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Ballance WC, Qin EC, Chung HJ, Gillette MU, Kong H. Reactive oxygen species-responsive drug delivery systems for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Biomaterials 2019; 217:119292. [PMID: 31279098 PMCID: PMC7081518 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and disorders seriously impact memory and cognition and can become life-threatening. Current medical techniques attempt to combat these detrimental effects mainly through the administration of neuromedicine. However, drug efficacy is limited by rapid dispersal of the drugs to off-target sites while the site of administration is prone to overdose. Many neuropathological conditions are accompanied by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the inflammatory response. Accordingly, ROS-responsive drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising solution. To guide intelligent and comprehensive design of ROS-responsive drug delivery systems, this review article discusses the two following topics: (1) the biology of ROS in both healthy and diseased nervous systems and (2) recent developments in ROS-responsive, drug delivery system design. Overall, this review article would assist efforts to make better decisions about designing ROS-responsive, neural drug delivery systems, including the selection of ROS-responsive functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Ballance
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ellen C Qin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hee Jung Chung
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Martha U Gillette
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Tan SN, Sim SP, Khoo ASB. Matrix association region/scaffold attachment region (MAR/SAR) sequence: its vital role in mediating chromosome breakages in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells via oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. BMC Mol Biol 2018; 19:15. [PMID: 30514321 PMCID: PMC6278157 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-018-0116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is known to be involved in most of the aetiological factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Cells that are under oxidative stress may undergo apoptosis. We have previously demonstrated that oxidative stress-induced apoptosis could be a potential mechanism mediating chromosome breakages in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Additionally, caspase-activated DNase (CAD) may be the vital player in mediating the chromosomal breakages during oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Chromosomal breakage occurs during apoptosis and chromosome rearrangement. Chromosomal breakages tend to cluster in certain regions, such as matrix association region/scaffold attachment region (MAR/SAR). We hypothesised that oxidative stress-induced apoptosis may result in chromosome breaks preferentially at the MAR/SAR sites. The AF9 gene at 9p22 was targeted in this study because 9p22 is a deletion site commonly found in NPC. Results By using MAR/SAR recognition signature (MRS), potential MAR/SAR sites were predicted in the AF9 gene. The predicted MAR/SAR sites precisely match to the experimentally determined MAR/SARs. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to induce apoptosis in normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cells (NP69) and NPC cells (HK1). Nested inverse polymerase chain reaction was employed to identify the AF9 gene cleavages. In the SAR region, the gene cleavage frequency of H2O2-treated cells was significantly higher than that of the non-treated cells. A few chromosomal breakages were detected within the AF9 region which was previously found to be involved in the mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL)-AF9 translocation in an acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patient. As for the non-SAR region, no significant difference in the gene cleavage frequency was found between the untreated control and H2O2-treated cells. Furthermore, H2O2-induced cleavages within the SAR region were reduced by caspase-3 inhibitor, which indirectly inhibits CAD. Conclusions These results reaffirm our previous findings that oxidative stress-induced apoptosis could be one of the potential mechanisms underlying chromosome breakages in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. MAR/SAR may play a vital role in defining the location of chromosomal breakages mediated by oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, where CAD is the major nuclease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12867-018-0116-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Nee Tan
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Sai-Peng Sim
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Alan S B Khoo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Goddu RN, Henderson CF, Young AK, Muradian BE, Calderon L, Bleeg LH, Fukuto JM, Lin J. Chronic exposure of the RAW246.7 macrophage cell line to H 2O 2 leads to increased catalase expression. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 126:67-72. [PMID: 30059776 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Altered cellular redox states have been associated with a variety of chronic diseases, especially those correlated with inflammation. One of the primary oxidants generated during the inflammatory response is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Macrophages in particular are thought to produce large amounts of H2O2, however they must somehow protect themselves from the potentially lethal concentrations they produce. To investigate how immune cells protect themselves from H2O2 observed in chronic inflammatory diseases, we established an adapted population of macrophages in culture by gradually increasing sub-lethal concentrations of H2O2 in the media to typically lethal concentrations over the course of more than a month. The resulting cells were tolerant to very high concentrations of H2O2. Further investigation revealed that the cells were able to rapidly neutralize the H2O2 added to their culture media due to a dramatic upregulation of catalase. Interestingly, T cells, which are also implicated in chronic inflammation, were unable to adapt to H2O2 under the same procedure, however when T cells were cultured in media from adapted macrophages, they were able to survive typically lethal concentrations of H2O2. These data support the hypothesis that macrophages are able to protect themselves and neighboring cells during states of chronic inflammation from the oxidizing environment they create.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Goddu
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 E. Cotati Ave, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, United States
| | - Catherine F Henderson
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 E. Cotati Ave, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, United States
| | - Amanda K Young
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 E. Cotati Ave, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, United States
| | - Brooke E Muradian
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 E. Cotati Ave, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, United States
| | - Leticia Calderon
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 E. Cotati Ave, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, United States
| | - Logan H Bleeg
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 E. Cotati Ave, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, United States
| | - Jon M Fukuto
- Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, United States
| | - Joseph Lin
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 E. Cotati Ave, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, United States.
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Oxidative stress-induced chromosome breaks within the ABL gene: a model for chromosome rearrangement in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Hum Genomics 2018; 12:29. [PMID: 29914565 PMCID: PMC6006577 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-018-0160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanism underlying chromosome rearrangement in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains elusive. It is known that most of the aetiological factors of NPC trigger oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a potent apoptotic inducer. During apoptosis, chromatin cleavage and DNA fragmentation occur. However, cells may undergo DNA repair and survive apoptosis. Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway has been known as the primary DNA repair system in human cells. The NHEJ process may repair DNA ends without any homology, although region of microhomology (a few nucleotides) is usually utilised by this DNA repair system. Cells that evade apoptosis via erroneous DNA repair may carry chromosomal aberration. Apoptotic nuclease was found to be associated with nuclear matrix during apoptosis. Matrix association region/scaffold attachment region (MAR/SAR) is the binding site of the chromosomal DNA loop structure to the nuclear matrix. When apoptotic nuclease is associated with nuclear matrix during apoptosis, it potentially cleaves at MAR/SAR. Cells that survive apoptosis via compromised DNA repair may carry chromosome rearrangement contributing to NPC tumourigenesis. The Abelson murine leukaemia (ABL) gene at 9q34 was targeted in this study as 9q34 is a common region of loss in NPC. This study aimed to identify the chromosome breakages and/or rearrangements in the ABL gene in cells undergoing oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Results In the present study, in silico prediction of MAR/SAR was performed in the ABL gene. More than 80% of the predicted MAR/SAR sites are closely associated with previously reported patient breakpoint cluster regions (BCR). By using inverse polymerase chain reaction (IPCR), we demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis in normal nasopharyngeal epithelial and NPC cells led to chromosomal breakages within the ABL BCR that contains a MAR/SAR. Intriguingly, we detected two translocations in H2O2-treated cells. Region of microhomology was found at the translocation junctions. This observation is consistent with the operation of microhomology-mediated NHEJ. Conclusions Our findings suggested that oxidative stress-induced apoptosis may participate in chromosome rearrangements of NPC. A revised model for oxidative stress-induced apoptosis mediating chromosome rearrangement in NPC is proposed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40246-018-0160-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Masilamani T, Subramaniam T, Nordin N, Rosli R. Neuroprotective effects of Peltophorum pterocarpum leaf extract against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-017-0054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Unsal-Tan O, Ozadali-Sari K, Ayazgok B, Küçükkılınç TT, Balkan A. Novel 2-Arylbenzimidazole derivatives as multi-targeting agents to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tan SN, Sim SP, Khoo ASB. Potential role of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in mediating chromosomal rearrangements in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:35. [PMID: 27231526 PMCID: PMC4880972 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic aberrations have been identified in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. There are increasing evidences that the apoptotic nuclease caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD) is one of the players leading to translocation in leukemia. Oxidative stress, which has been strongly implicated in carcinogenesis, is a potent apoptotic inducer. Most of the NPC etiological factors are known to induce oxidative stress. Although apoptosis is a cell death process, cells possess the potential to survive apoptosis upon DNA repair. Eventually, the surviving cells may carry rearranged chromosomes. We hypothesized that oxidative stress-induced apoptosis may cause chromosomal breaks mediated by CAD. Upon erroneous DNA repair, cells that survive apoptosis may harbor chromosomal rearrangements contributing to NPC pathogenesis. This study focused on the AF9 gene at 9p22, a common deletion region in NPC. We aimed to propose a possible model for molecular mechanism underlying the chromosomal rearrangements in NPC. Results In the present study, we showed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced apoptosis in NPC (HK1) and normal nasopharyngeal epithelial (NP69) cells, as evaluated by flow cytometric analyses. Activity of caspases 3/7 was detected in H2O2-treated cells. This activity was inhibited by caspase inhibitor (CI). By nested inverse polymerase chain reaction (IPCR), we demonstrated that oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in HK1 and NP69 cells resulted in cleavages within the breakpoint cluster region (BCR) of the AF9 gene. The gene cleavage frequency detected in the H2O2-treated cells was found to be significantly higher than untreated control. We further found that treatment with CI, which indirectly inhibits CAD, significantly reduced the chromosomal breaks in H2O2-cotreated cells. Intriguingly, a few breakpoints were mapped within the AF9 region that was previously reported to translocate with the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patient. Conclusions In conclusion, our findings suggested that oxidative stress-induced apoptosis could be one of the mechanisms underlying the chromosomal rearrangements in NPC. CAD may play an important role in chromosomal cleavages mediated by oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. A potential model for oxidative stress-induced apoptosis mediating chromosomal rearrangements in NPC is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Nee Tan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Sai-Peng Sim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Alan S B Khoo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Weisthal S, Keinan N, Ben-Hail D, Arif T, Shoshan-Barmatz V. Ca(2+)-mediated regulation of VDAC1 expression levels is associated with cell death induction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2270-81. [PMID: 24704533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
VDAC1, an outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) protein, is crucial for regulating mitochondrial metabolic and energetic functions and acts as a convergence point for various cell survival and death signals. VDAC1 is also a key player in apoptosis, involved in cytochrome c (Cyto c) release and interactions with anti-apoptotic proteins. Recently, we demonstrated that various pro-apoptotic agents induce VDAC1 oligomerization and proposed that a channel formed by VDAC1 oligomers mediates cytochrome c release. As VDAC1 transports Ca(2+) across the OMM and because Ca(2+) has been implicated in apoptosis induction, we addressed the relationship between cytosolic Ca(2+) levels ([Ca(2)(+)]i), VDAC1 oligomerization and apoptosis induction. We demonstrate that different apoptosis inducers elevate cytosolic Ca(2+) and induce VDAC1 over-expression. Direct elevation of [Ca(2+)]i by the Ca(2+)-mobilizing agents A23187, ionomycin and thapsigargin also resulted in VDAC1 over-expression, VDAC1 oligomerization and apoptosis. In contrast, decreasing [Ca(2+)]i using the cell-permeable Ca(2+)-chelating reagent BAPTA-AM inhibited VDAC1 over-expression, VDAC1 oligomerization and apoptosis. Correlation between the increase in VDAC1 levels and oligomerization, [Ca(2+)]i levels and apoptosis induction, as induced by H2O2 or As2O3, was also obtained. On the other hand, cells transfected to overexpress VDAC1 presented Ca(2+)-independent VDAC1 oligomerization, cytochrome c release and apoptosis, suggesting that [Ca(2+)]i elevation is not a pre-requisite for apoptosis induction when VDAC1 is over-expressed. The results suggest that Ca(2+) promotes VDAC1 over-expression by an as yet unknown signaling pathway, leading to VDAC1 oligomerization, ultimately resulting in apoptosis. These findings provide a new insight into the mechanism of action of existing anti-cancer drugs involving induction of VDAC1 over-expression as a mechanism for inducing apoptosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Calcium Signaling in Health and Disease. Guest Editors: Geert Bultynck, Jacques Haiech, Claus W. Heizmann, Joachim Krebs, and Marc Moreau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Weisthal
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Nurit Keinan
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Danya Ben-Hail
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Tasleem Arif
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Panieri E, Gogvadze V, Norberg E, Venkatesh R, Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B. Reactive oxygen species generated in different compartments induce cell death, survival, or senescence. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 57:176-87. [PMID: 23295411 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well-established mediators of oxidative damage and cell demise, the mechanisms by which they trigger specific cell death modalities and the temporal/spatial requirements underlying this phenomenon are largely unknown. Yet, it is well established that most anticancer therapies depend on ROS production for efficient tumor eradication. Using several non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines, we have dissected how the site of ROS production and accumulation in various cell compartments affect cell fate. We demonstrate that high levels of exogenously generated H2O2 induce extensive DNA damage, ATP depletion, and severe cytotoxicity. Although these effects were independent of caspase activity, they could-at least in part-be prevented by RIP1 kinase inhibition. In contrast, low levels of exogenously produced H2O2 triggered a modest drop in ATP level, delayed toxicity, G2/M arrest, and cell senescence. Mitochondrially produced H2O2 induced a reversible ATP drop without affecting cell viability. Instead, the cells accumulated in the G1/S phase of the cell cycle and became senescent. Concomitant inhibition of glycolysis was found to markedly sensitize cells to death in the presence of otherwise nontoxic concentrations of H2O2, presumably by the inhibition of ATP-restoring mechanisms. Combined, our data provide evidence that ROS might dictate different cellular consequences depending on their overall concentration at steady-state levels and on their site of generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Panieri
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kelsen S, He X, Chade AR. Early superoxide scavenging accelerates renal microvascular rarefaction and damage in the stenotic kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F576-83. [PMID: 22622460 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00154.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal artery stenosis (RAS), the main cause of chronic renovascular disease (RVD), is associated with significant oxidative stress. Chronic RVD induces renal injury partly by promoting renal microvascular (MV) damage and blunting MV repair in the stenotic kidney. We tested the hypothesis that superoxide anion plays a pivotal role in MV dysfunction, reduction of MV density, and progression of renal injury in the stenotic kidney. RAS was induced in 14 domestic pigs and observed for 6 wk. Seven RAS pigs were chronically treated with the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol (RAS+T) to reduce oxidative stress. Single-kidney hemodynamics and function were quantified in vivo using multidetector computer tomography (CT) and renal MV density was quantified ex vivo using micro-CT. Expression of angiogenic, inflammatory, and apoptotic factors was measured in renal tissue, and renal apoptosis and fibrosis were quantified in tissue sections. The degree of RAS and blood pressure were similarly increased in RAS and RAS+T. Renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were reduced in the stenotic kidney (280.1 ± 36.8 and 34.2 ± 3.1 ml/min, P < 0.05 vs. control). RAS+T kidneys showed preserved GFR (58.5 ± 6.3 ml/min, P = not significant vs. control) but a similar decreases in RBF (293.6 ± 85.2 ml/min) and further decreases in MV density compared with RAS. These changes were accompanied by blunted angiogenic signaling and increased apoptosis and fibrosis in the stenotic kidney of RAS+T compared with RAS. The current study shows that tempol administration provided limited protection to the stenotic kidney. Despite preserved GFR, renal perfusion was not improved by tempol, and MV density was further reduced compared with untreated RAS, associated with increased renal apoptosis and fibrosis. These results suggest that a tight balance of the renal redox status is necessary for a normal MV repair response to injury, at least at the early stage of RVD, and raise caution regarding antioxidant strategies in RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Kelsen
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Univ. of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
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Ju HY, Chen SC, Wu KJ, Kuo HC, Hseu YC, Ching H, Wu CR. Antioxidant phenolic profile from ethyl acetate fraction of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi with protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in SH-SY5Y cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:492-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Whole-object fluorescence lifetime setup for efficient non-imaging quantitative intracellular fluorophore measurements. J Fluoresc 2012; 22:875-82. [PMID: 22258423 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-011-1025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we introduce a Whole-Object Fluorescence Life Time (wo-FLT) measurement approach for ease and a relatively inexpensive method of tracing alterations in intracellular fluorophore distribution and in the physical-chemical features of the microenvironments hosting the fluorophore. Two common fluorophores, Rhodamine 123 and Acridine Orange, were used to stain U937 cells which were incubated, with and without either Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorphenylhydrazon or the apoptosis inducer H(2)O(2). The wo-FLT, which is a non-imaging quantitative measurement, was able to detect several fluorescence decay components and corresponding weights in a single cell resolution. Following cell treatment, both decay time and weight were altered. Results suggest that the prominent factor responsible for these alterations and in some cases to a shift in emission spectrum as well, is the intracellular fluorophore local concentration. In this study it was demonstrated that the proposed wo-FLT method is superior to color fluorescence based imaging in cases where the emission spectrum of a fluorophore remains unchanged during the investigated process. The proposed wo-FLT approach may be of particular importance when direct imaging is impossible.
