The R26-WntVis allele was introduced into Wnt3a(-/-) and Wnt3a(vt/-) mutant mouse embryos and compared with wild-type embryos to assess its performance. The R26-WntVis reporter was activated in known Wnt-dependent tissues and responded in a graded fashion to signal intensity. This analysis also indicated that the major Wnt activity early in embryogenesis switched from Wnt3 to Wnt3a around E7.5. The R26-WntVis mouse line will be widely useful for the study of Wnt signal-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Takemoto
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Animal Resource Development Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakao
- Animal Resource Development Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Furuta
- Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Animal Resource Development Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hitomi Suzuki
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hisato Kondoh
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
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20
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Dolatshad H, Biggs D, Diaz R, Hortin N, Preece C, Davies B. A versatile transgenic allele for mouse overexpression studies. Mamm Genome 2015; 26:598-608. [PMID: 26369329 PMCID: PMC4653235 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For the analysis of gene function in vivo, gene overexpression in the mouse provides an alternative to loss-of-function knock-out approaches and can help reveal phenotypes where compensatory mechanisms are at play. Furthermore, when multiple lines overexpressing a gene-of-interest at varying levels are studied, the consequences of differences in gene dosage can be explored. Despite these advantages, inherent shortcomings in the methodologies used for the generation of gain-of-function transgenic mouse models have limited their application to functional gene analysis, and the necessity for multiple lines comes at a significant animal and financial cost. The targeting of transgenic overexpression constructs at single copy into neutral genomic loci is the preferred method for the generation of such models, which avoids the unpredictable outcomes associated with conventional random integration. However, despite the increased reliability that targeted transgenic methodologies provide, only one expression level results, as defined by the promoter used. Here, we report a new versatile overexpression allele, the promoter-switch allele, which couples PhiC31 integrase-targeted transgenesis with Flp recombinase promoter switching and Cre recombinase activation. These recombination switches allow the conversion of different overexpression alleles, combining the advantages of transgenic targeting with tunable transgene expression. With this approach, phenotype severity can be correlated with transgene expression in a single mouse model, providing a cost-effective solution amenable to systematic gain-of-function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Dolatshad
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Daniel Biggs
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Rebeca Diaz
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Nicole Hortin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Christopher Preece
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
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21
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Convenient formulation and application of a supramolecular ureido-pyrimidinone modified poly(ethylene glycol) carrier for intrarenal growth factor delivery. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Park BC, Yim YI, Zhao X, Olszewski MB, Eisenberg E, Greene LE. The clathrin-binding and J-domains of GAK support the uncoating and chaperoning of clathrin by Hsc70 in the brain. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3811-21. [PMID: 26345367 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.171058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-G-associated kinase (GAK), the ubiquitously expressed J-domain protein, is essential for the chaperoning and uncoating of clathrin that is mediated by Hsc70 (also known as HSPA8). Adjacent to the C-terminal J-domain that binds to Hsc70, GAK has a clathrin-binding domain that is linked to an N-terminal kinase domain through a PTEN-like domain. Knocking out GAK in fibroblasts caused inhibition of clathrin-dependent trafficking, which was rescued by expressing a 62-kDa fragment of GAK, comprising just the clathrin-binding and J-domains. Expressing this fragment as a transgene in mice rescued the lethality and the histological defects caused by knocking out GAK in the liver or in the brain. Furthermore, when both GAK and auxilin (also known as DNAJC6), the neuronal-specific homolog of GAK, were knocked out in the brain, mice expressing the 62-kDa GAK fragment were viable, lived a normal life-span and had no major behavior abnormalities. However, these mice were about half the size of wild-type mice. Therefore, the PTEN-like domains of GAK and auxilin are not essential for Hsc70-dependent chaperoning and uncoating of clathrin, but depending on the tissue, these domains appear to increase the efficiency of these co-chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Chan Park
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yang-In Yim
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maciej B Olszewski
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Evan Eisenberg
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lois E Greene
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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23
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McClure CD, Southall TD. Getting Down to Specifics: Profiling Gene Expression and Protein-DNA Interactions in a Cell Type-Specific Manner. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2015; 91:103-151. [PMID: 26410031 PMCID: PMC4604662 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The majority of multicellular organisms are comprised of an extraordinary range of cell types, with different properties and gene expression profiles. Understanding what makes each cell type unique and how their individual characteristics are attributed are key questions for both developmental and neurobiologists alike. The brain is an excellent example of the cellular diversity expressed in the majority of eukaryotes. The mouse brain comprises of approximately 75 million neurons varying in morphology, electrophysiology, and preferences for synaptic partners. A powerful process in beginning to pick apart the mechanisms that specify individual characteristics of the cell, as well as their fate, is to profile gene expression patterns, chromatin states, and transcriptional networks in a cell type-specific manner, i.e., only profiling the cells of interest in a particular tissue. Depending on the organism, the questions being investigated, and the material available, certain cell type-specific profiling methods are more suitable than others. This chapter reviews the approaches presently available for selecting and isolating specific cell types and evaluates their key features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D. McClure
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Ernst Chain Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tony D. Southall
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Ernst Chain Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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24
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Nestin overexpression promotes the embryonic development of heart and brain through the regulation of cell proliferation. Brain Res 2015; 1610:1-11. [PMID: 25843934 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nestin, an intermediate filament protein, is a key regulator of various extracellular proteins that play important roles in cell growth and differentiation. In recent years, nestin has been widely accepted as a molecular marker for neural stem/progenitor cells. However, its function during embryogenesis remains largely unknown since its depletion is lethal after stage embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5). In order to understand the role of this protein in vivo, we compared the heart and brain tissues of control mice with those of mice overexpressing a human nestin cDNA transgene under the control of a ROSA26 promoter. In these tissues we examined the general histology and cell size, the presence of apoptotic cells by TUNEL assay, and the presence of progenitor cell markers like SOX2. Compared to controls, mouse embryos overexpressing the human nestin transgene have a larger size and display characteristic morphological changes including a larger heart and forebrain. In these tissues we found corresponding increases in the size of cardiomyocytes and brain cells, as well as indications of augmented cell proliferation. In contrast, apoptosis was not significantly altered. Co-staining brain sections with SOX2 and Ki67 showed that most of the proliferating cells in the forebrain were neural stem cells. Moreover, nestin overexpression was responsible for a marked activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that nestin plays an important role in the embryonic development of at least two mouse organs (heart and brain) through the regulation of cell proliferation.
