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Zhang Y, Shen X, Deng S, Chen Q, Xu B. Neural Regulation of Vascular Development: Molecular Mechanisms and Interactions. Biomolecules 2024; 14:966. [PMID: 39199354 PMCID: PMC11353022 DOI: 10.3390/biom14080966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
As a critical part of the circulatory system, blood vessels transport oxygen and nutrients to every corner of the body, nourishing each cell, and also remove waste and toxins. Defects in vascular development and function are closely associated with many diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and atherosclerosis. In the nervous system, the nervous and vascular systems are intricately connected in both development and function. First, peripheral blood vessels and nerves exhibit parallel distribution patterns. In the central nervous system (CNS), nerves and blood vessels form a complex interface known as the neurovascular unit. Second, the vascular system employs similar cellular and molecular mechanisms as the nervous system for its development. Third, the development and function of CNS vasculature are tightly regulated by CNS-specific signaling pathways and neural activity. Additionally, vascular endothelial cells within the CNS are tightly connected and interact with pericytes, astrocytes, neurons, and microglia to form the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB strictly controls material exchanges between the blood and brain, maintaining the brain's microenvironmental homeostasis, which is crucial for the normal development and function of the CNS. Here, we comprehensively summarize research on neural regulation of vascular and BBB development and propose directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Xinyu Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Shunze Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Qiurong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
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2
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Guo H, Liu R, Lv H, Huo Q, Yao Y, Lu X. USP5 facilitates diabetic retinopathy development by stabilizing ROBO4 via deubiquitination. Cell Signal 2024; 120:111225. [PMID: 38735506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) have been proved to play important roles in the progression of diabetic retinopathy. In this study, we explored the role of USP5 and its possible mechanisms in diabetic retinopathy development. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress were determined using CCK-8 assay, EdU staining assay, flow cytometry, and ELISA, respectively. The mRNA and protein expression of ROBO4 and USP5 were measured through RT-qPCR and western blot, respectively. Co-IP and deubiquitination assay were conducted to evaluate the interaction between ROBO4 and USP5. The results showed that high glucose (HG) stimulation significantly led to HRPE cell damage as described by suppressing proliferation, and promoting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. ROBO4 was markedly increased in diabetic retinopathy plasma samples and HG-triggered HRPE cells. Depletion of ROBO4 could alleviate HG-caused HRPE cell damage. USP5 was also significantly elevated in diabetic retinopathy plasma samples and HG-triggered HRPE cells. USP5 overexpression aggravated HG-induced HRPE cell damage. USP5 stabilized ROBO4 through deubiquitination. Moreover, USP5 knockdown decreased ROBO4 expression to mitigate HG-triggered cell damage in HRPE cells. USP5 stabilized ROBO4 via deubiquitination to repress cell proliferation, and facilitate inflammation, cell apoptosis and oxidative stress in HG-treated HRPE cells, thereby promoting the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Eye School of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China; Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruibao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haijiang Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qin Huo
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuejing Lu
- Eye School of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection with TCM Laboratory, Chengdu, China; Retinal Image Technology and Chronic Vascular Disease Prevention & Control and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China.
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3
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Adzraku SY, Cao C, Zhou Q, Yuan K, Hao X, Li Y, Yuan S, Huang Y, Xu K, Qiao J, Ju W, Zeng L. Endothelial Robo4 suppresses endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition induced by irradiation and improves hematopoietic reconstitution. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:159. [PMID: 38383474 PMCID: PMC10881562 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Bone marrow ablation is routinely performed before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) require a stable bone marrow microenvironment to expand and refill the peripheral blood cell pool after ablation. Roundabout guidance receptor 4 (Robo4) is a transmembrane protein exclusive to endothelial cells and is vital in preserving vascular integrity. Hence, the hypothesis is that Robo4 maintains the integrity of bone marrow endothelial cells following radiotherapy. We created an endothelial cell injury model with γ-radiation before Robo4 gene manipulation using lentiviral-mediated RNAi and gene overexpression techniques. We demonstrate that Robo4 and specific mesenchymal proteins (Fibronectin, Vimentin, αSma, and S100A4) are upregulated in endothelial cells exposed to irradiation (IR). We found that Robo4 depletion increases the expression of endoglin (CD105), an auxiliary receptor for the transforming growth factor (TGF-β) family of proteins, and promotes endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (End-MT) through activation of both the canonical (Smad) and non-canonical (AKT/NF-κB) signaling pathways to facilitate Snail1 activation and its nuclear translocation. Endothelial Robo4 overexpression stimulates the expression of immunoglobulin-like adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) and alleviates irradiation-induced End-MT. Our coculture model showed that transcriptional downregulation of endothelial Robo4 reduces HSPC proliferation and increases HSC quiescence and apoptosis. However, Robo4 overexpression mitigated the damaged endothelium's suppressive effects on HSC proliferation and differentiation. These findings indicate that by controlling End-MT, Robo4 preserves microvascular integrity after radiation preconditioning, protects endothelial function, and lessens the inhibitory effect of damaged endothelium on hematopoietic reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyram Yao Adzraku
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cells, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Xuzhou Ruihu Health Management Consulting Co, Ltd, xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Can Cao
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cells, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Xuzhou Ruihu Health Management Consulting Co, Ltd, xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cells, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Xuzhou Ruihu Health Management Consulting Co, Ltd, xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Ke Yuan
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cells, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Xiaowen Hao
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cells, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Yue Li
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cells, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Shengnan Yuan
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cells, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Yujin Huang
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cells, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cells, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221002, China
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Jianlin Qiao
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cells, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
| | - Wen Ju
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cells, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
- Xuzhou Ruihu Health Management Consulting Co, Ltd, xuzhou, 221002, China.
| | - Lingyu Zeng
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cells, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
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Okada Y. Potential Therapeutic Strategies and Drugs That Target Vascular Permeability in Severe Infectious Diseases. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:549-555. [PMID: 38432910 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Severe infection pathogenicity is induced by processes such as pathogen exposure, immune cell activation, inflammatory cytokine production, and vascular hyperpermeability. Highly effective drugs, such as antipathogenic agents, steroids, and antibodies that suppress cytokine function, have been developed to treat the first three processes. However, these drugs cannot completely suppress severe infectious diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, developing novel drugs that inhibit vascular hyperpermeability is crucial. This review summarizes the mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced vascular hyperpermeability and identifies inhibitors that increase endothelial cell (EC) junction-related proteins and determines their efficacy in COVID-19 and endotoxemia models. Analyzing the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on vascular permeability revealed that SARS-CoV-2 suppresses Claudin-5 (CLDN5) expression, which is responsible for adhesion between ECs, thereby increasing vascular permeability. Inhibiting CLDN5 function in mice induced vascular hyperpermeability and pulmonary edema. In contrast, Enhancing CLDN5 expression suppressed SARS-CoV-2-induced endothelial hyperpermeability, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2-induced vascular hyperpermeability contributes to pathological progression, which can be suppressed by upregulating EC junction proteins. Based on these results, we focused on Roundabout4 (Robo4), another EC-specific protein that stabilizes EC junctions. EC-specific Robo4 overexpression suppressed vascular hyperpermeability and mortality in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. An ALK1 inhibitor (a molecule that increases Robo4 expression), suppressed vascular hyperpermeability and mortality in lipopolysaccharide- and SARS-CoV-2-treated mice. These results indicate that Robo4 expression-increasing drugs suppress vascular permeability and pathological phenotype in COVID-19 and endotoxemia models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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Noh B, Blasco‐Conesa MP, Rahman SM, Monga S, Ritzel R, Guzman G, Lai Y, Ganesh BP, Urayama A, McCullough LD, Moruno‐Manchon JF. Iron overload induces cerebral endothelial senescence in aged mice and in primary culture in a sex-dependent manner. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13977. [PMID: 37675802 PMCID: PMC10652299 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron imbalance in the brain negatively affects brain function. With aging, iron levels increase in the brain and contribute to brain damage and neurological disorders. Changes in the cerebral vasculature with aging may enhance iron entry into the brain parenchyma, leading to iron overload and its deleterious consequences. Endothelial senescence has emerged as an important contributor to age-related changes in the cerebral vasculature. Evidence indicates that iron overload may induce senescence in cultured cell lines. Importantly, cells derived from female human and mice generally show enhanced senescence-associated phenotype, compared with males. Thus, we hypothesize that cerebral endothelial cells (CEC) derived from aged female mice are more susceptible to iron-induced senescence, compared with CEC from aged males. We found that aged female mice, but not males, showed cognitive deficits when chronically treated with ferric citrate (FC), and their brains and the brain vasculature showed senescence-associated phenotype. We also found that primary culture of CEC derived from aged female mice, but not male-derived CEC, exhibited senescence-associated phenotype when treated with FC. We identified that the transmembrane receptor Robo4 was downregulated in the brain vasculature and in cultured primary CEC derived from aged female mice, compared with those from male mice. We discovered that Robo4 downregulation contributed to enhanced vulnerability to FC-induced senescence. Thus, our study identifies Robo4 downregulation as a driver of senescence induced by iron overload in primary culture of CEC and a potential risk factor of brain vasculature impairment and brain dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Noh
