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Acosta G, Rico KT, Madden JT, LaCour A, Wang E, Sanchez LM, Davies S, Maestas-Olguin C, Cox KB, Reyna NC, Hogeveen J, Savage DD, Pentkowski N, Clark BJ. The Effects of Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Performance in Hippocampal-Sensitive Spatial Memory and Anxiety Tasks by Adult Male and Female Rat Offspring. Alcohol 2024:S0741-8329(24)00113-7. [PMID: 39122134 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (mPAE) results in structural alterations to the hippocampus. Previous studies have reported impairments in hippocampal-sensitive tasks, but have not compared performance between male and female animals. In the present study, performance in hippocampal-sensitive spatial memory and anxiety behavior tests were compared across adult male and female saccharin (SACC) control mPAE Long-Evans rat offspring. Two tests of spatial memory were conducted that were aimed at assessing memory for recently acquired spatial information: A delayed spatial alternation task using an M-shaped maze and a delayed match-to-place task in the Morris water task. In both tasks, rats in SACC and mPAE groups showed similar learning and retention of a spatial location even after a 2-hour interval between encoding and retention. A separate group of adult male and female SACC and mPAE rat offspring were tested for anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus-maze paradigm. In this test, both male and female mPAE rats exhibited a significantly greater amount of time and a greater number of head dips in the open arms, while locomotion and open arm entries did not differ between groups. The results suggest that mPAE produces a reduction in anxiety-like behaviors in both male and female rats in the elevated plus-maze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Acosta
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Kehiry Trejo Rico
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jack T Madden
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Ariyana LaCour
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Enhui Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Lilliana M Sanchez
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Suzy Davies
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Kayla B Cox
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Nicole C Reyna
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jeremy Hogeveen
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Daniel D Savage
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Nathan Pentkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Benjamin J Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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Pereira PA, Tavares M, Laires M, Mota B, Madeira MD, Paula-Barbosa MM, Cardoso A. Effects of Aging and Nerve Growth Factor on Neuropeptide Expression and Cholinergic Innervation of the Rat Basolateral Amygdala. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:155. [PMID: 38534426 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) contains interneurons that express neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), both of which are involved in the regulation of functions and behaviors that undergo deterioration with aging. There is considerable evidence that, in some brain areas, the expression of NPY and VIP might be modulated by acetylcholine. Importantly, the BLA is one of the brain regions that has one of the densest cholinergic innervations, which arise mainly from the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. These cholinergic neurons depend on nerve growth factor (NGF) for their survival, connectivity, and function. Thus, in this study, we sought to determine if aging alters the densities of NPY- and VIP-positive neurons and cholinergic varicosities in the BLA and, in the affirmative, if those changes might rely on insufficient trophic support provided by NGF. The number of NPY-positive neurons was significantly reduced in aged rats, whereas the number of VIP-immunoreactive neurons was unaltered. The decreased NPY expression was fully reversed by the infusion of NGF in the lateral ventricle. The density of cholinergic varicosities was similar in adult and old rats. On the other hand, the density of cholinergic varicosities is significantly higher in old rats treated with NGF than in adult and old rats. Our results indicate a dissimilar resistance of different populations of BLA interneurons to aging. Furthermore, the present data also show that the BLA cholinergic innervation is particularly resistant to aging effects. Finally, our results also show that the reduced NPY expression in the BLA of aged rats can be related to changes in the NGF neurotrophic support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Pereira
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- NeuroGen Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Tavares
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Laires
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Mota
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Dulce Madeira
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- NeuroGen Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel M Paula-Barbosa
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Armando Cardoso
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- NeuroGen Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Alsalloum M, Ilchibaeva T, Tsybko A, Eremin D, Naumenko V. A Truncated Receptor TrkB Isoform (TrkB.T1) in Mechanisms of Genetically Determined Depressive-like Behavior of Mice. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2573. [PMID: 37761014 PMCID: PMC10526453 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a mental disorder that significantly reduces quality of life, and the discovery of new drug targets is an urgent problem for modern neuroscience. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptors have been found to participate in mechanisms of depression and antidepressant drugs' action. In this study, we focused on a less-studied truncated isoform of receptor TrkB: TrkB.T1. Initially, we noticed that the level of TrkB.T1 is low in the hippocampus of Antidepressant-Sensitive Cataleptics (ASC) mice, which are characterized by genetically determined depressive-like behavior in contrast to "normal" C57BL/6J mice. Next, overexpression of TrkB.T1 receptor in hippocampal neurons of ACS mice was induced to clarify the role of this receptor in mechanisms of depressive-like behavior. TrkB.T1 overexpression lowered BDNF protein concentration in the hippocampus. On the behavioral level, TrkB.T1 overexpression severely decreased aggression and enhanced social behavior. Additionally, this excess of receptor TrkB.T1 slightly promoted anxiety and depressive-like behavioral traits without affecting learning and memory. Our results show that this TrkB isoform participates in the control of aggression, anxiety, and depressive-like behavior and in the regulation of BDNF system functioning in ASC mice (genetically predisposed to depressive-like behavior). Considering our findings, we believe that hippocampal receptor TrkB.T1 can be a drug target for the correction of behavioral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marah Alsalloum
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.A.); (D.E.); (V.N.)