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25
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Zielke N, Edgar BA. FUCCI sensors: powerful new tools for analysis of cell proliferation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:469-87. [PMID: 25827130 PMCID: PMC6681141 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing the cell cycle behavior of individual cells within living organisms can facilitate the understanding of developmental processes such as pattern formation, morphogenesis, cell differentiation, growth, cell migration, and cell death. Fluorescence Ubiquitin Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) technology offers an accurate, versatile, and universally applicable means of achieving this end. In recent years, the FUCCI system has been adapted to several model systems including flies, fish, mice, and plants, making this technology available to a wide range of researchers for studies of diverse biological problems. Moreover, a broad range of FUCCI‐expressing cell lines originating from diverse cell types have been generated, hence enabling the design of advanced studies that combine in vivo experiments and cell‐based methods such as high‐content screening. Although only a short time has passed since its introduction, the FUCCI technology has already provided fundamental insight into how cells establish quiescence and how G1 phase length impacts the balance between pluripotency and stem cell differentiation. Further discoveries using the FUCCI technology are sure to come. WIREs Dev Biol 2015, 4:469–487. doi: 10.1002/wdev.189 This article is categorized under:
Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Methods and Principles Technologies > Generating Chimeras and Lineage Analysis Technologies > Analysis of Cell, Tissue, and Animal Phenotypes
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zielke
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Allianz, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B A Edgar
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Allianz, Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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New Transgenic Technologies. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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27
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Zwolanek D, Flicker M, Kirstätter E, Zaucke F, van Osch GJVM, Erben RG. β1 Integrins Mediate Attachment of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Cartilage Lesions. Biores Open Access 2015; 4:39-53. [PMID: 26309781 PMCID: PMC4497673 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2014.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) may have great potential for cell-based therapies of osteoarthritis. However, after injection in the joint, only few cells adhere to defective articular cartilage and contribute to cartilage regeneration. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of MSC attachment to defective articular cartilage. Here, we developed an ex vivo attachment system, using rat osteochondral explants with artificially created full-thickness cartilage defects in combination with genetically labeled MSC isolated from bone marrow of human placental alkaline phosphatase transgenic rats. Binding of MSC to full-thickness cartilage lesions was improved by serum, but not hyaluronic acid, and was dependent on the presence of divalent cations. Additional in vitro tests showed that rat MSC attach, in a divalent cation-dependent manner, to collagen I, collagen II, and fibronectin, but not to collagen XXII or cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). RGD peptides partially blocked the adhesion of MSC to fibronectin in vitro and to cartilage lesions ex vivo. Furthermore, the attachment of MSC to collagen I and II in vitro and to cartilage lesions ex vivo was almost completely abolished in the presence of a β1 integrin blocking antibody. In conclusion, our data suggest that attachment of MSC to ex vivo full-thickness cartilage lesions is almost entirely β1 integrin-mediated, whereby both RGD- and collagen-binding integrins are involved. These findings suggest a key role of integrins during MSC attachment to defective cartilage and may pave the way for improved MSC-based therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zwolanek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Flicker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Kirstätter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Zaucke
- Center for Biochemistry and Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinhold G Erben
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna, Austria
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28
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Kim TH, Yoo JY, Kim HI, Gilbert J, Ku BJ, Li J, Mills GB, Broaddus RR, Lydon JP, Lim JM, Yoon HG, Jeong JW. Mig-6 suppresses endometrial cancer associated with Pten deficiency and ERK activation. Cancer Res 2014; 74:7371-82. [PMID: 25377472 PMCID: PMC4268053 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PTEN mutations are the most common genetic alterations in endometrial cancer. Loss of PTEN and subsequent AKT activation stimulate estrogen receptor α-dependent pathways that play an important role in endometrial tumorigenesis. The major pathologic phenomenon of endometrial cancer is the loss of ovarian steroid hormone control over uterine epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, the precise mechanism of PTEN/AKT signaling in endometrial cancer remains poorly understood. The progesterone signaling mediator MIG-6 suppresses estrogen signaling and it has been implicated previously as a tumor suppressor in endometrial cancer. In this study, we show that MIG-6 also acts as a tumor suppressor in endometrial cancers associated with PTEN deficiency. Transgenic mice, where Mig-6 was overexpressed in progesterone receptor-expressing cells, exhibited a relative reduction in uterine tumorigenesis caused by Pten deficiency. ERK1/2 was phosphorylated in uterine tumors and administration of an ERK1/2 inhibitor suppressed cancer progression in PR(cre/+)Pten(f/f) mice. In clinical specimens of endometrial cancer, MIG-6 expression correlated inversely with ERK1/2 phosphorylation during progression. Taken together, our findings suggest that Mig-6 regulates ERK1/2 phosphorylation and that it is crucial for progression of PTEN-mutant endometrial cancers, providing a mechanistic rationale for the evaluation of ERK1/2 inhibitors as a therapeutic treatment in human endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jung-Yoon Yoo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medicine Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Hong Im Kim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jenifer Gilbert
- Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Bon Jeong Ku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 301-721, South Korea
| | - Jane Li
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Russell R. Broaddus
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John P. Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeong Mook Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Ho-Geun Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medicine Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea,Correspondence to: Jae-Wook Jeong, Ph.D., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Suite 4024, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, Phone: 616-234-0987, Fax: 616-234-0990, . Ho-Geun Yoon, Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Severance Medical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine,134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, 120-752, Seoul, South Korea, Tel: +82-2-2228-1683, Fax: +82-2-312-5041,