- Department of NeurologyMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Maria Pilar Blasco‐Conesa
- Department of NeurologyMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Syed Mushfiqur Rahman
- Department of NeurologyMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Sheelu Monga
- Department of NeurologyMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Rodney Ritzel
- Department of NeurologyMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Gary Guzman
- Department of NeurologyMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Yun‐Ju Lai
- Department of NeurologyMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
- Solomont School of NursingZuckerberg College of Health SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts LowellLowellMassachusettsUSA
| | - Bhanu Priya Ganesh
- Department of NeurologyMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Akihiko Urayama
- Department of NeurologyMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- Department of NeurologyMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Jose Felix Moruno‐Manchon
- Department of NeurologyMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
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6
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Bhosle VK, Tan JM, Li T, Hua R, Kwon H, Li Z, Patel S, Tessier-Lavigne M, Robinson LA, Kim PK, Brumell JH. SLIT2/ROBO1 signaling suppresses mTORC1 for organelle control and bacterial killing. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301964. [PMID: 37311584 PMCID: PMC10264968 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
SLIT/ROBO signaling impacts many aspects of tissue development and homeostasis, in part, through the regulation of cell growth and proliferation. Recent studies have also linked SLIT/ROBO signaling to the regulation of diverse phagocyte functions. However, the mechanisms by which SLIT/ROBO signaling acts at the nexus of cellular growth control and innate immunity remain enigmatic. Here, we show that SLIT2-mediated activation of ROBO1 leads to inhibition of mTORC1 kinase activity in macrophages, leading to dephosphorylation of its downstream targets, including transcription factor EB and ULK1. Consequently, SLIT2 augments lysosome biogenesis, potently induces autophagy, and robustly promotes the killing of bacteria within phagosomes. Concordant with these results, we demonstrate decreased lysosomal content and accumulated peroxisomes in the spinal cords of embryos from Robo1 -/- , Robo2 -/- double knockout mice. We also show that impediment of auto/paracrine SLIT-ROBO signaling axis in cancer cells leads to hyperactivation of mTORC1 and inhibition of autophagy. Together, these findings elucidate a central role of chemorepellent SLIT2 in the regulation of mTORC1 activity with important implications for innate immunity and cancer cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant K Bhosle
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joel Mj Tan
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Taoyingnan Li
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rong Hua
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hyunwoo Kwon
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zhubing Li
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sajedabanu Patel
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc Tessier-Lavigne
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Repair, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lisa A Robinson
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter K Kim
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - John H Brumell
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- SickKids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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Feng L, Shu HP, Sun LL, Tu YC, Liao QQ, Yao LJ. Role of the SLIT-ROBO signaling pathway in renal pathophysiology and various renal diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1226341. [PMID: 37497439 PMCID: PMC10366692 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1226341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SLIT ligand and its receptor ROBO were initially recognized for their role in axon guidance in central nervous system development. In recent years, as research has advanced, the role of the SLIT-ROBO signaling pathway has gradually expanded from axonal repulsion to cell migration, tumor development, angiogenesis, and bone metabolism. As a secreted protein, SLIT regulates various pathophysiological processes in the kidney, such as proinflammatory responses and fibrosis progression. Many studies have shown that SLIT-ROBO is extensively involved in various aspects of kidney development and maintenance of structure and function. The SLIT-ROBO signaling pathway also plays an important role in different types of kidney disease. This article reviews the advances in the study of the SLIT-ROBO pathway in various renal pathophysiological and kidney disorders and proposes new directions for further research in this field.
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Zhao L, Xu H, Liu X, Cheng Y, Xie J. The role of TET2-mediated ROBO4 hypomethylation in the development of diabetic retinopathy. J Transl Med 2023; 21:455. [PMID: 37430272 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In diabetic retinopathy, increasing evidence points to a link between the pathogenesis of retinal microangiopathy and the endothelial cell-specific factor roundabout4 (ROBO4). According to earlier research, specificity protein 1 (SP1) enhances the binding to the ROBO4 promoter, increasing Robo4 expression and hastening the progression of diabetic retinopathy. To determine if this is related to aberrant epigenetic modifications of ROBO4, we examined the methylation level of the ROBO4 promoter and the corresponding regulatory mechanism during the course of diabetic retinopathy and explored the effect of this mechanism on retinal vascular leakage and neovascularization. METHODS The methylation level of CpG sites in the ROBO4 promoter was detected in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) cultured under hyperglycemic conditions and retinas from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The effects of hyperglycemia on DNA methyltransferase 1, Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2), 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, and the binding of TET2 and SP1 to the ROBO4 promoter, as well as the expression of ROBO4, zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and occludin were examined. Short hairpin RNA was used to suppress the expression of TET2 or ROBO4 and the structural and functional changes in the retinal microvascular system were assessed. RESULTS In HRECs cultured under hyperglycemic conditions, the ROBO4 promoter methylation level decreased. Hyperglycemia-induced TET2 overexpression caused active demethylation of ROBO4 by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, which enhanced the binding of SP1 to ROBO4, increased the expression of ROBO4, and decreased the expression of ZO-1 and occludin, leading to the abnormalities in monolayer permeability, migratory ability and angiogenesis of HRECs. The above pathway was also demonstrated in the retinas of diabetic mice, which caused leakage from retinal capillaries and neovascularization. Inhibition of TET2 or ROBO4 expression significantly ameliorated the dysfunction of HRECs and retinal vascular abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS In diabetes, TET2 can regulate the expression of ROBO4 and its downstream proteins by mediating active demethylation of the ROBO4 promoter, which accelerates the development of retinal vasculopathy. These findings suggest that TET2-induced ROBO4 hypomethylation is a potential therapeutic target, and anti- TET2/ROBO4 therapy is anticipated to emerge as a novel strategy for early intervention and delayed progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haitao Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jia'nan Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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9
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Li C, Wang Z, Wei B, Liu Z, Li B, Kang H, Wang J, Liu J, Wang Q, Guo H, Wu X, Liu N, Luo J. Upregulation of ROBO3 promotes proliferation, migration and adhesion of AML cells and affects the survival of AML patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 661:1-9. [PMID: 37084487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematological malignancy, which is the most common and severe acute leukemia in adults. Its occurrence, development and prognosis are affected by many factors, and more research is still needed to further guide its treatment. Here, we found that roundabout3 (ROBO3) was associated with poor prognosis in AML through bioinformatics analysis. We then found that overexpression of ROBO3 promoted AML cell proliferation, adhesion and migration while knockdown of ROBO3 had opposite effects. We subsequently found that ROBO3 regulated CD34 expression in AML cells, and this regulatory effect may be achieved through the Hippo-YAP pathway. The inhibitors of this pathway, K-975 and verteporfin, showed an inhibitory effect on AML cells with high ROBO3 expression. ROBO3 was also found to be significantly increased in bone marrow samples from AML patients. Our research indicates that ROBO3 plays an important role in the development of AML, which suggests that ROBO3 can be a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Li
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China; Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Binghui Wei
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Zechen Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Hening Kang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Jue Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Junle Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Hongming Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Jianmin Luo
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
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10
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Zhu Q, Zhao X, Zhang D, Xia W, Zhang J. Abnormal expression of SLIT3 induces intravillous vascularization dysplasia in ectopic pregnancy. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14850. [PMID: 36793891 PMCID: PMC9924138 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether the morphology, capillary number, and transcriptome expression profiles of ectopic pregnancy (EP) villi differ from those of normal pregnancy (NP) villi. Methods Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for CD31 were conducted to compare differences in morphology and capillary number between EP and NP villi. Differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs and mRNAs were determined from transcriptome sequencing of both types of villi and used to construct a miRNA-mRNA network, from which hub genes were identified. Candidate DE-miRNAs and DE-mRNAs were validated by quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR. Correlations were identified between the number of capillaries and serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) levels and between the expression levels of hub genes associated with angiogenesis and β-HCG levels. Results The mean and total cross-sectional areas of placental villi were significantly increased in EP compared with NP villi. Capillary density was greatly reduced in EP villi and was positively correlated with β-HCG levels. A total of 49 DE-miRNAs and 625 DE-mRNAs were identified from the sequencing data. An integrated analysis established a miRNA-mRNA network containing 32 DE-miRNAs and 103 DE-mRNAs. Based on the validation of hub mRNAs and miRNAs in the network, a regulatory pathway involving miR-491-5p-SLIT3 was discovered, which may have a role in the development of villous capillaries. Conclusion Villus morphology, capillary number, and miRNA/mRNA expression profiles in villous tissues were aberrant in EP placentas. Specifically, SLIT3, which is regulated by miR-491-5p, may contribute to the regulation of villous angiogenesis and was established as a putative predictor of chorionic villus development, providing a basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhao
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xia
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
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11