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Aggarwal A, Misro MM, Maheshwari A, Sehgal N. Differential modulation of apoptotic gene expression by N-acetyl-L-cysteine in Leydig cells stimulated persistently with hCG in vivo. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:155-64. [PMID: 21856376 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of NAC (150 mg/kg bw twice/week) action in vivo under repeated hCG (100 IU/rat/day) stimulation to adult rats. Leydig cell refractoriness led to a significant decline in serum testosterone and intracellular cAMP by day 30 of chronic hCG intervention which improved significantly following NAC co-administration. It inhibited the rise in lipid peroxidation, improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes along with intracellular glutathione and total antioxidant capacity in the target cells. Leydig cell apoptosis declined significantly (P<0.001) with down-regulation of upstream, Fas, FasL, caspase-8, Bax and caspase-9, JNK/pJNK and downstream caspase-3 and PARP. On the other hand, anti-apoptotic Bcl2, NF-kβ, and Akt were up-regulated. Taken together, the above findings indicate that the specificity of NAC action was not restricted to regulating marker proteins in the extrinsic and JNK pathways as seen in vitro but extended to include intrinsic pathway of metazoan apoptosis as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Aggarwal
- Department of Reproductive Biomedicine, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, Baba Gang Nath Marg, Munirka, New Delhi 110067, India
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Ding X, Wang MY, Yao YX, Li GY, Cai BC. Protective effect of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural derived from processed Fructus Corni on human hepatocyte LO2 injured by hydrogen peroxide and its mechanism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 128:373-376. [PMID: 20117202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the present study was to evaluate the putative protective effect of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) derived from processed Fructus Corni on human hepatocyte cell line (LO2) injured by hydrogen peroxide in vitro and the mechanism of its protection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The percentage of cell viability was evaluated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The hepatocyte cell apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometric analysis. The content of nitric oxide and caspase-3 activity were quantified spectrophotometrically by enzyme-linked immunoassay. RESULT The study showed that incubation with 5-HMF caused significant increase in the viability of LO2 cell, decrease of cell apoptosis and recovery of cell cycle in LO2 cell injured by hydrogen peroxide, which was accompanied with the decreased nitric oxide level and caspase-3 activity. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that 5-HMF protects LO2 cell against damage induced by hydrogen peroxide through inhibiting effect of cell apoptosis caused by promoting S phase to G2/M phase and the decreased caspase-3 activity and nitric oxide level. 5-HMF is one of the active principles in processed Fructus Corni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Stamatopoulos B, Meuleman N, De Bruyn C, Delforge A, Bron D, Lagneaux L. The histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid induces apoptosis, down-regulates the CXCR4 chemokine receptor and impairs migration of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Haematologica 2010; 95:1136-43. [PMID: 20145270 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.013847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a neoplastic disorder that arises largely as a result of defective apoptosis leading to chemoresistance. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 and its receptor, CXCR4, have been shown to play an important role in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell trafficking and survival. DESIGN AND METHODS Since histone acetylation is involved in the modulation of gene expression, we evaluated the effects of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and in particular on cell survival, CXCR4 expression, migration, and drug sensitization. RESULTS Here, we showed that treatment with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (20 microM) for 48 hours induced a decrease in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell viability via apoptosis (n=20, P=0.0032). Using specific caspase inhibitors, we demonstrated the participation of caspases-3, -6 and -8, suggesting an activation of the extrinsic pathway. Additionally, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid significantly decreased CXCR4 mRNA (n=10, P=0.0010) and protein expression (n=40, P<0.0001). As a result, chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell migration in response to stromal cell-derived factor-1 (n=23, P<0.0001) or through bone marrow stromal cells was dramatically impaired. Consequently, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid reduced the protective effect of the microenvironment and thus sensitized chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to chemotherapy such as fludarabine. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid induces apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells via the extrinsic pathway and down-regulates CXCR4 expression leading to decreased cell migration. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid in combination with other drugs represents a promising therapeutic approach to inhibiting migration, chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell survival and potentially overcoming drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Stamatopoulos
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Laboratoire d'Hématologie Expérimentale -Boulevard de Waterloo n 121 - 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Yanagita T, Oku H. Branched-Chain Fatty Acid as a Functional Lipid. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420077070.ch18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Maheshwari A, Misro MM, Aggarwal A, Sharma RK, Nandan D. Pathways involved in testicular germ cell apoptosis induced by H2O2in vitro. FEBS J 2009; 276:870-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Ahmed AU, Schmidt RL, Park CH, Reed NR, Hesse SE, Thomas CF, Molina JR, Deschamps C, Yang P, Aubry MC, Tang AH. Effect of disrupting seven-in-absentia homolog 2 function on lung cancer cell growth. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:1606-29. [PMID: 19001609 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperactivated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and/or RAS signaling drives cellular transformation and tumorigenesis in human lung cancers, but agents that block activated EGFR and RAS signaling have not yet been demonstrated to substantially extend patients' lives. The human homolog of Drosophila seven-in-absentia--SIAH-1 and SIAH-2--are ubiquitin E3 ligases and conserved downstream components of the RAS pathway that are required for mammalian RAS signal transduction. We examined whether inhibiting SIAH-2 function blocks lung cancer growth. METHODS The antiproliferative and antitumorigenic effects of lentiviral expression of anti-SIAH-2 molecules (ie, a dominant-negative protease-deficient mutant of SIAH-2 [SIAH-2(PD)] and short hairpin RNA [shRNA]-mediated gene knockdown against SIAH-2) were assayed in normal human lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells and in human lung cancer BZR, A549, H727, and UMC11 cells by measuring cell proliferation rates, by assessing MAPK and other activated downstream components of the RAS pathway by immunoblotting, assessing apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated UTP end-labeling (TUNEL) assay, quantifying anchorage-independent cell growth in soft agar, and assessing A549 cell-derived tumor growth in athymic nude mice (groups of 10 mice, with two injections of 1 x 10(6) cells each at the dorsal left and right scapular areas). All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS SIAH-2 deficiency in human lung cancer cell lines reduced MAPK signaling and statistically significantly inhibited cell proliferation compared with those in SIAH-proficient cells (P < .001) and increased apoptosis (TUNEL-positive A549 cells 3 days after lentivirus infection: SIAH-2(PD) vs control, 30.1% vs 0.0%, difference = 30.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 23.1% to 37.0%, P < .001; SIAH-2-shRNA#6 vs control shRNA, 27.9% vs 0.0%, difference = 27.9%, 95% CI = 23.1% to 32.6%, P < .001). SIAH-2 deficiency also reduced anchorage-independent growth of A549 cells in soft agar (mean number of colonies: SIAH-2(PD) vs control, 124.7 vs 57.3, difference = 67.3, 95% CI = 49.4 to 85.3, P < .001; shRNA-SIAH-2#6 vs shRNA control: 27.0 vs 119.7, difference = 92.7, 95% CI = 69.8 to 115.5, P < .001), and blocked the growth of A549 cell-derived tumors in nude mice (mean tumor volume on day 36 after A549 cell injection: SIAH-2(PD) infected vs uninfected, 191.0 vs 558.5 mm(3), difference = 367.5 mm(3), 95% CI = 237.6 to 497.4 mm(3), P < .001; SIAH-2(PD) infected vs control infected, 191.0 vs 418.3 mm(3), difference = 227.5 mm(3), 95% CI = 87.4 to 367.1 mm(3), P = .003; mean resected tumor weight: SIAH-2(PD) infected vs uninfected, 0.12 vs 0.48 g, difference = 0.36 g, 95% CI = 0.23 to 0.50 g, P < .001; SIAH-2(PD) infected vs control infected, 0.12 vs 0.29 g, difference = 0.17 g, 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.31 g, P = .016). CONCLUSIONS SIAH-2 may be a viable target for novel anti-RAS and anticancer agents aimed at inhibiting EGFR and/or RAS-mediated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atique U Ahmed
- Departments of Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Glabowski W, Wiszniewska B, Kurzawa R. Protective potential of SCF for mice preimplantation embryos cultured in vitro in suboptimal conditions. J Assist Reprod Genet 2008; 25:395-402. [PMID: 18797989 PMCID: PMC2582130 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-008-9248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effect of stem cell factor (SCF) to embryos exposed to detrimental factors. METHODS Mice embryos cultured in control medium or Exp.1. with FasL or FasL+SCF Exp.2. with hydrogen peroxide (HP) or HP+SCF; Exp.3. frozen-thawed and cultured with or without SCF. Immunohistochemistry for Fas and c-kit receptors was performed in blastocysts. Blastocyst rates, total numbers of blastocyst cells (TB) and inner cell mass cell counts (ICM) were determined. RESULTS Immunohistochemical studies revealed expression of both Fas and c-kit in blastocyst cells. Exp.1. Significantly more blastocysts were found in control when compared to FasL group and to FasL+SCF group. TB and ICM counts in control and FasL+SCF group were significantly higher comparing to FasL group. Exp.2. We found significant differences between three groups in all three evaluated parameters. The highest blastocyst rates, TB and ICM counts were found in control, lower in HP+SCF group and the worst in HP group. Exp.3. No significant differences in TB and ICM counts were found. More embryos formed blastocyst in control than in two cryopreserved groups. Blastocyst rates did not differ between two cryopreserved groups. CONCLUSION SCF may improve culture of embryos exposed to unfavorable milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Glabowski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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Solovieva ME, Solovyev VV, Kudryavtsev AA, Trizna YA, Akatov VS. Vitamin B12b enhances the cytotoxicity of dithiothreitol. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1846-56. [PMID: 18342018 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been found previously that vitamin B12b amplifies significantly the cytotoxic effects of ascorbic acid by catalyzing the formation of reactive oxygen species, and the antioxidant dithiothreitol (DTT), in contrast to catalase, does not prevent the cytotoxicity. Therefore, in this study we examined whether B12b is able to enhance the cytotoxicity of DTT. It was revealed that B12b strongly increases the cytotoxic effect of DTT. Vitamin B12b added to DTT catalyzed the generation and drastic accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in culture medium to a concentration of 260 microM within 7 min. The extracellular oxidative burst induced by the combination of B12b and DTT (DTT + B12b) was accompanied by intracellular oxidative stress, the destabilization of lysosomes, and damage to DNA. The accumulation of DNA lesions led to the initiation of apoptotic cell death, including the activation of caspase-3 and the release of cytochrome c. The antioxidants pyruvate and catalase completely prevented the DTT + B12b-induced oxidative stress and cell death. The iron chelators desferrioxamine and phenanthroline prevented the geno- and cytotoxic action of the combination although they did not reduce the exogenous oxidative burst, indicating a key role for intracellular iron in the cytotoxicity of the combination. Thus, vitamin B12b dramatically enhances the cytotoxicity of DTT, catalyzing the generation of hydrogen peroxide and inducing extra- and intracellular oxidative stress, early destabilization of lysosomes, and iron-dependent DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E Solovieva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
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21
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Stevenson DE, Cooney JM, Jensen DJ, Wibisono R, Adaim A, Skinner MA, Zhang J. Comparison of enzymically glucuronidated flavonoids with flavonoid aglycones in an in vitro cellular model of oxidative stress protection. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2008; 44:73-80. [PMID: 18219540 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-007-9072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study modeled, in vitro, the potential effect of conjugative (phase II) metabolism on the cytoprotective capacity of fruit flavonoids against oxidative stress. Flavonoid aglycones were compared with their corresponding isomeric mixtures of glucuronides for their ability to enhance the survival of cultured human Jurkat T and neuroblastoma cells stressed with hydrogen peroxide. Various polyphenolic compounds were tested as substrates in vitro for an ovine liver glucuronyl transferase preparation. Flavonoids and their glycoside derivatives were found to be good substrates, whereas phenolic acids were either poor or nonsubstrates. Five common flavonoids were glucuronidated to prepare mixtures for bioassay testing. Glucuronidation generally weakened the cytoprotective capacities of flavonoids (in the presence of H(2)O(2)), but some compounds were weakened much more than others. The concentration that halved cell death was well below 0.5 microM for most flavonoids tested, but glucuronidation increased median effective concentration values to a range of 1-16 microM. This compares with the generally accepted physiological range (0.1-10 microM) for circulating dietary polyphenolics detected in the body. Therefore, some flavonoids may retain a reduced cytoprotective capacity in vitro, after glucuronidation, whereas others may be effectively inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Stevenson
- The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand, Private Bag 3123, Waikato Mail Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
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Kim EM, Yang HS, Kang SW, Ho JN, Lee SB, Um HD. Amplification of the gamma-irradiation-induced cell death pathway by reactive oxygen species in human U937 cells. Cell Signal 2008; 20:916-24. [PMID: 18262755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Given the critical involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell death, their hierarchical status in the cell pathway has been analyzed by many investigators. However, it has been shown that ROS can act either upstream or downstream of various death mediators depending on experimental settings. To investigate whether the contrasting relationships may exist in a single model system, human U937 cells were irradiated with lethal doses of gamma-rays. This resulted in a promotion of mitochondrial ROS production, which was found to be induced via sequential actions of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Bax, and caspase-3. Interestingly, the induced ROS, in turn, re-activated JNK, Bax, and caspase-3 in the same model system. Consistently, the blockade of Bax action by RNA interference or Bcl-2 overexpression abolished the activation of JNK induced after, but not before, the production of ROS. Bcl-2 overexpression also blocked the translocation of Bax from the cytosol to the mitochondria only after the induction of ROS. Functional analyses revealed that the initial ROS-independent activations of JNK, Bax, and caspase-3 are not sufficient for cell death, and thus, should be re-activated by ROS in order to kill the cells. These findings suggest that ROS do not simply mediate the lethal action of gamma-irradiation, but actually amplify it by forming a feedback loop between a downstream effector caspase and the upstream initiation signals leading to the activation of JNK. This role for ROS appears to allow Bcl-2 to block the signaling events, which are initially induced upstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Tumor Physiology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
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Song HO, Shin MH, Ahn MH, Min DY, Kim YS, Ryu JS. Trichomonas vaginalis: Reactive oxygen species mediates caspase-3 dependent apoptosis of human neutrophils. Exp Parasitol 2008; 118:59-65. [PMID: 17709105 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There are many neutrophils in the vaginal discharge from women infected with Trichomonas vaginalis. The aim of our study was to determine whether human neutrophil apoptosis may be regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to trichomonads infection. Incubation of human neutrophils with live trichomonads caused marked receptor shedding of CD16, decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and caspase-3 activation in human neutrophils. These proapoptotic effects of T. vaginalis on neutrophils were inhibited by pretreatment of neutrophils with an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), suggesting an important role of intracellular ROS accumulation in T. vaginalis-triggered apoptosis. Indeed, large amounts of ROS levels were detected in neutrophils incubated with live trichomonads, and were also effectively inhibited by DPI. However, pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk or caspase-3 inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk did not affect T. vaginalis-induced ROS generation in neutrophils. These results suggest that ROS-dependent caspase-3 activation plays an important role in apoptosis of human neutrophils induced by T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ouk Song
- Department of Parasitology, Brain Korea 21, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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Lee SB, Bae IH, Bae YS, Um HD. Link between Mitochondria and NADPH Oxidase 1 Isozyme for the Sustained Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cell Death. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:36228-35. [PMID: 17015444 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606702200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mitochondria and the Nox family of NADPH oxidase are major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by external stimuli, there is limited information on their functional relationship. This study has shown that serum withdrawal promotes the production of ROS in human 293T cells by stimulating both the mitochondria and Nox1. An analysis of their relationship revealed that the mitochondria respond to serum withdrawal within a few minutes, and the ROS produced by the mitochondria trigger Nox1 action by stimulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Rac1. Activation of the PI3K/Rac1/Nox1 pathway was evident 4-8 h after but not earlier than serum withdrawal initiation, and this time lag was found to be required for an additional activator of the pathway, Lyn, to be expressed. Functional analysis suggested that, although the mitochondria contribute to the early (0-4 h) accumulation of ROS, the maintenance of the induced ROS levels to the later (4-8 h) phase required the action of the PI3K/Rac1/Nox1 pathway. Serum withdrawal-treated cells eventually lost their viability, which was reversed by blocking either the mitochondria-dependent induction of ROS using rotenone or KCN or the PI3K/Rac1/Nox1 pathway using the dominant negative mutants or small interfering RNAs. This suggests that mitochondrial ROS are essential but not enough to promote cell death, which requires the sustained accumulation of ROS by the subsequent action of Nox1. Overall, this study shows a signaling link between the mitochondria and Nox1, which is crucial for the sustained accumulation of ROS and cell death in serum withdrawal-induced signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Tumor Physiology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-706, Korea
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Zhang J, Stanley RA, Adaim A, Melton LD, Skinner MA. Free radical scavenging and cytoprotective activities of phenolic antioxidants. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006; 50:996-1005. [PMID: 17039459 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200600072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The free radical scavenging activities of three flavonoids (quercetin, rutin and catechin) and four hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic, ferulic, sinapic, and chlorogenic acids) were evaluated using both oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity (LPIC) assays. The cytoprotective effects of these compounds were also measured by the degree of protection against H(2)O(2)-induced damage of human Jurkat cells. All compounds exhibited protection against H(2)O(2)-mediated cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The concentrations required to result in a 50% reduction in cell death (EC(50) value) were calculated from their dose-response curves. These ranged from 0.15-2.65 microM. Overall, the four hydroxycinnamic acids tested were less effective than the three flavonoids, and of all compounds tested, quercetin offered the strongest protection against H(2)O(2)-induced cell death. A comparison of the results showed that the ability to inhibit peroxidation of lipids in a liposomal system (LPIC) correlated well with the cytoprotective activities (EC(50)), but not with the ability to protect an aqueous fluorescent substrate in the ORAC assays. The results suggest that the behavior of antioxidants in a liposomal membrane is to some extent similar to the mechanism involved in the protection of living cells from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Zhang
- Innovative Food Technologie, DPI and F, Queensland, Australia.
