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Fascetti AJ, Larsen JA, Min A, Nair M, Montano M, Giulivi C. Exploring the impact of age, and body condition score on erythrocytic B 1-Dependent transketolase activity in cats: A comprehensive analysis of thiamine status. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34188. [PMID: 39113982 PMCID: PMC11305241 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the key factors influencing aging and morbidity is the overall antioxidant status and regenerative capacity. In examining contributors to the antioxidant status, we analyzed the thiamine status in felines and the influence of age, gender, and body condition score. We measured erythrocytic B1-dependent specific transketolase (STKT) activity, an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, in a group of 60 sexually intact, healthy, and specific pathogen-free felines (44 females, 16 males, aged 1-17 years) with thiamine diphosphate (TDP; 0.3 and 3 mM) and without it. Only two parameters (STKT activity with and without 0.3 mM TDP) decreased with age. After adjusting for age, statistical thresholds were established using these and other age-independent parameters, identifying 15 felines with subclinical thiamine deficiency. The red blood cell proteomics analysis revealed that the pentose phosphate shunt, glycolysis, and oxidative stress response were the most affected pathways in deficient felines, confirming the above diagnosis. Age emerged as the primary factor associated with thiamine deficiency, supported by the enrichment of neurodegenerative diseases with a proteotoxicity component; five young-adult felines showed marginal or acute B1 deficiency, and six were adult-mature with a more chronic deficiency, possibly linked to cognitive decline, all with an underweight to ideal body condition scores. Only three senior-adult felines were deficient and overweight-obese. Detecting thiamine deficiency emphasizes the need for more accurate reference values, the establishment of advanced preventive or therapeutic measures to enhance the well-being of aging companion animals, and potential extensions to human health, particularly concerning cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Fascetti
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Angela Min
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Maya Nair
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Maria Montano
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
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Wang Q, Liu J, Chen Z, Zheng J, Wang Y, Dong J. Targeting metabolic reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma to overcome therapeutic resistance: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116021. [PMID: 38128187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a heavy burden on human health with high morbidity and mortality rates. Systematic therapy is crucial for advanced and mid-term HCC, but faces a significant challenge from therapeutic resistance, weakening drug effectiveness. Metabolic reprogramming has gained attention as a key contributor to therapeutic resistance. Cells change their metabolism to meet energy demands, adapt to growth needs, or resist environmental pressures. Understanding key enzyme expression patterns and metabolic pathway interactions is vital to comprehend HCC occurrence, development, and treatment resistance. Exploring metabolic enzyme reprogramming and pathways is essential to identify breakthrough points for HCC treatment. Targeting metabolic enzymes with inhibitors is key to addressing these points. Inhibitors, combined with systemic therapeutic drugs, can alleviate resistance, prolong overall survival for advanced HCC, and offer mid-term HCC patients a chance for radical resection. Advances in metabolic research methods, from genomics to metabolomics and cells to organoids, help build the HCC metabolic reprogramming network. Recent progress in biomaterials and nanotechnology impacts drug targeting and effectiveness, providing new solutions for systemic therapeutic drug resistance. This review focuses on metabolic enzyme changes, pathway interactions, enzyme inhibitors, research methods, and drug delivery targeting metabolic reprogramming, offering valuable references for metabolic approaches to HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China; Institute for Organ Transplant and Bionic Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China; Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligence Hepatology (Ministry of Education/Beijing), School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ziye Chen
- Clinical Translational Science Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Jingjing Zheng
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China; Institute for Organ Transplant and Bionic Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China; Clinical Translational Science Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China; Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligence Hepatology (Ministry of Education/Beijing), School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiahong Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China; Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China; Institute for Organ Transplant and Bionic Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China; Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligence Hepatology (Ministry of Education/Beijing), School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Jia D, Liu C, Zhu Z, Cao Y, Wen W, Hong Z, Liu Y, Liu E, Chen L, Chen C, Gu Y, Jiao B, Chai Y, Wang H, Fu J, Chen X. Novel transketolase inhibitor oroxylin A suppresses the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and hepatocellular carcinoma tumour growth in mice and patient-derived organoids. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1095. [PMID: 36314067 PMCID: PMC9619225 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transketolase (TKT), a key rate-limiting enzyme in the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), provides more than 85% of the ribose required for de novo nucleotide biosynthesis and promotes the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Pharmacologic inhibition of TKT could impede HCC development and enhance treatment efficacy. However, no safe and effective TKT inhibitor has been approved. METHODS An online two-dimensional TKT protein immobilised biochromatographic system was established for high-throughput screening of TKT ligands. Oroxylin A was found to specifically bind TKT. Drug affinity responsive target stability, cellular thermal shift assay, surface plasmon resonance, molecular docking, competitive displacement assay, and site mutation were performed to identify the binding of oroxylin A with TKT. Antitumour effects of oroxylin A were evaluated in vitro, in human xenograft mice, diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC mice, and patient-derived organoids (PDOs). Metabolomic analysis was applied to detect the enzyme activity. Transcriptome profiling was conducted to illustrate the anti-HCC mechanism of oroxylin A. TKT knocking-down HCC cell lines and PDOs were established to evaluate the role of TKT in oroxylin A-induced HCC suppression. RESULTS By targeting TKT, oroxylin A stabilised the protein to proteases and temperature extremes, decreased its activity and expression, resulted in accumulation of non-oxidative PPP substrates, and activated p53 signalling. In addition, oroxylin A suppressed cell proliferation, induced apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest, and inhibited the growth of human xenograft tumours and DEN-induced HCC in mice. Crucially, TKT depletion exerted identical effects to oroxylin A, and the promising inhibitor also exhibited excellent therapeutic efficacy against clinically relevant HCC PDOs. CONCLUSIONS These results uncover a unique role for oroxylin A in TKT inhibition, which directly targets TKT and suppresses the non-oxidative PPP. Our findings will facilitate the development of small-molecule inhibitors of TKT and novel therapeutics for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jia
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal TransductionEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of PharmacySecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Liver CancerSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of Basic MedicalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chunliang Liu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal TransductionEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- School of PharmacySecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yan Cao
- School of PharmacySecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wen Wen
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal TransductionEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Liver CancerSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhanying Hong
- School of PharmacySecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yue Liu
- School of PharmacySecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Erdong Liu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal TransductionEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Liver CancerSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Long Chen
- School of PharmacySecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chun Chen
- School of PharmacySecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalSchool of Medicine of Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanqiu Gu
- School of PharmacySecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalSchool of Medicine of Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Binghua Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of Basic MedicalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yifeng Chai
- School of PharmacySecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hong‐yang Wang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal TransductionEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Liver CancerSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Fu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal TransductionEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Liver CancerSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal TransductionEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of PharmacySecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Liver CancerSecond Military Medical University/Naval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
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Pinson A, Xing L, Namba T, Kalebic N, Peters J, Oegema CE, Traikov S, Reppe K, Riesenberg S, Maricic T, Derihaci R, Wimberger P, Pääbo S, Huttner WB. Human TKTL1 implies greater neurogenesis in frontal neocortex of modern humans than Neanderthals. Science 2022; 377:eabl6422. [PMID: 36074851 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl6422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neanderthal brains were similar in size to those of modern humans. We sought to investigate potential differences in neurogenesis during neocortex development. Modern human transketolase-like 1 (TKTL1) differs from Neanderthal TKTL1 by a lysine-to-arginine amino acid substitution. Using overexpression in developing mouse and ferret neocortex, knockout in fetal human neocortical tissue, and genome-edited cerebral organoids, we found that the modern human variant, hTKTL1, but not the Neanderthal variant, increases the abundance of basal radial glia (bRG) but not that of intermediate progenitors (bIPs). bRG generate more neocortical neurons than bIPs. The hTKTL1 effect requires the pentose phosphate pathway and fatty acid synthesis. Inhibition of these metabolic pathways reduces bRG abundance in fetal human neocortical tissue. Our data suggest that neocortical neurogenesis in modern humans differs from that in Neanderthals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneline Pinson
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lei Xing
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Takashi Namba
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nereo Kalebic
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jula Peters
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Sofia Traikov
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Katrin Reppe
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Riesenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomislav Maricic
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Razvan Derihaci
