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Hodgson JJ, Chen RY, Blissard GW, Buchon N. Viral and cellular determinants of polarized trafficking of viral envelope proteins from insect-specific and insect-vectored viruses in insect midgut and salivary gland cells. J Virol 2024; 98:e0054024. [PMID: 39162433 PMCID: PMC11406959 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00540-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic viral infection of insects typically begins with the primary infection of midgut epithelial cells (enterocytes) and subsequent transit of the progeny virus in an apical-to-basal orientation into the hemocoel. For insect-vectored viruses, an oppositely oriented process (basal-to-apical transit) occurs upon secondary infection of salivary glands and is necessary for virus transmission to non-insect hosts. To examine this inversely oriented virus transit in these polarized tissues, we assessed the intracellular trafficking of two model viral envelope proteins (baculovirus GP64 and vesicular stomatitis virus G) in the midgut and salivary gland cells of the model insect, Drosophila melanogaster. Using fly lines that inducibly express either GP64 or VSV G, we found that each protein, expressed alone, was trafficked basally in midgut enterocytes. In salivary gland cells, VSV G was trafficked apically in most but not all cells, whereas GP64 was consistently trafficked basally. We demonstrated that a YxxØ motif present in both proteins was critical for basal trafficking in midgut enterocytes but dispensable for trafficking in salivary gland cells. Using RNAi, we found that clathrin adaptor protein complexes AP-1 and AP-3, as well as seven Rab GTPases, were involved in polarized VSV G trafficking in midgut enterocytes. Our results indicate that these viral envelope proteins encode the requisite information and require no other viral factors for appropriately polarized trafficking. In addition, they exploit tissue-specific differences in protein trafficking pathways to facilitate virus egress in the appropriate orientation for establishing systemic infections and vectoring infection to other hosts. IMPORTANCE Viruses that use insects as hosts must navigate specific routes through different insect tissues to complete their life cycles. The routes may differ substantially depending on the life cycle of the virus. Both insect pathogenic viruses and insect-vectored viruses must navigate through the polarized cells of the midgut epithelium to establish a systemic infection. In addition, insect-vectored viruses must also navigate through the polarized salivary gland epithelium for transmission. Thus, insect-vectored viruses appear to traffic in opposite directions in these two tissues. In this study, we asked whether two viral envelope proteins (VSV G and baculovirus GP64) alone encode the signals necessary for the polarized trafficking associated with their respective life cycles. Using Drosophila as a model to examine tissue-specific polarized trafficking of these viral envelope proteins, we identified one of the virus-encoded signals and several host proteins associated with regulating the polarized trafficking in the midgut epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Hodgson
- Department of Entomology, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Robin Y Chen
- Department of Entomology, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gary W Blissard
- Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Nicolas Buchon
- Department of Entomology, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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2
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Bartak M, Bąska P, Chodkowski M, Tymińska B, Bańbura MW, Cymerys J. Neurons cytoskeletal architecture remodeling during the replication cycle of mouse coronavirus MHV-JHM: a morphological in vitro study. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:18. [PMID: 38195523 PMCID: PMC10775625 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the population is still struggling with a post-COVID19 syndrome known as long COVID, including a broad spectrum of neurological problems. There is an urgent need for a better understanding and exploration of the mechanisms of coronavirus neurotropism. For this purpose, the neurotropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-JHM) originating from the beta-coronavirus genus, the same as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been used. The role of the cytoskeleton during virus replication in neurons in vitro was determined to understand the mechanisms of MHV-JHM neuroinfection. We have described for the first time the changes of actin filaments during MHV-JHM infection. We also observed productive replication of MHV-JHM in neurons during 168 h p.i. and syncytial cytopathic effect. We discovered that the MHV-JHM strain modulated neuronal cytoskeleton during infection, which were manifested by: (i) condensation of actin filaments in the cortical layer of the cytoplasm, (ii) formation of microtubule cisternae structures containing viral antigen targeting viral replication site (iii) formation of tunneling nanotubes used by MHV-JHM for intercellular transport. Additionally, we demonstrated that the use of cytoskeletal inhibitors have reduced virus replication in neurons, especially noscapine and nocodazole, the microtubule shortening factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Bartak
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland.
| | - Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland
| | - Marcin Chodkowski
- Laboratory of Nanobiology and Biomaterials, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4 St., Warsaw, 01-063, Poland
| | - Beata Tymińska
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland
| | - Marcin W Bańbura
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland
| | - Joanna Cymerys
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland.
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Dabrowska A, Botwina P, Barreto-Duran E, Kubisiak A, Obloza M, Synowiec A, Szczepanski A, Targosz-Korecka M, Szczubialka K, Nowakowska M, Pyrc K. Reversible rearrangement of the cellular cytoskeleton: A key to the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of novel amphiphilic polymers. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100763. [PMID: 37600352 PMCID: PMC10433002 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The battle against emerging viral infections has been uneven, as there is currently no broad-spectrum drug available to contain the spread of novel pathogens throughout the population. Consequently, the pandemic outbreak that occurred in early 2020 laid bare the almost empty state of the pandemic box. Therefore, the development of novel treatments with broad specificity has become a paramount concern in this post-pandemic era. Here, we propose copolymers of poly (sodium 2-(acrylamido)-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate) (PAMPS) and poly (sodium 11-(acrylamido)undecanoate (AaU), both block (PAMPS75-b-PAaUn) and random (P(AMPSm-co-AaUn)) that show efficacy against a broad range of alpha and betacoronaviruses. Owing to their intricate architecture, these polymers exhibit a highly distinctive mode of action, modulating nano-mechanical properties of cells and thereby influencing viral replication. Through the employment of confocal and atomic force microscopy techniques, we discerned perturbations in actin and vimentin filaments, which correlated with modification of cellular elasticity and reduction of glycocalyx layer. Intriguingly, this process was reversible upon polymer removal from the cells. To ascertain the applicability of our findings, we assessed the efficacy and underlying mechanism of the inhibitors using fully differentiated human airway epithelial cultures, wherein near-complete abrogation of viral replication was documented. Given their mode of action, these polymers can be classified as biologically active nanomaterials that exploit a highly conserved molecular target-cellular plasticity-proffering the potential for truly broad-spectrum activity while concurrently for drug resistance development is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dabrowska
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Pawel Botwina
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Emilia Barreto-Duran
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agata Kubisiak
- Department of Physics of Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Cracow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Cracow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Obloza
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Synowiec
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Cracow, Poland
| | - Artur Szczepanski
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marta Targosz-Korecka
- Department of Physics of Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szczubialka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Maria Nowakowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
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Yeung-Luk BH, Narayanan GA, Ghosh B, Wally A, Lee E, Mokaya M, Wankhade E, Zhang R, Lee B, Park B, Resnick J, Jedlicka A, Dziedzic A, Ramanathan M, Biswal S, Pekosz A, Sidhaye VK. SARS-CoV-2 infection alters mitochondrial and cytoskeletal function in human respiratory epithelial cells mediated by expression of spike protein. mBio 2023; 14:e0082023. [PMID: 37504520 PMCID: PMC10470579 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00820-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, SCV2), which has resulted in higher morbidity and mortality rate than other respiratory viral infections, such as Influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of SCV2-host infection vs IAV is vital in exploring antiviral drug targets against SCV2. We assessed differential gene expression in human nasal cells upon SCV2 or IAV infection using RNA sequencing. Compared to IAV, we observed alterations in both metabolic and cytoskeletal pathways suggestive of epithelial remodeling in the SCV2-infected cells, reminiscent of pathways activated as a response to chronic injury. We found that spike protein interaction with the epithelium was sufficient to instigate these epithelial responses using a SCV2 spike pseudovirus. Specifically, we found downregulation of the mitochondrial markers SIRT3 and TOMM22. Moreover, SCV2 spike infection increased extracellular acidification and decreased oxygen consumption rate in the epithelium. In addition, we observed cytoskeletal rearrangements with a reduction in the actin-severing protein cofilin-1 and an increase in polymerized actin, indicating epithelial cytoskeletal rearrangements. This study revealed distinct epithelial responses to SCV2 infection, with early mitochondrial dysfunction in the host cells and evidence of cytoskeletal remodeling that could contribute to the worsened outcome in COVID-19 patients compared to IAV patients. These changes in cell structure and energetics could contribute to cellular resilience early during infection, allowing for prolonged cell survival and potentially paving the way for more chronic symptoms. IMPORTANCE COVID-19 has caused a global pandemic affecting millions of people worldwide, resulting in a higher mortality rate and concerns of more persistent symptoms compared to influenza A. To study this, we compare lung epithelial responses to both viruses. Interestingly, we found that in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, the cellular energetics changed and there were cell structural rearrangements. These changes in cell structure could lead to prolonged epithelial cell survival, even in the face of not working well, potentially contributing to the development of chronic symptoms. In summary, these findings represent strategies utilized by the cell to survive the infection but result in a fundamental shift in the epithelial phenotype, with potential long-term consequences, which could set the stage for the development of chronic lung disease or long COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie H. Yeung-Luk
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Baishakhi Ghosh
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ara Wally
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Esther Lee
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle Mokaya
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Esha Wankhade
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brianna Lee
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bongsoo Park
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Aging, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica Resnick
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne Jedlicka
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda Dziedzic
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Murugappan Ramanathan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Venkataramana K. Sidhaye
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Witt ASA, Trindade GDS, Souza FGD, Serafim MSM, da Costa AVB, Silva MVF, de Melo Iani FC, Rodrigues RAL, Kroon EG, Abrahão JS. Ultrastructural analysis of monkeypox virus replication in Vero cells. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28536. [PMID: 36708101 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In early May 2022, the first worldwide monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak was reported, with different clinical aspects from previously studied human monkeypox infections. Despite monkeypox medical importance, much of its biological aspects remain to be further investigated. In the present work, we evaluated ultrastructural aspects of MPXV asynchronous infections in Vero cells by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The viral strain was isolated from a male patient infected during the 2022 outbreak. TEM analysis showed: (i) adhered intracellular mature virus particles before entry of the host cell; (ii) a reorganization of the rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae into the so-called "mini-nuclei" structure associated with genome replication; and (iii) noticeably different sites within the viral factory presenting granular or fibrillar aspects. We also observed viral crescents, different MPXV particle morphotypes, and cellular alterations induced by infection, such as changes in the cytoskeleton structure and multimembrane vesicles abundance. Taken together, to the best of our knowledge, these results revealed for the first-time ultrastructural aspects of different steps of the MPXV cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Stéphanie Arantes Witt