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Cortés E, Pak JS, Özkan E. Structure and evolution of neuronal wiring receptors and ligands. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:27-60. [PMID: 35727136 PMCID: PMC10084454 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the fundamental properties of a neuronal circuit is the map of its connections. The cellular and developmental processes that allow for the growth of axons and dendrites, selection of synaptic targets, and formation of functional synapses use neuronal surface receptors and their interactions with other surface receptors, secreted ligands, and matrix molecules. Spatiotemporal regulation of the expression of these receptors and cues allows for specificity in the developmental pathways that wire stereotyped circuits. The families of molecules controlling axon guidance and synapse formation are generally conserved across animals, with some important exceptions, which have consequences for neuronal connectivity. Here, we summarize the distribution of such molecules across multiple taxa, with a focus on model organisms, evolutionary processes that led to the multitude of such molecules, and functional consequences for the diversification or loss of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cortés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph S Pak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Engin Özkan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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12
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Yamanaka M, Hayashi M, Sonohara F, Yamada S, Tanaka H, Sakai A, Mii S, Kobayashi D, Kurimoto K, Tanaka N, Inokawa Y, Takami H, Hattori N, Kanda M, Tanaka C, Nakayama G, Koike M, Kodera Y. Downregulation of ROBO4 in Pancreatic Cancer Serves as a Biomarker of Poor Prognosis and Indicates Increased Cell Motility and Proliferation Through Activation of MMP-9. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29:7180-7189. [PMID: 35726111 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-12039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The axon guidance gene family, SLIT/ROBO pathway, controls neural network formation, which correlates with the development of several cancers. METHODS We found through analysis of the public database that ROBO4, one of the axon guidance molecules among the SLIT/ROBO family, is significantly downregulated in primary pancreatic cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. We carried out transfection experiments using three pancreatic cancer cell lines (MiaPaCa-2, BxPC-3, and SW1990) and one pancreatic duct epithelial cell line (HPDE6c7). A total of 51 clinical samples were then examined by immunohistochemical staining to find an association between ROBO4 expression at the protein level, clinical characteristics, and surgical outcomes. RESULTS ROBO4 overexpression suppressed the invasion and migration abilities in MiaPaCa-2 and BxPC-3, while ROBO4 siRNA transfection to SW1990 and HPDE6c7 enhanced those activities. PCR-based profiling detected MMP-9 as a candidate downstream target of ROBO4, which was validated by decreased MMP-9 activity after the ROBO4 overexpression assay. High ROBO4 expression clinical samples had significantly better overall survival rather than low ROBO4 cases (P = 0.048). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that decreased ROBO4 expression activates malignant phenotypes in cancer cells and is correlated with poor survival outcomes in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masamichi Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Fuminori Sonohara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Suguru Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sakai
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Mii
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daigo Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kurimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobutake Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshikuni Inokawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Takami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norifumi Hattori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuro Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chie Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Goro Nakayama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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13
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Miyaguchi M, Nakanishi Y, Maturana AD, Mizutani K, Niimi T. Conformational Change of the Hairpin-like-structured Robo2 Ectodomain Allows NELL1/2 Binding. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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14
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Binding and Efficacy of Anti-Robo4 CAR-T Cells against Solid Tumors. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061273. [PMID: 35740295 PMCID: PMC9220079 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor expression T (CAR-T) cell therapy has been shown be efficacious against relapsed/refractory B-cell malignant lymphoma and has attracted attention as an innovative cancer treatment. However, cells of solid tumors are less accessible to CAR-T cells; moreover, CAR-T function is decreased in the immunosuppressive state of the tumor microenvironment. Since most tumors induce angiogenesis, we constructed CAR-T cells targeting roundabout homolog 4 (Robo4), which is expressed at high levels in tumor vascular endothelial cells, by incorporating three anti-Robo4 single-chain variable fragments (scFv) that were identified using phage display. We found that binding affinities of the three CARs to mouse and human Robo4 reflected their scFv affinities. More importantly, when each CAR-T cell was assayed in vitro, antigen-specific cytotoxicity, cytokine-producing ability, and proliferation were correlated with binding affinity for Robo4. In vivo, all three T-cells inhibited tumor growth in a B16BL6 murine model, which also correlated with Robo4 binding affinities. However, growth inhibition of mouse Robo4-expressing tumors was observed only in the model with CAR-T cells with the lowest Robo4 affinity. Therefore, at high Robo4 expression, CAR-T in vitro and in vivo were no longer correlated, suggesting that clinical tumors will require Robo4 expression assays.
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15
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miRNA signatures in diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy: delineating underlying mechanisms. J Physiol Biochem 2022; 78:19-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Shirakura K, Okada Y. Vascular Leakage Prevention by Roundabout 4 under Pathological Conditions. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1365-1370. [PMID: 34602544 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular permeability is regulated mainly by the endothelial barrier and controls vascular homeostasis, proper vessel development, and immune cell trafficking. Several molecules are involved in regulating endothelial barrier function. Roundabout 4 (Robo4) is a single-pass transmembrane protein that is specifically expressed in vascular endothelial cells. Robo4 is an important regulator of vascular leakage and angiogenesis, especially under pathological conditions. The role of Robo4 in preventing vascular leakage has been studied in various disease models, including animal models of retinopathy, tumors, diabetes, and endotoxemia. The involvement of Robo4 in vascular endothelial growth factor and inflammation-mediated signaling pathways has been well studied, and recent evidence suggests that Robo4 modulates endothelial barrier function via distinct mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the role of Robo4 in endothelial barrier function and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshiaki Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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17
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Kashio T, Shirakura K, Kinoshita M, Morita M, Ishiba R, Muraoka K, Kanbara T, Tanaka M, Funatsu R, Hino N, Koyama S, Suzuki R, Yoshioka Y, Aoshi T, Doi T, Okada Y. HDAC inhibitor, MS-275, increases vascular permeability by suppressing Robo4 expression in endothelial cells. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1911195. [PMID: 33955828 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1911195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Roundabout guidance receptor 4 (Robo4) is an endothelial-specific membrane protein that suppresses pathological angiogenesis and vascular hyperpermeability by stabilizing endothelial cells. Robo4 suppresses severe systemic inflammation induced by pathogens and endotoxins and inhibits tumor growth and metastasis, therefore serving as a potential therapeutic target. Although the regulation of Robo4 expression through transcription factors and epigenetic mechanisms has been studied, the role of histone deacetylases (HDACs) has not been explored. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of HDACs in the regulation of Robo4 expression. An HDAC inhibitor, MS-275, which inhibits HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3, was found to suppress Robo4 expression in endothelial cells. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of HDAC3, but not of HDAC1 and 2, also decreased its expression level. MS-275 downregulated the expression of the transcription factor complex GABP, in addition to suppressing Robo4 promoter activity. GABP expression was also downregulated by the siRNA against HDAC3. MS-275 decreased the transendothelial electrical resistance of a monolayer of mouse endothelial cells and increased the rate of leakage of Evans blue dye in the mouse lungs. In addition, MS-275 accelerated cell migration through the endothelial cell monolayer and augmented cell extravasation in the mouse lungs. Taken together, we demonstrated that MS-275 suppresses Robo4 expression by inhibiting HDAC3 in endothelial cells and enhances endothelial and vascular permeability. Thus, we demonstrated a novel mechanism regulating Robo4 expression and vascular permeability, which is anticipated to contribute to future therapies for infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taito Kashio
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shirakura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maaya Morita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ishiba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Muraoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kanbara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Risa Funatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Hino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Laboratory of Drug and Gene Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,BIKEN Center for Innovative Vaccine Research and Development, the Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taiki Aoshi
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takefumi Doi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Martinot E, Boerboom D. Slit/Robo signaling regulates Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:8. [PMID: 33478524 PMCID: PMC7819258 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND First identified as a regulator of neuronal axon guidance, Slit/Robo signaling has since been implicated in additional physiologic and pathologic processes, such as angiogenesis, organogenesis and cancer progression. However, its roles in the regulation of testis function have been little explored. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR analyses were performed to detect the expression of Slit/Robo signaling effectors in the adult mouse testis. To identify the roles and mechanisms of Slit/Robo signaling in the regulation of steroidogenesis, RT-qPCR, immunoblotting and hormone measurements were carried out using Leydig cells (primary cultures and the MA10 cell line) treated with exogenous SLIT ligands, and testes from Robo1-null mice. RESULTS Slit1, -2 and -3 and Robo1 and -2 expression was detected in the adult mouse testis, particularly in Leydig cells. In vitro treatment of Leydig cells with exogenous SLIT ligands led to a decrease in the expression of the steroidogenic genes Star, Cyp11a1, and Cyp17a1. SLIT2 treatment decreased the phosphorylation of the key steroidogenic gene regulator CREB, possibly in part by suppressing AKT activity. Furthermore, SLIT2 treatment reduced the responsiveness of MA10 cells to luteinizing hormone by decreasing the expression of Lhcgr. Consistent with these in vitro results, an increase in testicular Star mRNA levels and intra-testicular testosterone concentrations were found in Robo1-null mice. Finally, we showed that the expression of the Slit and Robo genes in Leydig cells is enhanced by testosterone treatment in vitro, by an AR-independent mechanism. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that Slit/Robo signaling represents a novel mechanism that regulates Leydig cell steroidogenesis. It may act in an autocrine/paracrine manner to mediate negative feedback by testosterone on its own synthesis. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Martinot