- Technische Universität Dresden, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pauline Wimberger
- Technische Universität Dresden, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Svante Pääbo
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Hao S, Meng Q, Sun H, Li Y, Li Y, Gu L, Liu B, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Xu Z, Wang Y. The role of transketolase in human cancer progression and therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113607. [PMID: 36030587 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transketolase (TKT) is an enzyme that is ubiquitously expressed in all living organisms and has been identified as an important regulator of cancer. Recent studies have shown that the TKT family includes the TKT gene and two TKT-like (TKTL) genes; TKTL1 and TKTL2. TKT and TKTL1 have been reported to be involved in the regulation of multiple cancer-related events, such as cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, chemoradiotherapy resistance, and patient survival and prognosis. Therefore, TKT may be an ideal target for cancer treatment. More importantly, the levels of TKTL1 were detected using EDIM technology for the early detection of some malignancies, and TKTL1 was more sensitive and specific than traditional tumor markers. Detecting TKTL1 levels before and after surgery could be used to evaluate the surgery's effect. While targeted TKT suppresses cancer in multiple ways, in some cases, it has detrimental effects on the organism. In this review, we discuss the role of TKT in different tumors and the detailed mechanisms while evaluating its value and limitations in clinical applications. Therefore, this review provides a basis for the clinical application of targeted therapy for TKT in the future, and a strategy for subsequent cancer-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Qingfei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Huihui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yunkuo Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Liting Gu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yanghe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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O'Brien NL, Quadri G, Lightley I, Sharp SI, Guerrini I, Smith I, Heydtmann M, Morgan MY, Thomson AD, Bass NJ, McHugh PC, McQuillin A. SLC19A1 Genetic Variation Leads to Altered Thiamine Diphosphate Transport: Implications for the Risk of Developing Wernicke-Korsakoff's Syndrome. Alcohol Alcohol 2022; 57:581-588. [PMID: 35952336 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is commonly associated with chronic alcohol misuse, a condition known to have multiple detrimental effects on thiamine metabolism. This study was conducted to identify genetic variants that may contribute to the development of WKS in individuals with alcohol dependence syndrome through alteration of thiamine transport into cells. METHODS Exome sequencing data from a panel of genes related to alcohol metabolism and thiamine pathways were analysed in a discovery cohort of 29 individuals with WKS to identify possible genetic risk variants associated with its development. Variant frequencies in this discovery cohort were compared with European frequencies in the Genome Aggregation Database browser, and those present at significantly higher frequencies were genotyped in an additional cohort of 87 alcohol-dependent cases with WKS and 197 alcohol-dependent cognitively intact controls. RESULTS Thirty non-synonymous variants were identified in the discovery cohort and, after filtering, 23 were taken forward and genotyped in the case-control cohort. Of these SLC19A1:rs1051266:G was nominally associated with WKS. SLC19A1 encodes the reduced folate carrier, a major transporter for physiological folate in plasma; rs1051266 is reported to impact folate transport. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) efflux was significantly decreased in HEK293 cells, stably transfected with rs1051266:G, under thiamine deficient conditions when compared with the efflux from cells transfected with rs1051266:A (P = 5.7 × 10-11). CONCLUSION This study provides evidence for the role of genetic variation in the SLC19A1 gene, which may contribute to the development of WKS in vivo through modulation of TPP transport in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh L O'Brien
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | - Giorgia Quadri
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | - Iain Lightley
- Centre for Biomarker Research, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Sally I Sharp
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | - Irene Guerrini
- Erith Health Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Iain Smith
- Alcohol Related Brain Injury Team, Stirling, UK
| | - Mathis Heydtmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dumfries & Galloway Royal Infirmary, Cargenbridge, Dumfries, UK
| | - Marsha Y Morgan
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, UK
| | - Allan D Thomson
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Nicholas J Bass
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | - Patrick C McHugh
- Centre for Biomarker Research, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
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Tolerance of Human Fibroblasts to Benfo-Oxythiamine In Vitro. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074112. [PMID: 35409800 PMCID: PMC8998213 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the potential application of B-OT in the aspiration tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conceived and optimized an in vitro model simulating the mouth-washing process to assess tolerance to B-OT on primary human gingival fibroblasts. Cells derived from 4 unrelated donors were flushed with medium containing drugs of various concentration for one minute twice daily for 3 days. RESULTS No effect was seen on the cells up to 1000 µM B-OT. In addition, we treated the cells with B-OT permanently in medium, corresponding to a systemic treatment. No effect was seen by 10 µM B-OT and only a slight reduction (approximately 10%) was seen by 100 µM B-OT. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest good tolerance of oral cells for B-OT, favoring the further development of this antiviral reagent as a mouth-washing solution and nasal spray.
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Transketolase promotes colorectal cancer metastasis through regulating AKT phosphorylation. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:99. [PMID: 35110545 PMCID: PMC8810869 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transketolase (TKT) which is an important metabolic enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) participates in maintaining ribose 5-phosphate levels. TKT is necessary for maintaining cell growth. However, we found that in addition to this, TKT can also affect tumor progression through other ways. Our previous study indicate that TKT could promote the development of liver cancer by affecting bile acid metabolism. And in this study, we discovered that TKT expression was remarkably upregulated in colorectal cancer, abnormal high expression of TKT is associated with poor prognosis of colorectal cancer. Additionally, TKT promoted colorectal cancer cell growth and metastasis. Further study demonstrated that TKT interacted with GRP78 and promoted colorectal cancer cell glycolysis through increasing AKT phosphorylation, thereby enhancing colorectal cancer cell metastasis. Thus, TKT is expected to become an indicator for judging the prognosis of colorectal cancer, and provide a theoretical basis for drug development of new treatment targets for colorectal cancer.
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9
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Lim Y, Gang DY, Lee WY, Yun SH, Cho YB, Huh JW, Park YA, Kim HC. Proteomic identification of arginine-methylated proteins in colon cancer cells and comparison of messenger RNA expression between colorectal cancer and adjacent normal tissues. Ann Coloproctol 2022:ac.2020.00899.0128. [PMID: 35081685 PMCID: PMC8898628 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2020.00899.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Identification of type I protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) substrates and their functional significance during tumorigenesis is becoming more important. The present study aimed to identify target substrates for type I PRMT using 2-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis (GE) and 2D Western blotting (WB). Methods Using immunoblot analysis, we compared the expression of type I PRMTs and endogenous levels of arginine methylation between the primary colorectal cancer (CRC) and adjacent noncancerous tissues paired from the same patient. To identify arginine-methylated proteins in HCT116 cells, we carried out 2D-GE and 2D-WB with a type I PRMT product-specific antibody (anti-dimethyl-arginine antibody, asymmetric [ASYM24]). Arginine-methylated protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry, and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels corresponding to the identified proteins were analyzed using National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) microarray datasets between the primary CRC and noncancerous tissues. Results Type I PRMTs and methylarginine-containing proteins were highly maintained in CRC tissues compared to noncancerous tissues. We matched 142 spots using spot analysis software between a Coomassie blue (CBB)-stained 2D gel and 2D-WB, and we successfully identified 7 proteins that reacted with the ASYM24 antibody: CACYBP, GLOD4, MAPRE1, CCT7, TKT, CK8, and HSPA8. Among these proteins, the levels of 4 mRNAs including MAPRE1, CCT7, TKT, and HSPA8 in CRC tissues showed a statistically significant increase compared to noncancerous tissues from patients using the NCBI microarray datasets. Conclusion Our results indicate that the method shown here is useful in identifying arginine-methylated proteins, and significance of arginine modification in the proteins identified here should be further identified during CRC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchul Lim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Da Young Gang
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Yong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Hyeon Yun
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Beom Cho
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Wook Huh
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Ah Park
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Cheol Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Azzarà A, Rendeli C, Crivello AM, Brugnoletti F, Rumore R, Ausili E, Sangiorgi E, Gurrieri F. Identification of new candidate genes for spina bifida through exome sequencing. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:2589-2596. [PMID: 33855610 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neural tube defects are a group of birth defects caused by failure of neural tube closure during development. The etiology of NTD, requiring a complex interaction between environmental and genetic factors, is not well understood. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in six trios, with a single affected proband with spina bifida, to identify rare/novel variants as potential causes of the NTD. RESULTS Our analysis identified four de novo and ten X-linked recessive variants in four of the six probands, all of them in genes previously never implicated in NTD. Among the 14 variants, we ruled out six of them, based on different criteria and pursued the evaluation of eight potential candidates in the following genes: RXRγ, DTX1, COL15A1, ARHGAP36, TKTL1, AMOT, GPR50, and NKRF. The de novo variants where located in the RXRγ, DTX1, and COL15A1 genes while ARHGAP36, TKTL1, AMOT, GPR50, and NKRF carry X-linked recessive variants. This analysis also revealed that four patients presented multiple variants, while we were unable to identify any significant variant in two patients. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary conclusion support a major role for the de novo variants with respect to the X-linked recessive variants where the X-linked could represent a contribution to the phenotype in an oligogenic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Azzarà
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia. .,Unità di Genetica Medica, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italia.