| | - Tatiana Ilchibaeva
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.A.); (D.E.); (V.N.)
| | - Anton Tsybko
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.A.); (D.E.); (V.N.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry Eremin
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.A.); (D.E.); (V.N.)
| | - Vladimir Naumenko
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.A.); (D.E.); (V.N.)
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4
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Chen Q, Xu Y, Christiaen E, Wu GR, De Witte S, Vanhove C, Saunders J, Peremans K, Baeken C. Structural connectome alterations in anxious dogs: a DTI-based study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9946. [PMID: 37337053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and fear are dysfunctional behaviors commonly observed in domesticated dogs. Although dogs and humans share psychopathological similarities, little is known about how dysfunctional fear behaviors are represented in brain networks in dogs diagnosed with anxiety disorders. A combination of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and graph theory was used to investigate the underlying structural connections of dysfunctional anxiety in anxious dogs and compared with healthy dogs with normal behavior. The degree of anxiety was assessed using the Canine Behavioral Assessment & Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ), a widely used, validated questionnaire for abnormal behaviors in dogs. Anxious dogs showed significantly decreased clustering coefficient ([Formula: see text]), decreased global efficiency ([Formula: see text]), and increased small-worldness (σ) when compared with healthy dogs. The nodal parameters that differed between the anxious dogs and healthy dogs were mainly located in the posterior part of the brain, including the occipital lobe, posterior cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, mesencephalon, and cerebellum. Furthermore, the nodal degree ([Formula: see text]) of the left cerebellum was significantly negatively correlated with "excitability" in the C-BARQ of anxious dogs. These findings could contribute to the understanding of a disrupted brain structural connectome underlying the pathological mechanisms of anxiety-related disorders in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Chen
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Department of Head and Skin, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Yangfeng Xu
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Department of Head and Skin, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Emma Christiaen
- Medical Image and Signal Processing (MEDISIP), Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guo-Rong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Sara De Witte
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Department of Head and Skin, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Bru-BRAIN, University Hospital (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
- Neuroprotection & Neuromodulation Research Group (NEUR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Vanhove
- Medical Image and Signal Processing (MEDISIP), Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jimmy Saunders
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Chris Baeken
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Department of Head and Skin, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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5
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Cannabidiol attenuates fear memory expression in female rats via hippocampal 5-HT 1A but not CB1 or CB2 receptors. Neuropharmacology 2023; 223:109316. [PMID: 36334768 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence from male rodent and human studies suggests that cannabidiol (CBD) modulates the expression of aversive memories and anxiety-related responses. The limited data on whether and how CBD influences these aspects in females could have therapeutic implications given the increased susceptibility of women to anxiety- and stress-related disorders relative to men. Female studies are also essential to examine inherent aspects that potentially contribute to differences in responsiveness to CBD. Here we addressed these questions in adult female rats. Contextually fear-conditioned animals acutely treated with CBD (1.0-10 mg/kg) were tested 45 min later. In subsequent experiments, we investigated the estrous cycle effects and the contribution of dorsal hippocampus (DH) serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) and cannabinoid types 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) receptors to CBD-induced effects on memory retrieval/expression. The effects of pre-retrieval systemic or intra-DH CBD administration on subsequent fear extinction were also assessed. Lastly, we evaluated the open arms avoidance and stretched-attend postures in females exposed to the elevated plus-maze after systemic CBD treatment. CBD 3.0 and 10 mg/kg administered before conditioned context exposure reduced females' freezing. This action remained unchanged across the estrous cycle and involved DH 5-HT1A receptors activation. Pre-retrieval CBD impaired memory reconsolidation and lowered fear during early extinction. CBD applied directly to the DH was sufficient to reproduce the effects of systemic CBD treatment. CBD 3.0 and 10 mg/kg reduced anxiety-related responses scored in the elevated plus-maze. Our findings demonstrate that CBD attenuates the behavioral manifestation of learned fear and anxiety in female rats.