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gil de Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mateus Sá Magalhães Serafim
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alana Vitor Barbosa da Costa
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Diretoria do Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Serviço de Virologia e Riquetsioses, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinícius Ferreira Silva
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Diretoria do Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Serviço de Virologia e Riquetsioses, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Felipe Campos de Melo Iani
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Diretoria do Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Serviço de Virologia e Riquetsioses, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Araújo Lima Rodrigues
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jônatas Santos Abrahão
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Guo Y, Gao Y, Hu Y, Zhao Y, Jiang D, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Gan H, Xie C, Liu Z, Zhong B, Zhang Z, Yao J. The Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) Channel Facilitates Virus Infection Through the Ca 2+ -LRMDA Axis in Myeloid Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202857. [PMID: 36261399 PMCID: PMC9731701 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) channel is a nonselective cation channel that has been implicated in multiple sensory processes in the nervous system. Here, it is shown that TRPV2 in myeloid cells facilitates virus penetration by promoting the tension and mobility of cell membrane through the Ca2+ -LRMDA axis. Knockout of TRPV2 in myeloid cells or inhibition of TRPV2 channel activity suppresses viral infection and protects mice from herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. Reconstitution of TRPV2 but not the Ca2+ -impermeable mutant TRPV2E572Q into LyZ2-Cre;Trpv2fl/fl bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) restores viral infection. Mechanistically, knockout of TRPV2 in myeloid cells inhibits the tension and mobility of cell membrane and the penetration of viruses, which is restored by reconstitution of TRPV2 but not TRPV2E572Q . In addition, knockout of TRPV2 leads to downregulation of Lrmda in BMDCs and BMDMs, and knockdown of Lrmda significantly downregulates the mobility and tension of cell membrane and inhibits viral infections in Trpv2fl/fl but not LyZ2-Cre;Trpv2fl/fl BMDCs. Consistently, complement of LRMDA into LyZ2-Cre;Trpv2fl/fl BMDCs partially restores the tension and mobility of cell membrane and promotes viral penetration and infection. These findings characterize a previously unknown function of myeloid TRPV2 in facilitating viral infection though the Ca2+ -LRMDA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Yao Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryCollege of Life SciencesZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of ImmunologyMedical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and CancerChinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhan430071China
- State Key Laboratory of VirologyHubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryCollege of Life SciencesZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- State Key Laboratory of VirologyHubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Yu‐Ru Hu
- The Institute for Advanced StudiesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of VirologyHubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Dexiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of VirologyHubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Yulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of VirologyHubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Youjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of VirologyHubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Hu Gan
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryCollege of Life SciencesZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of ImmunologyMedical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and CancerChinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhan430071China
| | - Chang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of VirologyHubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Zheng Liu
- The Institute for Advanced StudiesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryCollege of Life SciencesZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of ImmunologyMedical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and CancerChinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhan430071China
| | - Zhi‐Dong Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryCollege of Life SciencesZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of ImmunologyMedical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and CancerChinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhan430071China
| | - Jing Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryCollege of Life SciencesZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of ImmunologyMedical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- State Key Laboratory of VirologyHubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
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7
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Gervais O, Papadopoulou A, Gratacap R, Hillestad B, Tinch AE, Martin SAM, Houston RD, Robledo D. Transcriptomic response to ISAV infection in the gills, head kidney and spleen of resistant and susceptible Atlantic salmon. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:775. [PMID: 36443659 PMCID: PMC9703674 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious Salmon Anaemia virus (ISAV) is an orthomyxovirus responsible for large losses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture. Current available treatments and vaccines are not fully effective, and therefore selective breeding to produce ISAV-resistant strains of Atlantic salmon is a high priority for the industry. Genomic selection and potentially genome editing can be applied to enhance the disease resistance of aquaculture stocks, and both approaches can benefit from increased knowledge on the genomic mechanisms of resistance to ISAV. To improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying resistance to ISAV in Atlantic salmon we performed a transcriptomic study in ISAV-infected salmon with contrasting levels of resistance to this virus. RESULTS Three different tissues (gills, head kidney and spleen) were collected on 12 resistant and 12 susceptible fish at three timepoints (pre-challenge, 7 and 14 days post challenge) and RNA sequenced. The transcriptomes of infected and non-infected fish and of resistant and susceptible fish were compared at each timepoint. The results show that the responses to ISAV are organ-specific; an important response to the infection was observed in the head kidney, with up-regulation of immune processes such as interferon and NLR pathways, while in gills and spleen the response was more moderate. In addition to immune related genes, our results suggest that other processes such as ubiquitination and ribosomal processing are important during early infection with ISAV. Moreover, the comparison between resistant and susceptible fish has also highlighted some interesting genes related to ubiquitination, intracellular transport and the inflammasome. CONCLUSIONS Atlantic salmon infection by ISAV revealed an organ-specific response, implying differential function during the infection. An immune response was observed in the head kidney in these early timepoints, while gills and spleen showed modest responses in comparison. Comparison between resistance and susceptible samples have highlighted genes of interest for further studies, for instance those related to ubiquitination or the inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Gervais
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Athina Papadopoulou
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Remi Gratacap
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Alan E. Tinch
- Benchmark Genetics, Penicuik, UK ,The Center for Aquaculture Technologies, San Diego, USA
| | - Samuel A. M. Martin
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ross D. Houston
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Diego Robledo
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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8
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Greber UF, Suomalainen M. Adenovirus entry: Stability, uncoating, and nuclear import. Mol Microbiol 2022; 118:309-320. [PMID: 35434852 PMCID: PMC9790413 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are widespread in vertebrates. They infect the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, the eyes, heart, liver, and kidney, and are lethal to immunosuppressed people. Mastadenoviruses infecting mammals comprise several hundred different types, and many specifically infect humans. Human adenoviruses are the most widely used vectors in clinical applications, including cancer treatment and COVID-19 vaccination. AdV vectors are physically and genetically stable and generally safe in humans. The particles have an icosahedral coat and a nucleoprotein core with a DNA genome. We describe the concept of AdV cell entry and highlight recent advances in cytoplasmic transport, uncoating, and nuclear import of the viral DNA. We highlight a recently discovered "linchpin" function of the virion protein V ensuring cytoplasmic particle stability, which is relaxed at the nuclear pore complex by cues from the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mind bomb 1 (MIB1) and the proteasome triggering disruption. Capsid disruption by kinesin motor proteins and microtubules exposes the linchpin and renders protein V a target for MIB1 ubiquitination, which dissociates V from viral DNA and enhances DNA nuclear import. These advances uncover mechanisms controlling capsid stability and premature uncoating and provide insight into nuclear transport of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs F. Greber
- Department of Molecular Life SciencesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Maarit Suomalainen
- Department of Molecular Life SciencesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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9
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Su PY, Yen SCB, Yang CC, Chang CH, Lin WC, Shih C. Hepatitis B virus virion secretion is a CRM1-spike-mediated late event. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:44. [PMID: 35729569 PMCID: PMC9210616 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00827-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen worldwide. To date, there is no curative treatment for chronic hepatitis B. The mechanism of virion secretion remains to be investigated. Previously, we found that nuclear export of HBc particles can be facilitated via two CRM1-specific nuclear export signals (NES) at the spike tip. Methods In this study, we used site-directed mutagenesis at the CRM1 NES, as well as treatment with CRM1 inhibitors at a low concentration, or CRM1-specific shRNA knockdown, in HBV-producing cell culture, and measured the secretion of various HBV viral and subviral particles via a native agarose gel electrophoresis assay. Separated HBV particles were characterized by Western blot analysis, and their genomic DNA contents were measured by Southern blot analysis. Secreted extracellular particles were compared with intracellular HBc capsids for DNA synthesis and capsid formation. Virion secretion and the in vivo interactions among HBc capsids, CRM1 and microtubules, were examined by proximity ligation assay, immunofluorescence microscopy, and nocodazole treatment. Results We report here that the tip of spike of HBV core (HBc) particles (capsids) contains a complex sensor for secretion of both HBV virions and naked capsids. HBV virion secretion is closely associated with HBc nuclear export in a CRM1-dependent manner. At the conformationally flexible spike tips of HBc particles, NES motifs overlap extensively with motifs important for secretion of HBV virions and naked capsids. Conclusions We provided experimental evidence that virions and naked capsids can egress via two distinct, yet overlapping, pathways. Unlike the secretion of naked capsids, HBV virion secretion is highly CRM1- and microtubule-dependent. CRM1 is well known for its involvement in nuclear transport in literature. To our knowledge, this is the first report that CRM1 is required for virion secretion. CRM1 inhibitors could be a promising therapeutic candidate for chronic HBV patients in clinical medicine. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-022-00827-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Su
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin, 80708, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Chwen Bruce Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin, 80708, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chun Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsu Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiaho Shih
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin, 80708, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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10
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Understanding the key functions of Myosins in viral infection. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:597-607. [PMID: 35212367 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Myosins, a class of actin-based motor proteins existing in almost any organism, are originally considered only involved in driving muscle contraction, reshaping actin cytoskeleton, and anchoring or transporting cargoes, including protein complexes, organelles, vesicles. However, accumulating evidence reveals that myosins also play vital roles in viral infection, depending on viral species and infection stages. This review systemically summarizes the described various myosins, the performed functions, and the involved mechanisms or molecular pathways during viral infection. Meanwhile, the existing issues are also discussed. Additionally, the important technologies or agents, including siRNA, gene editing, and myosin inhibitors, would facilitate dissecting the actions and mechanisms for described and undescribed myosins, which could be adopted to prevent or control viral infection are also characterized.