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Et Fertilité, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC Canada
| | - Derek Boerboom
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Et Fertilité, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC Canada
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19
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Rafipay A, Dun X, Parkinson DB, Erskine L, Vargesson N. Knockdown of slit signaling during limb development leads to a reduction in humerus length. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1340-1357. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rafipay
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - Xin‐Peng Dun
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - David B Parkinson
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - Lynda Erskine
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - Neil Vargesson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
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20
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Gonda Y, Namba T, Hanashima C. Beyond Axon Guidance: Roles of Slit-Robo Signaling in Neocortical Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:607415. [PMID: 33425915 PMCID: PMC7785817 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.607415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the neocortex relies on intracellular and extracellular signaling molecules that are involved in the sequential steps of corticogenesis, ranging from the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells to the migration and dendrite formation of neocortical neurons. Abnormalities in these steps lead to disruption of the cortical structure and circuit, and underly various neurodevelopmental diseases, including dyslexia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this review, we focus on the axon guidance signaling Slit-Robo, and address the multifaceted roles of Slit-Robo signaling in neocortical development. Recent studies have clarified the roles of Slit-Robo signaling not only in axon guidance but also in progenitor cell proliferation and migration, and the maturation of neocortical neurons. We further discuss the etiology of neurodevelopmental diseases, which are caused by defects in Slit-Robo signaling during neocortical formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Gonda
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Namba
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE – Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carina Hanashima
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Brown HE, Evans TA. Minimal structural elements required for midline repulsive signaling and regulation of Drosophila Robo1. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241150. [PMID: 33091076 PMCID: PMC7580999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Roundabout (Robo) family of axon guidance receptors has a conserved ectodomain arrangement of five immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domains plus three fibronectin type III (Fn) repeats. Based on the strong evolutionary conservation of this domain structure among Robo receptors, as well as in vitro structural and domain-domain interaction studies of Robo family members, this ectodomain arrangement is predicted to be important for Robo receptor signaling in response to Slit ligands. Here, we define the minimal ectodomain structure required for Slit binding and midline repulsive signaling in vivo by Drosophila Robo1. We find that the majority of the Robo1 ectodomain is dispensable for both Slit binding and repulsive signaling. We show that a significant level of midline repulsive signaling activity is retained when all Robo1 ectodomain elements apart from Ig1 are deleted, and that the combination of Ig1 plus one additional ectodomain element (Ig2, Ig5, or Fn3) is sufficient to restore midline repulsion to wild type levels. Further, we find that deleting four out of five Robo1 Ig domains (ΔIg2-5) does not affect negative regulation of Robo1 by Commissureless (Comm) or Robo2, while variants lacking all three fibronectin repeats (ΔFn1-3 and ΔIg2-Fn3) are insensitive to regulation by both Comm and Robo2, signifying a novel regulatory role for Robo1's Fn repeats. Our results provide an in vivo perspective on the importance of the conserved 5+3 ectodomain structure of Robo receptors, and suggest that specific biochemical properties and/or ectodomain structural conformations observed in vitro for domains other than Ig1 may have limited significance for in vivo signaling in the context of midline repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E. Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Timothy A. Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
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22
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Isumi Y, Hayashi S, Inoue T, Yoshigae Y, Sato T, Hasegawa J, Agatsuma T. DS-7080a, a Selective Anti-ROBO4 Antibody, Shows Anti-Angiogenic Efficacy with Distinctly Different Profiles from Anti-VEGF Agents. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:7. [PMID: 32879763 PMCID: PMC7442859 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.9.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) results from choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and causes severe vision loss. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies have significantly improved therapeutic outcomes; however, a substantial number of patients experience disease progression. Roundabout 4 (ROBO4) has been reported to be a vascular-specific protein that stabilizes vasculature in ocular pathological angiogenesis. To explore ROBO4 targeting as a novel treatment against neovascularization, we generated a humanized anti-human ROBO4 antibody, DS-7080a, and evaluated its efficacy. Methods ROBO4 mRNA in human whole eye cross-sections was examined by in situ hybridization. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration was measured in the presence of VEGF, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), or conditioned medium of primary human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cells. CNV was induced in cynomolgus monkeys by laser irradiation. Vascular leakage was measured by fluorescein angiography, and pathological changes were determined by histology. Results ROBO4 mRNA was detected in choroidal vessels of nAMD patients. DS-7080a suppressed HGF- or bFGF-induced HUVEC migration in addition to that induced by VEGF. Further, HUVEC migration induced by HRPE-conditioned medium was inhibited by either DS-7080a or ranibizumab in a similar manner, and the combination of these showed further inhibition. In a laser-induced CNV monkey model, single intravitreous administration of 1.1 mg/eye of DS-7080a reduced the incidence of grade 4 leakage from 44.45% in control eyes to 1.85% (P < 0.05 by Dunnett's test). Conclusions Anti-ROBO4 antibody DS-7080a suppressed HUVEC migration in a distinctly different fashion from anti-VEGF agents and improved laser-induced CNV in non-human primates. Translational Relevance DS-7080a may be a novel treatment option for nAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Isumi
- Oncology Research Laboratories I, Oncology Function, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinko Hayashi
- Oncology Research Laboratories I, Oncology Function, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Inoue
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Research Function, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yoshigae
- Research Planning Group, Research Function, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sato
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories II, Research Function, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Hasegawa
- Modality Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Agatsuma
- Oncology Research Laboratories I, Oncology Function, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Huminiecki Ł. Models of the Gene Must Inform Data-Mining Strategies in Genomics. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 22:E942. [PMID: 33286713 PMCID: PMC7597212 DOI: 10.3390/e22090942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gene is a fundamental concept of genetics, which emerged with the Mendelian paradigm of heredity at the beginning of the 20th century. However, the concept has since diversified. Somewhat different narratives and models of the gene developed in several sub-disciplines of genetics, that is in classical genetics, population genetics, molecular genetics, genomics, and, recently, also, in systems genetics. Here, I ask how the diversity of the concept impacts data-integration and data-mining strategies for bioinformatics, genomics, statistical genetics, and data science. I also consider theoretical background of the concept of the gene in the ideas of empiricism and experimentalism, as well as reductionist and anti-reductionist narratives on the concept. Finally, a few strategies of analysis from published examples of data-mining projects are discussed. Moreover, the examples are re-interpreted in the light of the theoretical material. I argue that the choice of an optimal level of abstraction for the gene is vital for a successful genome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Huminiecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-901 Warsaw, Poland
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Bhosle VK, Mukherjee T, Huang YW, Patel S, Pang BWF, Liu GY, Glogauer M, Wu JY, Philpott DJ, Grinstein S, Robinson LA. SLIT2/ROBO1-signaling inhibits macropinocytosis by opposing cortical cytoskeletal remodeling. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4112. [PMID: 32807784 PMCID: PMC7431850 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is essential for myeloid cells to survey their environment and for growth of RAS-transformed cancer cells. Several growth factors and inflammatory stimuli are known to induce macropinocytosis, but its endogenous inhibitors have remained elusive. Stimulation of Roundabout receptors by Slit ligands inhibits directional migration of many cell types, including immune cells and cancer cells. We report that SLIT2 inhibits macropinocytosis in vitro and in vivo by inducing cytoskeletal changes in macrophages. In mice, SLIT2 attenuates the uptake of muramyl dipeptide, thereby preventing NOD2-dependent activation of NF-κB and consequent secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokine, CXCL1. Conversely, blocking the action of endogenous SLIT2 enhances CXCL1 secretion. SLIT2 also inhibits macropinocytosis in RAS-transformed cancer cells, thereby decreasing their survival in nutrient-deficient conditions which resemble tumor microenvironment. Our results identify SLIT2 as a physiological inhibitor of macropinocytosis and challenge the conventional notion that signals that enhance macropinocytosis negatively regulate cell migration, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant K Bhosle
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Tapas Mukherjee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yi-Wei Huang
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sajedabanu Patel
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Bo Wen Frank Pang
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- BenchSci, Suite 201, 559 College Street, Toronto, ON, M6G 1A9, Canada
| | - Guang-Ying Liu
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 101 Elm Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2L3, Canada
- Department of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jane Y Wu
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 290 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5C 1N8, Canada
| | - Lisa A Robinson