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA,Correspondence to: Jae-Wook Jeong, Ph.D., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Suite 4024, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, Phone: 616-234-0987, Fax: 616-234-0990, . Ho-Geun Yoon, Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Severance Medical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine,134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, 120-752, Seoul, South Korea, Tel: +82-2-2228-1683, Fax: +82-2-312-5041,
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29
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Montanari S, Wang XH, Yannarelli G, Dayan V, Berger T, Zocche L, Kobayashi E, Viswanathan S, Keating A. Development and characterization of a new inbred transgenic rat strain expressing DsRed monomeric fluorescent protein. Transgenic Res 2014; 23:779-93. [PMID: 25011565 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The inbred rat is a suitable model for studying human disease and because of its larger size is more amenable to complex surgical manipulation than the mouse. While the rodent fulfills many of the criteria for transplantation research, an important requirement is the ability to mark and track donors cells and assess organ viability. However, tracking ability is limited by the availability of transgenic (Tg) rats that express suitable luminescent or fluorescent proteins. Red fluorescent protein cloned from Discosoma coral (DsRed) has several advantages over other fluorescent proteins, including in vivo detection in the whole animal and ex vivo visualization in organs as there is no interference with autofluorescence. We generated and characterized a novel inbred Tg Lewis rat strain expressing DsRed monomeric (DsRed mono) fluorescent protein under the control of a ubiquitously expressed ROSA26 promoter. DsRed mono Tg rats ubiquitously expressed the marker gene as detected by RT-PCR but the protein was expressed at varying levels in different organs. Conventional skin grafting experiments showed acceptance of DsRed monomeric Tg rat skin on wild-type rats for more than 30 days. Cardiac transplantation of DsRed monomeric Tg rat hearts into wild-type recipients further showed graft acceptance and long-term organ viability (>6 months). The DsRed monomeric Tg rat provides marked cells and/or organs that can be followed for long periods without immune rejection and therefore is a suitable model to investigate cell tracking and organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Montanari
- Cell Therapy Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada,
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30
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Klinkhammer BM, Kramann R, Mallau M, Makowska A, van Roeyen CR, Rong S, Buecher EB, Boor P, Kovacova K, Zok S, Denecke B, Stuettgen E, Otten S, Floege J, Kunter U. Mesenchymal stem cells from rats with chronic kidney disease exhibit premature senescence and loss of regenerative potential. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92115. [PMID: 24667162 PMCID: PMC3965415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has the potential for organ repair. Nevertheless, some factors might lessen the regenerative potential of MSCs, e.g. donor age or systemic disease. It is thus important to carefully assess the patient's suitability for autologous MSC transplantation. Here we investigated the effects of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on MSC function. We isolated bone marrow MSCs from remnant kidney rats (RK) with CKD (CKD-RK-MSC) and found signs of premature senescence: spontaneous adipogenesis, reduced proliferation capacity, active senescence-associated-β-galactosidase, accumulation of actin and a modulated secretion profile. The functionality of CKD-RK-MSCs in vivo was tested in rats with acute anti-Thy1.1-nephritis, where healthy MSCs have been shown to be beneficial. Rats received healthy MSCs, CKD-RK-MSC or medium by injection into the left renal artery. Kidneys receiving healthy MSCs exhibited accelerated healing of glomerular lesions, whereas CKD-RK-MSC or medium exerted no benefit. The negative influence of advanced CKD/uremia on MSCs was confirmed in a second model of CKD, adenine nephropathy (AD). MSCs from rats with adenine nephropathy (CKD-AD-MSC) also exhibited cellular modifications and functional deficits in vivo. We conclude that CKD leads to a sustained loss of in vitro and in vivo functionality in MSCs, possibly due to premature cellular senescence. Considering autologous MSC therapy in human renal disease, studies identifying uremia-associated mechanisms that account for altered MSC function are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Monika Mallau
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Makowska
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Song Rong
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Bettina Buecher
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Kovacova
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Zok
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Esther Stuettgen
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Otten
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Juergen Floege
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Uta Kunter
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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31
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Levy E, Spahis S, Garofalo C, Marcil V, Montoudis A, Sinnet D, Sanchez R, Peretti N, Beaulieu JF, Sane A. Sar1b transgenic male mice are more susceptible to high-fat diet-induced obesity, insulin insensitivity and intestinal chylomicron overproduction. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:540-8. [PMID: 24657056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the intracellular secretory network, nascent proteins are shuttled from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi by transport vesicles requiring Sar1b, a small GTPase. Mutations in this key enzyme impair intestinal lipid transport and cause chylomicron retention disease. The main aim of this study was to assess whether Sar1b overexpression under a hypercaloric diet accelerated lipid production and chylomicron (CM) secretion, thereby inducing cardiometabolic abnormalities. To this end, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing human Sar1b (Sar1b(+/+)) using pBROAD3-mcs that features the ubiquitous mouse ROSA26 promoter. In response to a high-fat diet (HFD), Sar1b(+/+) mice displayed significantly increased body weight and adiposity compared with Sar1b(+/+) mice under the same regimen or with wild-type (WT) mice exposed to chow diet or HFD. Furthermore, Sar1b(+/+) mice were prone to liver steatosis as revealed by significantly elevated hepatic triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol in comparison with WT animals. They also exhibited augmented levels of plasma TG along with alterations in fatty acid composition. Concomitantly, they showed susceptibility to develop insulin insensitivity and they responded abnormally to oral glucose tolerance test. Finally, Sar1b(+/+) mice that have been treated with Triton WR-1330 (to inhibit TG catabolism) and orotic acid (to block secretion of very low-density lipoprotein by the liver) responded more efficiently to fat meal tests as reflected by the rise in plasma TG and CM concentrations, indicating exaggerated intestinal fat absorption. These results suggest that Sar1b(+/+) under HFD can elicit cardiometabolic traits as revealed by incremental weight gain, fat deposition, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, insulin insensitivity and intestinal fat absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Levy
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine UHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1J4; Canadian Institutes for Health Research Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4.