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11
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Host cytoskeletal vimentin serves as a structural organizer and an RNA-binding protein regulator to facilitate Zika viral replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2113909119. [PMID: 35193960 PMCID: PMC8872754 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113909119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We discovered a dual role of vimentin underlying Zika virus (ZIKV) replication. The vimentin network reorganizes to surround the replication complex. Depletion of vimentin resulted in drastic segregation of viral proteins and subsequent defective infection, indicating its function as an “organizer” that ensures the concentration of all necessary factors for high replication efficacy. With omics analysis, we prove that vimentin also functions as a “regulator” that dominates RNA-binding proteins during infection. These two roles complement one another to make an integrated view of vimentin in regulating ZIKV infection. Collectively, our study fills the long-term gap in our knowledge of the cellular function of intermediate filaments in addition to structural support and provides a potential target for ZIKV therapy. Emerging microbe infections, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), pose an increasing threat to human health. Investigations on ZIKV replication have revealed the construction of replication complexes (RCs), but the role of cytoskeleton in this process is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the function of cytoskeletal intermediate filament protein vimentin in the life cycle of ZIKV infection. Using advanced imaging techniques, we uncovered that vimentin filaments undergo drastic reorganization upon viral protein synthesis to form a perinuclear cage-like structure that embraces and concentrates RCs. Genetic removal of vimentin markedly disrupted the integrity of RCs and resulted in fragmented subcellular dispersion of viral proteins. This led to reduced viral genome replication, viral protein production, and release of infectious virions, without interrupting viral binding and entry. Furthermore, mass spectrometry and RNA-sequencing screens identified interactions and interplay between vimentin and hundreds of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident RNA-binding proteins. Among them, the cytoplasmic-region of ribosome receptor binding protein 1, an ER transmembrane protein that directly binds viral RNA, interacted with and was regulated by vimentin, resulting in modulation of ZIKV replication. Together, the data in our work reveal a dual role for vimentin as a structural element for RC integrity and as an RNA-binding-regulating hub during ZIKV infection, thus unveiling a layer of interplay between Zika virus and host cell.
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12
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Alqazlan N, Emam M, Nagy É, Bridle B, Sargolzaei M, Sharif S. Transcriptomics of chicken cecal tonsils and intestine after infection with low pathogenic avian influenza virus H9N2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20462. [PMID: 34650121 PMCID: PMC8517014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause severe respiratory infections in humans and birds, triggering global health concerns and economic burden. Influenza infection is a dynamic process involving complex biological host responses. The objective of this study was to illustrate global biological processes in ileum and cecal tonsils at early time points after chickens were infected with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2 through transcriptome analysis. Total RNA isolated from ileum and cecal tonsils of non-infected and infected layers at 12-, 24- and 72-h post-infection (hpi) was used for mRNA sequencing analyses to characterize differentially expressed genes and overrepresented pathways. Statistical analysis highlighted transcriptomic signatures significantly occurring 24 and 72 hpi, but not earlier at 12 hpi. Interferon (IFN)-inducible and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression was increased, followed by continued expression of various heat-shock proteins (HSP), including HSP60, HSP70, HSP90 and HSP110. Some upregulated genes involved in innate antiviral responses included DDX60, MX1, RSAD2 and CMPK2. The ISG15 antiviral mechanism pathway was highly enriched in ileum and cecal tonsils at 24 hpi. Overall, most affected pathways were related to interferon production and the heat-shock response. Research on these candidate genes and pathways is warranted to decipher underlying mechanisms of immunity against LPAIV in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiyah Alqazlan
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Mehdi Emam
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E7 Canada
| | - Éva Nagy
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Byram Bridle
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Mehdi Sargolzaei
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada ,Select Sires, Inc., Plain City, OH 43064 USA
| | - Shayan Sharif
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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13
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Altered Moesin and Actin Cytoskeleton Protein Rearrangements Affect Transendothelial Permeability in Human Endothelial Cells upon Dengue Virus Infection and TNF-α Treatment. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102042. [PMID: 34696472 PMCID: PMC8537470 DOI: 10.3390/v13102042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that the host, viral factors, and secreted cytokines (especially TNF-α) play roles in the pathogenesis of secondary dengue infections. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic screening of cytoskeleton fractions isolated from human endothelial (EA.hy926) cells upon dengue virus (DENV) infection and TNF-α treatment identified 450 differentially altered proteins. Among them, decreased levels of moesin, actin stress fiber rearrangements, and dot-like formations of vinculin were observed with western blot analyses and/or immunofluorescence staining (IFA). In vitro vascular permeability assays using EA.hy926 cells, seeded on collagen-coated transwell inserts, showed low levels of transendothelial electrical resistance in treated cells. The synergistic effects of DENV infection and TNF-α treatment caused cellular permeability changes in EA.hy926 cells, which coincided with decreasing moesin levels and the production of abnormal organizations of actin stress fibers and vinculin. Functional studies demonstrated moesin overexpression restored transendothelial permeability in DENV/TNF-α-treated EA.hy926 cells. The present study improves the understanding of the disruption mechanisms of cytoskeleton proteins in enhancing vascular permeability during DENV infection and TNF-α treatment. The study also suggests that these disruption mechanisms are major factors contributing to vascular leakage in severe dengue patients.
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14
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Wen Z, Zhang Y, Lin Z, Shi K, Jiu Y. Cytoskeleton-a crucial key in host cell for coronavirus infection. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:968-979. [PMID: 32717049 PMCID: PMC7454755 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging coronavirus (CoV) pandemic is threatening the public health all over the world. Cytoskeleton is an intricate network involved in controlling cell shape, cargo transport, signal transduction, and cell division. Infection biology studies have illuminated essential roles for cytoskeleton in mediating the outcome of host‒virus interactions. In this review, we discuss the dynamic interactions between actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and CoVs. In one round of viral life cycle, CoVs surf along filopodia on the host membrane to the entry sites, utilize specific intermediate filament protein as co-receptor to enter target cells, hijack microtubules for transportation to replication and assembly sites, and promote actin filaments polymerization to provide forces for egress. During CoV infection, disruption of host cytoskeleton homeostasis and modification state is tightly connected to pathological processes, such as defective cytokinesis, demyelinating, cilia loss, and neuron necrosis. There are increasing mechanistic studies on cytoskeleton upon CoV infection, such as viral protein‒cytoskeleton interaction, changes in the expression and post-translation modification, related signaling pathways, and incorporation with other host factors. Collectively, these insights provide new concepts for fundamental virology and the control of CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wen
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhekai Lin
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun Shi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yaming Jiu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Cellular and Viral Determinants of HSV-1 Entry and Intracellular Transport towards Nucleus of Infected Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02434-20. [PMID: 33472938 PMCID: PMC8092704 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02434-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HSV-1 employs cellular motor proteins and modulates kinase pathways to facilitate intracellular virion capsid transport. Previously, we and others have shown that the Akt inhibitor miltefosine inhibited virus entry. Herein, we show that the protein kinase C inhibitors staurosporine (STS) and gouml inhibited HSV-1 entry into Vero cells, and that miltefosine prevents HSV-1 capsid transport toward the nucleus. We have reported that the HSV-1 UL37 tegument protein interacts with the dynein motor complex during virus entry and virion egress, while others have shown that the UL37/UL36 protein complex binds dynein and kinesin causing a saltatory movement of capsids in neuronal axons. Co-immoprecipitation experiments confirmed previous findings from our laboratory that the UL37 protein interacted with the dynein intermediate chain (DIC) at early times post infection. This UL37-DIC interaction was concurrent with DIC phosphorylation in infected, but not mock-infected cells. Miltefosine inhibited dynein phosphorylation when added before, but not after virus entry. Inhibition of motor accessory protein dynactins (DCTN2, DCTN3), the adaptor proteins EB1 and the Bicaudal D homolog 2 (BICD2) expression using lentiviruses expressing specific shRNAs, inhibited intracellular transport of virion capsids toward the nucleus of human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the major capsid protein Vp5 interacted with dynactins (DCTN1/p150 and DCTN4/p62) and the end-binding protein (EB1) at early times post infection. These results show that Akt and kinase C are involved in virus entry and intracellular transport of virion capsids, but not in dynein activation via phosphorylation. Importantly, both the UL37 and Vp5 viral proteins are involved in dynein-dependent transport of virion capsids to the nuclei of infected cells.Importance. Herpes simplex virus type-1 enter either via fusion at the plasma membranes or endocytosis depositing the virion capsids into the cytoplasm of infected cells. The viral capsids utilize the dynein motor complex to move toward the nuclei of infected cells using the microtubular network. This work shows that inhibitors of the Akt kinase and kinase C inhibit not only viral entry into cells but also virion capsid transport toward the nucleus. In addition, the work reveals that the virion protein ICP5 (VP5) interacts with the dynein cofactor dynactin, while the UL37 protein interacts with the dynein intermediate chain (DIC). Importantly, neither Akt nor Kinase C was found to be responsible for phosphorylation/activation of dynein indicating that other cellular or viral kinases may be involved.