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Arimoto E, Iwai S, Sumi T, Ogawa Y, Yura Y. Involvement of intracellular free Ca2+ in enhanced release of herpes simplex virus by hydrogen peroxide. Virol J 2006; 3:62. [PMID: 16942625 PMCID: PMC1564391 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-3-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It was reported that elevation of the intracellular concentration of free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) by a calcium ionophore increased the release of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Freely diffusible hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is implied to alter Ca2+ homeostasis, which further enhances abnormal cellular activity, causing changes in signal transduction, and cellular dysfunction. Whether H2O2 could affect [Ca2+]i in HSV-1-infected cells had not been investigated. Results H2O2 treatment increased the amount of cell-free virus and decreased the proportion of viable cells. After the treatment, an elevation in [Ca2+]i was observed and the increase in [Ca2+]i was suppressed when intracellular and cytosolic Ca2+ were buffered by Ca2+ chelators. In the presence of Ca2+ chelators, H2O2-mediated increases of cell-free virus and cell death were also diminished. Electron microscopic analysis revealed enlarged cell junctions and a focal disintegration of the plasma membrane in H2O2-treated cells. Conclusion These results indicate that H2O2 can elevate [Ca2+]i and induces non-apoptotic cell death with membrane lesions, which is responsible for the increased release of HSV-1 from epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Arimoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Soichi Iwai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sumi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuzo Ogawa
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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Gautam DK, Misro MM, Chaki SP, Sehgal N. H2O2 at physiological concentrations modulates Leydig cell function inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Apoptosis 2006; 11:39-46. [PMID: 16374549 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-3087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
H(2)O(2) is one of the active reactive oxygen species secreted by macrophages that are seen closely aligned with Leydig cells in the testicular interstitium. The present study was initiated to investigate the role of H(2)O(2) on Leydig cell function in vitro at physiological concentrations. Significant decrease in both testosterone production (p < 0.05) and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (p < 0.05) in adult Leydig cells were observed even with H(2)O(2) at low concentrations (30 - 50 microM). H(2)O(2) exposure increased oxidative stress in Leydig cells with the rise in lipid peroxidation and fall in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) & glutathione-s-transferase (GST). There was also a marginal increase (approximately 8%) in cell apoptosis accompanied by rise in FasL expression and caspase-3 activation. The above findings indicate that H(2)O(2) as a bio-molecule modulates Leydig cell function at or below physiological concentrations through a variety of actions like decrease in steroidogenic enzyme activity and increase in oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Gautam
- Department of Reproductive Biomedicine, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Mehrauli Road, Munirka, New Delhi
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Wongtangtintharn S, Oku H, Iwasaki H, Inafuku M, Toda T, Yanagita T. Incorporation of branched-chain fatty acid into cellular lipids and caspase-independent apoptosis in human breast cancer cell line, SKBR-3. Lipids Health Dis 2005; 4:29. [PMID: 16305741 PMCID: PMC1315321 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-4-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 13-Methyltetradecanoic acid (13-MTD), an iso-C15 branched- chain saturated fatty acid, has been shown to induce apoptotic cell death of numerous human cancer cells. However, the mechanism for the induction of apoptosis has not been fully understood. This study described the incorporation of 13-MTD into cellular lipid of SKBR-3 breast cancer cells and apoptosis related event to gain more insight into the mechanism action of this fatty acid. Results Treatment of SKBR-3 cells with 13-MTD lowered the cell viability and induced apoptosis. Proportion of 13-MTD in the glycerolipids increased to saturation level within 6 hours. Triacylglycerol contained 13-MTD in higher concentration than phospholipid with positional preference to sn-2. 13-MTD caused no changes in the caspase activity and its gene expression. Furthermore, addition of caspase-inhibitor to culture medium did not prevent the cells from the cytotoxicity of 13-MTD. No-increase in the cellular calcium level was also noted with 13-MTD treatment. However, 13-MTD disrupted the mitochondrial integrity in 4 hours, and increased the nuclear translocation of apoptosis inducing factor. Conclusion These results showed that 13-MTD disrupted the mitochondrial integrity, and induced apoptosis via caspase-independent death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawitree Wongtangtintharn
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hirosuke Oku
- Center of Molecular Bioscience, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Hironori Iwasaki
- Center of Molecular Bioscience, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Masashi Inafuku
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Toda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of the Ryukyus Hospital, School of Medicine, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0125, Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Yanagita
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
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Brand A, Yavin E. Translocation of Ethanolamine Phosphoglyceride is Required for Initiation of Apoptotic Death in OLN-93 Oligodendroglial Cells. Neurochem Res 2005; 30:1257-67. [PMID: 16341587 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-005-8797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The possible interplay between extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) activation and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (PG) membrane bilayer translocation following oxidative stress (OS) (0.5 mM H2O2/0.05 mM Fe2+), was examined in oligodendroglia, OLN93, cells with altered plasma membrane PG composition. Cells supplemented with 50 microM docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3) to increase the number of potential double bond targets for OS in ethanolamine-PG (EPG) were compared to cells with diminished content of EPG, attained by the addition of 0.5 mM N,N-dimethylethanolamine (dEa). After 30 min OS, EPG translocation accompanied by sustained ERK activation and nuclear translocation culminating in apoptosis was found in DHA-supplemented cells in contrast to no EPG translocation, a brief ERK activation, but no nuclear translocation, and no cell death in DHA/dEa-supplemented cells. DHA/dEa-supplemented cells pretreated with the protein-tyrosine phosphatases inhibitor Na3VO4 followed by OS, although expressing a sustained ERK activation and nuclear translocation, failed to show apoptosis and lacked EPG translocation. In DHA-supplemented cells U0126, a MEK inhibitor, prevented ERK activation and EPG translocation and protected from cell death. These findings most likely indicate that ERK activation is an indispensable component for the signaling cascades leading to EPG translocation but only activation of the latter is leading to OS-induced apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Brand
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Weitsman GE, Koren R, Zuck E, Rotem C, Liberman UA, Ravid A. Vitamin D sensitizes breast cancer cells to the action of H2O2: mitochondria as a convergence point in the death pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:266-78. [PMID: 15964518 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Calcitriol, the hormonal form of vitamin D3, sensitizes breast cancer cells to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent cytotoxicity induced by various anticancer modalities. This effect could be due to increased generation of ROS and/ or to increased sensitivity of the target cells to ROS. This work examined the effect of calcitriol on the damage inflicted on breast cancer cells by the direct action of ROS represented by H2O2. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with H2O2 resulted in activation of caspase 7 as well as induction of caspase-independent cell death. Both were enhanced by 48-72 h of pretreatment with calcitriol. This effect was not due to modulation of H2O2 degradation or to a specific effect on *OH-mediated cytotoxicity. The H2O2-induced drop in mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c were enhanced by calcitriol. These findings indicate that calcitriol sensitizes breast cancer cells to ROS-induced death by affecting event(s) common to both caspase-dependent and -independent modes of cell death upstream to mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Weitsman
- Basil and Gerald Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel
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Han JL, Cai DH, Zhang H, Sun J, Chen H, Liu H. Hydrogen peroxide induces apoptosis of human spleen cells in vitro. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:1194-1197. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i10.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the dose- and time-effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on human spleen cells, and to establish a stable apoptotic model of human spleen cells.
METHODS: The human spleen cells, obtained by the method of grinding, were divided into four groups and treated with saline solution or various concentrations of H2O2 respectively. The function of mitochondrions was assessed by the 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the early apoptotic cells were detected by flow cytometry with a combination of Annexin V-FITC/PI.
RESULTS: H2O2 affected the mitochondrial function (negatively) and apoptosis (positively) of the human spleen cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner The apoptotic rates were significantly different between different groups (Total: 55.01±9.11%, 44.07±9.00%, 30.20±6.75% and 9.97±1.68% for 100, 50, 25 μmol/L and control group respectively, P<0.05). The apoptotic rate of cells reached the highest value (69.28±3.01)% at the concentration of 100 mmol/L 6 hours after treatment.
CONCLUSION: H2O2 can induce the apoptosis of human spleen cells in vitro, which can be used to establish apoptotic model.
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Decordier I, Cundari E, Kirsch-Volders M. Influence of caspase activity on micronuclei detection: a possible role for caspase-3 in micronucleation. Mutagenesis 2005; 20:173-9. [PMID: 15817572 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gei025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneugenic and clastogenic agents are good inducers of both micronuclei and apoptosis. In its turn, apoptosis may modify the threshold values for the induction of micronuclei. This is of major concern for accurate assessment of hazard related to exposure to mutagens. In the present work we studied the influence of caspases, the key regulators of the apoptotic process, on the induction of micronuclei in the cytokinesis block micronucleus assay. For this, we applied a combined approach in which both human peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMC) and the paired human breast carcinoma cell lines MCF-7, which is caspase-3 deficient, and the caspase-3 transfected MCF-7 (MCF-7casp-3) were used to study the influence of caspase activity on micronuclei. When nocodazole induced apoptosis was inhibited by the use of inhibitors of the two main apical caspases-8 and -9 in PBMC, the frequencies of micronucleated binucleates (MNCB) increased with inhibition of these caspases confirming that apoptosis can eliminate micronucleated cells. On the contrary when caspase-3 was inhibited, the frequencies of MNCB was lower, suggesting a role of caspase-3, also in micronuclei formation. To verify this hypothesis, we compared the induction of apoptosis and micronuclei by the aneugen nocodazole, the clastogen methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) and the non-mutagenic apoptogen staurosporin in MCF-7 and MCF-7casp-3 cells. The results showed that when caspase-3 activity was impaired, in the parental MCF-7 cell line or in the MCF-7casp-3 cells in the presence of the caspase-3 inhibitor, the frequencies of nocodazole or MMS induced micronuclei decreased. These results suggest that caspase-3, besides its function as an effector caspase in the apoptotic pathway, is also involved in the formation of micronuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Decordier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium.