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine UHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1J4
| | - Carole Garofalo
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine UHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Valérie Marcil
- Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1A4
| | - Alain Montoudis
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine UHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Daniel Sinnet
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Rocio Sanchez
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine UHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Noel Peretti
- Centre de recherche Rhône-Alpes en nutrition humaine, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Lyon-1, France
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Canadian Institutes for Health Research Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Alain Sane
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine UHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
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Proschel C, Stripay JL, Shih CH, Munger JC, Noble MD. Delayed transplantation of precursor cell-derived astrocytes provides multiple benefits in a rat model of Parkinsons. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:504-18. [PMID: 24477866 PMCID: PMC3992077 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201302878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to dopaminergic neuron loss, it is clear that Parkinson disease includes other pathological changes, including loss of additional neuronal populations. As a means of addressing multiple pathological changes with a single therapeutically-relevant approach, we employed delayed transplantation of a unique class of astrocytes, GDAs(BMP), that are generated in vitro by directed differentiation of glial precursors. GDAs(BMP) produce multiple agents of interest as treatments for PD and other neurodegenerative disorders, including BDNF, GDNF, neurturin and IGF1. GDAs(BMP) also exhibit increased levels of antioxidant pathway components, including levels of NADPH and glutathione. Delayed GDA(BMP) transplantation into the 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat striatum restored tyrosine hydroxylase expression and promoted behavioral recovery. GDA(BMP) transplantation also rescued pathological changes not prevented in other studies, such as the rescue of parvalbumin(+) GABAergic interneurons. Consistent with expression of the synaptic modulatory proteins thrombospondin-1 and 2 by GDAs(BMP), increased expression of the synaptic protein synaptophysin was also observed. Thus, GDAs(BMP) offer a multimodal support cell therapy that provides multiple benefits without requiring prior genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Proschel
- Department for Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Medalha CC, Jin Y, Yamagami T, Haas C, Fischer I. Transplanting neural progenitors into a complete transection model of spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:607-18. [PMID: 24452691 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cell (NPC) transplantation is a promising therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury (SCI) because of the potential for cell replacement and restoration of connectivity. Our previous studies have shown that transplants of NPC, composed of neuron- and glia-restricted progenitors derived from the embryonic spinal cord, survived well in partial lesion models and generated graft-derived neurons, which could be used to form a functional relay. We have now examined the properties of a similar NPC transplant using a complete transection model in juvenile and adult rats. We found poor survival of grafted cells despite using a variety of lesion methods, matrices, and delays of transplantation. If, instead of cultured progenitor cells, the transplants were composed of segmental or dissociated segments of fetal spinal cord (FSC) derived from similar-staged embryos, grafted cells survived and integrated well with host tissue in juvenile and adult rats. FSC transplants differentiated into neurons and glial cells, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Graft-derived neurons expressed glutaminergic and GABAergic markers. Grafted cells also migrated and extended processes into host tissue. Analysis of axon growth from the host spinal cord showed serotonin-positive fibers and biotinylated dextran amine-traced propriospinal axons growing into the transplants. These results suggest that in treating severe SCI, such as complete transection, NPC grafting faces major challenges related to cell survival and formation of a functional relay. Lessons learned from the efficacy of FSC transplants could be used to develop a therapeutic strategy based on neural progenitor cells for severe SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Christina Medalha
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos-São Paulo, Brazil
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Partial restoration of cardiovascular function by embryonic neural stem cell grafts after complete spinal cord transection. J Neurosci 2013; 33:17138-49. [PMID: 24155317 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2851-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-level spinal cord injury can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction, including disordered hemodynamics at rest and autonomic dysreflexia during noxious stimulation. To restore supraspinal control of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs), we grafted embryonic brainstem-derived neural stem cells (BS-NSCs) or spinal cord-derived neural stem cells (SC-NSCs) expressing green fluorescent protein into the T4 complete transection site of adult rats. Animals with injury alone served as controls. Implanting of BS-NSCs but not SC-NSCs resulted in recovery of basal cardiovascular parameters, whereas both cell grafts alleviated autonomic dysreflexia. Subsequent spinal cord retransection above the graft abolished the recovery of basal hemodynamics and reflexic response. BS-NSC graft-derived catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons showed remarkable long-distance axon growth and topographical innervation of caudal SPNs. Anterograde tracing indicated growth of medullar axons into stem cell grafts and formation of synapses. Thus, grafted embryonic brainstem-derived neurons can act as functional relays to restore supraspinal regulation of denervated SPNs, thereby contributing to cardiovascular functional improvement.
