1
|
Stiekema M, Houben F, Verheyen F, Borgers M, Menzel J, Meschkat M, van Zandvoort MAMJ, Ramaekers FCS, Broers JLV. The Role of Lamins in the Nucleoplasmic Reticulum, a Pleiomorphic Organelle That Enhances Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Interplay. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:914286. [PMID: 35784476 PMCID: PMC9243388 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.914286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Invaginations of the nuclear membrane occur in different shapes, sizes, and compositions. Part of these pleiomorphic invaginations make up the nucleoplasmic reticulum (NR), while others are merely nuclear folds. We define the NR as tubular invaginations consisting of either both the inner and outer nuclear membrane, or only the inner nuclear membrane. Specifically, invaginations of both the inner and outer nuclear membrane are also called type II NR, while those of only the inner nuclear membrane are defined as type I NR. The formation and structure of the NR is determined by proteins associated to the nuclear membrane, which induce a high membrane curvature leading to tubular invaginations. Here we review and discuss the current knowledge of nuclear invaginations and the NR in particular. An increase in tubular invaginations of the nuclear envelope is associated with several pathologies, such as laminopathies, cancer, (reversible) heart failure, and Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, viruses can induce both type I and II NR. In laminopathies, the amount of A-type lamins throughout the nucleus is generally decreased or the organization of lamins or lamin-associated proteins is disturbed. Also, lamin overexpression or modulation of lamin farnesylation status impacts NR formation, confirming the importance of lamin processing in NR formation. Virus infections reorganize the nuclear lamina via (de)phosphorylation of lamins, leading to an uneven thickness of the nuclear lamina and in turn lobulation of the nuclear membrane and the formation of invaginations of the inner nuclear membrane. Since most studies on the NR have been performed with cell cultures, we present additional proof for the existence of these structures in vivo, focusing on a variety of differentiated cardiovascular and hematopoietic cells. Furthermore, we substantiate the knowledge of the lamin composition of the NR by super-resolution images of the lamin A/C and B1 organization. Finally, we further highlight the essential role of lamins in NR formation by demonstrating that (over)expression of lamins can induce aberrant NR structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merel Stiekema
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Frederik Houben
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Healthcare, PXL University College, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Fons Verheyen
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Borgers
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marc A. M. J. van Zandvoort
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research IMCAR, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frans C. S. Ramaekers
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jos L. V. Broers
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- GROW-School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jos L. V. Broers,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Transcriptional drug repositioning and cheminformatics approach for differentiation therapy of leukaemia cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12537. [PMID: 34131166 PMCID: PMC8206077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation therapy is attracting increasing interest in cancer as it can be more specific than conventional chemotherapy approaches, and it has offered new treatment options for some cancer types, such as treating acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) by retinoic acid. However, there is a pressing need to identify additional molecules which act in this way, both in leukaemia and other cancer types. In this work, we hence developed a novel transcriptional drug repositioning approach, based on both bioinformatics and cheminformatics components, that enables selecting such compounds in a more informed manner. We have validated the approach for leukaemia cells, and retrospectively retinoic acid was successfully identified using our method. Prospectively, the anti-parasitic compound fenbendazole was tested in leukaemia cells, and we were able to show that it can induce the differentiation of leukaemia cells to granulocytes in low concentrations of 0.1 μM and within as short a time period as 3 days. This work hence provides a systematic and validated approach for identifying small molecules for differentiation therapy in cancer.
Collapse
|
3
|
Interphase epichromatin: last refuge for the 30-nm chromatin fiber? Chromosoma 2021; 130:91-102. [PMID: 34091761 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-021-00759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
"Interphase epichromatin" describes the surface of chromatin located adjacent to the interphase nuclear envelope. It was discovered in 2011 using a bivalent anti-nucleosome antibody (mAb PL2-6), now known to be directed against the nucleosome acidic patch. The molecular structure of interphase epichromatin is unknown, but is thought to be heterochromatic with a high density of "exposed" acidic patches. In the 1960s, transmission electron microscopy of fixed, dehydrated, sectioned, and stained inactive chromatin revealed "unit threads," frequently organized into parallel arrays at the nuclear envelope, which were interpreted as regular helices with ~ 30-nm center-to-center distance. Also observed in certain cell types, the nuclear envelope forms a "sandwich" around a layer of closely packed unit threads (ELCS, envelope-limited chromatin sheets). Discovery of the nucleosome in 1974 led to revised helical models of chromatin. But these models became very controversial and the existence of in situ 30-nm chromatin fibers has been challenged. Development of cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) gave hope that in situ chromatin fibers, devoid of artifacts, could be structurally defined. Combining a contrast-enhancing phase plate and cryo-electron tomography (Cryo-ET), it is now possible to visualize chromatin in a "close-to-native" situation. ELCS are particularly interesting to study by Cryo-ET. The chromatin sheet appears to have two layers of ~ 30-nm chromatin fibers arranged in a criss-crossed pattern. The chromatin in ELCS is continuous with adjacent interphase epichromatin. It appears that hydrated ~ 30-nm chromatin fibers are quite rare in most cells, possibly confined to interphase epichromatin at the nuclear envelope.
Collapse
|
4
|
Nuclear Morphological Remodeling in Human Granulocytes Is Linked to Prenylation Independently from Cytoskeleton. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112509. [PMID: 33233551 PMCID: PMC7699803 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear shape modulates cell behavior and function, while aberrant nuclear morphologies correlate with pathological phenotype severity. Nevertheless, functions of specific nuclear morphological features and underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate a nucleus-intrinsic mechanism driving nuclear lobulation and segmentation concurrent with granulocyte specification, independently from extracellular forces and cytosolic cytoskeleton contributions. Transcriptomic regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis is equally concurrent with nuclear remodeling. Its putative role as a regulatory element is supported by morphological aberrations observed upon pharmacological impairment of several enzymatic steps of the pathway, most prominently the sterol ∆14-reductase activity of laminB-receptor and protein prenylation. Thus, we support the hypothesis of a nuclear-intrinsic mechanism for nuclear shape control with the putative involvement of the recently discovered GGTase III complex. Such process could be independent from or complementary to the better studied cytoskeleton-based nuclear remodeling essential for cell migration in both physiological and pathological contexts such as immune system function and cancer metastasis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Antwi EB, Olins A, Teif VB, Bieg M, Bauer T, Gu Z, Brors B, Eils R, Olins D, Ishaque N. Whole-genome fingerprint of the DNA methylome during chemically induced differentiation of the human AML cell line HL-60/S4. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio044222. [PMID: 31988093 PMCID: PMC7044446 DOI: 10.1242/bio.044222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenomic regulation plays a vital role in cell differentiation. The leukemic HL-60/S4 [human myeloid leukemic cell line HL-60/S4 (ATCC CRL-3306)] promyelocytic cell can be easily differentiated from its undifferentiated promyelocyte state into neutrophil- and macrophage-like cell states. In this study, we present the underlying genome and epigenome architecture of HL-60/S4 through its differentiation. We performed whole-genome bisulphite sequencing of HL-60/S4 cells and their differentiated counterparts. With the support of karyotyping, we show that HL-60/S4 maintains a stable genome throughout differentiation. Analysis of differential Cytosine-phosphate-Guanine dinucleotide methylation reveals that most methylation changes occur in the macrophage-like state. Differential methylation of promoters was associated with immune-related terms. Key immune genes, CEBPA, GFI1, MAFB and GATA1 showed differential expression and methylation. However, we observed the strongest enrichment of methylation changes in enhancers and CTCF binding sites, implying that methylation plays a major role in large-scale transcriptional reprogramming and chromatin reorganisation during differentiation. Correlation of differential expression and distal methylation with support from chromatin capture experiments allowed us to identify putative proximal and long-range enhancers for a number of immune cell differentiation genes, including CEBPA and CCNF Integrating expression data, we present a model of HL-60/S4 differentiation in relation to the wider scope of myeloid differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enoch B Antwi
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School (HBIGS), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ada Olins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Vladimir B Teif
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Matthias Bieg
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health
- Digital Health Centre, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Bauer
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zuguang Gu
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Core Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health
- Digital Health Centre, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Donald Olins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Naveed Ishaque
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health