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Lombaert N, De Boeck M, Decordier I, Cundari E, Lison D, Kirsch-Volders M. Evaluation of the apoptogenic potential of hard metal dust (WC–Co), tungsten carbide and metallic cobalt. Toxicol Lett 2004; 154:23-34. [PMID: 15475175 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed at comparing in vitro the apoptogenic properties of metallic cobalt (Co), tungsten carbide (WC) and tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) in conditions known to cause genotoxicity. Human peripheral blood mononucleated cells were incubated with 2.0-6.0 microg/ml of Co alone or mixed with WC particles and 33.3-100.0 microg/ml WC alone for up to 24 h. Under these culture conditions the majority (60%) of the cobalt metal particles were almost immediately solubilised in the culture medium, while WC remained under the form of particles that were progressively phagocytosed by monocytes. Apoptosis was assessed by Annexin-V staining, flow cytometry and analysis of DNA fragmentation by ELISA. Metallic Co-particles induced apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, although so far considered as biologically inert, WC particles also induced apoptosis. When compared with its individual components WC-Co displayed an additive apoptotic effect in the DNA fragmentation assay. Apoptosis induced by WC particles was found largely dependent on caspase-9 activation and occurred presumably in monocytes, while that induced by Co involved both caspase-9 and -8 activation. The data suggest that apoptosis induced by the tested WC-Co mixture results from the additive effects of WC apoptosis induced in monocytes and Co-specific apoptosis in both monocytes and lymphocytes. The apoptogenic properties of these metals may be important in the mechanism of lung pathologies induced by the cobalt-containing particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noömi Lombaert
- Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium.
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Taylor SL, Weng SL, Fox P, Duran EH, Morshedi MS, Oehninger S, Beebe SJ. Somatic cell apoptosis markers and pathways in human ejaculated sperm: potential utility as indicators of sperm quality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 10:825-34. [PMID: 15465851 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gah099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study we extended earlier work to determine whether sperm respond to somatic cell apoptotic stimuli and whether apoptotic phenotypes are significant indicators of human sperm quality. We evaluated ejaculated sperm from fertile donors and subfertile patients following purification of fractions of high and low motility. In unstimulated conditions, caspase enzymatic activity was higher in motile fractions from subfertile patients than in donors, and was higher in low motility fractions from both groups. Staurosporine, but not a Fas ligand or H2O2, significantly increased caspase activity, but only in high motility fractions. Procaspase-3, -7 and -9 and low levels of active caspase-3, -7 and -9 were identified by immunoblot analysis. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was present in all samples but poly ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) was not detected. Phosphatidylserine translocation was significantly increased only with H2O2 treatment. In ejaculates of both subfertile and fertile men, we demonstrated the presence and activation of several proteins that are key constituents of apoptosis-related pathways in somatic cells, which may serve as markers for sperm quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Taylor
- The Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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Chang TS, Jeong W, Lee DY, Cho CS, Rhee SG. The RING-H2-finger protein APC11 as a target of hydrogen peroxide. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:521-30. [PMID: 15256223 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is a ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3) that targets cell cycle regulators such as cyclin B and securin for degradation. The APC11 subunit functions as the catalytic core of this complex and mediates the transfer of ubiquitin from a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) to the substrate. APC11 contains a RING-H2-finger domain, which includes one histidine and seven cysteine residues that coordinate two Zn(2+) ions. We now show that exposure of purified APC11 to H(2)O(2) (0.1 to 1 mM) induced the release of bound zinc as a result of the oxidation of cysteine residues. It also impaired the physical interaction between APC11 and the E2 enzyme Ubc4 as well as inhibited the ubiquitination of cyclin B1 by APC11. The release of HeLa cells from metaphase arrest in the presence of exogenous H(2)O(2) inhibited the ubiquitination of cyclin B1 as well as the degradation of cyclin B1 and securin that were apparent in the absence of H(2)O(2). The presence of H(2)O(2) also blocked the co-immunoprecipitation of Ubc4 with APC11 and delayed the exit of cells from mitosis. Inhibition of APC11 function by H(2)O(2) thus likely contributes to the delay in cell cycle progression through mitosis that is characteristic of cells subjected to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Shin Chang
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Fernando RI, Wimalasena J. Estradiol abrogates apoptosis in breast cancer cells through inactivation of BAD: Ras-dependent nongenomic pathways requiring signaling through ERK and Akt. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:3266-84. [PMID: 15121878 PMCID: PMC452582 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-11-0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Revised: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens such as 17-beta estradiol (E(2)) play a critical role in sporadic breast cancer progression and decrease apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Our studies using estrogen receptor-positive MCF7 cells show that E(2) abrogates apoptosis possibly through phosphorylation/inactivation of the proapoptotic protein BAD, which was rapidly phosphorylated at S112 and S136. Inhibition of BAD protein expression with specific antisense oligonucleotides reduced the effectiveness of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, H(2)O(2), and serum starvation in causing apoptosis. Furthermore, the ability of E(2) to prevent tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis was blocked by overexpression of the BAD S112A/S136A mutant but not the wild-type BAD. BAD S112A/S136A, which lacks phosphorylation sites for p90(RSK1) and Akt, was not phosphorylated in response to E(2) in vitro(.) E(2) treatment rapidly activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K)/Akt and p90(RSK1) to an extent similar to insulin-like growth factor-1 treatment. In agreement with p90(RSK1) activation, E(2) also rapidly activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and this activity was down-regulated by chemical and biological inhibition of PI-3K suggestive of cross talk between signaling pathways responding to E(2). Dominant negative Ras blocked E(2)-induced BAD phosphorylation and the Raf-activator RasV12T35S induced BAD phosphorylation as well as enhanced E(2)-induced phosphorylation at S112. Chemical inhibition of PI-3K and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibited E(2)-induced BAD phosphorylation at S112 and S136 and expression of dominant negative Ras-induced apoptosis in proliferating cells. Together, these data demonstrate a new nongenomic mechanism by which E(2) prevents apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaine Ingrid Fernando
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the Comparative and Experimental Medicine Program, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37920, USA
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37
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Banerjee T, Kuypers FA. Reactive oxygen species and phosphatidylserine externalization in murine sickle red cells. Br J Haematol 2004; 124:391-402. [PMID: 14717789 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to their role in oxygen transport and the presence of redox active haemoglobin molecules, red blood cells (RBC) generate relatively high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To counteract the potential deleterious effects of ROS, RBCs have a well-integrated network of anti-oxidant mechanisms to combat this oxidative stress. ROS formation is increased in sickle-cell disease (SCD) and our studies in a murine SCD model showed a significant increase in the generation of ROS when compared with normal mice. Our data also indicated that murine sickle RBCs exhibit a significantly increased ATP catabolism, partly due to the increased activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase to regenerate intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels to neutralize the adverse milieu of oxidative stress. Higher ATP consumption by the murine sickle RBCs, together with the increased ROS formation and impairment of the aminophospholipid translocase or flipase may underlie the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinku Banerjee
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
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38
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Buenz EJ, Weaver JG, Bauer BA, Chalpin SD, Badley AD. Cordyceps sinensis extracts do not prevent Fas-receptor and hydrogen peroxide-induced T-cell apoptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2004; 90:57-62. [PMID: 14698509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous and alcohol extracts of Cordyceps sinensis (Berk) Succ. are used as a traditional medicine in China for the treatment of a wide range of diseases and are reported to have antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties. We therefore examined the ability of aqueous, organic, and alcohol extracts of Cordyceps sinensis to inhibit apoptosis induced either by hydrogen peroxide or Fas-receptor ligation; both stimuli induce apoptosis dependent on reactive oxygen species. Cells pre-incubated with Cordyceps sinensis extracts were equally sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and Fas-mediated apoptosis. Thus, the putative antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties of Cordyceps sinensis are insufficient to rescue cells from apoptosis induced by these stimuli in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Buenz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