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16
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Fumoto S, Yamamoto T, Okami K, Maemura Y, Terada C, Yamayoshi A, Nishida K. Understanding In Vivo Fate of Nucleic Acid and Gene Medicines for the Rational Design of Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:159. [PMID: 33530309 PMCID: PMC7911509 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid and genetic medicines are increasingly being developed, owing to their potential to treat a variety of intractable diseases. A comprehensive understanding of the in vivo fate of these agents is vital for the rational design, discovery, and fast and straightforward development of the drugs. In case of intravascular administration of nucleic acids and genetic medicines, interaction with blood components, especially plasma proteins, is unavoidable. However, on the flip side, such interaction can be utilized wisely to manipulate the pharmacokinetics of the agents. In other words, plasma protein binding can help in suppressing the elimination of nucleic acids from the blood stream and deliver naked oligonucleotides and gene carriers into target cells. To control the distribution of these agents in the body, the ligand conjugation method is widely applied. It is also important to understand intracellular localization. In this context, endocytosis pathway, endosomal escape, and nuclear transport should be considered and discussed. Encapsulated nucleic acids and genes must be dissociated from the carriers to exert their activity. In this review, we summarize the in vivo fate of nucleic acid and gene medicines and provide guidelines for the rational design of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Fumoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.O.); (Y.M.); (C.T.); (A.Y.); (K.N.)
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17
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Zhang Y, Wen Z, Shi X, Liu YJ, Eriksson JE, Jiu Y. The diverse roles and dynamic rearrangement of vimentin during viral infection. J Cell Sci 2020; 134:134/5/jcs250597. [PMID: 33154171 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.250597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemics caused by viral infections pose a significant global threat. Cytoskeletal vimentin is a major intermediate filament (IF) protein, and is involved in numerous functions, including cell signaling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, intracellular organization and cell migration. Vimentin has important roles for the life cycle of particular viruses; it can act as a co-receptor to enable effective virus invasion and guide efficient transport of the virus to the replication site. Furthermore, vimentin has been shown to rearrange into cage-like structures that facilitate virus replication, and to recruit viral components to the location of assembly and egress. Surprisingly, vimentin can also inhibit virus entry or egress, as well as participate in host-cell defense. Although vimentin can facilitate viral infection, how this function is regulated is still poorly understood. In particular, information is lacking on its interaction sites, regulation of expression, post-translational modifications and cooperation with other host factors. This Review recapitulates the different functions of vimentin in the virus life cycle and discusses how they influence host-cell tropism, virulence of the pathogens and the consequent pathological outcomes. These insights into vimentin-virus interactions emphasize the importance of cytoskeletal functions in viral cell biology and their potential for the identification of novel antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zeyu Wen
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuemeng Shi
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - John E Eriksson
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20520, Finland .,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Yaming Jiu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Hao JH, Kong HJ, Yan MH, Shen CC, Xu GW, Zhang DJ, Zhang KS, Zheng HX, Liu XT. Inhibition of orf virus replication in goat skin fibroblast cells by the HSPA1B protein, as demonstrated by iTRAQ-based quantitative proteome analysis. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2561-2587. [PMID: 32876795 PMCID: PMC7465882 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) infects sheep and goat tissues, resulting in severe proliferative lesions. To analyze cellular protein expression in ORFV-infected goat skin fibroblast (GSF) cells, we used two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). The proteomics approach was used along with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to detect differentially expressed proteins in ORFV-infected GSF cells and mock-infected GSF cells. A total of 282 differentially expressed proteins were identified. It was found that 222 host proteins were upregulated and 60 were downregulated following viral infection. We confirmed that these proteins were differentially expressed and found that heat shock 70-kDa protein 1B (HSPA1B) was differentially expressed and localized in the cytoplasm. It was also noted that HSPA1B caused inhibition of viral proliferation, in the middle and late stages of viral infection. The differentially expressed proteins were associated with the biological processes of viral binding, cell structure, signal transduction, cell adhesion, and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, No. 1, Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Jin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, No. 1, Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, No. 1, Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Chao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, No. 1, Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, No. 1, Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, No. 1, Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, No. 1, Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Xue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, No. 1, Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, No. 1, Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
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19
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Intracellular Trafficking of HBV Particles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092023. [PMID: 32887393 PMCID: PMC7563130 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human hepatitis B virus (HBV), that is causative for more than 240 million cases of chronic liver inflammation (hepatitis), is an enveloped virus with a partially double-stranded DNA genome. After virion uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis, the viral nucleocapsid is transported towards the nuclear pore complex. In the nuclear basket, the nucleocapsid disassembles. The viral genome that is covalently linked to the viral polymerase, which harbors a bipartite NLS, is imported into the nucleus. Here, the partially double-stranded DNA genome is converted in a minichromosome-like structure, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The DNA virus HBV replicates via a pregenomic RNA (pgRNA)-intermediate that is reverse transcribed into DNA. HBV-infected cells release apart from the infectious viral parrticle two forms of non-infectious subviral particles (spheres and filaments), which are assembled by the surface proteins but lack any capsid and nucleic acid. In addition, naked capsids are released by HBV replicating cells. Infectious viral particles and filaments are released via multivesicular bodies; spheres are secreted by the classic constitutive secretory pathway. The release of naked capsids is still not fully understood, autophagosomal processes are discussed. This review describes intracellular trafficking pathways involved in virus entry, morphogenesis and release of (sub)viral particles.
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Yousafi Q, Azhar M, Khan MS, Mehmood A, Saleem S, Sajid MW, Hussain A, Kamal MA. Interaction of human dynein light chain 1 (DYNLL1) with enterochelin esterase ( Salmonella typhimurium) and protective antigen ( Bacillus anthraci) might be the potential cause of human infection. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 27:1396-1402. [PMID: 32346352 PMCID: PMC7182775 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein light chain 1 (DYNLL1) is an important constituent of motor proteins complex. In human it is encoded by DYNLL1 gene. It is involved in cargo transport functions and interacts with many viral proteins with the help of short linear consensus motif sequence (K/R) XTQT. Viral proteins bind to DYNLL1 through its consensus short linear motif (SLiM) sequence to reach the target site in the cell and cause different infections in the host. It is still unknown if bacterial proteins also contain the same conserved SLiMs sequence through which they bind to this motor protein and cause infections. So, it is important to investigate the role of DYNLL1 in human bacterial infections. The interaction partner proteins of DYNLL1 against conserved viral motif sequences were predicted through PDBSum. Pairwise sequence alignment, between viral motif sequence and that of predicted proteins, was performed to identify conserved region in predicted interaction partners. Docking between the DYNLL1 and new pathogenic interaction partners was performed, by using PatchDock, to explore the protein-protein binding quality. Interactions of docked complexes were visualized by DimPlot. Three pathogenic bacterial proteins i.e., enterochelin esterase (3MGA), protective antigen (3J9C) and putative lipoprotein (4KT3) were selected as candidate interaction partners of DYNLL1. The putative lipoprotein (4KT3) showed low quality binding with DYNLL1. So, enterochelin esterase (3MGA) and protective antigen (3J9C) were speculated to be involved in human bacterial infections by using DYNLL1 to reach their target sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qudsia Yousafi
- Dept. Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Maria Azhar
- Dept. Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | | | - Asim Mehmood
- Dept. Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Saleem
- Dept. Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | | | - Abrar Hussain
- Dept. Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.,Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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Hwang J, Jiang A, Fikrig E. A potent prolyl tRNA synthetase inhibitor antagonizes Chikungunya and Dengue viruses. Antiviral Res 2018; 161:163-168. [PMID: 30521835 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Arboviruses represent a group of pathogens that can spread efficiently throughout human populations by hematophagous arthropod vectors. The mosquito-borne (re)emerging Chikungunya and Dengue viruses belong to the alphavirus and flavivirus genus, respectively, with no approved therapeutics or safe vaccines for humans. Transmitted by the same vector Aedes spp., these viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality in endemic areas. Due to the increasing likelihood of co-circulation and co-infection with viruses, we aimed to identify a pharmacologically targetable host factor that can inhibit multiple viruses and show that a potent antagonist of prolyl tRNA synthetase (halofuginone) suppresses both Chikungunya and Dengue viruses. Host tRNA synthetase inhibition may signify an additional approach to combat present and future epidemic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Hwang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Alfred Jiang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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Imaging, Tracking and Computational Analyses of Virus Entry and Egress with the Cytoskeleton. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040166. [PMID: 29614729 PMCID: PMC5923460 DOI: 10.3390/v10040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have a dual nature: particles are “passive substances” lacking chemical energy transformation, whereas infected cells are “active substances” turning-over energy. How passive viral substances convert to active substances, comprising viral replication and assembly compartments has been of intense interest to virologists, cell and molecular biologists and immunologists. Infection starts with virus entry into a susceptible cell and delivers the viral genome to the replication site. This is a multi-step process, and involves the cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins. Likewise, the egress of progeny virus particles from the replication site to the extracellular space is enhanced by the cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins. This overcomes the limitation of thermal diffusion, and transports virions and virion components, often in association with cellular organelles. This review explores how the analysis of viral trajectories informs about mechanisms of infection. We discuss the methodology enabling researchers to visualize single virions in cells by fluorescence imaging and tracking. Virus visualization and tracking are increasingly enhanced by computational analyses of virus trajectories as well as in silico modeling. Combined approaches reveal previously unrecognized features of virus-infected cells. Using select examples of complementary methodology, we highlight the role of actin filaments and microtubules, and their associated motors in virus infections. In-depth studies of single virion dynamics at high temporal and spatial resolutions thereby provide deep insight into virus infection processes, and are a basis for uncovering underlying mechanisms of how cells function.