- Digital Health Centre, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Elcheva IA, Wood T, Chiarolanzio K, Chim B, Wong M, Singh V, Gowda CP, Lu Q, Hafner M, Dovat S, Liu Z, Muljo SA, Spiegelman VS. RNA-binding protein IGF2BP1 maintains leukemia stem cell properties by regulating HOXB4, MYB, and ALDH1A1. Leukemia 2019; 34:1354-1363. [PMID: 31768017 PMCID: PMC7196026 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) is an oncofetal protein expressed in various cancers including leukemia. In this study, we assessed the role of IGF2BP1 in orchestrating leukemia stem cell properties. Tumor-initiating potential, sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents, and expression of cancer stem cell markers were assessed in a panel of myeloid, B-, and T-cell leukemia cell lines using gain- and loss-of-function systems, cross-linking immunoprecipitation (CLIP), and photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP) techniques. Here, we report that genetic or chemical inhibition of IGF2BP1 decreases leukemia cells' tumorigenicity, promotes myeloid differentiation, increases leukemia cell death, and sensitizes leukemia cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. IGF2BP1 affects proliferation and tumorigenic potential of leukemia cells through critical regulators of self-renewal HOXB4 and MYB and through regulation of expression of the aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH1A1. Our data indicate that IGF2BP1 maintains leukemia stem cell properties by regulating multiple pathways of stemness through transcriptional and metabolic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Elcheva
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Tyler Wood
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn Chiarolanzio
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Bryan Chim
- Integrative Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Madeline Wong
- Integrative Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vikash Singh
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Chethana P Gowda
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Qingli Lu
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Markus Hafner
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sinisa Dovat
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Zhenqiu Liu
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Stefan A Muljo
- Integrative Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vladimir S Spiegelman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Erenpreisa J, Krigerts J, Salmina K, Selga T, Sorokins H, Freivalds T. Differential staining of peripheral nuclear chromatin with Acridine orange implies an A-form epichromatin conformation of the DNA. Nucleus 2019; 9:171-181. [PMID: 29363398 PMCID: PMC5973139 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2018.1431081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatin observed by conventional electron microscopy under the nuclear envelope constitutes a single layer of dense 30–35 nm granules, while ∼30 nm fibrils laterally attached to them, form large patches of lamin-associated domains (LADs). This particular surface “epichromatin” can be discerned by specific (H2A+H2B+DNA) conformational antibody at the inner nuclear envelope and around mitotic chromosomes. In order to differentiate the DNA conformation of the peripheral chromatin we applied an Acridine orange (AO) DNA structural test involving RNAse treatment and the addition of AO after acid pre-treatment. MCF-7 cells treated in this way revealed yellow/red patches of LADs attached to a thin green nuclear rim and with mitotic chromosomes outlined in green, topologically corresponding to epichromatin epitope staining by immunofluorescence. Differentially from LADs, the epichromatin was unable to provide metachromatic staining by AO, unless thermally denatured at 94oC. DNA enrichment in GC stretches has been recently reported for immunoprecipitated ∼ 1Kb epichromatin domains. Together these data suggest that certain epichromatin segments assume the relatively hydrophobic DNA A-conformation at the nuclear envelope and surface of mitotic chromosomes, preventing AO side dimerisation. We hypothesize that epichromatin domains form nucleosome superbeads. Hydrophobic interactions stack these superbeads and align them at the nuclear envelope, while repulsing the hydrophilic LADs. The hydrophobicity of epichromatin explains its location at the surface of mitotic chromosomes and its function in mediating chromosome attachment to the restituting nuclear envelope during telophase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jekabs Krigerts
- a Latvian Biomedical Research & Study Centre , Ratsupites 1, Riga , Latvia.,b Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanotechnologies, Riga Technical University , Kalku iela 1, Riga , Latvia
| | - Kristine Salmina
- a Latvian Biomedical Research & Study Centre , Ratsupites 1, Riga , Latvia
| | - Turs Selga
- c Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia , Raina bulvaris 19, Riga , Latvia
| | - Hermanis Sorokins
- b Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanotechnologies, Riga Technical University , Kalku iela 1, Riga , Latvia
| | - Talivaldis Freivalds
- d Institute of Kardiology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Latvia , Raina bulvaris 19, Riga , Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dakir EH, Mollinedo F. Genome-wide miRNA profiling and pivotal roles of miRs 125a-5p and 17-92 cluster in human neutrophil maturation and differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2019; 10:5313-5331. [PMID: 31523391 PMCID: PMC6731105 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are short non-coding post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in normal physiology and disease. Acute myeloid leukemia is characterized by accumulation of malignantly transformed immature myeloid precursors, and differentiation therapy, used to overcome this differentiation blockage, has become a successful therapeutic option. The human HL-60 acute leukemia cell line serves as a cell culture model for granulocytic maturation, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) incubation leads to its differentiation towards neutrophil-like cells, as assessed by biochemical, functional and morphological parameters. DMSO-induced HL-60 cell differentiation constitutes an excellent model to examine molecular processes that turn a proliferating immortal leukemic cell line into mature non-proliferating and apoptosis-prone neutrophil-like end cells. By performing genome-wide miRNA profiling and functional assays, we have identified a signature of 86 differentially expressed canonical miRNAs (51 upregulated; 35 downregulated) during DMSO-induced granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to validate miRNA expression. Among these differentially expressed canonical miRNAs, we found miR-125a-5p upregulation and miR-17-92 cluster downregulation acted as major regulators of granulocytic differentiation in HL-60 cells. Enforced expression of miR-125a-5p promoted granulocytic differentiation in HL-60 cells, whereas miR-17-92 ectopic expression inhibited DMSO-induced HL-60 granulocytic differentiation. Ectopic expression of miR-125a-5p also promoted granulocytic differentiation in human acute promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells, as well as in naïve human primary CD34+-hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells. These findings provide novel molecular insights into the identification of miRNAs regulating granulocytic differentiation of human leukemia cells and normal CD34+-hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells, and may assist in the development of novel miRNA-targeted therapies for leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- El-Habib Dakir
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Olins DE, Olins AL. Epichromatin and chromomeres: a 'fuzzy' perspective. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.180058. [PMID: 29875200 PMCID: PMC6030114 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
'Epichromatin', the surface of chromatin beneath the interphase nuclear envelope (NE) or at the surface of mitotic chromosomes, was discovered by immunostaining with a specific bivalent mouse monoclonal anti-nucleosome antibody (mAb PL2-6). 'Chromomeres', punctate chromatin particles approximately 200-300 nm in diameter, identified throughout the interphase chromatin and along mitotic chromosomes, were observed by immunostaining with the monovalent papain-derived Fab fragments of bivalent PL2-6. The specific target for PL2-6 appears to include the nucleosome acidic patch. Thus, within the epichromatin and chromomeric regions, this epitope is 'exposed'. Considering that histones possess unstructured 'tails' (i.e. intrinsically disordered peptide regions, IDPR), our perception of these chromatin regions becomes more 'fuzzy' (less defined). We suggest that epichromatin cationic tails facilitate interactions with anionic components of NE membranes. We also suggest that the unstructured histone tails (especially, histone H1 tails), with their presumed promiscuous binding, establish multivalent binding that stabilizes each chromomere as a unit of chromatin higher order structure. We propose an 'unstructured stability' hypothesis, which postulates that the stability of epichromatin and chromomeres (as well as other nuclear chromatin structures) is a consequence of the collective contributions of numerous weak histone IDPR binding interactions arising from the multivalent nucleosome, analogous to antibody avidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Olins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA
| | - Ada L Olins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
López-Ozuna VM, Hachim IY, Hachim MY, Lebrun JJ, Ali S. Prolactin modulates TNBC aggressive phenotype limiting tumorigenesis. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:321-337. [PMID: 30640712 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for ~20% of all breast cancer cases. The management of TNBC represents a challenge due to its aggressive phenotype, heterogeneity and lack of targeted therapy. Loss of cell differentiation and enrichment with breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSC) are features of TNBC contributing to its aggressive nature. Here, we found that treatment of TNBC cells with PRL significantly depletes the highly tumorigenic BCSC subpopulations CD44+/CD24- and ALDH+ and differentiates them to the least tumorigenic CD44-/CD24- and ALDH- phenotype with limited tumorsphere formation and self-renewal capacities. Importantly, we found PRL to induce a heterochromatin phenotype marked by histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) and accompanied by ultra-structural cellular architecture associated with differentiation and senescence rendering the cells refractory to growth signals. Crucially, we found PRL to mediate these effects in vivo in a pre-clinical animal xenograft of TNBC controlling tumor growth. These results reveal that the lactogenic hormone PRL may exert its anti-tumorigenic effects on TNBC through cellular reprogramming indicative of differentiation resulting in the depletion of BCSCs and restricting tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M López-Ozuna
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Y Hachim