| | - Claudia Rendeli
- Spina Bifida Center, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Anna Maria Crivello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Fulvia Brugnoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Roberto Rumore
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Emanuele Ausili
- Spina Bifida Center, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Eugenio Sangiorgi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Fiorella Gurrieri
- Unità di Genetica Medica, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italia
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11
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Ott M, Werneke U. Wernicke's encephalopathy - from basic science to clinical practice. Part 1: Understanding the role of thiamine. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2020; 10:2045125320978106. [PMID: 33447357 PMCID: PMC7780320 DOI: 10.1177/2045125320978106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is an acute neuropsychiatric state. Untreated, WE can lead to coma or death, or progress to Korsakoff syndrome (KS) - a dementia characterized by irreversible loss of anterograde memory. Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency lies at the heart of this condition. Yet, our understanding of thiamine regarding prophylaxis and treatment of WE remains limited. This may contribute to the current undertreatment of WE in clinical practice. The overall aim of this review is to identify the best strategies for prophylaxis and treatment of WE in regard to (a) dose of thiamine, (b) mode of administration, (c) timing of switch from one mode of administration to another, (d) duration of administration, and (e) use of magnesium along thiamine as an essential cofactor. Evidence from randomized controlled trials and other intervention studies is virtually absent. Therefore, we have to resort to basic science for proof of principle instead. Here, we present the first part of our clinical review, in which we explore the physiology of thiamine and the pathophysiology of thiamine deficiency. We first explore both of these in their historical context. We then review the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of thiamine, exploring the roles of the six currently known thiamine compounds, their transporters, and target enzymes. We also explore the significance of magnesium as a cofactor in thiamine-facilitated enzymatic reactions and thiamine transport. In the second (forthcoming) part of this review, we will use the findings of the current review to make evidence-based inferences about strategies for prophylaxis and treatment of WE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ott
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ursula Werneke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Sunderby Research Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Bordia T, Zahr NM. The Inferior Colliculus in Alcoholism and Beyond. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:606345. [PMID: 33362482 PMCID: PMC7759542 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.606345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-mortem neuropathological and in vivo neuroimaging methods have demonstrated the vulnerability of the inferior colliculus to the sequelae of thiamine deficiency as occurs in Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS). A rich literature in animal models ranging from mice to monkeys-including our neuroimaging studies in rats-has shown involvement of the inferior colliculi in the neural response to thiamine depletion, frequently accomplished with pyrithiamine, an inhibitor of thiamine metabolism. In uncomplicated alcoholism (i.e., absent diagnosable neurological concomitants), the literature citing involvement of the inferior colliculus is scarce, has nearly all been accomplished in preclinical models, and is predominately discussed in the context of ethanol withdrawal. Our recent work using novel, voxel-based analysis of structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has demonstrated significant, persistent shrinkage of the inferior colliculus using acute and chronic ethanol exposure paradigms in two strains of rats. We speculate that these consistent findings should be considered from the perspective of the inferior colliculi having a relatively high CNS metabolic rate. As such, they are especially vulnerable to hypoxic injury and may be provide a common anatomical link among a variety of disparate insults. An argument will be made that the inferior colliculi have functions, possibly related to auditory gating, necessary for awareness of the external environment. Multimodal imaging including diffusion methods to provide more accurate in vivo visualization and quantification of the inferior colliculi may clarify the roles of brain stem nuclei such as the inferior colliculi in alcoholism and other neuropathologies marked by altered metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja Bordia
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Natalie M. Zahr
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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13
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Li Y, Yao CF, Xu FJ, Qu YY, Li JT, Lin Y, Cao ZL, Lin PC, Xu W, Zhao SM, Zhao JY. APC/C CDH1 synchronizes ribose-5-phosphate levels and DNA synthesis to cell cycle progression. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2502. [PMID: 31175280 PMCID: PMC6555833 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of nucleotide building blocks prior to and during S phase facilitates DNA duplication. Herein, we find that the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) synchronizes ribose-5-phosphate levels and DNA synthesis during the cell cycle. In late G1 and S phases, transketolase-like 1 (TKTL1) is overexpressed and forms stable TKTL1-transketolase heterodimers that accumulate ribose-5-phosphate. This accumulation occurs by asymmetric production of ribose-5-phosphate from the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and prevention of ribose-5-phosphate removal by depleting transketolase homodimers. In the G2 and M phases after DNA synthesis, expression of the APC/C adaptor CDH1 allows APC/CCDH1 to degrade D-box-containing TKTL1, abrogating ribose-5-phosphate accumulation by TKTL1. TKTL1-overexpressing cancer cells exhibit elevated ribose-5-phosphate levels. The low CDH1 or high TKTL1-induced accumulation of ribose-5-phosphate facilitates nucleotide and DNA synthesis as well as cell cycle progression in a ribose-5-phosphate-saturable manner. Here we reveal that the cell cycle control machinery regulates DNA synthesis by mediating ribose-5-phosphate sufficiency. Ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) is required for DNA synthesis, but how this is regulated during cell cycle progression is unclear. Here the authors report that the cell cycle regulator APC/C-CDH1 synchronizes cell cycle progression with R5P-derived DNA synthesis by controlling TKTL1 stability
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Fang Yao
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Jiang Xu
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China.,Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Tao Li
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Lian Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Cheng Lin
- Key Laboratory for Tibet Plateau Phytochemistry of Qinghai Province, College of Pharmacy, Qinghai University for Nationalities, Xining, 810007, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Min Zhao
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.
| | - Jian-Yuan Zhao
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.
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14
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Qin Z, Xiang C, Zhong F, Liu Y, Dong Q, Li K, Shi W, Ding C, Qin L, He F. Transketolase (TKT) activity and nuclear localization promote hepatocellular carcinoma in a metabolic and a non-metabolic manner. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:154. [PMID: 30971297 PMCID: PMC6458711 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic reprogramming is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), a branch of glycolysis, is an important metabolic pathway for the survival and biosynthesis of cancer cells. Transketolase (TKT) is a key enzyme in the non-oxidative phase of PPP. The mechanistic details of TKT in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development remain unclear. METHODS TKT level and subcellular location were examined in HCC cell lines and tissue samples. We established the TKT overexpression and knocking-down stable cells in HCC cell lines. Proliferation, migration, viability and enzyme activity assays in vitro, tumor growth and metastasis assays in vivo were employed to test the effects of TKT on HCC development. GFP-tagged TKT truncations and mutants were used to locate the nuclear localization sequence (NLSs) of TKT. Cross-linking co-IP/MS was applied to identify the interaction proteins of nuclear TKT. RESULTS We showed that TKT increased the proliferation and migration of HCC cells, as well as the viability under oxidative stress in vitro and accelerated the growth and metastasis of HCC cells in vivo. We found as a key enzyme of PPP, TKT could promote the proliferation, cell cycle, migration and viability by regulating the metabolic flux. Moreover, it was firstly reported that unlike other key enzymes in PPP, TKT showed a strong nuclear localization in HCC cells. We found not only high TKT expression, but also its nuclear localization was a prediction for poor prognosis of HCC patients. We further identified the nuclear localization sequences (NLS) for TKT and demonstrated the NLS mutations decreased the pro-tumor function of TKT independent of the enzyme activity. Cross-linking Co-IP/MS showed that nuclear TKT interacted with kinases and transcriptional coregulators such as EGFR and MAPK3, which are associated with cell activation or stress response processes. EGF treatment significantly increased the viability and proliferation of HCC cells in the enzyme-inactivating mutation TKT-D155A overexpression cells but not in the NLS-D155A double mutant group, which could be blocked by EGFR inhibitor erlotinib treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our research suggests that in addition to the metabolic manner, TKT can promote the development of HCC in a non-metabolic manner via its nuclear localization and EGFR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Qin
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chan Xiang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Fan Zhong
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Qiongzhu Dong
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Wenhao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Chen Ding
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Lunxiu Qin
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Fuchu He
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, 102206 China
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15
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Jin L, Zhou Y. Crucial role of the pentose phosphate pathway in malignant tumors. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4213-4221. [PMID: 30944616 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in cancer metabolism has increased in recent years. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a major glucose catabolism pathway that directs glucose flux to its oxidative branch and leads to the production of a reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and nucleic acid. The PPP serves a vital role in regulating cancer cell growth and involves many enzymes. The aim of the present review was to describe the recent discoveries associated with the deregulatory mechanisms of the PPP and glycolysis in malignant tumors, particularly in hepatocellular carcinoma, breast and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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16