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Sherchan P, Travis ZD, Tang J, Zhang JH. The potential of Slit2 as a therapeutic target for central nervous system disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:805-818. [PMID: 32378435 PMCID: PMC7529836 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1766445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Slit2 is an extracellular matrix protein that regulates migration of developing axons during central nervous system (CNS) development. Roundabout (Robo) receptors expressed by various cell types in the CNS, mediate intracellular signal transduction pathways for Slit2. Recent studies indicate that Slit2 plays important protective roles in a myriad of processes such as cell migration, immune response, vascular permeability, and angiogenesis in CNS pathologies. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the diverse functions of Slit2 in CNS disorders and discusses the potential of Slit2 as a therapeutic target. We reviewed preclinical studies reporting the role of Slit2 in various CNS disease models, transgenic animal research, and rodent models that utilized Slit2 as a therapy. Expert opinion: Slit2 exerts a wide array of beneficial effects ranging from anti-migration, blood-brain barrier (BBB) protection, inhibition of peripheral immune cell infiltration, and anti-apoptosis in various disease models. However, a dual role of Slit2 in endothelial permeability has been observed in transgenic animals. Further research on Slit2 will be crucial including key issues such as effects of transgenic overexpression versus exogenous Slit2, function of Slit2 dependent on cellular expression of Robo receptors and the underlying pathology for potential clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prativa Sherchan
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Zachary D. Travis
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA and Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - John H. Zhang
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Ding C, Li Y, Xing C, Zhang H, Wang S, Dai M. Research Progress on Slit/Robo Pathway in Pancreatic Cancer: Emerging and Promising. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:2845906. [PMID: 32670371 PMCID: PMC7341381 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2845906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant digestive system tumor which is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The basic and clinical research of pancreatic cancer has made great progress in recent years, and kinds of signaling pathways have been found in the tumorigenesis and progression in pancreatic cancer. The Slit glycoprotein (Slit) and Roundabout receptor (Robo) signaling pathway acts as a neural targeting factor with the axonal remnant, axon guidance, and inhibition of neuronal migration in the nervous system. In recent years, it has been found that the Slit/Robo signaling pathway has different degrees of expression changes in various tumor cells. In different tumor cells, the signaling pathway gene expression is different and regulates tumor angiogenesis, cell invasion, metastasis, and nerve infiltration. Herein, we summarize the mechanisms of the Slit/Robo pathway in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer, in order to have more understanding of the role of Slit/Robo in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- National Translational Medicine of China, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yatong Li
- National Translational Medicine of China, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Cheng Xing
- National Translational Medicine of China, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- National Translational Medicine of China, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shunda Wang
- National Translational Medicine of China, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Menghua Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Sasaki T, Komatsu Y, Yamamori T. Expression patterns of SLIT/ROBO mRNAs reveal a characteristic feature in the entorhinal-hippocampal area of macaque monkeys. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:262. [PMID: 32460877 PMCID: PMC7251749 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE SLITs are secreted glycoproteins that bind to Roundabouts (ROBOs) which are a family member of transmembrane receptors. SLIT signaling has well-conserved roles in mediating axon repulsion in a developing nervous system. We previously reported that SLIT1 mRNA is enriched in middle layers of the prefrontal cortex of macaque monkeys in a developmentally regulated manner. Other SLIT (SLIT2 and SLIT3) mRNAs showed preferential expressions in the prefrontal cortex with a distinct laminar pattern. To obtain further clues to the role of SLIT signaling in the organization of the primate brain, we performed ISH analysis of SLIT and ROBO mRNAs using adult macaque brain tissues. RESULTS In this study, we examined the expression patterns of SLITs and ROBOs (ROBO1 and ROBO2) in other brain regions, and found intense and characteristic expression patterns of these genes in the entorhinal-hippocampal area. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that SLIT1 and SLIT2 mRNAs showed marked complementary distribution in the entorhinal cortex. SLIT and ROBO mRNAs were widely expressed in the hippocampus with modest regional preference. These findings suggest that each SLIT gene has a specialized role that is particularly important for prefrontal as well as hippocampal connectivity in the primate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Sasaki
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
- Ph.D Program of Neurosciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Komatsu
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0816, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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Pak JS, DeLoughery ZJ, Wang J, Acharya N, Park Y, Jaworski A, Özkan E. NELL2-Robo3 complex structure reveals mechanisms of receptor activation for axon guidance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1489. [PMID: 32198364 PMCID: PMC7083938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon pathfinding is critical for nervous system development, and it is orchestrated by molecular cues that activate receptors on the axonal growth cone. Robo family receptors bind Slit guidance cues to mediate axon repulsion. In mammals, the divergent family member Robo3 does not bind Slits, but instead signals axon repulsion from its own ligand, NELL2. Conversely, canonical Robos do not mediate NELL2 signaling. Here, we present the structures of NELL-Robo3 complexes, identifying a mode of ligand engagement for Robos that is orthogonal to Slit binding. We elucidate the structural basis for differential binding between NELL and Robo family members and show that NELL2 repulsive activity is a function of its Robo3 affinity and is enhanced by ligand trimerization. Our results reveal a mechanism of oligomerization-induced Robo activation for axon guidance and shed light on Robo family member ligand binding specificity, conformational variability, divergent modes of signaling, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Pak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Zachary J DeLoughery
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Nischal Acharya
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Yeonwoo Park
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Alexander Jaworski
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Engin Özkan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Robo4 contributes to the turnover of Peyer's patch B cells. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:245-256. [PMID: 31772321 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
All leukocytes can get entrance into the draining lymph nodes via the afferent lymphatics but only lymphoid cells can leave the nodes. The molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon have remained unknown. We employed genome wide microarray analyses of the subcapsular sinus and lymphatic sinus (LS) endothelial cells and found Robo4 to be selectively expressed on LS lymphatics. Further analyses showed high Robo4 expression in lymphatic vessels of Peyer's patches, which only have efferent lymphatic vessels. In functional assays, Robo4-deficient animals showed accumulation of naïve B cells (CD19+/CD62Lhi/CD44lo) in Peyer's patches, whereas no difference was seen within other lymphocyte subtypes. Short-term lymphocyte homing via high endothelial venules to peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches was also slightly impaired in Robo4 knockout animals. These results show for the first time, selective expression of Robo4 in the efferent arm of the lymphatics and its role in controlling the turnover of a subset of B lymphocytes from Peyer's patches.
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Niimi T. Roles of Slit Ligands and Their Roundabout (Robo) Family of Receptors in Bone Remodeling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 21:143-154. [PMID: 32986130 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Slit guidance ligands (Slits) and their roundabout (Robo) family of receptors are well-known axon guidance molecules that were originally identified in Drosophila mutants with commissural axon pathfinding defects. However, Slit-Robo signaling has been shown to be involved in not only neurogenesis, but also the development of other organs such as the kidney and heart. Recently, it was also revealed that Slit-Robo signaling plays an important role in bone metabolism. For example, osteoclast-derived Slit3 plays an osteoprotective role by synchronously stimulating bone formation by osteoblasts and suppressing bone resorption by osteoclasts through Robo receptors expressed on osteoblastic and osteoclastic cell lineages, making it a potential therapeutic target for metabolic bone disorders. Furthermore, osteoblast-derived Slit3 promotes bone formation indirectly as a proangiogenic factor. This review summarizes the recent progress on defining the roles of the Slit-Robo signaling in bone metabolism, and discusses the possible roles of the interaction between Robo and neural epidermal growth factor-like (NEL)-like (NELL) proteins that are novel ligands for Robo receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Niimi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Koohini Z, Koohini Z, Teimourian S. Slit/Robo Signaling Pathway in Cancer; a New Stand Point for Cancer Treatment. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 25:1285-1293. [PMID: 30610466 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-00568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and metastasis are two critical steps for cancer cells survival and migration. The microenvironment of tumor sphere induces new blood vessels formation for enhancing tumor mass. Preexisting capillaries and postcapillary venules in tumors bring about new blood vessels. ROBO1-ROBO4 are transmembrane receptors family which act as guidance molecules of the nervous system. The SLITs family is secreted glycoproteins that bind to these receptors. SLIT-ROBO signaling pathway plays an important role in neurogenesis and immune response. Linkage between ROBOs and their ligands (SLITs) induce chemorepllent signal for regulation of axon guidance and leukocyte cell migration, recent finding shows that it is also involved in endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis in various type of cancers. In this article we review recent finding of SLIT-ROBO pathway in angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Koohini
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Koohini
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahram Teimourian
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Regulatory mechanisms of Robo4 and their effects on angiogenesis. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190513. [PMID: 31160487 PMCID: PMC6620384 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Roundabout4 (Robo4) is a transmembrane receptor that belongs to the Roundabout (Robo) family of axon guidance molecules. Robo4 is an endothelial-specific receptor that participates in endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis and the maintenance of vasculature homeostasis. The purpose of this review is to summarize and analyze three main mechanisms related to the expression and function of Robo4 during developmental and pathological angiogenesis. In this review, static shear stress and the binding of transcription factors such as E26 transformation-specific variant 2 (ETV2) and Slit3 induce Robo4 expression and activate Robo4 during tissue and organ development. Robo4 interacts with Slit2 or UNC5B to maintain vascular integrity, while a disturbed flow and the expression of transcription factors in inflammatory or neoplastic environments alter Robo4 expression levels, although these changes have uncertain functions. Based on the mechanisms described above, we discuss the aberrant expression of Robo4 in angiogenesis-related diseases and propose antiangiogenic therapies targeting the Robo4 signaling pathway for the treatment of ocular neovascularization lesions and tumors. Finally, although many problems related to Robo4 signaling pathways remain to be resolved, Robo4 is a promising and potentially valuable therapeutic target for treating pathological angiogenesis and developmental defects in angiogenesis.