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mahmood Y Hachim
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jean-Jacques Lebrun
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Suhad Ali
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jacobson EC, Perry JK, Long DS, Olins AL, Olins DE, Wright BE, Vickers MH, O’Sullivan JM. Migration through a small pore disrupts inactive chromatin organization in neutrophil-like cells. BMC Biol 2018; 16:142. [PMID: 30477489 PMCID: PMC6257957 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian cells are flexible and can rapidly change shape when they contract, adhere, or migrate. The nucleus must be stiff enough to withstand cytoskeletal forces, but flexible enough to remodel as the cell changes shape. This is particularly important for cells migrating through confined spaces, where the nuclear shape must change in order to fit through a constriction. This occurs many times in the life cycle of a neutrophil, which must protect its chromatin from damage and disruption associated with migration. Here we characterized the effects of constricted migration in neutrophil-like cells. RESULTS Total RNA sequencing identified that migration of neutrophil-like cells through 5- or 14-μm pores was associated with changes in the transcript levels of inflammation and chemotaxis-related genes when compared to unmigrated cells. Differentially expressed transcripts specific to migration with constriction were enriched for groups of genes associated with cytoskeletal remodeling. Hi-C was used to capture the genome organization in control and migrated cells. Limited switching was observed between the active (A) and inactive (B) compartments after migration. However, global depletion of short-range contacts was observed following migration with constriction compared to migration without constriction. Regions with disrupted contacts, TADs, and compartments were enriched for inactive chromatin. CONCLUSION Short-range genome organization is preferentially altered in inactive chromatin, possibly protecting transcriptionally active contacts from the disruptive effects of migration with constriction. This is consistent with current hypotheses implicating heterochromatin as the mechanoresponsive form of chromatin. Further investigation concerning the contribution of heterochromatin to stiffness, flexibility, and protection of nuclear function will be important for understanding cell migration in relation to human health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jo K. Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David S. Long
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, USA
| | - Ada L. Olins
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New England, Portland, ME USA
| | - Donald E. Olins
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New England, Portland, ME USA
| | - Bryon E. Wright
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark H. Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Martínez-Vieyra I, Pacheco-Tapia G, Reyes-López C, Méndez-Méndez JV, Cerecedo D. Role of α-Dystrobrevin in the differentiation process of HL-60 cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:591-600. [PMID: 30026031 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The α-Dystrobrevin gene encodes at least five different protein isoforms, expressed in diverse tissues. The α-Dystrobrevin-1 isoform (α-Db-1) is a member of the cytoplasmic dystrophin-associated protein complex, which has a C-terminal extension comprising at least three tyrosine residues susceptible to phosphorylation in vivo. We previously described α-Db in stem-progenitor cells and blood neutrophils as playing a scaffolding role and, in association with kinesin and microtubules, α-Db promotes platelet-granule trafficking. Additionally, the microtubules must establish a balanced interaction with the lamina A/C network for appropriate nuclear morphology. Considering that the most outstanding feature during neutrophil differentiation is nuclei lobulation, we hypothesized that α-Db might possess a pivotal function during the neutrophil differentiation process. Western Blot (WB) and confocal microscope assays evidenced a differential pattern expression and a subcellular redistribution of α-Db in neutrophils derived from HL-60 cells. At the end of the differentiation process, we detected an important diminution in the expression of tubulin, kinesin, and α-Db-1. Knockdown of α-Db prevented nuclei lobulation, increased Lamin A/C and syne1 expression and augmented the roughness of derived neutrophil membrane and disturbed filopodia assembly. Our results suggest that HL-60 cells undergo extensive cytoskeletal reorganization including α-Db in order to possess lobulated nuclei when they further differentiate into neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivette Martínez-Vieyra
- Laboratorio de Hematobiología, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Giselle Pacheco-Tapia
- Laboratorio de Hematobiología, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César Reyes-López
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Estructural, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Vicente Méndez-Méndez
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Doris Cerecedo
- Laboratorio de Hematobiología, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Breaking the scale: how disrupting the karyoplasmic ratio gives cancer cells an advantage for metastatic invasion. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:1333-1344. [PMID: 29150524 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear size normally scales with the size of the cell, but in cancer this 'karyoplasmic ratio' is disrupted. This is particularly so in more metastatic tumors where changes in the karyoplasmic ratio are used in both diagnosis and prognosis for several tumor types. However, the direction of nuclear size changes differs for particular tumor types: for example in breast cancer, larger nuclear size correlates with increased metastasis, while for lung cancer smaller nuclear size correlates with increased metastasis. Thus, there must be tissue-specific drivers of the nuclear size changes, but proteins thus far linked to nuclear size regulation are widely expressed. Notably, for these tumor types, ploidy changes have been excluded as the basis for nuclear size changes, and so, the increased metastasis is more likely to have a basis in the nuclear morphology change itself. We review what is known about nuclear size regulation and postulate how such nuclear size changes can increase metastasis and why the directionality can differ for particular tumor types.
Collapse
|
14
|
Cebrián-Silla A, Alfaro-Cervelló C, Herranz-Pérez V, Kaneko N, Park DH, Sawamoto K, Alvarez-Buylla A, Lim DA, García-Verdugo JM. Unique Organization of the Nuclear Envelope in the Post-natal Quiescent Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017. [PMID: 28648897 PMCID: PMC5511107 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (B1 astrocytes; NSCs) in the adult ventricular-subventricular-zone (V-SVZ) originate in the embryo. Surprisingly, recent work has shown that B1 cells remain largely quiescent. They are reactivated postnatally to function as primary progenitors for neurons destined for the olfactory bulb and some corpus callosum oligodendrocytes. The cellular and molecular properties of quiescent B1 cells remain unknown. Here we found that a subpopulation of B1 cells has a unique nuclear envelope invagination specialization similar to envelope-limited chromatin sheets (ELCS), reported in certain lymphocytes and some cancer cells. Using molecular markers, [3H]thymidine birth-dating, and Ara-C, we found that B1 cells with ELCS correspond to quiescent NSCs. ELCS begin forming in embryonic radial glia cells and represent a specific nuclear compartment containing particular epigenetic modifications and telomeres. These results reveal a unique nuclear compartment in quiescent NSCs, which is useful for identifying these primary progenitors and study their gene regulation. A subpopulation of V-SVZ B cells presents nuclear ELCS ELCS appear in RGCs at E14.5 and remain in a subpopulation of B cells postnatally Type B cells with ELCS exhibit characteristics of quiescent NSCs ELCS present characteristic chromatin modifications
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa Cebrián-Silla
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Alfaro-Cervelló
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, 46980 Valencia, Spain; Predepartamental Unit of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Naoko Kaneko
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Dae Hwi Park
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine, Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine, Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniel A Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine, Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, 46980 Valencia, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroregeneration Mixed Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mark Welch DB, Jauch A, Langowski J, Olins AL, Olins DE. Transcriptomes reflect the phenotypes of undifferentiated, granulocyte and macrophage forms of HL-60/S4 cells. Nucleus 2017; 8:222-237. [PMID: 28152343 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2017.1285989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the chromatin changes underlying differential gene expression during induced differentiation of human leukemic HL-60/S4 cells, we conducted RNA-Seq analysis on quadruplicate cultures of undifferentiated, granulocytic- and macrophage-differentiated cell forms. More than half of mapped genes exhibited altered transcript levels in the differentiated cell forms. In general, more genes showed increased mRNA levels in the granulocytic form and in the macrophage form, than showed decreased levels. The majority of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were significantly enriched in genes that exhibited differential transcript levels after either RA or TPA treatment. Changes in transcript levels for groups of genes with characteristic protein phenotypes, such as genes encoding cytoplasmic granular proteins, nuclear envelope and cytoskeletal proteins, cell adhesion proteins, and proteins involved in the cell cycle and apoptosis illustrate the profound differences among the various cell states. In addition to the transcriptome analyses, companion karyotyping by M-FISH of undifferentiated HL-60/S4 cells revealed a plethora of chromosome alterations, compared with normal human cells. The present mRNA profiling provides important information related to nuclear shape changes (e.g., granulocyte lobulation), deformability of the nuclear envelope and linkage between the nuclear envelope and cytoskeleton during induced myeloid chromatin differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Mark Welch
- a Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution , Marine Biological Laboratory , Woods Hole , MA , USA
| | - Anna Jauch
- b Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Jörg Langowski
- c Division Biophysics of Macromolecules, B040 , German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), TP3 , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Ada L Olins