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Infection and Transport of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Neurons: Role of the Cytoskeleton. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020092. [PMID: 29473915 PMCID: PMC5850399 DOI: 10.3390/v10020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neuroinvasive human pathogen that has the ability to infect and replicate within epithelial cells and neurons and establish a life-long latent infection in sensory neurons. HSV-1 depends on the host cellular cytoskeleton for entry, replication, and exit. Therefore, HSV-1 has adapted mechanisms to promote its survival by exploiting the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons to direct its active transport, infection, and spread between neurons and epithelial cells during primary and recurrent infections. This review will focus on the currently known mechanisms utilized by HSV-1 to harness the neuronal cytoskeleton, molecular motors, and the secretory and exocytic pathways for efficient virus entry, axonal transport, replication, assembly, and exit from the distinct functional compartments (cell body and axon) of the highly polarized sensory neurons.
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Proteomic analysis of chicken embryo fibroblast cells infected with recombinant H5N1 avian influenza viruses with and without NS1 eIF4GI binding domain. Oncotarget 2017; 9:8350-8367. [PMID: 29492200 PMCID: PMC5823584 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-structural 1 (NS1) protein is a key virulence factor that regulates replication of influenza virus. A recombinant H5N1 virus lacking the eIF4GI-binding domain of NS1 (rNS1-SD30) exhibits significantly lower pathogenicity than H5N1 virus with an intact eIF4GI-binding domain (rNS1-wt). To further investigate this phenomenon, we performed comparative proteomics analyses to profile host proteins in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) infected with rNS1-wt and rNS1-SD30 viruses. In total, 81 differentially expressed (DE) proteins were identified at 12, 24, and 36 h post-infection. These proteins are mainly involved in the cytoskeletal, apoptotic and stress responses, transcription regulation, transport and metabolic processes, mRNA processing and splicing, and cellular signal transduction. Overexpression of DE proteins revealed that ANXA7 suppresses propagation of rNS1-SD30, but not rNS1-wt viruses. Moreover, ALDH7A1, ANXA7, and DCTN2 strongly enhanced IFN-β promoter activity induced by chicken MDA5 (chMDA5), and in the case of ANXA7, also by the rNS1-SD30 viral strain. NS1-wt co-transfection suppressed the ANXA7-mediated increase in IFN-β promoter activity induced by chMDA5. These findings highlight the role of NS1 eIF4GI binding domain in H5N1 pathogenicity, and may contribute to the design of antiviral strategies to reduce the high morbidity and mortality associated with this pathogen.
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Bistolas KSI, Rudstam LG, Hewson I. Gene expression of benthic amphipods (genus: Diporeia) in relation to a circular ssDNA virus across two Laurentian Great Lakes. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3810. [PMID: 28966890 PMCID: PMC5621510 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular rep-encoding ssDNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses are common constituents of invertebrate viral consortia. Despite their ubiquity and sequence diversity, the effects of CRESS-DNA viruses on invertebrate biology and ecology remain largely unknown. This study assessed the relationship between the transcriptional profile of benthic amphipods of genus Diporeia and the presence of the CRESS-DNA virus, LM29173, in the Laurentian Great Lakes to provide potential insight into the influence of these viruses on invertebrate gene expression. Twelve transcriptomes derived from Diporeia were compared, representing organisms from two amphipod haplotype clades (Great Lakes Michigan and Superior, defined by COI barcode sequencing) with varying viral loads (up to 3 × 106 genome copies organism−1). Read recruitment to de novo assembled transcripts revealed 2,208 significantly over or underexpressed contigs in transcriptomes with above average LM29173 load. Of these contigs, 31.5% were assigned a putative function. The greatest proportion of annotated, differentially expressed transcripts were associated with functions including: (1) replication, recombination, and repair, (2) cell structure/biogenesis, and (3) post-translational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones. Contigs putatively associated with innate immunity displayed no consistent pattern of expression, though several transcripts were significantly overexpressed in amphipods with high viral load. Quantitation (RT-qPCR) of target transcripts, non-muscular myosin heavy chain, β-actin, and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, corroborated transcriptome analysis and indicated that Lake Michigan and Lake Superior amphipods with high LM29173 load exhibit lake-specific trends in gene expression. While this investigation provides the first comparative survey of the transcriptional profile of invertebrates of variable CRESS-DNA viral load, additional inquiry is required to define the scope of host-specific responses to potential infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars G Rudstam
- Department of Natural Resources and the Cornell Biological Field Station, Cornell University, Bridgeport, NY, USA
| | - Ian Hewson
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Huang R, Zhu G, Zhang J, Lai Y, Xu Y, He J, Xie J. Betanodavirus-like particles enter host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis in a cholesterol-, pH- and cytoskeleton-dependent manner. Vet Res 2017; 48:8. [PMID: 28179028 PMCID: PMC5299686 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Betanodavirus, also referred to nervous necrosis virus (NNV), is the causative agent of the fatal disease, viral nervous necrosis and has brought significant economic losses in marine and freshwater cultured fish, especially larvae and juveniles. Here, we used an established invasion model with virus-like particle (VLP)-cells, mimicking orange-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (OGNNV), to investigate the crucial events of virus entry. VLP were observed in the perinuclear regions of Asian sea bass (SB) cells within 1.5 h after attachment. VLP uptake was strongly inhibited when cells were pretreated with biochemical inhibitors (chlorpromazine and dynasore) blocking clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) or transfected with siRNA against clathrin heavy and light chains. Inhibitors against key regulators of caveolae/raft-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis had no effect on VLP uptake. In contrast, disruption of cellular cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin or reduction of cholesterol fluidity by Cholera toxin B subunit significantly decreased VLP entry. Furthermore, VLP entry is dependent on low pH and cytoskeleton, demonstrated by inhibitor (chloroquine, ammonia chloride, cytochalasin D, wiskostatin, and nocodazole) perturbation. Therefore, OGNNV VLP enter SB cells via CME depending on dynamin-2, cholesterol and its fluidity, low pH, and cytoskeleton. In addition, ten more cell lines were screened for VLP entry and VLP can only enter NNV-sensitive cells, GB and SSN-1, via CME, indicating that CME is the common endocytosis pathway for VLP. These results may provide the data for NNV entry without the influence of the viral genome, an ideal model for exploring the behaviour of betanodavirus in cells, and valuable references to vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guohua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuxiong Lai
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Xu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Shahriari S, Gordon J, Ghildyal R. Host cytoskeleton in respiratory syncytial virus assembly and budding. Virol J 2016; 13:161. [PMID: 27670781 PMCID: PMC5037899 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the major pathogens responsible for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in young children, the elderly, and the immunosuppressed. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs or vaccines available that effectively target RSV infections, proving a significant challenge in regards to prevention and treatment. An in-depth understanding of the host-virus interactions that underlie assembly and budding would inform new targets for antiviral development.Current research suggests that the polymerised form of actin, the filamentous or F-actin, plays a role in RSV assembly and budding. Treatment with cytochalasin D, which disrupts F-actin, has been shown to inhibit virus release. In addition, the actin cytoskeleton has been shown to interact with the RSV matrix (M) protein, which plays a central role in RSV assembly. For this reason, the interaction between these two components is hypothesised to facilitate the movement of viral components in the cytoplasm and to the budding site. Despite increases in our knowledge of RSV assembly and budding, M-actin interactions are not well understood. In this review, we discuss the current literature on the role of actin cytoskeleton during assembly and budding of RSV with the aim to integrate disparate studies to build a hypothetical model of the various molecular interactions between actin and RSV M protein that facilitate RSV assembly and budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Shahriari
- Respiratory Virology Group, Health Research Institute, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, 2617, Australia
| | - James Gordon
- Respiratory Virology Group, Health Research Institute, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, 2617, Australia
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Respiratory Virology Group, Health Research Institute, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, 2617, Australia.
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28
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Brgles M, Bonta M, Šantak M, Jagušić M, Forčić D, Halassy B, Allmaier G, Marchetti-Deschmann M. Identification of mumps virus protein and lipid composition by mass spectrometry. Virol J 2016; 13:9. [PMID: 26768080 PMCID: PMC4712546 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mumps virus is a negative-sense, single stranded RNA virus consisting of a ribonucleocapsid core enveloped by a lipid membrane derived from host cell, which causes mumps disease preventable by vaccination. Since virus lipid envelope and glycosylation pattern are not encoded by the virus but dependent on the host cell at least to some extent, the aim of this work was to analyse L-Zagreb (L-Zg) mumps virus lipids and proteins derived from two cell types; Vero and chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). Jeryl Lynn 5 (JL5) mumps strain lipids were also analysed. Methods Virus lipids were isolated by organic phase extraction and subjected to 2D-high performance thin layer chromatography followed by lipid extraction and identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). Virus samples were also subjected to gel electrophoresis under denaturating conditions and protein bands were excised, in-gel trypsinized and identified by MS as well as tandem MS. Results Results showed that lipids of both mumps virus strains derived from Vero cells contained complex glycolipids with up to five monosaccharide units whereas the lipid pattern of mumps virus derived from CEF was less complex. Mumps virus was found to contain expected structural proteins with exception of fusion (F) protein which was not detected but on the other hand, V protein was detected. Most interesting finding related to the mumps proteins is the detection of several forms of nucleoprotein (NP), some of which appear to be C-terminally truncated. Conclusions Differences found in lipid and protein content of mumps virus demonstrated the importance of detailed biochemical characterization of mumps virus and the methodology described here could provide a means for a more comprehensive quality control in vaccine production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0463-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Brgles
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Rijeka, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Maximilian Bonta
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, A-1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maja Šantak
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Rijeka, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Maja Jagušić
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Rijeka, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Dubravko Forčić
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Rijeka, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Beata Halassy
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Rijeka, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, A-1060, Vienna, Austria.