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Gong Q, Li F, Xie J, Su G. Upregulated VEGF and Robo4 correlate with the reduction of miR-15a in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Endocrine 2019; 65:35-45. [PMID: 30980286 PMCID: PMC6606763 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays implicated roles in diabetic retinopathy (DR). The role of roundabout 4 (Robo 4) in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis is controversial; however, the interdependent relationship between these two factors has not been studied in DR. This study determined the colocalization of VEGF and Robo4 in fibrovascular membranes (FVM) from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated modulation of VEGF and Robo4 was explored in diabetic rats and ARPE-19 tissue culture cells under hyperglycemia. METHODS VEGF and Robo4 co-expression in the FVM was analyzed using immunofluorescence. VEGF and Robo4 levels were determined in diabetic retinas and ARPE-19 tissue culture cells under high glucose using western blotting and RT-qPCR. MicroRNA agomir was intraocularly injected to increase miR-15a expression and downregulate VEGF and Robo4 levels in diabetic retinas. RESULTS VEGF and Robo4 colocalization in FVM vessels was observed. Increased VEGF levels were consistent in diabetic retinas and ARPE-19 tissue culture cells cultured under hyperglycemia. Robo4 decreased in ARPE-19 tissue culture cells exposed to hyperglycemia for 72 h, whereas it increased in diabetic rat retinas. Several miRNAs were differentially expressed during DR progression. Furthermore, miR-15a agomir injection inhibited high levels of VEGF and Robo4 in diabetic retinas. CONCLUSIONS VEGF and Robo4 were co-expressed in FVMs from PDR patients. In the early stages of DR, VEGF was upregulated and contributed to DR development, whereas, in the late stage of DR, VEGF and Robo4 worked together to aggravate DR progression. However, miR-15a could downregulate VEGF and Robo4 to ameliorate DR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Gong
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, #218 Ziqiang Street, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, #100 Haining Road, 200080, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuqiang Li
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, #218 Ziqiang Street, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jia'nan Xie
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, #218 Ziqiang Street, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guanfang Su
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, #218 Ziqiang Street, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Jiang Z, Liang G, Xiao Y, Qin T, Chen X, Wu E, Ma Q, Wang Z. Targeting the SLIT/ROBO pathway in tumor progression: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019; 11:1758835919855238. [PMID: 31217826 PMCID: PMC6557020 DOI: 10.1177/1758835919855238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The SLITs (SLIT1, SLIT2, and SLIT3) are a family of secreted proteins that mediate positional interactions between cells and their environment during development by signaling through ROBO receptors (ROBO1, ROBO2, ROBO3, and ROBO4). The SLIT/ROBO signaling pathway has been shown to participate in axonal repulsion, axon guidance, and neuronal migration in the nervous system and the formation of the vascular system. However, the role of the SLIT/ROBO pathway has not been thoroughly clarified in tumor development. The SLIT/ROBO pathway can produce both beneficial and detrimental effects in the growth of malignant cells. It has been confirmed that SLIT/ROBO play contradictory roles in tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss the tumor promotion and tumor suppression roles of the SLIT/ROBO pathway in tumor growth, angiogenesis, migration, and the tumor microenvironment. Understanding these roles will help us develop more effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdong Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, No. 215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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Jiang S, Du Y, Liu D, He J, Huang Y, Qin K, Zhou X. Inhibitory Effect of Slit2-N on VEGF165-induced proliferation of vascular endothelia via Slit2-N-Robo4-Akt pathway in choroidal neovascularization. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1241-1253. [PMID: 31081721 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1617005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Researches have been focusing on the role of Slit2 in angiogenesis, specifically in cell migration and vessel permeability. Nevertheless, the role of Slit2-N, the bioactive fragment of Slit2, in the proliferation of vascular endothelia in choroidal neovascularization and some related mechanisms have not been studied yet. Thus, our study aimed to explore the role of Slit2-N in proliferation of vascular endothelia and the related mechanisms in choroidal neovascularization. Fluorescein isothiocyanate perfusion and HE staining were performed to evaluate volumes of choroidal neovascularization lesions. The effect of Slit2-N on VEGF165-induced cell proliferation and some related mechanisms were detected by CCK8 assay, flow cytometry, siRNA transfection, and western blotting. We found that Slit2-N reduced volumes of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization networks in vivo. Results of the in vitro study showed Slit2-N reduced VEGF165-induced cell proliferation of both human umbilical vascular endothelial cells and human microvascular endothelial cells possibly via activation of AKT rather than that of ERK1/2. Additionally, Robo4, one of the receptors binding to Slit2-N, was involved in the inhibitory effect of Slit2-N. Generally, our findings revealed the inhibitory role of Slit2-N in proliferation of vascular endothelia and some related mechanisms, and presented some potential targets, molecules along Slit2-N-Robo4-AKT axis, to choroidal neovascularization therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiu Jiang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,b Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology , Chongqing Eye Institute , Chongqing , China
| | - Yong Du
- a Department of Ophthalmology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,b Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology , Chongqing Eye Institute , Chongqing , China
| | - Danning Liu
- a Department of Ophthalmology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Junchi He
- c Department of Neurosurgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yike Huang
- b Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology , Chongqing Eye Institute , Chongqing , China.,d Department of Ophthalmology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Ke Qin
- a Department of Ophthalmology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,b Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology , Chongqing Eye Institute , Chongqing , China
| | - Xiyuan Zhou
- a Department of Ophthalmology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China.,b Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology , Chongqing Eye Institute , Chongqing , China
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Gong Q, Xie J, Li Y, Liu Y, Su G. Enhanced ROBO4 is mediated by up-regulation of HIF-1α/SP1 or reduction in miR-125b-5p/miR-146a-5p in diabetic retinopathy. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:4723-4737. [PMID: 31094072 PMCID: PMC6584523 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal cell damage caused by diabetes leads to retinal microvascular injury. Roundabout 4 (ROBO4) is involved in angiogenesis, which varies with the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Here, we explored the transcriptional regulation and microRNA‐mediated modulation of ROBO4 expression and related retinal cell function in DR. A streptozotocin‐induced type I diabetic animal model was established to detect the expression of hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α), specificity protein 1 (SP1) and ROBO4. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells were cultured under hyperglycaemia or hypoxia and used for mechanistic analysis. Furthermore, roles of miR‐125b‐5p and miR‐146a‐5p were evaluated, and their targets were identified using luciferase assays. The cell functions were evaluated by MTS assays, permeability analysis and migration assays. The development of DR increased the levels of HIF‐1α, SP1 and ROBO4 both in the DR model and in hyperglycaemic/hypoxic RPE cells. They were co‐expressed and up‐regulated in diabetic retinas and in RPE cells under hyperglycaemia/hypoxia. Knockdown of HIF‐1α significantly inhibited SP1 and ROBO4, whereas SP1 down‐regulation abolished ROBO4 expression in RPE cells under hyperglycaemia/hypoxia. miR‐125b‐5p and miR‐146a‐5p were down‐regulated by hyperglycaemia and/or hypoxia. Up‐regulation of miRNAs reversed these changes and resulted in recovery of target gene expression. Moreover, luciferase assays confirmed miR‐125b‐5p targeted SP1 and ROBO4, and miR‐146a‐5p targeted HIF‐1α and ROBO4 directly. The decreased cell viability, enhanced permeability, and increased cell migration under DR conditions were mitigated by knockdown of HIF‐1α/SP1/ROBO4 or up‐regulation of miR‐125b‐5p/miR‐146a‐5p. In general, our results identified a novel mechanism that miR‐125b‐5p/miR‐146a‐5p targeting HIF‐1α/SP1‐dependent ROBO4 expression could retard DR progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Gong
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai first people hospital), Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia'nan Xie
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guanfang Su
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Kumar SR, Gajagowni S, Bryan JN, Bodenhausen HM. Molecular targets for tivantinib (ARQ 197) and vasculogenic mimicry in human melanoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 853:316-324. [PMID: 30954563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tivantinib (TivB) was reported previously to target MET and microtubule assembly in different cells resulting in cytotoxicity. However, its other cellular targets remain unknown, especially the proteins involved in focal adhesion and cytoskeletal organization. We studied the effect of TivB on vinculin a focal adhesion protein, and RhoC, a GTPase which promote the reorganization of cytoskeleton. Biomolecules involved in vasculogenic mimicry (VM) previously not reported in melanoma, and their susceptibility to TivB was also evaluated. TivB affects the viability and apoptosis of human melanoma cells depending on the cell type. Vinculin and RhoC were increased in the presence of TivB and affected the integrity of actin filaments and altered the cellular morphology. TivB disrupts the VM exhibited by melanoma cells in 3D matrix. Roundabout Guidance Receptor 4 (Robo4), a receptor protein implicated in axonal guidance and angiogenesis and its ligand Slit2 are expressed in human C8161 and WM793 melanoma cells, but absent in other melanoma cells including normal melanocytes. VM is more prominent in C8161 cells and could be blocked by siRNA mediated silencing of Robo4 mRNA, but TivB does not affect Robo4 in C8161 cells. Immunoblot analysis indicated no changes in Robo4 and Slit2 protein expression, however, both vinculin and RhoC protein increased in TivB treated melanoma cells. These results suggest that TivB affects cell cytoskeleton and morphology by altering proteins such as vinculin and RhoC. Our studies indicate TivB could target molecules other than MET in melanoma cells, which may provide insight into its alternate mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil R Kumar
- Comparative Oncology, Radiobiology and Epigenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Surgery, Ellis Fischel Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; Harry S. Truman Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.
| | - Saivaroon Gajagowni
- Comparative Oncology, Radiobiology and Epigenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Bryan
- Comparative Oncology, Radiobiology and Epigenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Hannah M Bodenhausen
- Comparative Oncology, Radiobiology and Epigenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Gołos A, Jesionek-Kupnicka D, Gil L, Braun M, Komarnicki M, Robak T, Wierzbowska A. The Expression of the SLIT-ROBO Family in Adult Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2019; 67:109-123. [PMID: 30820596 PMCID: PMC6420492 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-019-00535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SLIT-ROBO is a ligand-receptor family of neuronal guidance cues that has been involved in pathological and physiological angiogenesis. SLIT-ROBO expression is altered in many tumours. However, no data exist about the role of the whole family in acute myelogenous myeloid leukemia (AML). PURPOSE Herein, we assessed the expression of all SLIT-ROBO family in bone marrow (BM) biopsy of AML patients and control group on both protein and RNA levels. METHODS The paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were subjected to immunohistochemistry for SLIT1, SLIT2, SLIT3, ROBO1, ROBO2, ROBO3, and ROBO4. Microvessel density (MVD) was evaluated by CD34 immunohistochemistry. An in silico analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas data repository was conducted for assessment of RNA level. RESULTS Acute myeloid leukemia patients were generally high expressers of ROBO1 and ROBO2 compared to the controls (p < 0.0001, p < 0.001, respectively). In contrast, low expression of SLIT1, SLIT2, and SLIT3 ligands has been noted more commonly in AML than in control BM samples (p < 0.0001, p = 0.003, and p = 0.001, respectively). ROBO4 expression correlated with MVD. The in silico analysis showed a poor prognostic value of high ROBO3 and low SLIT2 RNA levels (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0008, respectively), as well as high ROBO3 and ROBO4 RNA levels in cytogenetic poor risk groups of patients (p = 0.0029 and p = 0.0003, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that SLIT-ROBO family members play a role in the biology of AML. Low expression of SLIT in BM of AML patients may suggest its expression alterations in AML. Increased expression of ROBO1 and ROBO2 in AML patients suggests their participation in AML pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gołos
- Department of Hematology, Medical University, Lodz, Poland.