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6
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Meza RC, Ancatén-González C, Chiu CQ, Chávez AE. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Function at Central Synapses in Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:864828. [PMID: 35518644 PMCID: PMC9062234 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.864828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a ligand-gated nonselective cation channel, is well known for mediating heat and pain sensation in the periphery. Increasing evidence suggests that TRPV1 is also expressed at various central synapses, where it plays a role in different types of activity-dependent synaptic changes. Although its precise localizations remain a matter of debate, TRPV1 has been shown to modulate both neurotransmitter release at presynaptic terminals and synaptic efficacy in postsynaptic compartments. In addition to being required in these forms of synaptic plasticity, TRPV1 can also modify the inducibility of other types of plasticity. Here, we highlight current evidence of the potential roles for TRPV1 in regulating synaptic function in various brain regions, with an emphasis on principal mechanisms underlying TRPV1-mediated synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity. Finally, we discuss the putative contributions of TRPV1 in diverse brain disorders in order to expedite the development of next-generation therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo C Meza
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos Ancatén-González
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Mención Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Chiayu Q Chiu
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andrés E Chávez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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7
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Martín-Sánchez A, González-Pardo H, Alegre-Zurano L, Castro-Zavala A, López-Taboada I, Valverde O, Conejo NM. Early-life stress induces emotional and molecular alterations in female mice that are partially reversed by cannabidiol. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 115:110508. [PMID: 34973413 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gender is considered as a pivotal determinant of mental health. Indeed, several psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression are more common and persistent in women than in men. In the past two decades, impaired brain energy metabolism has been highlighted as a risk factor for the development of these psychiatric disorders. However, comprehensive behavioural and neurobiological studies in brain regions relevant to anxiety and depression symptomatology are scarce. In the present study, we summarize findings describing cannabidiol effects on anxiety and depression in maternally separated female mice as a well-established rodent model of early-life stress associated with many mental disorders. Our results indicate that cannabidiol could prevent anxiolytic- and depressive-related behaviour in early-life stressed female mice. Additionally, maternal separation with early weaning (MSEW) caused long-term changes in brain oxidative metabolism in both nucleus accumbens and amygdalar complex measured by cytochrome c oxidase quantitative histochemistry. However, cannabidiol treatment could not revert brain oxidative metabolism impairment. Moreover, we identified hyperphosphorylation of mTOR and ERK 1/2 proteins in the amygdala but not in the striatum, that could also reflect altered brain intracellular signalling related with to bioenergetic impairment. Altogether, our study supports the hypothesis that MSEW induces profound long-lasting molecular changes in mTOR signalling and brain energy metabolism related to depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviours in female mice, which were partially ameliorated by CBD administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martín-Sánchez
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Héctor González-Pardo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laia Alegre-Zurano
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Castro-Zavala
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel López-Taboada
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Olga Valverde
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nélida M Conejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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8
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Brianis RC, Lima RC, Moreira FA, Aguiar DC. Anti-aversive effect of 2-arachidonoylglycerol in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray of male rats in contextual fear conditioning and Vogel tests. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:213-221. [PMID: 34074811 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system modulates the stress coping strategies in the dorsolateral periaqueductal grey (dlPAG). The most relevant endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) exert inhibitory control over defensive reactions mediated by the dlPAG. However, the protective role of anandamide is limited by its lack of effect in higher concentrations. Thus, the 2-AG emerges as a complementary target for developing new anxiolytic compounds. Nevertheless, the role of 2-AG on stress responsivity may vary according to the nature of the stimulus. In this study, we verified whether the dlPAG injection of 2-AG or inhibitors of its hydrolysis induce anxiolytic-like effects in male Wistar rats exposed to behavioral models in which physical stress (mild electric shock) is a critical component, namely the contextual fear conditioning test (CFC) and the Vogel conflict test (VCT). We also investigated the contribution of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) in such effects. The facilitation of 2-AG signaling in the dlPAG reduced contextual fear expression and exhibited an anxiolytic-like effect in the VCT in a mechanism dependent on activation of CB1 and CB2. However, the VCT required a higher dose than CFC. Further, the monoacylglycerol inhibitors, which inhibit the hydrolysis of 2-AG, were effective only in the CFC. In conclusion, we confirmed the anti-aversive properties of 2-AG in the dlPAG through CB1 and CB2 mechanisms. However, these effects could vary according to the type of stressor and the anxiety model employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayssa C Brianis
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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9
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Moskaliuk VS, Kozhemyakina RV, Bazovkina DV, Terenina E, Khomenko TM, Volcho KP, Salakhutdinov NF, Kulikov AV, Naumenko VS, Kulikova E. On an association between fear-induced aggression and striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) in the brain of Norway rats. Pharmacotherapy 2022; 147:112667. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Murty DVPS, Song S, Morrow K, Kim J, Hu K, Pessoa L. Distributed and Multifaceted Effects of Threat and Safety. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 34:495-516. [PMID: 34942650 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In the present fMRI study, we examined how anxious apprehension is processed in the human brain. A central goal of the study was to test the prediction that a subset of brain regions would exhibit sustained response profiles during threat periods, including the anterior insula, a region implicated in anxiety disorders. A second important goal was to evaluate the responses in the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminals, regions that have been suggested to be involved in more transient and sustained threat, respectively. A total of 109 participants performed an experiment in which they encountered "threat" or "safe" trials lasting approximately 16 sec. During the former, they experienced zero to three highly unpleasant electrical stimulations, whereas in the latter, they experienced zero to three benign electrical stimulations (not perceived as unpleasant). The timing of the stimulation during trials was randomized, and as some trials contained no stimulation, stimulation delivery was uncertain. We contrasted responses during threat and safe trials that did not contain electrical stimulation, but only the potential that unpleasant (threat) or benign (safe) stimulation could occur. We employed Bayesian multilevel analysis to contrast responses to threat and safe trials in 85 brain regions implicated in threat processing. Our results revealed that the effect of anxious apprehension is distributed across the brain and that the temporal evolution of the responses is quite varied, including more transient and more sustained profiles, as well as signal increases and decreases with threat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kesong Hu
- Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI
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11
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Differential expression of glutamatergic receptor subunits in the hippocampus in carioca high- and low-conditioned freezing rats. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 116:103666. [PMID: 34464708 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is an emotional state that affects the quality of human life. Several neurotransmitters are involved in the regulation of anxiety, including glutamate. The major actions of glutamate are mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs). The present study performed a behavioral and neurochemical analysis of Carioca High-conditioned Freezing (CHF) and Carioca Low-conditioned Freezing (CLF) rats compared with control rats. We evaluated thermal nociception, anxiety-like behavior, depressive-like behavior, spatial memory, habituation memory, and the content and localization of different glutamatergic receptor subunits and postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), a postsynaptic protein. The CHF group exhibited an anxious-like phenotype, impairments in habituation and spatial memory, and a depressive-like phenotype compared with the control group. In the ventral hippocampus, an increase in the PSD-95, GluN1 and GluA1 subunits and a decrease in the GluN2A subunit of glutamatergic receptors. The CLF group exhibited a less anxious-like phenotype, hyperlocomotion and habituation impairments. Also, CLF animals, presented, in the ventral hippocampus, an increase in the PSD-95, GluN1 and GluA2 subunits and a decrease in the GluN2B subunit. These results suggest that the differential composition of NMDAR and AMPAR subunits may be related to the modulation of different phenotypes in CHF and CLF rats, which may help identify new targets for therapeutic interventions for anxiety disorders and other comorbidities.