- d University of New England, College of Pharmacy , Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Portland , ME , USA
| | - Donald E Olins
- d University of New England, College of Pharmacy , Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Portland , ME , USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Teif VB, Mallm JP, Sharma T, Mark Welch DB, Rippe K, Eils R, Langowski J, Olins AL, Olins DE. Nucleosome repositioning during differentiation of a human myeloid leukemia cell line. Nucleus 2017; 8:188-204. [PMID: 28406749 PMCID: PMC5403151 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2017.1295201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell differentiation is associated with changes in chromatin organization and gene expression. In this study, we examine chromatin structure following differentiation of the human myeloid leukemia cell line (HL-60/S4) into granulocytes with retinoic acid (RA) or into macrophage with phorbol ester (TPA). We performed ChIP-seq of histone H3 and its modifications, analyzing changes in nucleosome occupancy, nucleosome repeat length, eu-/heterochromatin redistribution and properties of epichromatin (surface chromatin adjacent to the nuclear envelope). Nucleosome positions changed genome-wide, exhibiting a specific class of alterations involving nucleosome loss in extended (∼1kb) regions, pronounced in enhancers and promoters. Genes that lost nucleosomes at their promoters showed a tendency to be upregulated. On the other hand, nucleosome gain did not show simple effects on transcript levels. The average genome-wide nucleosome repeat length (NRL) did not change significantly with differentiation. However, we detected an approximate 10 bp NRL decrease around the haematopoietic transcription factor (TF) PU.1 and the architectural protein CTCF, suggesting an effect on NRL proximal to TF binding sites. Nucleosome occupancy changed in regions associated with active promoters in differentiated cells, compared with untreated HL-60/S4 cells. Epichromatin regions revealed an increased GC content and high nucleosome density compared with surrounding chromatin. Epichromatin showed depletion of major histone modifications and revealed enrichment with PML body-associated genes. In general, chromatin changes during HL-60/S4 differentiation appeared to be more localized to regulatory regions, compared with genome-wide changes among diverse cell types studied elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir B Teif
- a School of Biological Sciences , University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park , Colchester , UK
| | | | - Tanvi Sharma
- a School of Biological Sciences , University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park , Colchester , UK
| | - David B Mark Welch
- c Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution , Marine Biological Laboratory , Woods Hole , MA , USA
| | - Karsten Rippe
- b German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- b German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Jörg Langowski
- b German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Ada L Olins
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of New England , Portland , ME , USA
| | - Donald E Olins
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of New England , Portland , ME , USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shrestha S, Kim SY, Yun YJ, Kim JK, Lee JM, Shin M, Song DK, Hong CW. Retinoic acid induces hypersegmentation and enhances cytotoxicity of neutrophils against cancer cells. Immunol Lett 2017; 182:24-29. [PMID: 28065603 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypersegmentation of nuclei is considered a distinct characteristic of the antitumoral phenotype of neutrophils. Retinoic acid, a metabolite of retinol, reorganizes and induces segmentation of the nucleus during the differentiation of neutrophils. However, the role of retinoic acid in the phenotype polarization of neutrophils has not been fully established. Here, we investigated the effect of retinoic acid on phenotype polarization of neutrophils. Retinoic acid-induced the hypersegmentation of human neutrophils via retinoic acid receptors and mTOR pathways. Retinoic acid-induced hypersegmented neutrophils enhanced neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation in response to phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and fMLP (N-Formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine) stimulation, and increased cytotoxicity against various tumor cells. Moreover, retinoic acid treatment attenuated tumor growth in a murine model of tumor. Taken together, these results suggests that retinoic acid induces the phenotype polarization of neutrophils to exert antitumor effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Yeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Kyu Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsang Shin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Keun Song
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Hong
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Drozdz MM, Vaux DJ. Shared mechanisms in physiological and pathological nucleoplasmic reticulum formation. Nucleus 2017; 8:34-45. [PMID: 27797635 PMCID: PMC5287099 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2016.1252893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian nuclear envelope (NE) can develop complex dynamic membrane-bounded invaginations in response to both physiological and pathological stimuli. Since the formation of these nucleoplasmic reticulum (NR) structures can occur during interphase, without mitotic NE breakdown and reassembly, some other mechanism must drive their development. Here we consider models for deformation of the interphase NE, together with the evidence for their potential roles in NR formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David John Vaux
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chan CJ, Ekpenyong AE, Golfier S, Li W, Chalut KJ, Otto O, Elgeti J, Guck J, Lautenschläger F. Myosin II Activity Softens Cells in Suspension. Biophys J 2015; 108:1856-69. [PMID: 25902426 PMCID: PMC4407259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular cytoskeleton is crucial for many cellular functions such as cell motility and wound healing, as well as other processes that require shape change or force generation. Actin is one cytoskeleton component that regulates cell mechanics. Important properties driving this regulation include the amount of actin, its level of cross-linking, and its coordination with the activity of specific molecular motors like myosin. While studies investigating the contribution of myosin activity to cell mechanics have been performed on cells attached to a substrate, we investigated mechanical properties of cells in suspension. To do this, we used multiple probes for cell mechanics including a microfluidic optical stretcher, a microfluidic microcirculation mimetic, and real-time deformability cytometry. We found that nonadherent blood cells, cells arrested in mitosis, and naturally adherent cells brought into suspension, stiffen and become more solidlike upon myosin inhibition across multiple timescales (milliseconds to minutes). Our results hold across several pharmacological and genetic perturbations targeting myosin. Our findings suggest that myosin II activity contributes to increased whole-cell compliance and fluidity. This finding is contrary to what has been reported for cells attached to a substrate, which stiffen via active myosin driven prestress. Our results establish the importance of myosin II as an active component in modulating suspended cell mechanics, with a functional role distinctly different from that for substrate-adhered cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chii J Chan
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrew E Ekpenyong
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Golfier
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wenhong Li
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin J Chalut
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Otto
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Elgeti
- Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Faigle C, Lautenschläger F, Whyte G, Homewood P, Martín-Badosa E, Guck J. A monolithic glass chip for active single-cell sorting based on mechanical phenotyping. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1267-1275. [PMID: 25537986 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of biological cells have long been considered as inherent markers of biological function and disease. However, the screening and active sorting of heterogeneous populations based on serial single-cell mechanical measurements has not been demonstrated. Here we present a novel monolithic glass chip for combined fluorescence detection and mechanical phenotyping using an optical stretcher. A new design and manufacturing process, involving the bonding of two asymmetrically etched glass plates, combines exact optical fiber alignment, low laser damage threshold and high imaging quality with the possibility of several microfluidic inlet and outlet channels. We show the utility of such a custom-built optical stretcher glass chip by measuring and sorting single cells in a heterogeneous population based on their different mechanical properties and verify sorting accuracy by simultaneous fluorescence detection. This offers new possibilities of exact characterization and sorting of small populations based on rheological properties for biological and biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Faigle
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dynamic operation of optical fibres beyond the single-mode regime facilitates the orientation of biological cells. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5481. [PMID: 25410595 PMCID: PMC4263128 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical purpose of optical fibres is delivery of either optical power, as for welding, or temporal information, as for telecommunication. Maximum performance in both cases is provided by the use of single-mode optical fibres. However, transmitting spatial information, which necessitates higher-order modes, is difficult because their dispersion relation leads to dephasing and a deterioration of the intensity distribution with propagation distance. Here we consciously exploit the fundamental cause of the beam deterioration—the dispersion relation of the underlying vectorial electromagnetic modes—by their selective excitation using adaptive optics. This allows us to produce output beams of high modal purity, which are well defined in three dimensions. The output beam distribution is even robust against significant bending of the fibre. The utility of this approach is exemplified by the controlled rotational manipulation of live cells in a dual-beam fibre-optical trap integrated into a modular lab-on-chip system. Transmitting spatial information through optical fibres is difficult because scalar high-order modes deteriorate. Here, the authors counter deterioration using adaptive optics to excite vectorial modes, achieving high-quality beams robust against fibre bending and use those to rotate cells in a laser trap.