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Rodríguez-Gallego E, Riera-Borrull M, Hernández-Aguilera A, Mariné-Casadó R, Rull A, Beltrán-Debón R, Luciano-Mateo F, Menendez JA, Vazquez-Martin A, Sirvent JJ, Martín-Paredero V, Corbí AL, Sierra-Filardi E, Aragonès G, García-Heredia A, Camps J, Alonso-Villaverde C, Joven J. Ubiquitous transgenic overexpression of C-C chemokine ligand 2: a model to assess the combined effect of high energy intake and continuous low-grade inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:953841. [PMID: 24453432 PMCID: PMC3876923 DOI: 10.1155/2013/953841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive energy management leads to low-grade, chronic inflammation, which is a significant factor predicting noncommunicable diseases. In turn, inflammation, oxidation, and metabolism are associated with the course of these diseases; mitochondrial dysfunction seems to be at the crossroads of mutual relationships. The migration of immune cells during inflammation is governed by the interaction between chemokines and chemokine receptors. Chemokines, especially C-C-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), have a variety of additional functions that are involved in the maintenance of normal metabolism. It is our hypothesis that a ubiquitous and continuous secretion of CCL2 may represent an animal model of low-grade chronic inflammation that, in the presence of an energy surplus, could help to ascertain the afore-mentioned relationships and/or to search for specific therapeutic approaches. Here, we present preliminary data on a mouse model created by using targeted gene knock-in technology to integrate an additional copy of the CCl2 gene in the Gt(ROSA)26Sor locus of the mouse genome via homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Short-term dietary manipulations were assessed and the findings include metabolic disturbances, premature death, and the manipulation of macrophage plasticity and autophagy. These results raise a number of mechanistic questions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Rodríguez-Gallego
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Riera-Borrull
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Hernández-Aguilera
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger Mariné-Casadó
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raúl Beltrán-Debón
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fedra Luciano-Mateo
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Spain
| | - Javier A. Menendez
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Avda de Francia s/n, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Vazquez-Martin
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Avda de Francia s/n, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Juan J. Sirvent
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, C/ Dr. Mallafrè Guasch 4, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Vicente Martín-Paredero
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, C/ Dr. Mallafrè Guasch 4, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Angel L. Corbí
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sierra-Filardi
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerard Aragonès
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anabel García-Heredia
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Camps
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Villaverde
- Servei de Medicina Interna, Hospital Sant Pau i Santa Tecla, Rambla Vella 14, 43003 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Spain
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Balmayor ER, Flicker M, Käser T, Saalmüller A, Erben RG. Human placental alkaline phosphatase as a tracking marker for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:346-55. [PMID: 24083090 PMCID: PMC3776624 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2013.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being evaluated for a wide variety of therapeutic approaches. It has been suggested that MSCs possess regenerative properties when implanted or injected into damaged tissue. However, the efficacy of MSCs in several of the proposed treatments is still controversial. To further explore the therapeutic potential of these cells, it is necessary to trace the fate of individual donor or manipulated cells in the host organism. Recent studies from our lab showed that human placental alkaline phosphatase (hPLAP) is a marker with great potential for cell tracking. However, a potential concern related to this marker is its enzymatic activity, which might alter cell behavior and differentiation by hydrolyzing substrates in the extracellular space and thereby changing the cellular microenvironment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs) derived from hPLAP-transgenic inbred F344 rats (hPLAP-tg) in comparison to wild type (wt) BMSCs. Here, we show that BMSCs from wt and hPLAP-tg donors are indistinguishable in terms of cell morphology, viability, adhesion, immune phenotype, and proliferation as well as in their differentiation capacity over six passages. The expression of the hPLAP marker enzyme was not impaired by extensive in vitro cultivation, osteogenic, adipogenic, or chondrogenic differentiation, or seeding onto two- or three-dimensional biomaterials. Thus, our study underscores the utility of genetically labeled BMSCs isolated from hPLAP-tg donors for long-term tracking of the fate of transplanted MSCs in regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Flicker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Käser
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhold G. Erben
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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37
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Prigge JR, Wiley JA, Talago EA, Young EM, Johns LL, Kundert JA, Sonsteng KM, Halford WP, Capecchi MR, Schmidt EE. Nuclear double-fluorescent reporter for in vivo and ex vivo analyses of biological transitions in mouse nuclei. Mamm Genome 2013; 24:10.1007/s00335-013-9469-8. [PMID: 24022199 PMCID: PMC3952041 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-013-9469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cre-responsive dual-fluorescent alleles allow in situ marking of cell lineages or genetically modified cells. Here we report a dual-fluorescent allele, ROSA nT-nG , which directs nuclear accumulation of tdTomato in Cre-naïve lineages. Cre converts the allele to ROSA nG , which drives nuclear EGFP accumulation. Conditions were established for analyzing marked nuclei by flow cytometry on the basis of red-green fluorescence and ploidy, with a particular focus on liver nuclei. Hydrodynamic delivery of a Cre-expression plasmid was used to time-stamp arbitrary hepatocytes for lineage tracing. The distinct green fluorescence of nuclei from Cre-exposed lineages facilitated analyses of ploidy transitions within clones. To assess developmental transitions in liver nuclei, ROSA nT-nG was combined with the hepatocyte-specific AlbCre transgene, facilitating discrimination between hepatocyte and nonhepatocyte nuclei. Nuclei extracted from postnatal day 2 (P2) livers were 41 % green and 59 % red and reached a stable level of 84 % green by P22. Until P20, green nuclei were >98 % diploid (2N); at P40 they were ~56 % 2N, 43 % 4N, and <1 % 8N; and by P70 they reached a stable distribution of ~46 % 2N, 45 % 4N, and 9 % 8N. In conclusion, ROSA nT-nG will facilitate in vivo and ex vivo studies on liver and will likely be valuable for studies on tissues like muscle, kidney, or brain in which cells are refractory to whole-cell flow cytometry, or like trophectoderm derivatives or cancers in which cells undergo ploidy transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Prigge
- Molecular Biosciences, IID, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59718, USA
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38
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Abe T, Fujimori T. Reporter mouse lines for fluorescence imaging. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:390-405. [PMID: 23621623 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of live imaging approaches to examine and understand the dynamic processes that take place during mouse development has become widespread. Several groups have reported their success in generating different reporter mouse lines that express a variety of fluorescent markers for imaging. However, there is currently no established database of the reporter mouse lines available for live imaging, such as the Cre transgenic lines (Cre-X-Mice). Researchers therefore often have difficulties in determining which reporter mouse line meets their research purposes. In this review, we summarize some of the reporter mouse lines that have been generated for live imaging studies, and discuss their characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