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Lidia Gil
- Department of Hematology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Braun
- Department of Pathology, Medical University, Lodz, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University, Lodz, Poland
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Tang Y, Zhou X. Antagonistic effects of exogenous Slit2 on VEGF-induced choroidal endothelial cell migration and tube formation. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2443-2450. [PMID: 30906431 PMCID: PMC6425150 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is involved in the pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularization. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of exogenous slit guidance ligand 2 (Slit2) on VEGF-induced choroidal endothelial cell (CEC) migration and tube formation. The protein and mRNA expression levels of Slit2, roundabout guidance receptor (Robo) 1 and Robo4 in CECs were evaluated by immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to assess Robo4 protein levels in CECs exposed to increasing concentrations (0, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 ng/ml) of exogenous Slit2. The effects of exogenous Slit2 (125 ng/ml) on VEGF-induced CEC migration and tube formation were also examined. CECs expressed Slit2 and Robo4, but lacked Robo1 expression, at the mRNA and protein levels. Robo4 protein expression increased significantly following treatment with 50–150 ng/ml exogenous Slit2. No significant difference in Robo4 protein expression was observed in CECs treated with 125 and 150 ng/ml Slit2. VEGF-induced CEC migration and tube formation were significantly reduced following treatment with 125 ng/ml exogenous Slit2. In conclusion, these results indicate that Robo4 is expressed in CECs. In addition, exogenous Slit2 may regulate Robo4 expression and partially inhibit VEGF-induced CEC migration and tube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Xiyuan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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Huminiecki L. Magic roundabout is an endothelial-specific ohnolog of ROBO1 which neo-functionalized to an essential new role in angiogenesis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208952. [PMID: 30802244 PMCID: PMC6389290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magic roundabout (ROBO4) is an unusual endothelial-specific paralog of the family of neuronally-expressed axon guidance receptors called roundabouts. Endothelial cells (ECs), whose uninterrupted sheet delimits the lumen of all vertebrate blood vessels and which are absent from invertebrate species, are a vertebrate-specific evolutionary novelty. RESULTS Herein, the evolutionary mechanism of the duplication, retention and divergence of ROBO4 was investigated for the first time. Phylogenetic analyses carried out suggested that ROBO4 is a fast-evolving paralog of ROBO1 formed at the base of vertebrates. The ancestral expression pattern was neuronal. ROBO4 dramatically shifted its expression and became exceptionally specific to ECs. The data-mining of FANTOM5 and ENCODE reveals that ROBO4's endothelial expression arises from a single transcription start site (TSS), conserved in mouse, controlled by a proximal promoter with a complex architecture suggestive of regulatory neo-functionalization. (An analysis of promoter probabilities suggested the architecture was not due to a chance arrangement of TFBSes). Further evidence for the neo-functionalization of ROBO4 comes from the analysis of its protein interactions, the rates of protein evolution, and of positively selected sites. CONCLUSIONS The neo-functionalization model explains why ROBO4 protein acquired new context-specific biological functions in the control of angiogenesis. This endothelial-specific roundabout receptor is an illustrative example of the emergence of an essential vertebrate molecular novelty and an endothelial-specific signaling sub-network through 2R-WGD. The emergence of novel cell types, such as ECs, might be a neglected evolutionary force contributing to the high rate of retention of duplicates post-2R-WGD. Crucially, expression neo-functionalization to evolutionarily novel sites of expression conceptually extends the classical model of neo-functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Huminiecki
- Instytut Genetyki i Hodowli Zwierząt Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Jastrzębiec, Magdalenka, Poland
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41
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Wu MF, Chuang CY, Lin P, Chen WT, Su SE, Liao CY, Jan MS, Chang JT. Lung Tumorigenesis Alters the Expression of Slit2-exon15 Splicing Variants in Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020166. [PMID: 30717252 PMCID: PMC6406468 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Slit2 expression is downregulated in various cancers, including lung cancer. We identified two Slit2 splicing variants at exon15—Slit2-WT and Slit2-ΔE15. In the RT-PCR analyses, the Slit2-WT isoform was predominantly expressed in all the lung cancer specimens and in their normal lung counterparts, whereas Slit2-ΔE15 was equivalently or predominantly expressed in 41% of the pneumothorax specimens. A kRasG12D transgenic mice system was used to study the effects of tumorigenesis on the expressions of the Slit2-exon15 isoforms. The results revealed that a kRasG12D-induced lung tumor increased the Slit2-WT/Slit2-ΔE15 ratio and total Slit2 expression level. However, the lung tumors generated via a tail vein injection of lung cancer cells decreased the Slit2-WT/Slit2-ΔE15 ratio and total Slit2 expression level. Interestingly, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation also decreased the Slit2-WT/Slit2-ΔE15 ratio. Since Slit2 functions as an anti-inflammatory factor, the expression of Slit2 increases in kRasG12D lungs, which indicates that Slit2 suppresses immunity during tumorigenesis. However, an injection of lung cancer cells via the tail vein and the LPS-induced lung inflammation both decreased the Slit2 expression. The increased Slit2 in the tumor microenvironment was mostly Slit2-WT, which lacks growth inhibitory activity. Thus, the results of our study suggested that the upregulation of Slit2-WT, but not Slit2-ΔE15, in a cancer microenvironment is an important factor in suppressing immunity while not interfering with cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fang Wu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Divisions of Medical Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Yen Chuang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705 Taiwan.
| | - Pinpin Lin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Shang-Er Su
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Yi Liao
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Shiou Jan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Jinghua Tsai Chang
- Divisions of Medical Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
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Shirakura K, Ishiba R, Kashio T, Funatsu R, Tanaka T, Fukada SI, Ishimoto K, Hino N, Kondoh M, Ago Y, Fujio Y, Yano K, Doi T, Aird WC, Okada Y. The Robo4-TRAF7 complex suppresses endothelial hyperpermeability in inflammation. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.220228. [PMID: 30510113 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.220228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Roundabout guidance receptor 4 (Robo4) is an endothelial cell-specific receptor that stabilizes the vasculature in pathological angiogenesis. Although Robo4 has been shown to suppress vascular hyperpermeability induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in angiogenesis, the role of Robo4 in inflammation is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of Robo4 in vascular hyperpermeability during inflammation. Endotoxemia models using Robo4 -/- mice showed increased mortality and vascular leakage. In endothelial cells, Robo4 suppressed tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced hyperpermeability by stabilizing VE-cadherin at cell junctions, and deletion assays revealed that the C-terminus of Robo4 was involved in this suppression. Through binding and localization assays, we demonstrated that in endothelial cells, Robo4 binds to TNF receptor-associated factor 7 (TRAF7) through interaction with the C-terminus of Robo4. Gain- and loss-of-function studies of TRAF7 with or without Robo4 expression showed that TRAF7 is required for Robo4-mediated suppression of hyperpermeability. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the Robo4-TRAF7 complex is a novel negative regulator of inflammatory hyperpermeability. We propose this complex as a potential future target for protection against inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Shirakura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ishiba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - Taito Kashio
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - Risa Funatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - Toru Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - So-Ichiro Fukada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Hino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - Yukio Ago
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - Yasushi Fujio
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Yano
- The Center for Vascular Biology Research and Division of Molecular and Vascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Takefumi Doi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - William C Aird
- The Center for Vascular Biology Research and Division of Molecular and Vascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
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Abstract
The creation of complex neuronal networks relies on ligand-receptor interactions that mediate attraction or repulsion towards specific targets. Roundabouts comprise a family of single-pass transmembrane receptors facilitating this process upon interaction with the soluble extracellular ligand Slit protein family emanating from the midline. Due to the complexity and flexible nature of Robo receptors , their overall structure has remained elusive until now. Recent structural studies of the Robo 1 and Robo 2 ectodomains have provided the basis for a better understanding of their signalling mechanism. These structures reveal how Robo receptors adopt an auto-inhibited conformation on the cell surface that can be further stabilised by cis and/or trans oligmerisation arrays. Upon Slit -N binding Robo receptors must undergo a conformational change for Ig4 mediated dimerisation and signaling, probably via endocytosis. Furthermore, it's become clear that Robo receptors do not only act alone, but as large and more complex cell surface receptor assemblies to manifest directional and growth effects in a concerted fashion. These context dependent assemblies provide a mechanism to fine tune attractive and repulsive signals in a combinatorial manner required during neuronal development. While a mechanistic understanding of Slit mediated Robo signaling has advanced significantly further structural studies on larger assemblies are required for the design of new experiments to elucidate their role in cell surface receptor complexes. These will be necessary to understand the role of Slit -Robo signaling in neurogenesis, angiogenesis, organ development and cancer progression. In this chapter, we provide a review of the current knowledge in the field with a particular focus on the Roundabout receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bisiak
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France.
| | - Andrew A McCarthy
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France.