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Deshpande GP, Patterton HG, Faadiel Essop M. The human transketolase-like proteins TKTL1 and TKTL2 are bona fide transketolases. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 19:2. [PMID: 30646877 PMCID: PMC6334435 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-018-0099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Three transketolase genes have been identified in the human genome to date: transketolase (TKT), transketolase-like 1 (TKTL1) and transketolase-like 2 (TKTL2). Altered TKT functionality is strongly implicated in the development of diabetes and various cancers, thus offering possible therapeutic utility. It will be of great value to know whether TKTL1 and TKTL2 are, similarly, potential therapeutic targets. However, it remains unclear whether TKTL1 and TKTL2 are functional transketolases. Results Homology modelling of TKTL1 and TKTL2 using TKT as template, revealed that both TKTL1 and TKTL2 could assume a folded structure like TKT. TKTL1/2 presented a cleft of suitable dimensions between the homodimer surfaces that could accommodate the co-factor-substrate. An appropriate cavity and a hydrophobic nodule were also present in TKTL1/2, into which the diphosphate group fitted, and that was implicated in aminopyrimidine and thiazole ring binding in TKT, respectively. The presence of several identical residues at structurally equivalent positions in TKTL1/2 and TKT identified a network of interactions between the protein and co-factor-substrate, suggesting the functional fidelity of TKTL1/2 as transketolases. Conclusions Our data support the hypothesis that TKTL1 and TKTL2 are functional transketolases and represent novel therapeutic targets for diabetes and cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12900-018-0099-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurang P Deshpande
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Room 2005, Mike De Vries Building, Merriman Avenue, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Hugh-George Patterton
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - M Faadiel Essop
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Room 2005, Mike De Vries Building, Merriman Avenue, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
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17
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Heller S, Maurer GD, Wanka C, Hofmann U, Luger AL, Bruns I, Steinbach JP, Rieger J. Gene Suppression of Transketolase-Like Protein 1 (TKTL1) Sensitizes Glioma Cells to Hypoxia and Ionizing Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082168. [PMID: 30044385 PMCID: PMC6121283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In several tumor entities, transketolase-like protein 1 (TKTL1) has been suggested to promote the nonoxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and thereby to contribute to a malignant phenotype. However, its role in glioma biology has only been sparsely documented. In the present in vitro study using LNT-229 glioma cells, we analyzed the impact of TKTL1 gene suppression on basic metabolic parameters and on survival following oxygen restriction and ionizing radiation. TKTL1 was induced by hypoxia and by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Knockdown of TKTL1 via shRNA increased the cells’ demand for glucose, decreased flux through the PPP and promoted cell death under hypoxic conditions. Following irradiation, suppression of TKTL1 expression resulted in elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced clonogenic survival. In summary, our results indicate a role of TKTL1 in the adaptation of tumor cells to oxygen deprivation and in the acquisition of radioresistance. Further studies are necessary to examine whether strategies that antagonize TKTL1 function will be able to restore the sensitivity of glioma cells towards irradiation and antiangiogenic therapies in the more complex in vivo environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Heller
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology and University Cancer Center (UCT), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Gabriele D Maurer
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology and University Cancer Center (UCT), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Christina Wanka
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology and University Cancer Center (UCT), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Eberhard Karls University, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Anna-Luisa Luger
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology and University Cancer Center (UCT), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Ines Bruns
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology and University Cancer Center (UCT), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Joachim P Steinbach
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology and University Cancer Center (UCT), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Johannes Rieger
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology and University Cancer Center (UCT), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Division of Neuro-Oncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Hospital Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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18
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Wang CY, Shui HA, Chang TC. Dual effects for lovastatin in anaplastic thyroid cancer: the pivotal effect of transketolase (TKT) on lovastatin and tumor proliferation. J Investig Med 2018; 66:1-9. [DOI: 10.1136/jim-2017-000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that the effects of lovastatin on anaplastic thyroid cancer cell growth are mediated by upregulation of transketolase (TKT) expression. The effects of lovastatin on TKT protein levels in ARO cells were determined using western blot and proteomic analyses. After treatment with lovastatin and oxythiamine, the in vitro and in vivo growth of ARO cells was determined using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays and tumor xenografts in nude mice. TKT protein expression in the ARO tumors was assessed using immunohistochemistry analysis. Proteomic analysis revealed that 25 µM lovastatin upregulated TKT expression. Co-treatment of ARO cells with 1 µM lovastatin + 1 µM oxythiamine increased TKT protein expression compared with control levels; however, no differences were observed with 10 µM lovastatin + 1 µM oxythiamine. Furthermore, treatment with either oxythiamine or lovastatin alone reduced ARO tumor expression of TKT, as well as decreased ARO cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. However, mice treated with both lovastatin and oxythiamine at the same time had tumor volumes similar to that of the untreated control group. We conclude that either lovastatin or oxythiamine reduced ARO cell growth; however, the combination of these drugs resulted in antagonism of ARO tumor growth.
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19
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A key role for transketolase-like 1 in tumor metabolic reprogramming. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51875-51897. [PMID: 27391434 PMCID: PMC5239521 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming, a crucial cancer hallmark, shifts metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle or lipogenesis, to enable the growth characteristics of cancer cells. Here, we provide evidence that transketolase-like 1 (TKTL1) orchestrates aerobic glycolysis, fatty acid and nucleic acid synthesis, glutamine metabolism, protection against oxidative stress and cell proliferation. Furthermore, silencing of TKTL1 reduced the levels of sphingolipids such as lactosylceramide (a sphingolipid regulating cell survival, proliferation and angiogenesis) and phosphatidylinositol (which activates PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling). Thus, in addition to its well-known roles in glucose and amino acid metabolism, TKTL1 also regulates lipid metabolism. In conclusion, our study provides unprecedented evidence that TKTL1 plays central roles in major metabolic processes subject to reprogramming in cancer cells and thus identifies TKTL1 as a promising target for new anti-cancer therapies.
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Arndt DA, Oostveen EK, Triplett J, Butterfield DA, Tsyusko OV, Collin B, Starnes DL, Cai J, Klein JB, Nass R, Unrine JM. The role of charge in the toxicity of polymer-coated cerium oxide nanomaterials to Caenorhabditis elegans. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 201:1-10. [PMID: 28888877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of surface functionalization and charge on ceria nanomaterial toxicity to Caenorhabditis elegans. The examined endpoints included mortality, reproduction, protein expression, and protein oxidation profiles. Caenorhabditis elegans were exposed to identical 2-5nm ceria nanomaterial cores which were coated with cationic (diethylaminoethyl dextran; DEAE), anionic (carboxymethyl dextran; CM), and non-ionic (dextran; DEX) polymers. Mortality and reproductive toxicity of DEAE-CeO2 was approximately two orders of magnitude higher than for CM-CeO2 or DEX-CeO2. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with orbitrap mass spectrometry identification revealed changes in the expression profiles of several mitochondrial-related proteins and proteins that are expressed in the C. elegans intestine. However, each type of CeO2 material exhibited a distinct protein expression profile. Increases in protein carbonyls and protein-bound 3-nitrotyrosine were also observed for some proteins, indicating oxidative and nitrosative damage. Taken together the results indicate that the magnitude of toxicity and toxicity pathways vary greatly due to surface functionalization of CeO2 nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrah A Arndt
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Emily K Oostveen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Judy Triplett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Olga V Tsyusko
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Blanche Collin
- CNRS, IRD, Coll. France, CEREGE, Aix Marseille Université, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Daniel L Starnes
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jian Cai
- Center for Proteomics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jon B Klein
- Center for Proteomics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Richard Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jason M Unrine
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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Kowalik MA, Columbano A, Perra A. Emerging Role of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2017; 7:87. [PMID: 28553614 PMCID: PMC5425478 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a revival of interest in metabolic changes of cancer cells as it has been noticed that malignant transformation and metabolic reprogramming are closely intertwined. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is one of the fundamental components of cellular metabolism crucial for cancer cells. This review will discuss recent findings regarding the involvement of PPP enzymes in several types of cancer, with a focus on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We will pay considerable attention to the involvement of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the PPP. Subsequently, we discuss the inhibition of the PPP as a potential therapeutic strategy against cancer, in particular, HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Anna Kowalik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Perra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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EDIM-TKTL1/Apo10 Blood Test: An Innate Immune System Based Liquid Biopsy for the Early Detection, Characterization and Targeted Treatment of Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040878. [PMID: 28425973 PMCID: PMC5412459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epitope detection in monocytes (EDIM) represents a liquid biopsy exploiting the innate immune system. Activated monocytes (macrophages) phagocytose unwanted cells/cell fragments from the whole body including solid tissues. As they return to the blood, macrophages can be used for a non-invasive detection of biomarkers, thereby providing high sensitivity and specificity, because the intracellular presence of biomarkers is due to an innate immune response. Flow cytometry analysis of blood enables the detection of macrophages and phagocytosed intracellular biomarkers. In order to establish a pan-cancer test, biomarkers for two fundamental biophysical mechanisms have been exploited. The DNaseX/Apo10 protein epitope is a characteristic of tumor cells with abnormal apoptosis and proliferation. Transketolase-like 1 (TKTL1) is a marker for an anaerobic glucose metabolism (Warburg effect), which is concomitant with invasive growth/metastasis and resistant to radical and apoptosis inducing therapies. The detection of Apo10 and TKTL1 in blood macrophages allowed a sensitive (95.8%) and specific (97.3%) detection of prostate, breast and oral squamous cell carcinomas. Since TKTL1 represents a drugable target, the EDIM based detection of TKTL1 enables a targeted cancer therapy using the vitamin derivatives oxythiamine or benfo-oxythiamine.