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Rudloff S, Kemler R. Differential requirements for β-catenin during mouse development. Development 2012; 139:3711-21. [PMID: 22991437 DOI: 10.1242/dev.085597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Embryogenesis relies on the precise interplay of signaling cascades to activate tissue-specific differentiation programs. An important player in these morphogenetic processes is β-catenin, which is a central component of adherens junctions and canonical Wnt signaling. Lack of β-catenin is lethal before gastrulation, but mice heterozygous for β-catenin (Ctnnb1) develop as wild type. Here, we confine β-catenin amounts below the heterozygous expression level to study the functional consequences for development. We generate embryonic stem (ES) cells and embryos expressing β-catenin only from the ubiquitously active ROSA26 promoter and thereby limit β-catenin expression to ~12.5% (ROSA26(β/+)) or ~25% (ROSA26(β/β)) of wild-type levels. ROSA26(β/+) is sufficient to maintain ES cell morphology and pluripotent characteristics, but is insufficient to activate canonical target genes upon Wnt stimulation. This Wnt signaling deficiency is incompletely restored in ROSA26(β/β) ES cells. We conclude that even very low β-catenin levels are able to sustain cell adhesion, but not Wnt signaling. During development, ROSA26(β/β) as well as ROSA26(β/+) partially rescues the knockout phenotype, yet proper gastrulation is absent. These embryos differentiate according to the neural default hypothesis, indicating that gastrulation depends on high β-catenin levels. Strikingly, if ROSA26(β/+) or ROSA26(β/β) is first activated after gastrulation, subsequent development correlates with the dosage of β-catenin. Moreover, molecular evidence indicates that the amount of β-catenin controls the induction of specific Wnt target genes. In conclusion, by restricting its expression we determine the level of β-catenin required for adhesion or pluripotency and during different morphogenetic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rudloff
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Department of Molecular Embryology, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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40
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Wagner B, Tan C, Barnes JL, Ahuja S, Davis TL, Gorin Y, Jimenez F. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: evidence for oxidative stress and bone marrow-derived fibrocytes in skin, liver, and heart lesions using a 5/6 nephrectomy rodent model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1941-52. [PMID: 23041060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is associated with gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast exposure in the setting of acute or chronic renal compromise. It has been proposed that circulating fibrocytes mediate the disease. A study was conducted to determine whether bone marrow-derived fibroblast precursors are involved in contributing to organ fibrosis in MRI contrast-treated rodents with renal insufficiency. Rats status post 5/6 nephrectomy underwent bone marrow transplant from human placental alkaline phosphatase (hPAP)-expressing donors. After engraftment, animals were treated with gadolinium-based MRI contrast (2.5 mmol/kg IP), during weekdays for 4 weeks, or an equivalent volume of normal saline. Dermal cellularity in the contrast-treated group was fourfold that of control. Skin cells from the contrast-treated group demonstrated greater hPAP expression with co-expression of pro-collagen I and α-smooth muscle actin-positive stress fibers. Donor and host cells expressed CD34. Dihydroethidium staining of skin was greater in the contrast-treated animals, indicating oxidative stress. This was abrogated when the animals were co-administered the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol. In conclusion, a bone marrow-derived cell population is increased in the dermis of MRI contrast-treated rodents. The cell markers are consistent with fibrocytes mediating the disease. These changes correlate with oxidative stress and expression of Nox4, suggestive of a novel therapeutic target. Elucidation of the mechanisms of MRI contrast-induced fibrosis may aid in discovering therapies to this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Wagner
- VA Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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41
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Abe T, Sakaue-Sawano A, Kiyonari H, Shioi G, Inoue KI, Horiuchi T, Nakao K, Miyawaki A, Aizawa S, Fujimori T. Visualization of cell cycle in mouse embryos with Fucci2 reporter directed by Rosa26 promoter. Development 2012; 140:237-46. [PMID: 23175634 DOI: 10.1242/dev.084111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fucci technology makes possible the distinction between live cells in the G(1) and S/G(2)/M phases by dual-color imaging. This technology relies upon ubiquitylation-mediated proteolysis, and transgenic mice expressing Fucci provide a powerful model system with which to study the coordination of the cell cycle and development. The mice were initially generated using the CAG promoter; lines expressing the G(1) and S/G(2)/M phase probes that emitted orange (mKO2) and green (mAG) fluorescence, respectively, were separately constructed. Owing to cell type-biased strength of the CAG promoter as well as the positional effects of random transgenesis, however, we noticed some variability in Fucci expression levels. To control more reliably the expression of cell cycle probes, we used different genetic approaches to create two types of reporter mouse lines with Fucci2 and Rosa26 transcriptional machinery. Fucci2 is a recently developed Fucci derivative, which emits red (mCherry) and green (mVenus) fluorescence and provides better color contrast than Fucci. A new transgenic line, R26p-Fucci2, utilizes the Rosa26 promoter and harbors the G(1) and S/G(2)/M phase probes in a single transgene to preserve their co-inheritance. In the other R26R-Fucci2 approach, the two probes are incorporated into Rosa26 locus conditionally. The Cre-mediated loxP recombination technique thus allows researchers to design cell-type-specific Fucci2 expression. By performing time-lapse imaging experiments using R26p-Fucci2 and R26-Fucci2 in which R26R-Fucci2 had undergone germline loxP recombination, we demonstrated the great promise of these mouse reporters for studying cell cycle behavior in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Seiler MJ, Aramant RB. Cell replacement and visual restoration by retinal sheet transplants. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:661-87. [PMID: 22771454 PMCID: PMC3472113 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) affect millions of people. Replacing lost cells with new cells that connect with the still functional part of the host retina might repair a degenerating retina and restore eyesight to an unknown extent. A unique model, subretinal transplantation of freshly dissected sheets of fetal-derived retinal progenitor cells, combined with its retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), has demonstrated successful results in both animals and humans. Most other approaches are restricted to rescue endogenous retinal cells of the recipient in earlier disease stages by a 'nursing' role of the implanted cells and are not aimed at neural retinal cell replacement. Sheet transplants restore lost visual responses in several retinal degeneration models in the superior colliculus (SC) corresponding to the location of the transplant in the retina. They do not simply preserve visual performance - they increase visual responsiveness to light. Restoration of visual responses in the SC can be directly traced to neural cells in the transplant, demonstrating that synaptic connections between transplant and host contribute to the visual improvement. Transplant processes invade the inner plexiform layer of the host retina and form synapses with presumable host cells. In a Phase II trial of RP and ARMD patients, transplants of retina together with its RPE improved visual acuity. In summary, retinal progenitor sheet transplantation provides an excellent model to answer questions about how to repair and restore function of a degenerating retina. Supply of fetal donor tissue will always be limited but the model can set a standard and provide an informative base for optimal cell replacement therapies such as embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene J Seiler
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Reeve-Irvine Research Center, Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California at Irvine, 1101 Gross Hall, 845 Health Science Rd., Irvine, CA 92697-4265, USA.