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Foo KY, Chee HY. Interaction between Flavivirus and Cytoskeleton during Virus Replication. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:427814. [PMID: 26347881 PMCID: PMC4546964 DOI: 10.1155/2015/427814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are potentially human pathogens that cause major epidemics worldwide. Flavivirus interacts with host cell factors to form a favourable virus replication site. Cell cytoskeletons have been observed to have close contact with flaviviruses, which expands the understanding of cytoskeleton functions during virus replication, although many detailed mechanisms are still unclear. The interactions between the virus and host cytoskeletons such as actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments have provided insight into molecular alterations during the virus infection, such as viral entry, in-cell transport, scaffold assembly, and egress. This review article focuses on the utilization of cytoskeleton by Flavivirus and the respective functions during virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Yue Foo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui-Yee Chee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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30
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Zhou MT, Qin Y, Li M, Chen C, Chen X, Shu HB, Guo L. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Roles of Peroxisome-associated Proteins in Antiviral Innate Immune Responses. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2535-49. [PMID: 26124285 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.048413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with whole-cell proteomic analysis, subcellular proteomic analysis is advantageous not only for the increased coverage of low abundance proteins but also for generating organelle-specific data containing information regarding dynamic protein movement. In the present study, peroxisome-enriched fractions from Sendai virus (SeV)-infected or uninfected HepG2 cells were obtained and subjected to quantitative proteomics analysis. We identified 311 proteins that were significantly changed by SeV infection. Among these altered proteins, 25 are immune response-related proteins. Further bioinformatic analysis indicated that SeV infection inhibits cell cycle-related proteins and membrane attack complex-related proteins, all of which are beneficial for the survival and replication of SeV within host cells. Using Luciferase reporter assays on several innate immune-related reporters, we performed functional analysis on 11 candidate proteins. We identified LGALS3BP and CALU as potential negative regulators of the virus-induced activation of the type I interferons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Tian Zhou
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences
| | - Yue Qin
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; §Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University
| | - Mi Li
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; §Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University
| | - Chen Chen
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences
| | - Xi Chen
- ¶Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; §Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University;
| | - Lin Guo
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences;
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31
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Das P, Saha S, Chandra S, Das A, Dey SK, Das MR, Sen S, Sarkar DP, Jana SS. Phosphorylation of Nonmuscle myosin II-A regulatory light chain resists Sendai virus fusion with host cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10395. [PMID: 25993465 PMCID: PMC4438666 DOI: 10.1038/srep10395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses enter host cells through membrane fusion and the cells in turn alter their shape to accommodate components of the virus. However, the role of nonmuscle myosin II of the actomyosin complex of host cells in membrane fusion is yet to be understood. Herein, we show that both (−) blebbistatin, a specific inhibitor of nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) and small interfering RNA markedly augment fusion of Sendai virus (SeV), with chinese hamster ovary cells and human hepatocarcinoma cells. Inhibition of RLC phosphorylation using inhibitors against ROCK, but not PKC and MRCK, or overexpression of phospho-dead mutant of RLC enhances membrane fusion. SeV infection increases cellular stiffness and myosin light chain phosphorylation at two hour post infection. Taken together, the present investigation strongly indicates that Rho-ROCK-NMII contractility signaling pathway may provide a physical barrier to host cells against viral fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Provas Das
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032
| | - Shekhar Saha
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032
| | - Sunandini Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi-1100021
| | - Alakesh Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Mumbai-400076
| | - Sumit K Dey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032
| | - Mahua R Das
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032
| | - Shamik Sen
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Mumbai-400076
| | - Debi P Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi-1100021
| | - Siddhartha S Jana
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032
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32
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High throughput proteomic analysis and a comparative review identify the nuclear chaperone, Nucleophosmin among the common set of proteins modulated in Chikungunya virus infection. J Proteomics 2015; 120:126-41. [PMID: 25782748 PMCID: PMC7102674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Global re-emergence of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has renewed the interest in its cellular pathogenesis. We subjected CHIKV-infected Human Embryo Kidney cells (HEK293), a widely used cell-based system for CHIKV infection studies, to a high throughput expression proteomics analysis by Liquid Chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 1047 differentially expressed proteins were identified in infected cells, consistently in three biological replicates. Proteins involved in transcription, translation, apoptosis and stress response were the major ones among the 209 proteins that had significant up-regulation. In the set of 45 down-regulated proteins, those involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism predominated. A STRING network analysis revealed tight interaction of proteins within the apoptosis, stress response and protein synthesis pathways. We short-listed a common set of 30 proteins that can be implicated in cellular pathology of CHIKV infection by comparing our results and results of earlier CHIKV proteomics studies. Modulation of eight proteins selected from this set was re-confirmed at transcript level. One among them, Nucleophosmin, a nuclear chaperone, showed temporal modulation and cytoplasmic aggregation upon CHIKV infection in double immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. The short-listed cellular proteins will be potential candidates for targeted study of the molecular interactions of CHIKV with host cells. Biological significance Chikungunya remained as a neglected tropical disease till its re-emergence in 2005 in the La RéUnion islands and subsequently, in India and many parts of South East Asia. These and the epidemics that followed in subsequent years ran an explosive course leading to extreme morbidity and attributed mortality to this originally benign virus infection. Apart from classical symptoms of acute fever and debilitating polyarthralgia lasting for several weeks, a number of complications were documented. These included aphthous-like ulcers and vesiculo-bullous eruptions on the skin, hepatic involvement, central nervous system complications such as encephalopathy and encephalitis, and transplacental transmission. The disease has recently spread to the Americas with its initial documentation in the Caribbean islands. The Asian genotype of this positive-stranded RNA virus of the Alphavirus genus has been attributed in these outbreaks. However, the disease ran a similar course as the one caused by the East, Central and South African (ECSA) genotype in the other parts of the world. Studies have documented a number of mutations in the re-emerging strains of the virus that enhances mosquito adaptability and modulates virus infectivity. This might support the occurrence of fiery outbreaks in the absence of herd immunity in affected population. Several research groups work to understand the pathogenesis of chikungunya and the mechanisms of complications using cellular and animal models. A few proteomics approaches have been employed earlier to understand the protein level changes in the infected cells. Our present study, which couples a high throughput proteomic analysis and a comparative review of these earlier studies, identifies a few critical molecules as hypothetical candidates that might be important in this infection and for future study. High throughput expression proteomics analysis in HEK293 cells Identified four major cellular pathways affected in Chikungunya virus infection Short-listed 30 key proteins modulated by a comparative review Confirmed modulation of Nucleophosmin and other selected proteins upon infection
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A role for 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate in promoting human cytomegalovirus infection in human iris cells. J Virol 2015; 89:5185-92. [PMID: 25717110 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00109-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has emerged as a clinically opportunistic pathogen that targets multiple types of ocular cells and tissues, including the iris region of the uveal tract during anterior uveitis. In this report, we used primary cultures of human iris stroma (HIS) cells derived from human eye donors to investigate HCMV entry. The following lines of evidence suggested the role of 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-OS HS) during HCMV-mediated entry and cell-to-cell fusion in HIS cells. First, 3-O-sulfotransferase-3 (3-OST-3) expression in HIS cells promoted HCMV internalization, while pretreatment of HIS cells with heparinase enzyme or with anti-3-OS HS (G2) peptide significantly reduced the HCMV-mediated formation of plaques/foci. Second, coculture of the HCMV-infected HIS cells with CHO-K1 cells expressing 3-OS HS significantly enhanced cell fusion. Finally, a similar trend of enhanced fusion was observed with cells expressing HCMV glycoproteins (gB, gO, and gH-gL) cocultured with 3-OS HS cells. Taken together, these results highlight the role of 3-OS HS during HCMV plaque formation and cell-to-cell fusion and identify a novel target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Zhang X, Shi H, Chen J, Shi D, Dong H, Feng L. Identification of the interaction between vimentin and nucleocapsid protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Virus Res 2014; 200:56-63. [PMID: 25533531 PMCID: PMC7114421 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocapsid (N) protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) packages viral RNA genome to form a ribonucleoprotein complex. In addition to its function as a structural protein, N protein is involved in cell apoptosis or cell-cycle regulation. N protein possibly interacts with host factors to modulate cellular functions. To identify cellular proteins that interacted with N protein of TGEV, methods of GST pull-down and Co-IP were utilized to precipitate cellular proteins of swine testicular (ST). Bound cellular proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE. Analysis of interacting proteins by mass spectrometry allowed identification of 15 cellular protein bands representative of 12 cellular proteins including vimentin that bound to N protein. Furthermore, the function of vimentin cytoskeleton in ST cells during TGEV infection was examined. Vimentin cytoskeleton was required for virus replication. The present study thus provides protein-related information about interaction of TGEV N protein with host cell that should be useful for understanding host cell response to coronavirus pathogenesis infection and the underlying mechanism of coronavirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - HongYan Shi
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - JianFei Chen
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Da Shi
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Li Feng
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
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Entry of a novel marine DNA virus, Singapore grouper iridovirus, into host cells occurs via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis in a pH-dependent manner. J Virol 2014; 88:13047-63. [PMID: 25165116 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01744-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Iridoviruses are nucleocytoplasmic DNA viruses which cause great economic losses in the aquaculture industry but also show significant threat to global biodiversity. However, a lack of host cells has resulted in poor progress in clarifying iridovirus behavior. We investigated the crucial events during virus entry using a combination of single-virus tracking and biochemical assays, based on the established virus-cell infection model for Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV). SGIV infection in host cells was strongly inhibited when cells were pretreated with drugs blocking clathrin-mediated endocytosis, including sucrose and chlorpromazine. Inhibition of key regulators of macropinocytosis, including Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, Rac1 GTPase, p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), protein kinase C (PKC), and myosin II, significantly reduced SGIV uptake. Cy5-labeled SGIV particles were observed to colocalize with clathrin and macropinosomes. In contrast, disruption of cellular cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin and nystatin had no effect on virus infection, suggesting that SGIV entered grouper cells via the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway and macropinocytosis but not via caveola-dependent endocytosis. Furthermore, inhibitors of endosome acidification such as chloroquine and bafilomycin A1 blocked virus infection, indicating that SGIV entered cells in a pH-dependent manner. In addition, SGIV particles were observed to be transported along both microtubules and actin filaments, and intracellular SGIV motility was remarkably impaired by depolymerization of microtubules or actin filaments. The results of this study for the first time demonstrate that not only the clathrin-dependent pathway but also macropinocytosis are involved in fish DNA enveloped virus entry, thus providing a convenient tactic for exploring the life cycle of DNA viruses. IMPORTANCE Virus entry into host cells is critically important for initiating infections and is usually recognized as an ideal target for the design of antiviral strategies. Iridoviruses are large DNA viruses which cause serious threats to ecological diversity and the aquaculture industry worldwide. However, the current understanding of iridovirus entry is limited and controversial. Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is a novel marine fish DNA virus which belongs to genus Ranavirus, family Iridoviridae. Here, using single-virus tracking technology in combination with biochemical assays, we investigated the crucial events during SGIV entry and demonstrated that SGIV entered grouper cells via the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway in a pH-dependent manner but not via caveola-dependent endocytosis. Furthermore, we propose for the first time that macropinocytosis is involved in iridovirus entry. Together, this work not only contributes greatly to understating iridovirus pathogenesis but also provides an ideal model for exploring the behavior of DNA viruses in living cells.