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu SM, Chen W, Wang J. Distinguishing between cancer cell differentiation and resistance induced by all-trans retinoic acid using transcriptional profiles and functional pathway analysis. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5577. [PMID: 24993014 PMCID: PMC4894425 DOI: 10.1038/srep05577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induces differentiation in various cell types and has been investigated extensively for its effective use in cancer prevention and treatment. Relapsed or refractory disease that is resistant to ATRA is a clinically significant problem. To identify the molecular mechanism that bridges ATRA differentiation and resistance in cancer, we selected the multidrug-resistant leukemia cell line HL-60[R] by exposing it to ATRA, followed by sequential increases of one-half log concentration. A cytotoxicity analysis revealed that HL-60[R] cells were highly resistant to ATRA, doxorubicin, and etoposide. A comparative genome hybridization analysis of HL-60[R] cells identified gains of 4q34, 9q12, and 19q13 and a loss of Yq12 compared with in the parental HL-60 cell line. Transcriptional profiles and functional pathway analyses further demonstrated that 7 genes (FEN1, RFC5, EXO1, XRCC5, PARP1, POLR2F, and GTF2H3) that were relatively up-regulated in HL-60[R] cells and repressed in cells with ATRA-induced differentiation were related to mismatch repair in eukaryotes, DNA double-strand break repair, and nucleotide excision repair pathways. Our results suggest that transcriptional time series profiles and a functional pathway analysis of drug resistance and ATRA-induced cell differentiation will be useful for identifying promyelocytic leukemia patients who are eligible for new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song-Mei Liu
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- Microarray Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Olins AL, Ishaque N, Chotewutmontri S, Langowski J, Olins DE. Retrotransposon Alu is enriched in the epichromatin of HL-60 cells. Nucleus 2014; 5:237-46. [PMID: 24824428 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.29141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epichromatin, the surface of chromatin facing the nuclear envelope in an interphase nucleus, reveals a "rim" staining pattern with specific mouse monoclonal antibodies against histone H2A/H2B/DNA and phosphatidylserine epitopes. Employing a modified ChIP-Seq procedure on undifferentiated and differentiated human leukemic (HL-60/S4) cells,>95% of assembled epichromatin regions overlapped with Alu retrotransposons. They also exhibited enrichment of the AluS subfamily and of Alu oligomers. Furthermore, mapping epichromatin regions to the human chromosomes revealed highly similar localization patterns in the various cell states and with the different antibodies. Comparisons with available epigenetic databases suggested that epichromatin is neither "classical" heterochromatin nor highly expressing genes, implying another function at the surface of interphase chromatin. A modified chromatin immunoprecipitation procedure (xxChIP) was developed because the studied antibodies react generally with mononucleosomes and lysed chromatin. A second fixation is necessary to securely attach the antibodies to the epichromatin epitopes of the intact nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ada L Olins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of New England; Portland, ME USA
| | - Naveed Ishaque
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sasithorn Chotewutmontri
- German Cancer Research Center; Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, High Throughput Sequencing Unit; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Langowski
- Biophysik der Makromoleküle; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Donald E Olins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of New England; Portland, ME USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Eltsov M, Sosnovski S, Olins AL, Olins DE. ELCS in ice: cryo-electron microscopy of nuclear envelope-limited chromatin sheets. Chromosoma 2014; 123:303-12. [PMID: 24570264 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-014-0454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear envelope-limited chromatin sheets (ELCS) form during excessive interphase nuclear envelope growth in a variety of cells. ELCS appear as extended sheets within the cytoplasm connecting distant nuclear lobes. Cross-section stained images of ELCS, viewed by transmission electron microscopy, resemble a sandwich of apposed nuclear envelopes separated by ∼30 nm, containing a layer of parallel chromatin fibers. In this study, the ultrastructure of ELCS was compared by three different methods: (1) aldehyde fixation/dehydration/plastic embedding/sectioning and staining, (2) high-pressure freezing/freeze substitution into plastic/sectioning and staining, and (3) high-pressure freezing/cryo-sectioning/cryo-electron microscopy. ELCS could be clearly visualized by all three methods and, consequently, must exist in vivo and are not fixation artifacts. The ∼30-nm chromatin fibers could only be observed following aldehyde fixation; none were seen in cryo-sections. Electron microscopic tomography tangential views of aldehyde-fixed ELCS suggested an ordering of the separate chromatin fibers adjacent to the nuclear envelope. Possible mechanisms of this chromatin ordering are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Eltsov
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rowat AC, Jaalouk DE, Zwerger M, Ung WL, Eydelnant IA, Olins DE, Olins AL, Herrmann H, Weitz DA, Lammerding J. Nuclear envelope composition determines the ability of neutrophil-type cells to passage through micron-scale constrictions. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8610-8618. [PMID: 23355469 PMCID: PMC3605679 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.441535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are characterized by their distinct nuclear shape, which is thought to facilitate the transit of these cells through pore spaces less than one-fifth of their diameter. We used human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells as a model system to investigate the effect of nuclear shape in whole cell deformability. We probed neutrophil-differentiated HL-60 cells lacking expression of lamin B receptor, which fail to develop lobulated nuclei during granulopoiesis and present an in vitro model for Pelger-Huët anomaly; despite the circular morphology of their nuclei, the cells passed through micron-scale constrictions on similar timescales as scrambled controls. We then investigated the unique nuclear envelope composition of neutrophil-differentiated HL-60 cells, which may also impact their deformability; although lamin A is typically down-regulated during granulopoiesis, we genetically modified HL-60 cells to generate a subpopulation of cells with well defined levels of ectopic lamin A. The lamin A-overexpressing neutrophil-type cells showed similar functional characteristics as the mock controls, but they had an impaired ability to pass through micron-scale constrictions. Our results suggest that levels of lamin A have a marked effect on the ability of neutrophils to passage through micron-scale constrictions, whereas the unusual multilobed shape of the neutrophil nucleus is less essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; Department of Physics and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.
| | - Diana E Jaalouk
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Monika Zwerger
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - W Lloyd Ung
- Department of Physics and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Irwin A Eydelnant
- Department of Physics and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Don E Olins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, Portland, Maine 04103
| | - Ada L Olins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, Portland, Maine 04103
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David A Weitz
- Department of Physics and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Viscoelastic properties of differentiating blood cells are fate- and function-dependent. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45237. [PMID: 23028868 PMCID: PMC3459925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cellular mechanical properties are known to alter during stem cell differentiation, understanding of the functional relevance of such alterations is incomplete. Here, we show that during the course of differentiation of human myeloid precursor cells into three different lineages, the cells alter their viscoelastic properties, measured using an optical stretcher, to suit their ultimate fate and function. Myeloid cells circulating in blood have to be advected through constrictions in blood vessels, engendering the need for compliance at short time-scales (<seconds). Intriguingly, only the two circulating myeloid cell types have increased short time scale compliance and flow better through microfluidic constrictions. Moreover, all three differentiated cell types reduce their steady-state viscosity by more than 50% and show over 140% relative increase in their ability to migrate through tissue-like pores at long time-scales (>minutes), compared to undifferentiated cells. These findings suggest that reduction in steady-state viscosity is a physiological adaptation for enhanced migration through tissues. Our results indicate that the material properties of cells define their function, can be used as a cell differentiation marker and could serve as target for novel therapies.