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Kobayashi T, Kato-Itoh M, Yamaguchi T, Tamura C, Sanbo M, Hirabayashi M, Nakauchi H. Identification of rat Rosa26 locus enables generation of knock-in rat lines ubiquitously expressing tdTomato. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2981-6. [PMID: 22564063 PMCID: PMC3475147 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discovery of a method for derivation and culture of germline-competent rat pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) enables generation of transgenic rats or knock-out rats via genetic modification of such PSCs. This opens the way to use rats, as is routine in mice, for analyses of gene functions or physiological features. In mouse or human, one widely used technique to express a gene of interest stably and ubiquitously is to insert that gene into the Rosa26 locus via gene targeting of PSCs. Rosa26 knock-in mice conditionally expressing a reporter or a toxin gene have contributed to tracing or ablation of specific cell lineages. We successfully identified a rat orthologue of the mouse Rosa26 locus. Insertion of tdTomato, a variant of red fluorescent protein, into the Rosa26 locus of PSCs of various rat strains allows ubiquitous expression of tdTomato. Through germline transmission of one Rosa26-tdTomato knock-in embryonic stem cell line, we also obtained tdTomato knock-in rats. These expressed tdTomato ubiquitously throughout their bodies, which indicates that the rat Rosa26 locus conserves functions of its orthologues in mouse and human. The new tools described here (targeting vectors, knock-in PSCs, and rats) should be useful for a variety of research using rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Kato-Itoh
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tamura
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Science Technology Agency, ERATO, Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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LEPORE ANGELOC, HAN STEVENS, TYLER-POLSZ CARLAJ, CAI JINGLI, RAO MAHENDRAS, FISCHER ITZHAK. Differential fate of multipotent and lineage-restricted neural precursors following transplantation into the adult CNS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1:113-26. [PMID: 16520830 PMCID: PMC1389711 DOI: 10.1017/s1740925x04000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Multiple classes of precursor cells have been isolated and characterized from the developing spinal cord including multipotent neuroepithelial (NEP) stem cells and lineage-restricted precursors for neurons (NRPs) and glia (GRPs). We have compared the survival, differentiation and integration of multipotent NEP cells with lineage-restricted NRPs and GRPs using cells isolated from transgenic rats that express the human placental alkaline phosphatase gene. Our results demonstrate that grafted NEP cells survive poorly, with no cells observed 3 days after transplant in the adult hippocampus, striatum and spinal cord, indicating that most CNS regions are not compatible with transplants of multipotent cells derived from fetal CNS. By contrast, at 3 weeks and 5 weeks post-engraftment, lineage-restricted precursors showed selective migration along white-matter tracts and robust survival in all three CNS regions. The grafted precursors expressed the mature neuronal markers NeuN and MAP2, the astrocytic marker GFAP, the oligodendrocytic markers RIP, NG2 and Sox-10, and the synaptic marker synaptophysin. Similar behavior was observed when these precursors were transplanted into the injured spinal cord. Predifferentiated, multipotent NEP cells also survive and integrate, which indicates that lineage-restricted CNS precursors are well suited for transplantation into the adult CNS and provide a promising cellular replacement candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- ANGELO C. LEPORE
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - STEVEN S.W. HAN
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - CARLA J. TYLER-POLSZ
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - JINGLI CAI
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, NIA, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - ITZHAK FISCHER
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- *Address for correspondence:
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45
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Akiyama Y, Lankford K, Radtke C, Greer CA, Kocsis JD. Remyelination of spinal cord axons by olfactory ensheathing cells and Schwann cells derived from a transgenic rat expressing alkaline phosphatase marker gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1:47-55. [PMID: 16799702 PMCID: PMC1482729 DOI: 10.1017/s1740925x04000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of cell suspensions containing olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) has been reported to remyelinate demyelinated axons in the spinal cord with a Schwann cell (SC)-like pattern of myelination. However, questions have been raised recently as to whether OECs can form SC-like myelin. To address this issue we prepared SCs and OECs from transgenic rats in which a marker gene, human placental alkaline phosphatase (hPAP), is linked to the ubiquitously active promoter of the R26 gene. SCs were prepared from the sciatic nerve and OECs from the outer nerve-fiber layer of the olfactory bulb. Positive S100 and p75 immunostaining indicated that >95% of cells in culture displayed either SC or OEC phenotypes. Suspensions of either SCs or OECs were transplanted into an X-irradiation/ethidium bromide demyelinating lesion in the spinal cord. We observed extensive SC-like remyelination following either SC or OEC transplantation 3 weeks after injection of the cells. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) chromagen reaction product was associated clearly with the myelin-forming cells. Thus, cell suspensions that are enriched in either SCs or OECs result in peripheral-like myelin when transplanted in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Akiyama
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut 06516
- Neuroscience Research Center VA Medical Center West Haven Connecticut 06516
| | - Karen Lankford
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut 06516
| | - Christine Radtke
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut 06516
| | - Charles A. Greer
- Department of Neurosurgery Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8543 Japan
| | - Jeffery D. Kocsis
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut 06516
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46
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Zhang J, Spilman P, Chen S, Gorostiza O, Matalis A, Niazi K, Bredesen DE, Rao RV. The small co-chaperone p23 overexpressing transgenic mouse. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 212:190-4. [PMID: 23022695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies from multiple laboratories have identified the roles of several ER stress-induced cell death modulators and effectors. Earlier, we described the role of p23 a small co-chaperone protein in preventing ER stress-induced cell death. p23 is cleaved by caspases at D142 to yield p19 (a 19 kDa product) during ER stress-induced cell death. Mutation of the caspase cleavage site not only blocks formation of the 19 kDa product but also attenuates the cell death process triggered by various ER stressors. Thus, uncleavable p23 (p23D142N) emerges as a reasonable candidate to test for potential inhibition of neurodegenerative disease phenotype that features misfolded proteins and ER stress. In the present work we report the generation of transgenic mouse lines that overexpress wild-type p23 or uncleavable p23 under the control of a ROSA promoter. These mice should prove useful for studying the role of p23 and/or uncleavable p23 in cellular stress-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Zhang