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Burrai GP, Tanca A, Cubeddu T, Abbondio M, Polinas M, Addis MF, Antuofermo E. A first immunohistochemistry study of transketolase and transketolase-like 1 expression in canine hyperplastic and neoplastic mammary lesions. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:38. [PMID: 28143530 PMCID: PMC5282725 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-0961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine mammary tumors represent the most common neoplasm in female dogs, and the discovery of cancer biomarkers and their translation to clinical relevant assays is a key requirement in the war on cancer. Since the description of the ‘Warburg effect’, the reprogramming of metabolic pathways is considered a hallmark of pathological changes in cancer cells. In this study, we investigate the expression of two cancer-related metabolic enzymes, transketolase (TKT) and transketolase-like 1 (TKTL1), involved in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), an alternative metabolic pathway for glucose breakdown that could promote cancer by providing the precursors and energy required for rapidly growing cells. Results TKT and TKTL1 protein expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry in canine normal (N = 6) and hyperplastic glands (N = 3), as well as in benign (N = 11) and malignant mammary tumors (N = 17). TKT expression was higher in hyperplastic lesions and in both benign and malignant tumors compared to the normal mammary gland, while TKTL1 levels were remarkably higher in hyperplastic lesions, simple adenomas and simple carcinomas than in the normal mammary glands (P < 0.05). Conclusions This study reveals that the expression of a key PPP enzyme varies along the evolution of canine mammary neoplastic lesions, and supports a role of metabolic changes in the development of canine mammary tumors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-0961-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pietro Burrai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tanca
- Porto Conte Ricerche, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia Km 8.400, Loc, 07041, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cubeddu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marcello Abbondio
- Porto Conte Ricerche, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia Km 8.400, Loc, 07041, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy
| | - Marta Polinas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Porto Conte Ricerche, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia Km 8.400, Loc, 07041, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Antuofermo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
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Abstract
Glycolysis is highly upregulated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). HNSCC glycolysis is an important contributor to disease progression and decreases sensitivity to radiation or chemotherapy. Despite therapeutic advances, the survival rates for HNSCC patients remain low. Understanding glycolysis regulation in HNSCC will facilitate the development of effective therapeutic strategies for this disease. In this review, we will evaluate the regulation of altered HNSCC glycolysis and possible therapeutic approaches by targeting glycolytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, SRM University, Sonepat, Haryana-131029, India
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The Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Parasitic Trypanosomatids. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:622-634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ahn WS, Crown SB, Antoniewicz MR. Evidence for transketolase-like TKTL1 flux in CHO cells based on parallel labeling experiments and (13)C-metabolic flux analysis. Metab Eng 2016; 37:72-78. [PMID: 27174718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a fundamental component of cellular metabolism. It provides precursors for the biosynthesis of nucleotides and contributes to the production of reducing power in the form of NADPH. It has been hypothesized that mammalian cells may contain a hidden reaction in PPP catalyzed by transketolase-like protein 1 (TKTL1) that is closely related to the classical transketolase enzyme; however, until now there has been no direct experimental evidence for this reaction. In this work, we have applied state-of-the-art techniques in (13)C metabolic flux analysis ((13)C-MFA) based on parallel labeling experiments and integrated flux fitting to estimate the TKTL1 flux in CHO cells. We identified a set of three parallel labeling experiments with [1-(13)C]glucose+[4,5,6-(13)C]glucose, [2-(13)C]glucose+[4,5,6-(13)C]glucose, and [3-(13)C]glucose+[4,5,6-(13)C]glucose and developed a new method to measure (13)C-labeling of fructose 6-phosphate by GC-MS that allows intuitive interpretation of mass isotopomer distributions to determine key fluxes in the model, including glycolysis, oxidative PPP, non-oxidative PPP, and the TKTL1 flux. Using these tracers we detected a significant TKTL1 flux in CHO cells at the stationary phase. The flux results suggest that the main function of oxidative PPP in CHO cells at the stationary phase is to fuel the TKTL1 reaction. Overall, this study demonstrates for the first time that carbon atoms can be lost in the PPP, by means other than the oxidative PPP, and that this loss of carbon atoms is consistent with the hypothesized TKTL1 reaction in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Suk Ahn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Scott B Crown
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Maciek R Antoniewicz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Kämmerer U, Gires O, Pfetzer N, Wiegering A, Klement RJ, Otto C. TKTL1 expression in human malign and benign cell lines. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:2. [PMID: 26187043 PMCID: PMC4506423 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-15-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of transketolase-like 1 protein TKTL1 in cancer cells has been reported to correlate with enhanced glycolysis and lactic acid production. Furthermore, enhanced TKTL1 expression was put into context with resistance to chemotherapy and ionizing radiation. Here, a panel of human malign and benign cells, which cover a broad range of chemotherapy and radiation resistance as well as reliance on glucose metabolism, was analyzed in vitro for TKTL1 expression. Methods 17 malign and three benign cell lines were characterized according to their expression of TKTL1 on the protein level with three commercially available anti-TKTL1 antibodies utilizing immunohistochemistry and Western blot, as well as on mRNA level with three published primer pairs for RT-qPCR. Furthermore, sensitivities to paclitaxel, cisplatin and ionizing radiation were assessed in cell survival assays. Glucose consumption and lactate production were quantified as surrogates for the “Warburg effect”. Results Considerable amounts of tktl1 mRNA and TKTL1 protein were detected only upon stable transfection of the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293 with an expression plasmid for human TKTL1. Beyond that, weak expression of endogenous tktl1 mRNA was measured in the cell lines JAR and U251. Western blot analysis of JAR and U251 cells did not detect TKTL1 at the expected size of 65 kDa with all three antibodies specific for TKTL1 protein and immunohistochemical staining was observed with antibody JFC12T10 only. All other cell lines tested here revealed expression of tktl1 mRNA below detection limits and were negative for TKTL1 protein. However, in all cell lines including TKTL1-negative HEK293-control cells, antibody JFC12T10 detected multiple proteins with different molecular weights. Importantly, JAR and U251 did neither demonstrate an outstanding production of lactic acid nor increased resistance against chemotherapeutics or to ionizing radiation, respectively. Conclusion Using RT-qPCR and three different antibodies we observed only exceptional occurrence of TKTL1 in a panel of malignant human cell lines in vitro. The presence of TKTL1 was unrelated to either the rate of glucose consumption/lactic acid production or resistance against chemo- and radiotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-15-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kämmerer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Würzburg Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Str. 4, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Olivier Gires
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, D-81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Nadja Pfetzer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Würzburg Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Str. 4, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany. .,Apoptosis and Tumour Metabolism Lab, CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom.
| | - Armin Wiegering
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Rainer Johannes Klement
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Gustav-Adolf-Straße 8, D-97422, Schweinfurt, Germany.