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Choi SE, Sohn S, Cho JW, Shin EA, Song PS, Kang Y. 9-Hydroxypheophorbide α-induced apoptotic death of MCF-7 breast cancer cells is mediated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2004; 73:101-7. [PMID: 14732256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we synthesized 9-hydroxypheophorbide alpha (9-HPbD), a new chlorophyll-derived photosensitizer. The photo-treatment of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with 20 kJ/m2 of red light after 5 microM 9-HPbD pretreatment induced cell death, showed typical apoptotic features, i.e., chromatin condensation, phosphatidyl serine externalization, membrane blebbing, and apoptotic bodies with an intact plasma membrane structure. To elucidate the mechanism of 9-HPbD-induced apoptosis, various mediators of the apoptosis were investigated. Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol was distinct 9 h after irradiation, while the levels of most apoptosis-related molecules such as Fas, FasL, Bcl-2, Bax and p53 were unchanged. Furthermore, caspase-9 activated by released cytochrome c was not significantly activated after 9-HPbD-photosensitization. On the other hand, stress-activated protein kinases such as p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were activated 1 h after irradiation. Blocking of JNK signaling by transfecting with the dominant negative from of the JNK gene significantly reduced 9-HPbD-induced cell death. Our data show that photosensitization with the new photosensitizer 9-HPbD could induce the apoptotic death of MCF-7 breast cancer cell and that this death is mediated by stress-activated signal through JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-E Choi
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Wonchon-dong san 5, Paldal-Gu, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 442-749, Republic of Korea
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40
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Kondo N, Ishii Y, Kwon YW, Tanito M, Horita H, Nishinaka Y, Nakamura H, Yodoi J. Redox-Sensing Release of Human Thioredoxin from T Lymphocytes with Negative Feedback Loops. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 172:442-8. [PMID: 14688353 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (TRX) is released from various types of mammalian cells despite no typical secretory signal sequence. We show here that a redox-active site in TRX is essential for its release from T lymphocytes in response to H2O2 and extracellular TRX regulates its own H2O2-induced release. Human T cell leukemia virus type I-transformed T lymphocytes constitutively release a large amount of TRX. The level of TRX release is augmented upon the addition of H2O2, but suppressed upon the addition of N-acetylcysteine. In the culture supernatant of a Jurkat transfectant expressing the tagged TRX-wild type (WT), the tagged TRX protein is rapidly released at 1 h and kept at a constant level until 6 h after the addition of H2O2. In contrast, another type of transfectant expressing the tagged TRX mutant (C32S/C35S; CS) fails to release the protein. H2O2-induced release of TRX from the transfectant is inhibited by the presence of rTRX-WT in a dose-dependent manner. Preincubation of the transfectant with rTRX-WT for 1 h at 37 degrees C, but not 0 degrees C, results in a significant suppression of the TRX release, reactive oxygen species, and caspase-3 activity induced by H2O2, respectively. Confocal microscopy and Western blot analysis show that extracellular rTRX-WT added to the culture does not obviously enter T lymphocytes until 24 h. These results collectively suggest that the oxidative stress-induced TRX release from T lymphocytes depends on a redox-sensitive event and may be regulated by negative feedback loops using reactive oxygen species-mediated signal transductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Kondo
- Department of Biological Responses, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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41
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McElhinney B, Poynter ME, Shrivastava P, Hazen SL, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Eosinophil peroxidase catalyzes JNK-mediated membrane blebbing in a Rho kinase-dependent manner. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 74:897-907. [PMID: 12960269 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0103028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic influx is characteristic of numerous inflammatory conditions. Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) is a major enzyme present in eosinophils and upon degranulation, becomes released into the airways of asthmatics. As a result of its cationic nature and its ability to catalyze the formation of highly toxic oxidants, EPO has significant potential to induce cellular injury. The focus of the present study was to determine the cell-signaling events important in EPO-induced death of lung epithelial cells. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide and nitrite (NO2-; hereafter called EPO with substrates), EPO catalyzes the formation of nitrogen dioxide. EPO with substrates induced rapid and sustained activation of c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and led to cell death, as was evidenced by enhanced mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome c release, cleavage of caspases 9 and 3, poly-adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribosylation of proteins, the formation of single-stranded DNA, and membrane permeability. Moreover, EPO with substrates caused Rho-associated coiled coil-containing kinase-1-dependent dynamic membrane blebbing. Inhibition of JNK activity in cells expressing a dominant-negative JNK-1 construct (JNK-APF) prevented mitochondrial membrane depolarization and substantially decreased the number of cells blebbing compared with vector controls. The cellular responses to EPO with substrates were independent of whether NO2-, bromide, or thiocyanide was used as substrates. Our findings demonstrate that catalytically active EPO is capable of causing significant damage to lung epithelial cells in vitro and that this involves the activation of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian McElhinney
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Hand RA, Craven RJ. Hpr6.6 protein mediates cell death from oxidative damage in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2003; 90:534-47. [PMID: 14523988 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause cell death and are associated with a variety of maladies, from trauma and infection to organ degeneration and cancer. Cells mount a complex response to oxidative damage that includes signaling from transmembrane receptors and intracellular kinases. We have analyzed the response to oxidative damage in human breast cancer cells expressing the Hpr6.6 (human membrane progesterone receptor) protein. Although Hpr6.6 is related to a putative progesterone-binding protein, Hpr6.6 is widely expressed in epithelial tissues and shares close homology with a budding yeast damage response protein called Dap1p (damage response protein related to membrane progesterone receptor). We report here that the Hpr6.6 protein regulates the response to oxidative damage in breast cancer cells. Expression of Hpr6.6 in MCF-7 cells sensitized the cells to death following long-term/low dose or short-term/high dose treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Cell death did not occur through a typical apoptotic mechanism and corresponded with hyperphosphorylation of the Akt and IkappaB proteins. However, inhibition of Akt activation and IkappaB degradation had no effect on Hpr6.6-mediated cell death, suggesting that Hpr6.6 regulates cell death through a novel oxidative damage response pathway. Our work indicates a key regulatory function for Hpr6.6 in epithelial tissues exposed to oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal A Hand
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Ma S, Ochi H, Cui L, Zhang J, He W. Hydrogen peroxide induced down-regulation of CD28 expression of Jurkat cells is associated with a change of site α-specific nuclear factor binding activity and the activation of caspase-3. Exp Gerontol 2003; 38:1109-18. [PMID: 14580864 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(03)00166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CD28 is the requisite co-stimulatory molecule in the activation of T cells and in the generation of immune responses. But expression of CD28 declined and oxidants accumulated in the elderly. Although accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during senescence has been reported extensively, the effect of oxidants on CD28-expression remains totally unknown. In this study, we tried to address the molecular mechanism underlying the decrease in CD28-expression of Jurkat T cells cultured in H2O2. Our results indicate that H2O2 could partially block the expression of CD28. This correlates well with a change of nuclear protein binding activity to the motif of site alpha of the CD28 gene, while the site beta-binding activity remained unaltered. On the other hand, since caspase-3 is activated by H2O2, inhibitors of caspase-3 should increase the expression of CD28. What is more interesting is the fact that the site alpha-binding activity was mostly restored after caspase-3 inhibitors had being added. However, caspase-3 is not activated by caspase-8. Maybe it is activated by caspase-9, which is triggered by cytochrome c. We believe that the procaspase-3 is activated by ROS, and the active caspase-3 can induce the change of the site alpha-binding activity, causing a decrease in CD28 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Ma
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
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44
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Weitsman GE, Ravid A, Liberman UA, Koren R. Vitamin D enhances caspase-dependent and -independent TNFalpha-induced breast cancer cell death: The role of reactive oxygen species and mitochondria. Int J Cancer 2003; 106:178-86. [PMID: 12800192 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Calcitriol, the hormonal form of vitamin D, potentiates the activity of some common anticancer drugs and agents of the anticancer immune system, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). TNFalpha-induced cytotoxicity is due to both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. Cotreatment with calcitriol enhanced both modes of TNFalpha-induced death in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. It increased caspase-3-like activity as assayed by the cleavage of poly-(ADP-ribose)polymerase and of the fluorogenic substrate ac-DEVD-AMC. It also enhanced TNFalpha-induced caspase-independent cytotoxicity in the presence of the pan-caspase inhibitor zD-2,6-dichlorobenzoyloxymethylketone. The antioxidants N-acetylcysteine, reduced glutathione, lipoic acid and ascorbic acid markedly reduced the enhancing effect of the hormone on TNFalpha-induced caspase activation. N-acetylcysteine and reduced glutathione also decreased caspase-independent cytotoxicity in the presence or absence of calcitriol, indicating that reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a key role in the cross talk between TNFalpha and calcitriol. Mitochondrial damage is common to both TNFalpha-induced caspase-dependent and -independent pathways and may underlie excessive production of ROS. Mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi) was assessed by the specific potential-sensitive fluorescent probe JC-1. The hormone augmented the drop in DeltaPsi and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, induced by TNFalpha. The effect of calcitriol