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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47
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Seiler MJ, Jones BW, Aramant RB, Yang PB, Keirstead HS, Marc RE. Computational molecular phenotyping of retinal sheet transplants to rats with retinal degeneration. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1692-704. [PMID: 22594836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Retinal progenitor sheet transplants have been shown to extend neuronal processes into a degenerating host retina and to restore visual responses in the brain. The aim of this study was to identify cells involved in transplant signals to retinal degenerate hosts using computational molecular phenotyping (CMP). S334ter line 3 rats received fetal retinal sheet transplants at the age of 24-40 days. Donor tissues were incubated with slow-releasing microspheres containing brain-derived neurotrophic factor or glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor. Up to 265 days after surgery, eyes of selected rats were vibratome-sectioned through the transplant area (some slices stained for donor marker human placental alkaline phosphatase), dehydrated and embedded in Eponate, sectioned into serial ultrathin datasets and probed for rhodopsin, cone opsin, CRALBP (cellular retinaldehyde binding protein), l-glutamate, l-glutamine, glutathione, glycine, taurine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). In large transplant areas, photoreceptor outer segments in contact with host retinal pigment epithelium revealed rod and cone opsin immunoreactivity whereas no such staining was found in the degenerate host retina. Transplant photoreceptor layers contained high taurine levels. Glutamate levels in the transplants were higher than in the host retina whereas GABA levels were similar. The transplant inner nuclear layer showed some loss of neurons, but amacrine cells and horizontal cells were not reduced. In many areas, glial hypertrophy between the host and transplant was absent and host and transplant neuropil appeared to intermingle. CMP data indicate that horizontal cells and both glycinergic and GABAergic amacrine cells are involved in a novel circuit between transplant and host, generating alternative signal pathways between transplant and degenerating host retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Seiler
- Anatomy & Neurobiol/Reeve-Irvine Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4265, USA
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48
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Soares MJ, Chakraborty D, Karim Rumi MA, Konno T, Renaud SJ. Rat placentation: an experimental model for investigating the hemochorial maternal-fetal interface. Placenta 2012; 33:233-43. [PMID: 22284666 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The rat possesses hemochorial placentation with deep intrauterine trophoblast cell invasion and trophoblast-directed uterine spiral artery remodeling; features shared with human placentation. Recognition of these similarities spurred the establishment of in vitro and in vivo research methods using the rat as an animal model to address mechanistic questions regarding development of the hemochorial placenta. The purpose of this review is to provide the requisite background to help move the rat to the forefront in placentation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Soares
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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49
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Johnson JA, Hemnes AR, Perrien DS, Schuster M, Robinson LJ, Gladson S, Loibner H, Bai S, Blackwell TR, Tada Y, Harral JW, Talati M, Lane KB, Fagan KA, West J. Cytoskeletal defects in Bmpr2-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 302:L474-84. [PMID: 22180660 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00202.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The heritable form of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is typically caused by a mutation in bone morphogenic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2), and mice expressing Bmpr2 mutations develop PAH with features similar to human disease. BMPR2 is known to interact with the cytoskeleton, and human array studies in PAH patients confirm alterations in cytoskeletal pathways. The goal of this study was to evaluate cytoskeletal defects in BMPR2-associated PAH. Expression arrays on our Bmpr2 mutant mouse lungs revealed cytoskeletal defects as a prominent molecular consequence of universal expression of a Bmpr2 mutation (Rosa26-Bmpr2(R899X)). Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells cultured from these mice have histological and functional cytoskeletal defects. Stable transfection of different BMPR2 mutations into pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells revealed that cytoskeletal defects are common to multiple BMPR2 mutations and are associated with activation of the Rho GTPase, Rac1. Rac1 defects are corrected in cell culture and in vivo through administration of exogenous recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (rhACE2). rhACE2 reverses 77% of gene expression changes in Rosa26-Bmpr2(R899X) transgenic mice, in particular, correcting defects in cytoskeletal function. Administration of rhACE2 to Rosa26-Bmpr2(R899X) mice with established PAH normalizes pulmonary pressures. Together, these findings suggest that cytoskeletal function is central to the development of BMPR2-associated PAH and that intervention against cytoskeletal defects may reverse established disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Johnson
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2650, USA
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50
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Tu X, Joeng KS, Long F. Indian hedgehog requires additional effectors besides Runx2 to induce osteoblast differentiation. Dev Biol 2011; 362:76-82. [PMID: 22155527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is indispensable for osteoblast differentiation during embryonic development of the endochondral skeleton. In the absence of Ihh, cells of the osteoblast lineage fail to activate the expression of Runx2, a transcription factor integral to osteoblast differentiation. However, it is hitherto unclear whether the lack of Runx2 expression is solely responsible for the failure of osteoblast formation in Ihh-null embryos. Here, by creating a mouse allele that expresses Runx2 in a Cre-dependent manner, we show that force-expression of Runx2 in the skeletogenic cells restores bone formation in the Runx2-null, but not in the Ihh-null embryo. Thus, the mechanism through which Ihh induces osteoblast differentiation requires other effectors in addition to Runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Tu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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