| | - Christoph Otto
- Experimental Surgery, Experimental Transplantation Immunology, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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Ricciardelli C, Lokman NA, Cheruvu S, Tan IA, Ween MP, Pyragius CE, Ruszkiewicz A, Hoffmann P, Oehler MK. Transketolase is upregulated in metastatic peritoneal implants and promotes ovarian cancer cell proliferation. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:441-55. [PMID: 25895698 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9718-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, the most lethal gynaecological cancer, is characterised by the shedding of epithelial cells from the ovarian surface, followed by metastasis and implantation onto the peritoneal surfaces of abdominal organs. Our proteomic studies investigating the interactions between peritoneal (LP-9) and ovarian cancer (OVCAR-5) cells found transketolase (TKT) to be regulated in the co-culture system. This study characterized TKT expression in advanced stage (III/IV) serous ovarian cancers (n = 125 primary and n = 54 peritoneal metastases), normal ovaries (n = 6) and benign serous cystadenomas (n = 10) by immunohistochemistry. In addition, we also evaluated the function of TKT in ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Nuclear TKT was present in all primary serous ovarian cancer tissues examined (median 82.0 %, range 16.5-100 %) and was significantly increased in peritoneal metastases compared with matching primary cancers (P = 0.01, Wilcoxon Rank test). Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses showed that high nuclear TKT positivity in peritoneal metastases (>94 %) was significantly associated with reduced overall survival (P = 0.006) and a 2.8 fold increased risk of ovarian cancer death (95 % CI 1.29-5.90, P = 0.009). Knockdown of TKT by siRNAs significantly reduced SKOV-3 cell proliferation but had no effect on their motility or invasion. Oxythiamine, an inhibitor of TKT activity, significantly inhibited the proliferation of four ovarian cancer cell lines (OV-90, SKOV-3, OVCAR-3 and OVCAR-5) and primary serous ovarian cancer cells isolated from patient ascites. In conclusion, these findings indicate that TKT plays an important role in the proliferation of metastatic ovarian cancer cells and could be used as novel therapeutic target for advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Ricciardelli
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,
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Tanhäuserová V, Kuricová K, Pácal L, Bartáková V, Rehořová J, Svojanovský J, Olšovský J, Bělobrádková J, Kaňková K. Genetic variability in enzymes of metabolic pathways conferring protection against non-enzymatic glycation versus diabetes-related morbidity and mortality. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014; 52:77-83. [PMID: 23492569 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that genetic variability in genes encoding enzymes metabolizing glycolytic intermediates produced in excess under hyperglycemic conditions [i.e., transketolase (TKT), transaldolase, TKT-like protein 1, fructosamine 3-kinase (FN3K), glyoxalase 1 and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase] could influence progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetes-related morbidity and mortality. METHODS A total of 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six candidate genes were studied in 314 type 2 diabetic subjects with variable stage of kidney disease (normo- and microalbuminuria, proteinuria, end-stage renal disease). SNP selection criteria were based on known functional effect and gene coverage. SNPs were detected using polymerase chain reaction based methods. Subjects were followed up for median of 38 months. Time-to-event analysis considered three end-points: 1) DN progression by at least one stage; 2) major cardiovascular event; and 3) all-cause mortality. RESULTS We found combined effect of TKT SNP rs11130362 and FN3K SNP rs1056534 on DN progression (p<0.01). Additionally, TKT rs3736156 alone and also in combination with the previous two SNPs exhibited significant effect on incidence of major cardiovascular events (p<0.01 and p=0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variability in rate-limiting enzymes of pathways proposed to confer hypothetical protection against hyperglycemia might act as an important determinant of hyperglycemia toxicity in long-standing diabetes.
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Structure and functioning mechanism of transketolase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1608-18. [PMID: 24929114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzymes appear to have commenced in 1937, with the isolation of the coenzyme of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase, which was demonstrated to be a diphosphoric ester of thiamine. For quite a long time, these studies were largely focused on enzymes decarboxylating α-keto acids, such as pyruvate decarboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes. Transketolase, discovered independently by Racker and Horecker in 1953 (and named by Racker) [1], did not receive much attention until 1992, when crystal X-ray structure analysis of the enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was performed [2]. These data, together with the results of site-directed mutagenesis, made it possible to understand in detail the mechanism of thiamine diphosphate-dependent catalysis. Some progress was also made in studies of the functional properties of transketolase. The last review on transketolase, which was fairly complete, appeared in 1998 [3]. Therefore, the publication of this paper should not seem premature.
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Grimm M, Schmitt S, Teriete P, Biegner T, Stenzl A, Hennenlotter J, Muhs HJ, Munz A, Nadtotschi T, König K, Sänger J, Feyen O, Hofmann H, Reinert S, Coy JF. A biomarker based detection and characterization of carcinomas exploiting two fundamental biophysical mechanisms in mammalian cells. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:569. [PMID: 24304513 PMCID: PMC4235042 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biomarkers allowing the characterization of malignancy and therapy response of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) or other types of carcinomas are still outstanding. The biochemical suicide molecule endonuclease DNaseX (DNaseI-like 1) has been used to identify the Apo10 protein epitope that marks tumor cells with abnormal apoptosis and proliferation. The transketolase-like protein 1 (TKTL1) represents the enzymatic basis for an anaerobic glucose metabolism even in the presence of oxygen (aerobic glycolysis/Warburg effect), which is concomitant with a more malignant phenotype due to invasive growth/metastasis and resistance to radical and apoptosis inducing therapies. Methods Expression of Apo10 and TKTL1 was analysed retrospectively in OSCC specimen (n = 161) by immunohistochemistry. Both markers represent independent markers for poor survival. Furthermore Apo10 and TKTL1 have been used prospectively for epitope detection in monocytes (EDIM)-blood test in patients with OSCC (n = 50), breast cancer (n = 48), prostate cancer (n = 115), and blood donors/controls (n = 74). Results Positive Apo10 and TKTL1 expression were associated with recurrence of the tumor. Multivariate analysis demonstrated Apo10 and TKTL1 expression as an independent prognostic factor for reduced tumor-specific survival. Apo10+/TKTL1+ subgroup showed the worst disease-free survival rate in OSCC. EDIM-Apo10 and EDIM-TKTL1 blood tests allowed a sensitive and specific detection of patients with OSCC, breast cancer and prostate cancer before surgery and in after care. A combined score of Apo10+/TKTL1+ led to a sensitivity of 95.8% and a specificity of 97.3% for the detection of carcinomas independent of the tumor entity. Conclusions The combined detection of two independent fundamental biophysical processes by the two biomarkers Apo10 and TKTL1 allows a sensitive and specific detection of neoplasia in a noninvasive and cost-effective way. Further prospective trials are warranted to validate this new concept for the diagnosis of neoplasia and tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Grimm
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Osianderstr, 2-8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Grimm M, Hoefert S, Luz O, Reinert S, Polligkeit J. Transketolase-like protein 1 expression in recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma after curative resection: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 116:e173-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Meshalkina LE, Drutsa VL, Koroleva ON, Solovjeva ON, Kochetov GA. Is transketolase-like protein, TKTL1, transketolase? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1832:387-90. [PMID: 23261987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Until recently it was assumed that the transketolase-like protein (TKTL1) detected in the tumor tissue, is catalytically active mutant form of human transketolase (hTKT). Human TKT shares 61% sequence identity with TKTL1. And the two proteins are 77% homologous at the amino acid level. The major difference is the absence of 38 amino acid residues in the N-terminal region of TKTL1. Site-specific mutagenesis was used for modifying hTKT gene; the resulting construct had a 114-bp deletion corresponding to a deletion of 38 amino acid residues in hTKT protein. Wild type hTKT and mutant variant (DhTKT) were expressed in Escherichia coli and isolated using Ni-agarose affinity chromatography. We have demonstrated here that DhTKT is devoid of transketolase activity and lacks bound thiamine diphosphate (ThDP). In view of these results, it is unlikely that TKTL1 may be a ThDP-dependent protein capable of catalyzing the transketolase reaction, as hypothesized previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmilla E Meshalkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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Stouffs K, Lissens W. X chromosomal mutations and spermatogenic failure. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1864-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Schneider S, Lüdtke S, Schröder-Tittmann K, Wechsler C, Meyer D, Tittmann K. A δ38 deletion variant of human transketolase as a model of transketolase-like protein 1 exhibits no enzymatic activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48321. [PMID: 23118983 PMCID: PMC3485151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides transketolase (TKT), a thiamin-dependent enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, the human genome encodes for two closely related transketolase-like proteins, which share a high sequence identity with TKT. Transketolase-like protein 1 (TKTL1) has been implicated in cancerogenesis as its cellular expression levels were reported to directly correlate with invasion efficiency of cancer cells and patient mortality. It has been proposed that TKTL1 exerts its function by catalyzing an unusual enzymatic reaction, a hypothesis that has been the subject of recent controversy. The most striking difference between TKTL1 and TKT is a deletion of 38 consecutive amino acids in the N-terminal domain of the former, which constitute part of the active site in authentic TKT. Our structural and sequence analysis suggested that TKTL1 might not possess transketolase activity. In order to test this hypothesis in the absence of a recombinant expression system for TKTL1 and resilient data on its biochemical properties, we have engineered and biochemically characterized a “pseudo-TKTL1” Δ38 deletion variant of human TKT (TKTΔ38) as a viable model of TKTL1. Although the isolated protein is properly folded under in vitro conditions, both thermal stability as well as stability of the TKT-specific homodimeric assembly are markedly reduced. Circular dichroism and NMR spectroscopic analysis further indicates that TKTΔ38 is unable to bind the thiamin cofactor in a specific manner, even at superphysiological concentrations. No transketolase activity of TKTΔ38 can be detected for conversion of physiological sugar substrates thus arguing against an intrinsically encoded enzymatic function of TKTL1 in tumor cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schneider
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Bioanalytics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Lüdtke
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Bioanalytics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schröder-Tittmann
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Bioanalytics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cindy Wechsler
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Bioanalytics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Danilo Meyer
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Bioanalytics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kai Tittmann
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Bioanalytics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Lange CA, Tisch-Rottensteiner J, Böhringer D, Martin G, Schwartzkopff J, Auw-Haedrich C. Enhanced TKTL1 Expression in Malignant Tumors of the Ocular Adnexa Predicts Clinical Outcome. Ophthalmology 2012; 119:1924-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Beyond alcoholism: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in patients with psychiatric disorders. Cogn Behav Neurol 2012; 24:209-16. [PMID: 22134191 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0b013e31823f90c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome (the combined disorder is named Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome [WKS]) are preventable, life-threatening neuropsychiatric syndromes resulting from thiamine deficiency. WKS has historically been associated with alcoholism; more recently, it has been recognized in patients who have anorexia nervosa or have undergone bariatric surgery for obesity. However, patients with nutritional deficiencies of any origin are at risk for WKS. We present clinical histories and neuroimaging data on 2 young adults with underlying psychiatric disorders who became malnourished and developed WKS. METHODS A young woman with bipolar disorder and somatization disorder was hospitalized for intractable vomiting. A young man with chronic paranoid schizophrenia developed delusions that food and water were harmful, and was hospitalized after subsisting for 4 months on soda pop. RESULTS Acute, life-threatening Wernicke encephalopathy was confirmed in both patients by brain magnetic resonance imaging showing classic thalamic injury. The patients were left with persistent cognitive and physical disabilities that were consistent with Korsakoff syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Failure to suspect a vitamin deficiency led to permanent cognitive and physical disabilities that may necessitate lifelong care for these patients. The neuropsychiatric consequences could have been prevented by prompt recognition of their thiamine deficiency.