Collapse
|
27
|
Olins AL, Langhans M, Monestier M, Schlotterer A, Robinson DG, Viotti C, Zentgraf H, Zwerger M, Olins DE. An epichromatin epitope: persistence in the cell cycle and conservation in evolution. Nucleus 2011; 2:47-60. [PMID: 21647299 PMCID: PMC3104809 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.2.1.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interphase nuclear architecture is disrupted and rapidly reformed with each cell division cycle. Successive cell generations exhibit a "memory" of this nuclear architecture, as well as for gene expression. Furthermore, many features of nuclear and mitotic chromosome structure are recognizably species and tissue specific. We wish to know what properties of the underlying chromatin structure may determine these conserved features of nuclear architecture. Employing a particular mouse autoimmune anti-nucleosome monoclonal antibody (PL2-6), combined with deconvolution immunofluorescence microscopy, we present evidence for a unique epitope (involving a ternary complex of histones H2A and H2B and DNA) which is localized only at the exterior chromatin surface of interphase nuclei and mitotic chromosomes in mammalian, invertebrate and plant systems. As only the surface chromatin region is identified with antibody PL2-6, we have assigned it the name "epichromatin". We describe an "epichromatin hypothesis", suggesting that epichromatin may have a unique evolutionary conserved conformation which facilitates interaction with the reforming post-mitotic nuclear envelope and a rapid return of interphase nuclear architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ada L Olins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, Portland, ME USA. ted proteins (ARPs), a
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Olins AL, Ernst A, Zwerger M, Herrmann H, Olins DE. An in vitro model for Pelger-Huët anomaly: stable knockdown of lamin B receptor in HL-60 cells. Nucleus 2010; 1:506-12. [PMID: 21327094 PMCID: PMC3027054 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.1.6.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal human blood granulocyte (neutrophil) possesses a lobulated and deformable nucleus, important to facilitate rapid egress from blood vessels as these cells migrate to sites of bacterial or fungal infection. This unusual nuclear shape is a product of elevated levels of an integral membrane protein of the nuclear envelope lamin B receptor (LBR) and of decreased amounts of lamin A/C. In humans, a genetic deficiency of LBR produces Pelger-Huët anomaly, resulting in blood neutrophils that exhibit hypolobulated nuclei with redistributed heterochromatin. Structural changes in nuclear architecture occur during granulopoiesis within bone marrow. The exact mechanisms of this nuclear shape change and of heterochromatin redistribution remain largely unknown. As a tool to facilitate analysis of these mechanisms, a stable LBR knockdown subline of HL-60 cells was established. During in vitro granulopoiesis induced with retinoic acid, the LBR knockdown cells retain an ovoid shaped nucleus with reduced levels of lamin A/C; while, the parent cells develop highly lobulated nuclei. In contrast, macrophage forms induced in LBR knockdown cells by in vitro treatment with phorbol ester were indistinguishable from the parent cells, judged by both nuclear shape and attached cell morphology. The capability of differentiation of LBR knockdown HL-60 cells should facilitate a detailed analysis of the molecular relationship between LBR levels, granulocyte nuclear shape and heterochromatin distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ada L Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Synaptic activity induces dramatic changes in the geometry of the cell nucleus: interplay between nuclear structure, histone H3 phosphorylation, and nuclear calcium signaling. J Neurosci 2010; 29:14687-700. [PMID: 19940164 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1160-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic activity initiates many adaptive responses in neurons. Here we report a novel form of structural plasticity in dissociated hippocampal cultures and slice preparations. Using a recently developed algorithm for three-dimensional image reconstruction and quantitative measurements of cell organelles, we found that many nuclei from hippocampal neurons are highly infolded and form unequally sized nuclear compartments. Nuclear infoldings are dynamic structures, which can radically transform the geometry of the nucleus in response to neuronal activity. Action potential bursting causing synaptic NMDA receptor activation dramatically increases the number of infolded nuclei via a process that requires the ERK-MAP kinase pathway and new protein synthesis. In contrast, death-signaling pathways triggered by extrasynaptic NMDA receptors cause a rapid loss of nuclear infoldings. Compared with near-spherical nuclei, infolded nuclei have a larger surface and increased nuclear pore complex immunoreactivity. Nuclear calcium signals evoked by cytosolic calcium transients are larger in small nuclear compartments than in the large compartments of the same nucleus; moreover, small compartments are more efficient in temporally resolving calcium signals induced by trains of action potentials in the theta frequency range (5 Hz). Synaptic activity-induced phosphorylation of histone H3 on serine 10 was more robust in neurons with infolded nuclei compared with neurons with near-spherical nuclei, suggesting a functional link between nuclear geometry and transcriptional regulation. The translation of synaptic activity-induced signaling events into changes in nuclear geometry facilitates the relay of calcium signals to the nucleus, may lead to the formation of nuclear signaling microdomains, and could enhance signal-regulated transcription.
Collapse
|
30
|
Olins AL, Rhodes G, Welch DBM, Zwerger M, Olins DE. Lamin B receptor: multi-tasking at the nuclear envelope. Nucleus 2010; 1:53-70. [PMID: 21327105 PMCID: PMC3035127 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.1.1.10515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamin B receptor (LBR) is an integral membrane protein of the interphase nuclear envelope (NE). The N-terminal end resides in the nucleoplasm, binding to lamin B and heterochromatin, with the interactions disrupted during mitosis. The C-terminal end resides within the inner nuclear membrane, retreating with the ER away from condensing chromosomes during mitotic NE breakdown. Some of these properties are interpretable in terms of our current structural knowledge of LBR, but many of the structural features remain unknown. LBR apparently has an evolutionary history which brought together at least two ancient conserved structural domains (i.e., Tudor and sterol reductase). This convergence may have occurred with the emergence of the chordates and echinoderms. It is not clear what survival values have maintained LBR structure during evolution. But it seems likely that roles in post-mitotic nuclear reformation, interphase NE growth and compartmentalization of nuclear architecture might have provided some evolutionary advantage to preservation of the LBR gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ada L Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Olins DE, Olins AL. Nuclear envelope-limited chromatin sheets (ELCS) and heterochromatin higher order structure. Chromosoma 2009; 118:537-48. [PMID: 19521714 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-009-0219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The interphase nucleus and nuclear envelope can acquire a myriad of shapes in normal or pathological cell states. There exist a wide variety of indentations and invaginations, of protrusions and evaginations. It has been difficult to classify and name all of these nuclear shapes and, consequently, a barrier to understanding the biochemical and biophysical causes. This review focuses upon one type of nuclear envelope shape change, named "nuclear envelope-limited chromatin sheets" (ELCS), which appears to involve exaggerated nuclear envelope growth, carrying with it one or more layers of approximately 30 nm diameter heterochromatin. A hypothesis on the formation of ELCS is proposed, relating higher order heterochromatin structure in an interphase nucleus, nuclear envelope growth, and nuclear envelope-heterochromatin interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Olins AL, Hoang TV, Zwerger M, Herrmann H, Zentgraf H, Noegel AA, Karakesisoglou I, Hodzic D, Olins DE. The LINC-less granulocyte nucleus. Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 88:203-14. [PMID: 19019491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The major blood granulocyte (neutrophil) is rapidly recruited to sites of bacterial and fungal infections. It is a highly malleable cell, allowing it to squeeze out of blood vessels and migrate through tight tissue spaces. The human granulocyte nucleus is lobulated and exhibits a paucity of nuclear lamins, increasing its capability for deformation. The present study examined the existence of protein connections between the nuclear envelope and cytoskeletal elements (the LINC complex) in differentiated cell states (i.e. granulocytic, monocytic and macrophage) of the human leukemic cell line HL-60, as well as in human blood leukocytes. HL-60 granulocytes exhibited a deficiency of several LINC complex proteins (i.e. nesprin 1 giant, nesprin 2 giant, SUN1, plectin and vimentin); whereas, the macrophage state revealed nesprin 1 giant, plectin and vimentin. Both states possessed SUN2 in the nuclear envelope. Parallel differences were observed with some of the LINC complex proteins in isolated human blood leukocytes, including macrophage cells derived from blood monocytes. The present study documenting the paucity of LINC complex proteins in granulocytic forms, in combination with previous data on granulocyte nuclear shape and nuclear envelope composition, suggest the hypothesis that these adaptations evolved to facilitate granulocyte cellular malleability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ada L Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schirmer EC. The epigenetics of nuclear envelope organization and disease. Mutat Res 2008; 647:112-21. [PMID: 18722388 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian chromosomes and some specific genes have non-random positions within the nucleus that are tissue-specific and heritable. Work in many organisms has shown that genes at the nuclear periphery tend to be inactive and altering their partitioning to the interior results in their activation. Proteins of the nuclear envelope can recruit chromatin with specific epigenetic marks and can also recruit silencing factors that add new epigenetic modifications to chromatin sequestered at the periphery. Together these findings indicate that the nuclear envelope is a significant epigenetic regulator. The importance of this function is emphasized by observations of aberrant distribution of peripheral heterochromatin in several human diseases linked to mutations in NE proteins. These debilitating inherited diseases range from muscular dystrophies to the premature aging progeroid syndromes and the heterochromatin changes are just one early clue for understanding the molecular details of how they work. The architecture of the nuclear envelope provides a unique environment for epigenetic regulation and as such a great deal of research will be required before we can ascertain the full range of its contributions to epigenetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Schirmer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zwerger M, Herrmann H, Gaines P, Olins AL, Olins DE. Granulocytic nuclear differentiation of lamin B receptor-deficient mouse EPRO cells. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:977-87. [PMID: 18495328 PMCID: PMC2547467 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lamin B receptor (LBR) is an integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane. Recent studies have demonstrated that genetic deficiency of LBR during granulopoiesis results in hypolobulation of the mature neutrophil nucleus, as observed in human Pelger-Huët anomaly and mouse ichthyosis (ic). In this study, we utilized differentiated early promyelocytes (EPRO cells) that were derived from the bone marrow of homozygous and heterozygous ichthyosis mice to examine changes to the expression of nuclear envelope proteins and heterochromatin structure that result from deficient LBR expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/ic), and homozygous (ic/ic) granulocytic forms of EPRO cells were analyzed for the expression of multiple lamins and inner nuclear envelope proteins by immunostaining and immunoblotting techniques. The heterochromatin architecture was also examined by immunostaining for histone lysine methylation. RESULTS Wild-type (+/+) and heterozygous (+/ic) granulocytic forms revealed ring-shaped nuclei and contained LBR within the nuclear envelope; ic/ic granulocytes exhibited smaller ovoid nuclei devoid of LBR. The pericentric heterochromatin of undifferentiated and granulocytic ic/ic cells was condensed into larger spots and shifted away from the nuclear envelope, compared to +/+ and +/ic cell forms. Lamin A/C, which is normally not present in mature granulocytes, was significantly elevated in LBR-deficient EPRO cells. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest roles for LBR during granulopoiesis, which can involve augmenting nuclear membrane growth, facilitating compartmentalization of heterochromatin, and promoting downregulation of lamin A/C expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zwerger
- B065, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Harald Herrmann
- B065, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Peter Gaines
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854
| | - Ada L. Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04101
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Olins AL, Zwerger M, Herrmann H, Zentgraf H, Simon AJ, Monestier M, Olins DE. The human granulocyte nucleus: Unusual nuclear envelope and heterochromatin composition. Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 87:279-90. [PMID: 18396345 PMCID: PMC2438038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human blood granulocyte (neutrophil) is adapted to find and destroy infectious agents. The nucleus of the human neutrophil has a segmented appearance, consisting of a linear or branched array of three or four lobes. Adequate levels of lamin B receptor (LBR) are necessary for differentiation of the lobulated nucleus. The levels of other components of the nuclear envelope may also be important for nuclear shape determination. In the present study, immunostaining and immunoblotting procedures explored the levels of various components of the nuclear envelope and heterochromatin, comparing freshly isolated human neutrophils with granulocytic forms of HL-60 cells, a tissue culture model system. In comparison to granulocytic HL-60 cells, blood neutrophil nuclear envelopes contain low-to-negligible amounts of LBR, lamins A/C, B1 and B2, LAP2beta and emerin. Surprisingly, a "mitotic" chromosome marker, H3(S10)phos, is elevated in neutrophil nuclei, compared to granulocytic HL-60 cells. Furthermore, neutrophil nuclei appear to be more fragile to methanol fixation, than observed with granulocytic HL-60 cells. Thus, the human neutrophil nucleus appears to be highly specialized, possessing a paucity of nuclear envelope-stabilizing proteins. In consequence, the neutrophil nucleus appears to be very malleable, supporting rapid migration through tight tissue spaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ada L. Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Monika Zwerger
- B065, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Amos J. Simon
- Sheba Cancer Research Center and the Institute of Hematology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Marc Monestier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Donald E. Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hoffmann K, Sperling K, Olins AL, Olins DE. The granulocyte nucleus and lamin B receptor: avoiding the ovoid. Chromosoma 2007; 116:227-35. [PMID: 17245605 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-007-0094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The major human blood granulocyte, the neutrophil, is an essential component of the innate immunity system, emigrating from blood vessels and migrating through tight tissue spaces to the site of bacterial or fungal infection where they kill and phagocytose invading microbes. Since the late nineteenth century, it has been recognized that the human neutrophil nucleus is distinctly not ovoid as in other cell types, but possesses a lobulated (segmented) shape. This deformable nucleus enhances rapid migration. Recent studies have demonstrated that lamin B receptor (LBR) is necessary for the non-ovoid shape. LBR is an integral membrane protein of the nuclear envelope. A single dominant mutation in humans leads to neutrophils with hypolobulated nuclei (Pelger-Huet anomaly); homozygosity leads to ovoid granulocyte nuclei. Interestingly, LBR is also an enzyme involved in cholesterol metabolism. Homozygosity for null mutations is frequently lethal and associated with severe skeletal deformities. In addition to the necessity for LBR, formation of the mature granulocyte nucleus also depends upon lamin composition and microtubule integrity. These observations are part of a larger question on the relationships between nuclear shape and cellular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hoffmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, Charite Humboldt University, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Olins DE, Olins AL. Granulocyte heterochromatin: defining the epigenome. BMC Cell Biol 2005; 6:39. [PMID: 16287503 PMCID: PMC1310526 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-6-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammalian blood neutrophilic granulocytes are terminally differentiated cells, possessing extensive heterochromatin and lobulated (or ring-shaped) nuclei. Despite the extensive amount of heterochromatin, neutrophils are capable of increased gene expression, when activated by bacterial infection. Understanding the mechanisms of transcriptional repression and activation in neutrophils requires detailing the chromatin epigenetic markers, which are virtually undescribed in this cell type. Much is known about the heterochromatin epigenetic markers in other cell-types, permitting a basis for comparison with those of mature normal neutrophilic granulocytes. Results Immunostaining and immunoblotting procedures were employed to study the presence of repressive histone modifications and HP1 proteins in normal human and mouse blood neutrophils, and in vitro differentiated granulocytes of the mouse promyelocytic (MPRO) system. A variety of repressive histone methylation markers were detectable in these granulocytes (di- and trimethylated H3K9; mono-, di- and trimethyl H3K27; di- and trimethyl H4K20). However, a paucity of HP1 proteins was noted. These granulocytes revealed negligible amounts of HP1 α and β, but exhibited detectable levels of HP1 γ. Of particular interest, mouse blood and MPRO undifferentiated cells and granulocytes revealed clear co-localization of trimethylated H3K9, trimethylated H4K20 and HP1 γ with pericentric heterochromatin. Conclusion Mature blood neutrophils possess some epigenetic heterochromatin features that resemble those of well-studied cells, such as lymphocytes. However, the apparent paucity of HP1 proteins in neutrophils suggests that heterochromatin organization and binding to the nuclear envelope may differ in this cell-type. Future investigations should follow changes in epigenetic markers and levels of HP1 proteins during granulopoiesis and bacterial activation of neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Ada L Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Olins AL, Olins DE. The mechanism of granulocyte nuclear shape determination: possible involvement of the centrosome. Eur J Cell Biol 2005; 84:181-8. [PMID: 15819399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2004.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature blood neutrophils (polymorphonuclear granulocytes) have characteristically complex nuclear shapes. The human neutrophil nucleus generally possesses 3-4 lobes; the mouse neutrophil nucleus frequently resembles a twisted toroid with a central hole. Myeloid tissue culture systems (e.g., human HL-60 and murine MPRO) can be induced to differentiate in vitro towards neutrophils by addition of retinoic acid, exhibiting the characteristic nuclear shape changes. Confocal immunostaining and thin-section transmission electron microscopic image data from differentiated HL-60 and MPRO cells clearly demonstrate proximity of the centrosomal region (containing dynein, gamma-tubulin and C-Nap1) to regions of granulocytic nuclear indentations. In addition, the centrosomal region, flanked by the Golgi apparatus, is shown to be present within the central hole of the toroidal mouse granulocyte nucleus. A role for the centrosomal region and associated microtubules in molding granulocytic nuclear shape is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ada L Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, 6500 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04101, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lukásová E, Koristek Z, Falk M, Kozubek S, Grigoryev S, Kozubek M, Ondrej V, Kroupová I. Methylation of histones in myeloid leukemias as a potential marker of granulocyte abnormalities. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 77:100-11. [PMID: 15507473 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0704388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that common heterochromatin antigenic protein markers [HP1alpha, -beta, -gamma and mono-, di-, and trimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9)], although present in human blood progenitor CD34+ cells, differentiated lymphocytes, and monocytes, are absent in neutrophil granulocytes and to large extent, in eosinophils. Monomethylated and in particular, dimethylated H3K9 are present to variable degrees in the granulocytes of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients, without being accompanied by HP1 proteins. In patients with an acute phase of CML and in acute myeloid leukemia patients, strong methylation of H3K9 and all isoforms of HP1 are detected. In chronic forms of CML, no strong correlations among the level of histone methylation, disease progression, and modality of treatment were observed. Histone methylation was found even in "cured" patients without Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) resulting from +(9;22)(q34;q11) BCR/ABL translocation, suggesting an incomplete process of developmentally regulated chromatin remodeling in the granulocytes of these patients. Similarly, reprogramming of leukemia HL-60 cells to terminal differentiation by retinoic acid does not eliminate H3K9 methylation and the presence of HP1 isoforms from differentiated granulocytes. Thus, our study shows for the first time that histone H3 methylation may be changed dramatically during normal cell differentiation. The residual histone H3 methylation in myeloid leukemia cells suggests an incomplete chromatin condensation that may be linked to the leukemia cell proliferation and may be important for the prognosis of disease treatment and relapse.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adult