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12
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Mariani V, Balestrini S, Gozzo F, Pelliccia V, Mai R, Francione S, Sartori I, Cardinale F, Tassi L. Intracerebral electrical stimulations of the temporal lobe: A stereoelectroencephalography study. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5368-5383. [PMID: 34192818 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The functional anatomy of the anteromesial portion of the temporal lobe and its involvement in epilepsy can be explored by means of intracerebral electrical stimulations. Here, we aimed to expand the knowledge of its physiological and pathophysiological symptoms by conducting the first large-sample systematic analysis of 1529 electrical stimulations of this anatomical region. We retrospectively analysed all clinical manifestations induced by intracerebral electrical stimulations in 173 patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy with at least one electrode implanted in this area. We found that high-frequency stimulations were more likely to evoke electroclinical manifestations (p < .0001) and also provoked 'false positive' seizures. Multimodal symptoms were associated with EEG electrical modification (after discharge) (p < .0001). Visual symptoms were not associated with after discharge (p = .0002) and were mainly evoked by stimulation of the hippocampus (p = .009) and of the parahippocampal gyrus (p = .0212). 'False positive seizures' can be evoked by stimulation of the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala, likely due to their intrinsic low epileptogenic threshold. Visual symptoms evoked in the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, without EEG changes, are physiological symptoms and suggest involvement of these areas in the visual ventral stream. Our findings provide meaningful guidance in the interpretation of intracranial EEG studies of the temporal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mariani
- Neurology and Stroke Unit Divison, Circolo Hospital ASST Settelaghi University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.,"Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Balestrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, London, UK.,Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Gozzo
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Pelliccia
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Mai
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Francione
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivana Sartori
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Tassi
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
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13
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Parent MB, Ferreira-Neto HC, Kruemmel AR, Althammer F, Patel AA, Keo S, Whitley KE, Cox DN, Stern JE. Heart failure impairs mood and memory in male rats and down-regulates the expression of numerous genes important for synaptic plasticity in related brain regions. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113452. [PMID: 34274373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (HF) is a serious disorder that afflicts more than 26 million patients worldwide. HF is comorbid with depression, anxiety and memory deficits that have serious implications for quality of life and self-care in patients who have HF. Still, there are few studies that have assessed the effects of severely reduced ejection fraction (≤40 %) on cognition in non-human animal models. Moreover, limited information is available regarding the effects of HF on genetic markers of synaptic plasticity in brain areas critical for memory and mood regulation. We induced HF in male rats and tested mood and anxiety (sucrose preference and elevated plus maze) and memory (spontaneous alternation and inhibitory avoidance) and measured the simultaneous expression of 84 synaptic plasticity-associated genes in dorsal (DH) and ventral hippocampus (VH), basolateral (BLA) and central amygdala (CeA) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). We also included the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which is implicated in neurohumoral activation in HF. Our results show that rats with severely reduced ejection fraction recapitulate behavioral symptoms seen in patients with chronic HF including, increased anxiety and impaired memory in both tasks. HF also downregulated several synaptic-plasticity genes in PFC and PVN, moderate decreases in DH and CeA and minimal effects in BLA and VH. Collectively, these findings identify candidate brain areas and molecular mechanisms underlying HF-induced disturbances in mood and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marise B Parent
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Atit A Patel
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sreinick Keo
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Javier E Stern
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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14
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Whylings J, Rigney N, de Vries GJ, Petrulis A. Reduction in vasopressin cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in mice increases anxiety and alters fluid intake. Horm Behav 2021; 133:104997. [PMID: 34062279 PMCID: PMC8529700 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Central vasopressin (AVP) has been implicated in the control of multiple behaviors, including social behavior, anxiety-like behavior, and sickness behavior. The extent to which the different AVP-producing cell groups contribute to regulating these behaviors has not been extensively investigated. Here we test the role of AVP cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in these behaviors by ablating these cells using viral-mediated, Cre-dependent caspase in male and female AVP-Cre + mice and Cre-controls. We compared anxiety and social behaviors, as well as sickness behaviors (lethargy, anhedonia (indexed by sucrose consumption), and changes in anxiety-like- and social behavior) induced via injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that SCN AVP cell ablation increased anxiety-like behavior and sucrose consumption in both sexes, as well as increased urine marking by males in a non-social context, but did not alter behavioral responses to sickness. Our data suggest that SCN AVP does not strongly affect LPS-induced behavioral changes, but may contribute to anxiety-like behavior, and may play a role in ingestive reward/motivation and fluid intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Whylings
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Nicole Rigney
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Geert J de Vries
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Aras Petrulis
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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15
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Pentkowski NS, Rogge-Obando KK, Donaldson TN, Bouquin SJ, Clark BJ. Anxiety and Alzheimer's disease: Behavioral analysis and neural basis in rodent models of Alzheimer's-related neuropathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:647-658. [PMID: 33979573 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is commonly associated with cognitive decline but is also composed of neuropsychiatric symptoms including psychological distress and alterations in mood, including anxiety and depression. Emotional dysfunction in AD is frequently modeled using tests of anxiety-like behavior in transgenic rodents. These tests often include the elevated plus-maze, light/dark test and open field test. In this review, we describe prototypical behavioral paradigms used to examine emotional dysfunction in transgenic models of AD, specifically anxiety-like behavior. Next, we summarize the results of studies examining anxiety-like behavior in transgenic rodents, noting that the behavioral outcomes using these paradigms have produced inconsistent results. We suggest that future research will benefit from using a battery of tests to examine emotional behavior in transgenic AD models. We conclude by discussing putative, overlapping neurobiological mechanisms underlying AD-related neuropathology, stress and anxiety-like behavior reported in AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Pentkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, Mexico.