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TKTL-1 expression in lung cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2012; 208:203-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Poor outcome in primary non-small cell lung cancers is predicted by transketolase TKTL1 expression. Pathology 2012; 43:719-24. [PMID: 22027741 DOI: 10.1097/pat.0b013e32834c352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Malignant tumours ferment glucose to lactate even in the presence of sufficient oxygen (the Warburg effect). Transketolases seem to be involved in this metabolic switch. TKTL1 has previously been shown to encode a transketolase-like enzyme which is overexpressed in colon, urothelial and breast cancer. Here we investigated the prognostic impact of TKTL1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Curatively operated NSCLCs of 201 patients were analysed for TKTL1 expression by immunohistochemistry (clone JFC12T10). Statistical analyses with regard to clinicopathological parameters included Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses. RESULTS There was no or mild TKTL1 expression in 89 tumours (44.7%), whereas in 110 tumours (55.3%) TKTL1 was overexpressed. TKTL1 overexpression correlated with tumour-type (p = 0.02) and histological grading (p = 0.033) and was significantly associated with poor patient survival (p = 0.008). In addition, TKTL1 overexpression identified patients with poor clinical outcome among lymph node negative (p = 0.039) and well to moderately differentiated (p = 0.005) NSCLCs; furthermore, it proved to be an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.0252). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that TKTL1 overexpression is a new and independent predictor of survival for patients with NSCLC. Since inhibition of transketolase enzyme reactions has recently been shown to effectively suppress tumour growth, TKTL1 represents a novel pharmacodiagnostic marker.
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Vetreno RP, Ramos RL, Anzalone S, Savage LM. Brain and behavioral pathology in an animal model of Wernicke's encephalopathy and Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome. Brain Res 2012; 1436:178-92. [PMID: 22192411 PMCID: PMC3266665 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Animal models provide the opportunity for in-depth and experimental investigation into the anatomical and physiological underpinnings of human neurological disorders. Rodent models of thiamine deficiency have yielded significant insight into the structural, neurochemical and cognitive deficits associated with thiamine deficiency as well as proven useful toward greater understanding of memory function in the intact brain. In this review, we discuss the anatomical, neurochemical and behavioral changes that occur during the acute and chronic phases of thiamine deficiency and describe how rodent models of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome aid in developing a more detailed picture of brain structures involved in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Vetreno
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902
| | - Raddy L. Ramos
- Department of Neuroscience & Histology, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury NY 11568
| | - Steven Anzalone
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902
| | - Lisa M. Savage
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902
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Dupont PY, Stepien G. Computational analysis of the transcriptional regulation of the adenine nucleotide translocator isoform 4 gene and its role in spermatozoid glycolytic metabolism. Gene 2011; 487:38-45. [PMID: 21827840 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Computational phylogenetic analysis coupled to promoter sequence alignment was used to understand mechanisms of transcriptional regulation and to identify potentially coregulated genes. Our strategy was validated on the human ANT4 gene which encodes the fourth isoform of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator specifically expressed during spermatogenesis. The movement of sperm flagella is driven mainly by ATP generated by glycolytic pathways, and the specific induction of the mitochondrial ANT4 protein presented an interesting puzzle. We analysed the sequences of the promoters, introns and exons of 30 mammalian ANT4 genes and constructed regulatory models. The whole human genome and promoter database were screened for genes that were potentially regulated by the generated models. 80% of the identified co-regulated genes encoded proteins with specific roles in spermatogenesis and with functions linked to male reproduction. Our in silico study enabled us to precise the specific role of the ANT4 isoform in spermatozoid bioenergetics.
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Abstract
One of the sequelae of chronic alcohol abuse is malnutrition. Importantly, a deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B(1)) can result in the acute, potentially reversible neurological disorder Wernicke encephalopathy (WE). When WE is recognized, thiamine treatment can elicit a rapid clinical recovery. If WE is left untreated, however, patients can develop Korsakoff syndrome (KS), a severe neurological disorder characterized by anterograde amnesia. Alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD) describes the effects of chronic alcohol consumption on human brain structure and function in the absence of more discrete and well-characterized neurological concomitants of alcoholism such as WE and KS. Through knowledge of both the well-described changes in brain structure and function that are evident in alcohol-related disorders such as WE and KS and the clinical outcomes associated with these changes, researchers have begun to gain a better understanding of ARBD. This Review examines ARBD from the perspective of WE and KS, exploring the clinical presentations, postmortem brain pathology, in vivo MRI findings and potential molecular mechanisms associated with these conditions. An awareness of the consequences of chronic alcohol consumption on human behavior and brain structure can enable clinicians to improve detection and treatment of ARBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Bentz S, Pesch T, Wolfram L, de Vallière C, Leucht K, Fried M, Coy JF, Hausmann M, Rogler G. Lack of transketolase-like (TKTL) 1 aggravates murine experimental colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G598-607. [PMID: 21233279 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00323.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Transketolase-like (TKTL) 1 indirectly replenishes NADPH preventing damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed upon intestinal inflammation. We investigated the function of TKTL1 during murine colitis and ROS detoxification for prevention of tissue damage. Mucosal damage in TKTL1(-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice was assessed by miniendoscopy and histology during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis. mRNA levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), transketolase (TKT), and TKTL2 were determined by PCR and/or Western blotting. To assess oxidative and nitrosative stress nitrosylation, carbonylation and antioxidative enzymes catalase (Cat), superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, as well as glutathione (GSH) were determined. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) was determined for assessment of tissue neutrophils. TKTL1 knockout or DSS treatment did not influence TKT and TKTL2 mRNA or protein expression. Mucosal damage was significantly increased in TKTL1(-/-) mice indicated by miniendoscopy as well as a significantly shorter colon and more severe histological scores compared with WT mice during DSS colitis. This was associated with higher mRNA levels of IFN-γ, iNOS, IL-6, and TNF. In addition, iNOS protein expression was significantly enhanced in TKTL1(-/-) mice as well as MPO activity. Protein modification by nitric oxide (nitrotyrosine) was induced in TKTL1(-/-) mice. However, introduction of carbonyl groups by ROS was not induced in these mice. The expression of SOD1, SOD2, Cat, as well as GSH content was not significantly changed in TKTL1(-/-) mice. We conclude that induced colitis in TKTL1(-/-) mice was more severe compared with WT. This indicates a role of TKTL1 during mucosal repair and restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bentz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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Mitschke L, Parthier C, Schröder-Tittmann K, Coy J, Lüdtke S, Tittmann K. The crystal structure of human transketolase and new insights into its mode of action. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:31559-70. [PMID: 20667822 PMCID: PMC2951230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.149955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of human transketolase (TKT), a thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) and Ca(2+)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the interketol transfer between ketoses and aldoses as part of the pentose phosphate pathway, has been determined to 1.75 Å resolution. The recombinantly produced protein crystallized in space group C2 containing one monomer in the asymmetric unit. Two monomers form the homodimeric biological assembly with two identical active sites at the dimer interface. Although the protomer exhibits the typical three (α/β)-domain structure and topology reported for TKTs from other species, structural differences are observed for several loop regions and the linker that connects the PP and Pyr domain. The cofactor and substrate binding sites of human TKT bear high resemblance to those of other TKTs but also feature unique properties, including two lysines and a serine that interact with the β-phosphate of ThDP. Furthermore, Gln(189) spans over the thiazolium moiety of ThDP and replaces an isoleucine found in most non-mammalian TKTs. The side chain of Gln(428) forms a hydrogen bond with the 4'-amino group of ThDP and replaces a histidine that is invariant in all non-mammalian TKTs. All other amino acids involved in substrate binding and catalysis are strictly conserved. Besides a steady-state kinetic analysis, microscopic equilibria of the donor half-reaction were characterized by an NMR-based intermediate analysis. These studies reveal that formation of the central 1,2-dihydroxyethyl-ThDP carbanion-enamine intermediate is thermodynamically favored with increasing carbon chain length of the donor ketose substrate. Based on the structure of human transketolase and sequence alignments, putative functional properties of the related transketolase-like proteins TKTL1 and -2 are discussed in light of recent findings suggesting that TKTL1 plays a role in cancerogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Mitschke