on DeltaPsi was mimicked by rotenone, which increased both the drop in DeltaPsi and caspase activation induced by TNFalpha. It is possible that the interaction of TNFalpha and calcitriol on the level of the mitochondria is the underlying mechanism responsible for the enhancement of TNFalpha-induced, ROS-mediated caspase-dependent and -independent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Weitsman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Bondzio A, Blankenstein P, Risse S. Effects of hydrogen peroxide on bovine leukemia virus expression. Biol Chem 2003; 384:1063-72. [PMID: 12956423 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several activators of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) expression, including lipopolysaccharides, phorbol esters and calcium ionophores, are known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore the influence of H2O2 on BLV expression in two BLV producing cell lines was investigated. The effect of H2O2 on BLV expression is apparently dose-dependent. Incubation of FLK/BLV cells with low concentrations of H2O2 (2.5 to 10 microM) induced a marked enhancement of BLV p24 synthesis and an activation of the long terminal repeat (LTR). Higher concentrations resulted in a decrease of proliferation, induction of apoptosis and in a decrease of BLV synthesis. Furthermore, in both cell lines H2O2 treatment led to the activation of NF-kappaB. Pretreatment of cells with antioxidants abrogated the H2O2-induced BLV expression. Taken together, our findings suggest that oxidative stress stimulates BLV expression via activation of NF-kappaB, raising the possibility that biological sources of H2O2, such as stimulated phagocytes, may influence BLV expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Bondzio
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, D-14163 Berlin, Germany
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Yuan J, Murrell GAC, Trickett A, Wang MX. Involvement of cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation in the oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in human tendon fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1641:35-41. [PMID: 12788227 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(03)00047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress and apoptosis are involved in human tendon degeneration. The objectives of our current study were to investigate the effect of oxidative stress on human tendon cell apoptosis, and to explore pathways by which tendon cell apoptosis was induced. In vitro oxidative stress was created by exposure of cultured human rotator cuff tendon cells to H(2)O(2). Apoptotic cells were assessed by Annexin V-FITC staining and necrotic cells by propidium iodide (PI) staining using flow cytometry. Cytochrome c and caspase-3 protein expression were detected by Western blotting. A mini-dialysis unit was employed to increase the protein concentration of the cytosolic fraction. Caspase-3 activity was determined by a colorimetric assay. Tendon cell apoptosis induced by H(2)O(2) was both dose and time dependent. Addition of H(2)O(2) resulted in the release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and an increase of caspase-3 activity and the expression of caspase-3 subunit. The data suggest that oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in human tendon fibroblasts is mediated via pathway(s) that includes release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol and activation of caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, St. George Hospital Campus, University of New South Wales, 4-10 South Street, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
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Takuma K, Kiriu M, Mori K, Lee E, Enomoto R, Baba A, Matsuda T. Roles of cathepsins in reperfusion-induced apoptosis in cultured astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2003; 42:153-9. [PMID: 12421595 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(02)00077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytic apoptosis may play a role in the central nervous system injury. We previously showed that reperfusion of cultured astrocytes with normal medium after exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-containing medium causes apoptosis. This study examines the involvement of the lysosomal enzymes cathepsins B and D in the astrocytic apoptosis. Reperfusion after exposure to H(2)O(2) caused a marked increase in caspase-3 and cathepsin D activities and a marked decrease in cathepsin B activity. Pepstatin A, an inhibitor of cathepsin D, and acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-methionyl-L-glutaminyl-L-aspart-1-aldehyde (Ac-DMQD-CHO), a specific inhibitor of caspase-3, blocked the H(2)O(2)-induced decrease in cell viability and DNA ladder formation in cultured rat astrocytes. The (L-3-trans-(propylcarbamoyl)oxirane-2-carbonyl)-L-isoleucyl-L-proline methyl ester (CA074 Me), a specific inhibitor of cathepsin B, did not affect the H(2)O(2)-induced cell injury. On the other hand, CA074 Me decreased cell viability with DNA ladder formation when cultured in the presence of Ac-DMQD-CHO. This caspase-independent apoptosis was attenuated by the addition of the cathepsin D inhibitor pepstatin A. Caspase-3 like activity was markedly inhibited by Ac-DMQD-CHO and partially by pepstatin A. Pepstatin A and CA074 Me inhibited cathepsin B and cathepsin D activities, respectively, in the presence and absence of Ac-DMQD-CHO. These results suggest that cathepsins B and D are involved in astrocytic apoptosis: cathepsin D acts as a death-inducing factor upstream of caspase-3 and the caspase-independent apoptosis is regulated antagonistically by cathepsins B and D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Takuma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, High Technology Research Center, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe 651-2180, Japan
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Barbouti A, Doulias PT, Nousis L, Tenopoulou M, Galaris D. DNA damage and apoptosis in hydrogen peroxide-exposed Jurkat cells: bolus addition versus continuous generation of H(2)O(2). Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33:691-702. [PMID: 12208356 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aspects of the molecular mechanism(s) of hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and cell death were studied in the present investigation. Jurkat T-cells in culture were exposed either to low rates of continuously generated H(2)O(2) by the action of glucose oxidase or to a bolus addition of the same agent. In the first case, steady state conditions were prevailing, while in the latter, H(2)O(2) was removed by the cellular defense systems following first order kinetics. By using single-cell gel electrophoresis (also called comet assay), an initial increase in the formation of DNA single-strand breaks was observed in cells exposed to a bolus of 150 microM H(2)O(2). As the H(2)O(2) was exhausted, a gradual decrease in DNA damage was apparent, indicating the existence of an effective repair of single-strand breaks. Addition of 10 ng glucose oxidase in 100 microl growth medium (containing 1.5 x 10(5) cells) generated 2.0 +/- 0.2 microM H(2)O(2) per min. This treatment induced an increase in the level of single-strand breaks reaching the upper limit of detection by the methodology used and continued to be high for the following 6 h. However, when a variety of markers for apoptotic cell death (DNA cell content, DNA laddering, activation of caspases, PARP cleavage) were examined, only bolus additions of H(2)O(2) were able to induce apoptosis, while the continuous presence of this agent inhibited the execution of the apoptotic process no matter whether the inducer was H(2)O(2) itself or an anti-Fas antibody. These observations stress that, apart from the apparent genotoxic and proapoptotic effects of H(2)O(2), it can also exert antiapoptotic actions when present, even at low concentrations, during the execution of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Barbouti
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
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Acharya A. N(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis of thymocytes involves mobilization of divalent cations. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2002; 15:195-200. [PMID: 12575919 DOI: 10.1177/039463200201500305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 90% of thymocytes undergo apoptosis while undergoing differentiation in the thymus. Although several factors act in concert to induce thymocyte apoptosis, it remains speculative if reactive oxygen intermediates produced by thymic macrophages may play a role in this process. The present investigation was carried out to determine if H(2)O(2) is capable of inducing apoptosis of thymocytes in vitro. It was observed that H(2)O(2) could induce apoptosis of thymocytes in vitro in a dose and time dependent manner. It was further found that H(2)O(2)-induced thymocyte apoptosis was dependent on the mobilization of divalent cations. The result of this study will help further in the understanding of the mechanism of H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Acharya
- Dept. Zoology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Tesarik J, Martinez F, Rienzi L, Iacobelli M, Ubaldi F, Mendoza C, Greco E. In-vitro effects of FSH and testosterone withdrawal on caspase activation and DNA fragmentation in different cell types of human seminiferous epithelium. Hum Reprod 2002; 17:1811-9. [PMID: 12093844 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/17.7.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caspases are downstream elements of apoptosis-mediating pathways initiated by the Fas ligand/Fas receptor system which is supposed to play a central role in the regulation of apoptosis in the human seminiferous epithelium. However, caspase activity in different cell types of this epithelium has never been addressed. METHODS AND RESULTS We evaluated caspase activity and DNA integrity in Sertoli and germ cells within in-vitro cultured segments of human seminiferous tubules after induction of apoptosis by FSH or testosterone withdrawal. FSH withdrawal increased the incidence of DNA fragmentation in meiotic (primary spermatocytes) and post-meiotic (spermatids) germ cells without producing any detectable effect on caspase activity in these cells and without affecting DNA integrity or caspase activity in Sertoli cells. Testosterone withdrawal stimulated caspase activity and produced DNA fragmentation in Sertoli cells, but showed only a weak effect on DNA fragmentation in germ cells and did not alter germ cell caspase activity. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm the central role of caspases in apoptosis of Sertoli cells. However, they also suggest that acute apoptosis of germ cells in the adult human testis occurs in a caspase-independent way and is controlled by Sertoli cells via an as yet undetermined mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tesarik
- Molecular Assisted Reproduction & Genetics, Gracia 36, 18002 Granada, Spain
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