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Abstract
Our previous study showed that dengue virus 2 (DENV2) infection induces rearrangement of vimentin into dense structures at the perinuclear area. However, the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is poorly characterized. In the present work, we found that vimentin and Ser71 phosphorylated vimentin display similar distributions in DENV2-infected cells. DENV2 infection also induced ROCK activation and phosphorylation of vimentin at Ser71 as the DENV2 infection progressed. Furthermore, Ser71 phosphorylation and vimentin rearrangement induced by DENV2 infection were blocked by the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. In addition, DENV2 led to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) redistribution in the perinuclear region of the host cells, which was partially blocked by pretreatment with Y-27632. Together, these data support indicate that ROCK may have a role in governing regulating vimentin and ER rearrangement during DENV2 infection. We hypothesize that DENV2 infection, via ROCK activation, induces both vimentin rearrangement and ER redistribution around the perinuclear region, which may play a structural role in anchoring DENV2 to replication sites.
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Van den Broeke C, Jacob T, Favoreel HW. Rho'ing in and out of cells: viral interactions with Rho GTPase signaling. Small GTPases 2014; 5:e28318. [PMID: 24691164 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.28318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are key regulators of actin and microtubule dynamics and organization. Increasing evidence shows that many viruses have evolved diverse interactions with Rho GTPase signaling and manipulate them for their own benefit. In this review, we discuss how Rho GTPase signaling interferes with many steps in the viral replication cycle, especially entry, replication, and spread. Seen the diversity between viruses, it is not surprising that there is considerable variability in viral interactions with Rho GTPase signaling. However, several largely common effects on Rho GTPases and actin architecture and microtubule dynamics have been reported. For some of these processes, the molecular signaling and biological consequences are well documented while for others we just begin to understand them. A better knowledge and identification of common threads in the different viral interactions with Rho GTPase signaling and their ultimate consequences for virus and host may pave the way toward the development of new antiviral drugs that may target different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Van den Broeke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thary Jacob
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herman W Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
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Słońska A, Cymerys J, Godlewski MM, Dzieciątkowski T, Tucholska A, Chmielewska A, Golke A, Bańbura MW. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1)-induced rearrangements of actin filaments in productively infected primary murine neurons. Arch Virol 2013; 159:1341-9. [PMID: 24352436 PMCID: PMC4042010 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion and neurological disorders in horses. In the present study, we investigated reorganization of the cytoskeleton in neurons infected with two EHV-1 strains: Jan-E (wild-type strain) and Rac-H (attenuated strain). The studies were performed on primary murine neurons, which are an excellent model for studying neurotropism and neurovirulence of EHV-1. We have demonstrated for the first time that EHV-1 infection causes rearrangements in the actin network of neurons that are dependent on the virus strain and its adaptation to cell culture in vitro. Immunofluorescent labeling and confocal microscopy revealed the formation of long, thin projections in neurons infected with the Jan-E strain, which was probably associated with enhanced intracellular spread of the virus. The EHV-1 Rac-H strain caused disruption of the microfilaments system and general depolymerization of actin, but treatment of neurons with cytochalasin D or latrunculin A resulted in limitation of viral replication. It can therefore be assumed that actin filaments are required only at the early stages of infection. Our results allow us to suggest that the actin cytoskeleton participates in EHV-1 infection of primary murine neurons but is not essential, and that other components of the cytoskeleton and/or cellular mechanisms may be also involved during EHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Słońska
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland,
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Kausar S, Asif M, Bibi N, Rashid S. Comparative molecular docking analysis of cytoplasmic dynein light chain DYNLL1 with pilin to explore the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76730. [PMID: 24098557 PMCID: PMC3789673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein light chain 1 (DYNLL1) is a component of large protein complex, which is implicated in cargo transport processes, and is known to interact with many cellular and viral proteins through its short consensus motif (K/R)XTQT. Still, it remains to be explored that bacterial proteins also exhibit similar recognition sequences to make them vulnerable to host defense mechanism. We employed multiple docking protocols including AUTODOCK, PatchDock, ZDOCK, DOCK/PIERR and CLUSPRO to explore the DYNLL1 and Pilin interaction followed by molecular dynamics simulation assays. Subsequent structural comparison of the predicted binding site for DYNLL1-Pilin complex against the experimentally verified DYNLL1 binding partners was performed to cross check the residual contributions and to determine the binding mode. On the basis of in silico analysis, here we describe a novel interaction of DYNLL1 and receptor binding domain of Pilin (the main protein constituent of bacterial type IV Pili) of gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO), which is the third most common nosocomial pathogen associated with the life-threatening infections. Evidently, our results underscore that Pilin specific motif (KSTQD) exhibits a close structural similarity to that of Vaccinia virus polymerase, P protein Rabies and P protein Mokola viruses. We speculate that binding of DYNLL1 to Pilin may trigger an uncontrolled inflammatory response of the host immune system during P. aeruginosa chronic infections thereby opening a new pioneering area to investigate the role of DYNLL1 in gram negative bacterial infections other than viral infections. Moreover, by manifesting a strict correspondence between sequence and function, our study anticipates a novel drug target site to control the complications caused by P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Kausar
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nousheen Bibi
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
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Haolong C, Du N, Hongchao T, Yang Y, Wei Z, Hua Z, Wenliang Z, Lei S, Po T. Enterovirus 71 VP1 activates calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and results in the rearrangement of vimentin in human astrocyte cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73900. [PMID: 24073199 PMCID: PMC3779202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the main causative agents of foot, hand and mouth disease. Its infection usually causes severe central nervous system diseases and complications in infected infants and young children. In the present study, we demonstrated that EV71 infection caused the rearrangement of vimentin in human astrocytoma cells. The rearranged vimentin, together with various EV71 components, formed aggresomes-like structures in the perinuclear region. Electron microscopy and viral RNA labeling indicated that the aggresomes were virus replication sites since most of the EV71 particles and the newly synthesized viral RNA were concentrated here. Further analysis revealed that the vimentin in the virus factories was serine-82 phosphorylated. More importantly, EV71 VP1 protein is responsible for the activation of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK-II) which phosphorylated the N-terminal domain of vimentin on serine 82. Phosphorylation of vimentin and the formation of aggresomes were required for the replication of EV71 since the latter was decreased markedly after phosphorylation was blocked by KN93, a CaMK-II inhibitor. Thus, as one of the consequences of CaMK-II activation, vimentin phosphorylation and rearrangement may support virus replication by playing a structural role for the formation of the replication factories. Collectively, this study identified the replication centers of EV71 in human astrocyte cells. This may help us understand the replication mechanism and pathogenesis of EV71 in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Haolong
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ning Du
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tian Hongchao
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Wei
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Hua
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Wenliang
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Song Lei
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tien Po
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Taengchaiyaphum S, Havanapan PO, Roytrakul S, Lo CF, Sritunyalucksana K, Krittanai C. Phosphorylation is required for myosin regulatory light chain (PmMRLC) to control yellow head virus infection in shrimp hemocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1042-1049. [PMID: 23337109 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The cellular signal-transduction process is largely controlled by protein phosphorylation. Shrimp infected with yellow head virus show dramatic changes in their hemocyte phosphoproteomic patterns, and aberrant activation of phosphorylation-based signaling networks has been implicated in a number of diseases. In this study, we focused on phosphorylation of Penaeus monodon myosin regulatory light chain (PmMRLC) that is induced at an early hour post YHV infection and is concomitant with cellular actin remodeling. In shrimp cell cultures, this phosphorylation was inhibited by the myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibitors ML-7 and ML-9, suggesting that PmMLC phosphorylation is MLCK pathway-dependent. Blocking PmMRLC phosphorylation resulted in increased replication of YHV and reduction of phagocytic activities of shrimp hemocytes called semigranular cells (SGC) and granular cells (GC). Injection of MLCK inhibitors prior to YHV challenge resulted in dose-dependent elevation in quantity of YHV-positive GC and cytoplasmic YHV protein, coincident with high shrimp mortality. Altogether, we demonstrated that PmMRLC phosphorylation increases after YHV infection in shrimp and that inhibition of the phosphorylation leads to increased YHV replication, reduced hemocyte phagocytic activity (probably through actin remodeling) and subsequent shrimp death. Thus, further studies on the MLCK activation pathway may lead to new strategies in development and implementation of therapy for YHV infections in shrimp.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Hemocytes/chemistry
- Hemocytes/metabolism
- Hemocytes/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myosin Light Chains/chemistry
- Myosin Light Chains/genetics
- Myosin Light Chains/metabolism
- Penaeidae/chemistry
- Penaeidae/genetics
- Penaeidae/metabolism
- Penaeidae/virology
- Phosphoproteins/chemistry
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Phylogeny
- Proteome/chemistry
- Proteome/genetics