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Beamish IV, Hinck L, Kennedy TE. Making Connections: Guidance Cues and Receptors at Nonneural Cell-Cell Junctions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029165. [PMID: 28847900 PMCID: PMC6211390 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of axon guidance was revolutionized over the past three decades by the identification of highly conserved families of guidance cues and receptors. These proteins are essential for normal neural development and function, directing cell and axon migration, neuron-glial interactions, and synapse formation and plasticity. Many of these genes are also expressed outside the nervous system in which they influence cell migration, adhesion and proliferation. Because the nervous system develops from neural epithelium, it is perhaps not surprising that these guidance cues have significant nonneural roles in governing the specialized junctional connections between cells in polarized epithelia. The following review addresses roles for ephrins, semaphorins, netrins, slits and their receptors in regulating adherens, tight, and gap junctions in nonneural epithelia and endothelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian V Beamish
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Lindsay Hinck
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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Kim H, Choi YJ, Lee YS, Park SY, Baek JE, Kim HK, Kim BJ, Lee SH, Koh JM. SLIT3 regulates endochondral ossification by β-catenin suppression in chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:847-853. [PMID: 30389141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we noted that SLIT3, slit guidance ligand 3, had an osteoprotective role with bone formation stimulation and bone resorption suppression. Additionally, we found that global Slit3 KO mice had smaller long bone. Skeletal staining showed short mineralized length in the newborn KO mice and wide hypertrophic chondrocyte area in the embryo KO mice, suggesting delayed chondrocyte maturation. The recombinant SLIT3 did not cause any change in proliferation of ATDC5 cells, but stimulated expressions of chondrocyte differentiation markers, such as COL2A1, SOX9, COL10A1, VEGF, and MMP13 in the cells. SLIT3 suppressed β-catenin activity in the cells, and activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by lithium chloride attenuated the SLIT3-stimulated differentiation markers. ATDC5 cells expressed only ROBO2 among their 4 isotypes, and the Robo2 knock-down with its siRNA reversed the SLIT3-stimulated differentiated markers in chondrocytes. Taken together, these indicate that SLIT3/ROBO2 promotes chondrocyte maturation via the inhibition of β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjun Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Young-Jin Choi
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Suk Young Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Baek
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Ho-Kyoung Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Beom-Jun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Jung-Min Koh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea.
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Romano E, Manetti M, Rosa I, Fioretto BS, Ibba-Manneschi L, Matucci-Cerinic M, Guiducci S. Slit2/Robo4 axis may contribute to endothelial cell dysfunction and angiogenesis disturbance in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:1665-1674. [PMID: 30021803 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In systemic sclerosis (SSc), early microvascular injury is followed by impaired angiogenesis and peripheral capillary loss. Here, we investigated the possible contribution of the neurovascular guidance molecule Slit2 and its Roundabout (Robo) receptors to SSc-related endothelial cell dysfunction. METHODS Circulating Slit2 levels were measured in patients with SSc and healthy controls. Slit2, Robo1 and Robo4 expression was investigated in SSc and healthy skin biopsies and explanted dermal microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs). Slit2/Robo4 function in MVEC angiogenesis was studied by cell viability, wound healing and capillary-like tube formation assays. RESULTS Circulating Slit2 was significantly increased in either SSc or patients with a very early diagnosis of SSc (VEDOSS) compared with controls. Interestingly, serum Slit2 levels were raised in patients with VEDOSS with nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) abnormalities, while they were similar in VEDOSS with normal NVC and controls. In SSc, Slit2 and Robo4 expression was upregulated in clinically affected skin and explanted MVECs in respect to controls. The angiogenic performance of healthy MVECs was significantly reduced after challenge with recombinant human Slit2 or SSc sera. These inhibitory effects were significantly attenuated when SSc sera were preincubated with an anti-Slit2 blocking antibody. In vitro angiogenesis was severely compromised in SSc-MVECs and could be significantly ameliorated by Slit2 neutralisation or ROBO4 gene silencing. Slit2/Robo4 axis interfered with angiogenesis through the inhibition of Src kinase phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS In SSc, increased circulating levels of Slit2 and activation of the Slit2/Robo4 antiangiogenic axis may contribute to peripheral microangiopathy since the very early phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Romano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Scleroderma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence, Italy
| | - Mirko Manetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Rosa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Scleroderma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Bianca Saveria Fioretto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Scleroderma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence, Italy
| | - Lidia Ibba-Manneschi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Scleroderma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Guiducci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Scleroderma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence, Italy
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Apelin: A putative novel predictive biomarker for bevacizumab response in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:42949-42961. [PMID: 28487489 PMCID: PMC5522118 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bevacizumab (bvz) is currently employed as an anti-angiogenic therapy across several cancer indications. Bvz response heterogeneity has been well documented, with only 10-15% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients benefitting in general. For other patients, clinical efficacy is limited and side effects are significant. This reinforces the need for a robust predictive biomarker of response. To identify such a biomarker, we performed a DNA microarray-based transcriptional profiling screen with primary endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from normal and tumour colon tissues. Thirteen separate populations of tumour-associated ECs and 10 of normal ECs were isolated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. We hypothesised that VEGF-induced genes were overexpressed in tumour ECs; these genes could relate to bvz response and serve as potential predictive biomarkers. Transcriptional profiling revealed a total of 2,610 differentially expressed genes when tumour and normal ECs were compared. To explore their relation to bvz response, the mRNA expression levels of top-ranked genes were examined using quantitative PCR in 30 independent tumour tissues from CRC patients that received bvz in the adjuvant setting. These analyses revealed that the expression of MMP12 and APLN mRNA was significantly higher in bvz non-responders compared to responders. At the protein level, high APLN expression was correlated with poor progression-free survival in bvz-treated patients. Thus, high APLN expression may represent a novel predictive biomarker for bvz unresponsiveness.
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48
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Tanaka T, Izawa K, Maniwa Y, Okamura M, Okada A, Yamaguchi T, Shirakura K, Maekawa N, Matsui H, Ishimoto K, Hino N, Nakagawa O, Aird WC, Mizuguchi H, Kawabata K, Doi T, Okada Y. ETV2-TET1/TET2 Complexes Induce Endothelial Cell-Specific Robo4 Expression via Promoter Demethylation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5653. [PMID: 29618782 PMCID: PMC5884809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although transcription factors regulating endothelial cell (EC)-specific gene expression have been identified, it is not known how those factors induce EC-specificity. We previously reported that DNA hypomethylation of the proximal promoter elicits EC-specific expression of Roundabout4 (Robo4). However, the mechanisms establishing EC-specific hypomethylation of the Robo4 promoter remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that the hypermethylated Robo4 proximal promoter is demethylated as human iPS cells differentiate into endothelial cells. Reporter assays demonstrated that ETV2, an ETS family transcription factor, bound to ETS motifs in the proximal promoter and activated Robo4 expression. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated direct interaction between ETV2 and methylcytosine-converting enzymes TET1 and TET2. Adenoviral expression of ETV2-TET1/TET2 complexes demethylated the Robo4 promoter and induced Robo4 expression in non-ECs. In summary, we propose a novel regulatory model of EC-specific gene expression via promoter demethylation induced by ETV2-TET1/TET2 complexes during endothelial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohei Izawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maniwa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Maki Okamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsumasa Okada
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shirakura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Maekawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hayato Matsui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Hino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita City, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
| | - William C Aird
- Center for Vascular Biology Research and Division of Molecular and Vascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawabata
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Takefumi Doi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Liu S, Romano V, Steger B, Kaye SB, Hamill KJ, Willoughby CE. Gene-based antiangiogenic applications for corneal neovascularization. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63:193-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Aleksandrova N, Gutsche I, Kandiah E, Avilov SV, Petoukhov MV, Seiradake E, McCarthy AA. Robo1 Forms a Compact Dimer-of-Dimers Assembly. Structure 2018; 26:320-328.e4. [PMID: 29307485 PMCID: PMC5807052 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Roundabout (Robo) receptors provide an essential repulsive cue in neuronal development following Slit ligand binding. This important signaling pathway can also be hijacked in numerous cancers, making Slit-Robo an attractive therapeutic target. However, little is known about how Slit binding mediates Robo activation. Here we present the crystal structure of Robo1 Ig1-4 and Robo1 Ig5, together with a negative stain electron microscopy reconstruction of the Robo1 ectodomain. These results show how the Robo1 ectodomain is arranged as compact dimers, mainly mediated by the central Ig domains, which can further interact in a "back-to-back" fashion to generate a tetrameric assembly. We also observed no change in Robo1 oligomerization upon interaction with the dimeric Slit2-N ligand using fluorescent imaging. Taken together with previous studies we propose that Slit2-N binding results in a conformational change of Robo1 to trigger cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Aleksandrova
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Irina Gutsche
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Eaazhisai Kandiah
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Sergiy V Avilov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Maxim V Petoukhov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany; Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 59, 119333 Moscow, Russian Federation; A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation; N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina Street 4, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Seiradake
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew A McCarthy
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France.
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