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromatin/metabolism
- Chromobox Protein Homolog 5
- Disease Progression
- Granulocytes/metabolism
- Granulocytes/pathology
- HL-60 Cells
- Histones/genetics
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Methylation
- Middle Aged
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lukásová
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Herrmann H, Aebi U. Intermediate filaments: molecular structure, assembly mechanism, and integration into functionally distinct intracellular Scaffolds. Annu Rev Biochem 2004; 73:749-89. [PMID: 15189158 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The superfamily of intermediate filament (IF) proteins contains at least 65 distinct proteins in man, which all assemble into approximately 10 nm wide filaments and are principal structural elements both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm with essential scaffolding functions in metazoan cells. At present, we have only circumstantial evidence of how the highly divergent primary sequences of IF proteins lead to the formation of seemingly similar polymers and how this correlates with their function in individual cells and tissues. Point mutations in IF proteins, particularly in lamins, have been demonstrated to lead to severe, inheritable multi-systemic diseases, thus underlining their importance at several functional levels. Recent structural work has now begun to shed some light onto the complex fine tuning of structure and function in these fibrous, coiled coil forming multidomain proteins and their contribution to cellular physiology and gene regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Herrmann
- Department of Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Olins AL, Olins DE. Cytoskeletal influences on nuclear shape in granulocytic HL-60 cells. BMC Cell Biol 2004; 5:30. [PMID: 15317658 PMCID: PMC516025 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-5-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2004] [Accepted: 08/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During granulopoiesis in the bone marrow, the nucleus differentiates from ovoid to lobulated shape. Addition of retinoic acid (RA) to leukemic HL-60 cells induces development of lobulated nuclei, furnishing a convenient model system for nuclear differentiation during granulopoiesis. Previous studies from our laboratory have implicated nuclear envelope composition as playing important roles in nuclear shape changes. Specifically noted were: 1) a paucity of lamins A/C and B1 in the undifferentiated and RA treated cell forms; 2) an elevation of lamin B receptor (LBR) during induced granulopoiesis. RESULTS The present study demonstrates that perturbation of cytoskeletal elements influences nuclear differentiation of HL-60 cells. Because of cytotoxicity from prolonged exposure to cytoskeleton-modifying drugs, most studies were performed with a Bcl-2 overexpressing HL-60 subline. We have found that: 1) nocodazole prevents RA induction of lobulation; 2) taxol induces lobulation and micronuclear formation, even in the absence of RA; 3) cytochalasin D does not inhibit RA induced nuclear lobulation, and prolonged exposure induces nuclear shape changes in the absence of RA. CONCLUSIONS The present results, in the context of earlier data and models, suggest a mechanism for granulocytic nuclear lobulation. Our current hypothesis is that the nuclear shape change involves factors that increase the flexibility of the nuclear envelope (reduced lamin content), augment connections to the underlying heterochromatin (increased levels of LBR) and promote distortions imposed by the cytoskeleton (microtubule motors creating tension in the nuclear envelope).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ada L Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine 04011, USA
| | - Donald E Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine 04011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wei CW, Hu CCA, Tang CHA, Lee MC, Wang JJ. Induction of differentiation rescues HL-60 cells from Rana catesbeiana ribonuclease-induced cell death. FEBS Lett 2002; 531:421-6. [PMID: 12435586 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rana catesbeiana ribonuclease (RC-RNase) exerted strong anti-tumor activity and its cytotoxicity was shown to correlate with differentiation stages of three different hepatoma cell lines. In this study, we demonstrate different RC-RNase cytotoxicity in undifferentiated HL-60 cells and in those that had been induced to differentiate by retinoic acid or dimethylsulfoxide. RC-RNase showed cytotoxicity in undifferentiated HL-60 cells, but not in HL-60 cells undergoing terminal differentiation. Furthermore, the caspase-9/caspase-3 pathway was activated when RC-RNase induced death in undifferentiated HL-60 cells and induction of differentiation led to a reversal of the caspase activation pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chyou Wei Wei
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, 114, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dreger CK, König AR, Spring H, Lichter P, Herrmann H. Investigation of nuclear architecture with a domain-presenting expression system. J Struct Biol 2002; 140:100-15. [PMID: 12490158 DOI: 10.1016/s1047-8477(02)00540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the topogenic properties of the nucleus by ectopic expression of chimeric proteins consisting of a NLS-modified cytoplasmic filament-forming protein, Xenopus laevis vimentin, and domains of inner nuclear membrane proteins. Whereas the "carrier" without cargo, the NLS-vimentin alone, is deposited in a few nuclear body-type structures (J.M. Bridger, H. Herrmann, C. Münkel, P. Lichter, J. Cell Sci., 111, 1241-1253), the distribution is entirely changed upon coupling with the evolutionarily conserved domain of the lamin B tail, the entire lamin B tail, the amino-terminal nucleoplasmic segment of the lamin B receptor (LBR), and the LEM domain of emerin, respectively. Remarkably, every individual chimeric protein exhibits a completely different distribution. Therefore, we assume that the chimeric parts are specifically recognized by factors engaged in nucleus-specific topogenesis. Thus, the conserved domain of the lamin B tail results in the formation of many small accumulations spread all over the nucleus. The chimera with the complete lamin B tail is deposited in short fibrillar aggregates within the nucleus. It does not mediate the integration of the chimeric protein into the nuclear membrane in cultured cells, indicating that the lamin tail alone is not sufficient to direct the integration of a protein into the lamina in vivo. In contrast, in the nuclear assembly system of Xenopus laevis the recombinant NLS-vimentin-lamin tail protein is concentrated at the nuclear membrane. The LBR chimera is arranged in a "beaded-chain"-type fashion, quite different from the more random deposition of NLS-vimentin alone. To our surprise, the LEM domain of emerin induces the retention of most of the chimeric proteins within the cytoplasm. Hence, it appears to be engaged in a strong cytoplasmic interaction that overrides the nuclear localization signal. Finally, the lamin chimera with the conserved part of the lamin B tail is shown to recruit LBR to the nuclear vimentin bodies and, vice versa, the LBR chimera attracts lamin B in transfected cells, thereby demonstrating their bona fide interaction in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine K Dreger
- Division for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Olins AL, Herrmann H, Lichter P, Kratzmeier M, Doenecke D, Olins DE. Nuclear envelope and chromatin compositional differences comparing undifferentiated and retinoic acid- and phorbol ester-treated HL-60 cells. Exp Cell Res 2001; 268:115-27. [PMID: 11478838 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The human leukemic cell line (HL-60) can be induced to differentiate in vitro to granulocytic form with retinoic acid (RA), or to monocytic/macrophage form with phorbol ester (TPA). The granulocytic form acquires nuclear lobulation, nuclear envelope-limited chromatin sheets (ELCS), and cytoskeletal polarization, none of which are acquired following treatment with TPA. Immunoblotting analyses and capillary zone electrophoresis demonstrated that following RA treatment: lamins A/C and B1, and vimentin decreased to negligible amounts; LAP2 beta, lamin B2 and emerin remained essentially unchanged; lamin B receptor (LBR) increased markedly; histone subtypes H1.4 and 1.5 exhibited dephosphorylation. Following TPA treatment: lamins A/C and B1, B2 and vimentin increased in amount; LAP2 beta and emerin remained essentially unchanged; LBR increased markedly; histone subtypes H1.4 and 1.5 exhibited dephosphorylation. Emerin, which was cytoplasmic in undifferentiated or granulocytic cells, localized into the nuclear envelope following TPA. Normal human granulocytes revealed compositional differences compared to granulocytic forms of HL-60, namely increased vimentin and appearance of histone subtype H1.3. A working hypothesis for nuclear lobulation postulates a combination of: increased nuclear envelope deformability due to lamins A/C and B1 deficiency; an increase in nuclear surface area/volume; an increase in chromatin-nuclear envelope interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Olins
- Foundation for Blood Research, P.O. Box 190, 69 U.S. Route One, Scarborough, Maine 04070-0190, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Olins AL, Herrmann H, Lichter P, Olins DE. Retinoic acid differentiation of HL-60 cells promotes cytoskeletal polarization. Exp Cell Res 2000; 254:130-42. [PMID: 10623473 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) treatment of HL-60 cells in vitro induces granulocytic differentiation, involving reorganization of the nucleus and cytoplasm, development of chemoattractant-directed migration, and eventual apoptosis. The present studies with HL-60/S4 cells document that major elements of the cytoskeleton are changed: actin increases by 50%; vimentin decreases by more than 95%. The cellular content of alpha-tubulin does not significantly change; but the centrosomal-microtubule (MT) array moves away from the lobulating nucleus. Cytoskeletal-modifying chemicals modulate this polarized reorganization: Taxol and cytochalasin D enhance centrosome movement; nocodazole reverses it. Cytoskeletal-modifying chemicals do not appear to affect nuclear lobulation or the integrity of envelope-limited chromatin sheets (ELCS). Employing bcl-2-overexpressing HL-60 cells permitted demonstration of nuclear lobulation, ELCS formation, and centrosome-MT movement concomitantly during RA-induced differentiation, implying independence between the cellular reorganization and apoptotic programs. RA appears to promote an inherent potential in HL-60 cells for cytoskeletal polarization, likely to be important for chemoattractant-directed cell migration, an established characteristic of mature granulocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Olins
- Foundation for Blood Research, 69 US Route One, Scarborough, Maine, 04070-0190, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
|