- Proteome/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Roniviridae/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparat Taengchaiyaphum
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Salaya, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand
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Choudhary S, Burnham L, Thompson JM, Shukla D, Tiwari V. Role of Filopodia in HSV-1 Entry into Zebrafish 3-O-Sulfotransferase-3-Expressing Cells. Open Virol J 2013; 7:41-8. [PMID: 23667409 PMCID: PMC3648776 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901307010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) modified by zebrafish (ZF) encoded glucosaminyl 3-O sulfotransferase-3 (3-OST-3) generate a receptor for herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) entry and spread. In order to elucidate the mechanism by which HSV-1 enters into ZF-3-OST-3 cells, we investigated the mode of viral entry. Results: Under high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), actin cytoskeleton changes were observed by a dramatic increase in the number of filopodia formed during early interactions of HSV-1 with the target cells. While the increase in number was common among all the infected cells, the highest numbers of filopodia was observed in cells expressing the 3-OST-3 modified form of heparan sulfate (HS) encoded either by human or ZF. The levels of viral infection and filopodia induction were reduced with the actin polymerization inhibitors, Cytochalasin-D and Lantriculin B, suggesting an important role for actin reorganization during ZF-3-OST-3 mediated HSV-1 entry. Supporting an interesting possibility of filopodia usage during HSV-1 spread, pre-treatment of cytochalasin D in ZF-3-OST-3 cells drastically reduced virus glycoprotein induced cell fusion. Conclusions: Taken together, our results provide new evidence on the involvement of filopodia during HSV-1 infection of ZF-3-OST-3 cells and confirm a role for modified heparan sulfate in cytoskeleton rearrangement during HSV-1 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Choudhary
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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Jia KT, Liu ZY, Guo CJ, Xia Q, Mi S, Li XD, Weng SP, He JG. The potential role of microfilaments in host cells for infection with infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus infection. Virol J 2013; 10:77. [PMID: 23497248 PMCID: PMC3599308 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) belongs to the genus Megalocytivirus from the family Iridoviridae. Megalocytivirus causes severe economic losses to tropical freshwater and marine culture industry in Asian countries and is devastating to the mandarin fish farm industry in China particularly. Methods We investigated the involvement of microfilaments in the early and late stages of ISKNV infection in MFF-1 cells by selectively perturbing their architecture using well-characterized inhibitors of actin dynamics. The effect of disruption of actin cytoskeleton on ISKNV infection was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence analysis or real-time quantitative PCR. Results The depolymerization of the actin filaments with cytochalasin D, cytochalasin B, or latrunculin A reduced ISKNV infection. Furthermore, depolymerization of filamentous actin by inhibitors did not inhibit binding of the virus but affected virus internalization in the early stages of infection. In addition, the depolymerization of actin filaments reduced total ISKNV production in the late stages of ISKNV. Conclusions This study demonstrated that ISKNV required an intact actin network during infection. The findings will help us to better understand how iridoviruses exploit the cytoskeleton to facilitate their infection and subsequent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-tong Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, PR China
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Zhang X, Chen M, Ma X, Zhao X, Wang J, Shao H, Song Q, Stanley D. Suppression of AcMNPV replication by adf and thymosin protein up-regulation in a new testis cell line, Ha-shl-t. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 82:158-171. [PMID: 23315790 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Host cytoskeletons facilitate the entry, replication, and egress of viruses because cytoskeletons are essential for viral survival. One mechanism of resisting viral infections involves regulating cytoskeletal polymerization/depolymerization. However, the molecular mechanisms of regulating these changes in cytoskeleton to suppress viral replication remain unclear. We established a cell line (named Ha-shl-t) from the pupal testis of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The new testis cell line suppresses Autographa californica multiple nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) replication via disassembly of cytoskeleton. Up-regulation of thymosin (actin disassembling factor) and adf (actin depolymerizing factor) reduces F-actin. Silencing thymosin or adf or treating cells with the F-actin stabilizer phalloidin led to increased AcMNPV replication, while treating cells with an F-actin assembly inhibitor cytochalasin B decreased viral replication. We infer that Ha-shl-t cells utilize F-actin depolymerization to suppress AcMNPV replication by up-regulating thymosin and adf. We propose Ha-shl-t as a model system for investigating cytoskeletal regulation in antiviral action and testicular biology generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Fehling SK, Noda T, Maisner A, Lamp B, Conzelmann KK, Kawaoka Y, Klenk HD, Garten W, Strecker T. The microtubule motor protein KIF13A is involved in intracellular trafficking of the Lassa virus matrix protein Z. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:315-34. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Katharina Fehling
- Institute of Virology; Philipps-University Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2; 35043 ; Marburg; Germany
| | | | - Andrea Maisner
- Institute of Virology; Philipps-University Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2; 35043 ; Marburg; Germany
| | - Boris Lamp
- Institute of Virology; Philipps-University Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2; 35043 ; Marburg; Germany
| | - Karl-Klaus Conzelmann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute and Gene Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; 81377 ; Munich; Germany
| | | | - Hans-Dieter Klenk
- Institute of Virology; Philipps-University Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2; 35043 ; Marburg; Germany
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- Institute of Virology; Philipps-University Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2; 35043 ; Marburg; Germany
| | - Thomas Strecker
- Institute of Virology; Philipps-University Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2; 35043 ; Marburg; Germany
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Narayan S, Nakajima K, Sawa A. DISC1: a key lead in studying cortical development and associated brain disorders. Neuroscientist 2013; 19:451-64. [PMID: 23300216 DOI: 10.1177/1073858412470168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
For the past decade, DISC1 has been studied as a promising lead to understand the biology underlying major mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia. Consequently, many review articles on DISC1 have been published. In this article, rather than repeating comprehensive overviews of research articles, we will introduce the utility of DISC1 in the study of cortical development in association with a wide range of developmental brain disorders. Cortical development involves cell autonomous and cell nonautonomous mechanisms as well as host responses to environmental factors, all of which involve DISC1 function. Thus, we will discuss the significance of DISC1 in forming an overall understanding of multiple mechanisms that orchestrate corticogenesis and can serve as therapeutic targets in diseases caused by abnormal cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Narayan
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Zhang W, Gao SJ. Exploitation of Cellular Cytoskeletons and Signaling Pathways for Cell Entry by Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus and the Closely Related Rhesus Rhadinovirus. Pathogens 2012; 1:102-27. [PMID: 23420076 PMCID: PMC3571711 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens1020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses depend on the host cell machinery to complete their life cycle. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) is an oncogenicvirus causally linked to the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma and several other lymphoproliferative malignancies. KSHV entry into cells is tightly regulated by diverse viral and cellular factors. In particular, KSHV actively engages cellular integrins and ubiquitination pathways for successful infection. Emerging evidence suggests that KSHV hijacks both actin and microtubule cytoskeletons at different phases during entry into cells. Here, we review recent findings on the early events during primary infection of KSHV and its closely related primate homolog rhesus rhadinovirus with highlights on the regulation of cellular cytoskeletons and signaling pathways that are important for this phase of virus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-323-442-8028; Fax: +1-323-442-1721
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A kinesin-1 binding motif in vaccinia virus that is widespread throughout the human genome. EMBO J 2012; 30:4523-38. [PMID: 21915095 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of cargoes by kinesin-1 is essential for many cellular processes. Nevertheless, the number of proteins known to recruit kinesin-1 via its cargo binding light chain (KLC) is still quite small. We also know relatively little about the molecular features that define kinesin-1 binding. We now show that a bipartite tryptophan-based kinesin-1 binding motif, originally identified in Calsyntenin is present in A36, a vaccinia integral membrane protein. This bipartite motif in A36 is required for kinesin-1-dependent transport of the virus to the cell periphery. Bioinformatic analysis reveals that related bipartite tryptophan-based motifs are present in over 450 human proteins. Using vaccinia as a surrogate cargo, we show that regions of proteins containing this motif can function to recruit KLC and promote virus transport in the absence of A36. These proteins interact with the kinesin light chain outside the context of infection and have distinct preferences for KLC1 and KLC2. Our observations demonstrate that KLC binding can be conferred by a common set of features that are found in a wide range of proteins associated with diverse cellular functions and human diseases.
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Mattijssen S, Pruijn GJM. Viperin, a key player in the antiviral response. Microbes Infect 2011; 14:419-26. [PMID: 22182524 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Viperin is an antiviral protein that is induced by different viruses, type I interferon, poly(I:C) and lipopolysaccharide, which is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets. Recently, our knowledge on the mechanism by which viperin inhibits viral replication has strongly increased. Interestingly, it also became clear that viperin can be used by viruses to increase their infectivity. Here, our current knowledge on the induction of viperin and its effect on virus replication will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Mattijssen
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry-271, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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