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Christoph Parthier
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schröder-Tittmann
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Lüdtke
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
- the Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Bioanalytics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kai Tittmann
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
- the Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Bioanalytics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Hartmannsberger D, Mack B, Eggert C, Denzel S, Stepp H, Betz CS, Gires O. Transketolase-like protein 1 confers resistance to serum withdrawal in vitro. Cancer Lett 2010; 300:20-9. [PMID: 20884117 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Transketolase-like protein 1 (TKTL1) is a member of the family of transketolase enzymes of which the founder member transketolase (TKT) is known to play a central role in the non-oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway. According to several publications TKTL1 is the only family member, whose expression is substantially de-regulated in a variety of solid tumours. Over-expression of TKTL1 correlates with poor prognosis of cancer patients and TKTL1 itself represents a potential therapeutic target owing to its possible involvement in the regulation of the proliferation and metabolism of cancer cells. We show that exogenously expressed TKTL1 provides HEK293 cells with moderate growth advantages under standard culture conditions, while protecting cells from growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis. Importantly, we identified TKTL1 with the JFC12T10 antibody as a 65kDa protein, which was however absent in most tumour cell lines tested. Primary head and neck squamous cell carcinomas of various localisations were characterised by a focal pattern with single cells strongly expressing TKTL1, rather than by a homogeneous expression pattern within the tumour mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hartmannsberger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Pácal L, Tomandl J, Svojanovsky J, Krusová D, Stepánková S, Rehorová J, Olsovsky J, Belobrádková J, Tanhäuserová V, Tomandlová M, Muzík J, Kanková K. Role of thiamine status and genetic variability in transketolase and other pentose phosphate cycle enzymes in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 26:1229-36. [PMID: 20826743 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) represents a potentially 'protective' mechanism in hyperglycaemia due to shunting of glycolytic intermediates into PPP reactions. We hypothesized that thiamine status (plasma and erythrocyte levels of thiamine and its esters) together with genetic variability in key PPP enzymes-transketolase (TKT), transaldolase and TKT-like-might contribute to the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and mortality of diabetics. METHODS A total of 240 diabetic subjects with variable degree of kidney disease were included at baseline and were followed up for a median of 26 (IQR 21-50) months. Concentrations of thiamine in plasma and whole blood and TKT-catalysed reaction were determined by HPLC. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (n = 14) were genotyped by means of PCR using TaqMan chemistry (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). RESULTS Significant differences in pTh, pThDP, eryThDP and eryTKT between DN-stage groups were ascertained (P < 0.05) with advancing stage of DN being accompanied with increasing values of pTh, pThDP and eryTKT but not eryThDP. A highly significant negative correlation (r = - 0.41, P < 0.001) was found between pThDP and eryThDP, and the tertiles of the ratio of eryThDP/pThDP were significantly associated with all-cause mortality rates (P = 0.0072). We also identified significant differences in the rate of DN progression between different pTDP tertile groups (P = 0.0017). No significant genetic effects were found. CONCLUSIONS The results support the role of 'functional' thiamine deficiency in the development of hyperglycaemia-related pathology. Limited intracellular availability of active TKT co-factor seems to be a dominant abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukás Pácal
- Department of Pathophysiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Transketolase (TK), a thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzyme, catalyzes several key reactions of non-oxidative branch of pentose phosphate pathway. TK is a homodimer with two active sites that locate at the interface between the contacting monomers. Both ThDP and bivalent cations are strictly needed for TK activation, just like that for all ThDP-dependent enzymes. TK exists in all organisms that have been investigated. Up to now, one TK gene (TKT) and two transketolase-like genes (TKTL1 and TKTL2) have been identified in human genome. TKTL1 is reported to play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis and may have important implications in the nutrition and future treatment of patients with cancer. Researchers have found TK variants and reduced activities of TK enzyme in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Recent studies indicated TK as a novel role in the prevention and therapy of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032
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Stouffs K, Tournaye H, Liebaers I, Lissens W. Male infertility and the involvement of the X chromosome. Hum Reprod Update 2009; 15:623-37. [PMID: 19515807 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmp023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male infertility is a worldwide problem, keeping many researchers puzzled. Besides environmental factors, much attention is paid to single gene defects. In this view, the sex chromosomes are particularly interesting since men only have a single copy of these chromosomes. The involvement of the Y chromosome in male infertility is obvious since the detection of Yq microdeletions. The role of the X chromosome, however, remains less understood. METHODS Articles were obtained by searching PubMed until December 2008. A first search attempted to identify genes located on the X chromosome potentially important for spermatogenesis. A second part of the study was focused on those genes for which the role has already been studied in infertile patients. RESULTS Multiple genes located on the X chromosome are expressed in testicular tissues. The function of many genes, especially the cancer-testis genes, has not been studied so far. There were striking differences between mouse and human genes. In the second part of the study, the results of mutation analyses of seven genes (AR, SOX3, USP26, NXF2, TAF7L, FATE and AKAP4) are described. Except for AR, no infertility causing mutations have, thus far, been described. It cannot be excluded that some of the observed changes should be considered as risk factors for impaired spermatogenesis. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that, so far, the mutation analysis of X-linked genes in humans, presumed to be crucial for spermatogenesis or sperm quality, has been disappointing. Other approaches to learn more about male infertility are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Stouffs
- Department of Embryology and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Alexander-Kaufman K, Harper C. Transketolase: Observations in alcohol-related brain damage research. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:717-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Xu X, Zur Hausen A, Coy JF, Löchelt M. Transketolase-like protein 1 (TKTL1) is required for rapid cell growth and full viability of human tumor cells. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1330-7. [PMID: 19065656 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells display high rates of aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. Lactate and pyruvate, the end products of glycolysis, are overproduced by cancer cells even in the presence of oxygen. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) allows glucose conversion to ribose for nucleic acid synthesis, glucose degradation to lactate, and regeneration of redox equivalents. The nonoxidative part of the PPP is controlled by transketolase (TKT) enzymes. One TKT isoform, the transketolase-like protein 1 (TKTL1) is specifically upregulated in different human cancers and its overexpression predicts a poor patient's survival. This finding implicates that an increased TKTL1 expression may activate the PPP leading to enhanced cancer cell growth and survival. To analyze the functional role of TKTL1 in malignant progression, we inhibited TKTL1 by RNAi technologies in human HCT116 colon carcinoma cells. TKTL1 suppression resulted in a significantly slowed cell growth, glucose consumption and lactate production. In TKTL1 knockdown-cells, the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels were not significantly increased, whereas the sensitivity towards oxidative stress-induced apoptosis was clearly enhanced. These data provide new clues on the importance of TKTL1 dys-regulation in tumor cells and indicate that TKTL1 overexpression may be considered not only as a new tumor marker but also as a good target for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
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