| | | | - Tia N Donaldson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, Mexico
| | - Samuel J Bouquin
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, Mexico
| | - Benjamin J Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, Mexico.
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16
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Villard J, Bennett JL, Bliss-Moreau E, Capitanio JP, Fox NA, Amaral DG, Lavenex P. Structural differences in the hippocampus and amygdala of behaviorally inhibited macaque monkeys. Hippocampus 2021; 31:858-868. [PMID: 33844366 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral inhibition is a temperamental disposition to react warily when confronted by unfamiliar people, objects, or events. Behaviorally inhibited children are at greater risk of developing anxiety disorders later in life. Previous studies reported that individuals with a history of childhood behavioral inhibition exhibit abnormal activity in the hippocampus and amygdala. However, few studies have investigated the structural differences that may underlie these functional abnormalities. In this exploratory study, we evaluated rhesus monkeys exhibiting a phenotype consistent with human behavioral inhibition. We performed quantitative neuroanatomical analyses that cannot be performed in humans including estimates of the volume and neuron number of distinct hippocampal regions and amygdala nuclei in behaviorally inhibited and control rhesus monkeys. Behaviorally inhibited monkeys had larger volumes of the rostral third of the hippocampal field CA3, smaller volumes of the rostral third of CA2, and smaller volumes of the accessory basal nucleus of the amygdala. Furthermore, behaviorally inhibited monkeys had fewer neurons in the rostral third of CA2. These structural differences may contribute to the functional abnormalities in the hippocampus and amygdala of behaviorally inhibited individuals. These structural findings in monkeys are consistent with a reduced modulation of amygdala activity via prefrontal cortex projections to the accessory basal nucleus. Given the putative roles of the amygdala in affective processing, CA3 in associative learning and CA2 in social memory, increased amygdala and CA3 activity, and diminished CA2 structure and function, may be associated with increased social anxiety and the heritability of behavioral inhibition. The findings from this exploratory study compel follow-up investigations with larger sample sizes and additional analyses to provide greater insight and more definitive answers regarding the neurobiological bases of behavioral inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Villard
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Eliza Bliss-Moreau
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - John P Capitanio
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Pierre Lavenex
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Maestas-Olguin C, Fennelly JW, Pentkowski NS. Chemogenetic inhibition of ventral hippocampal CaMKIIα-expressing neurons attenuates anxiety- but not fear-like defensive behaviors in male Long-Evans hooded rats. Neurosci Lett 2021; 751:135777. [PMID: 33647396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has implicated the ventral pole of the hippocampus in regulating anxiety. However, most rat studies examining the specific contribution of the ventral hippocampus have utilized techniques that have nonspecific effects and/or create nonreversible damage to the region. The present study sought to characterize the role of ventral hippocampal CaMKIIα-expressing neurons in modulating anxiety- and fear-like behavior during exposure to a variety of threatening stimuli. Five weeks prior to testing, adult male Long-Evans hooded rats received ventral hippocampal viral-vector infusions expressing either AAV8-CaMKIIα-hM4D-mCherry (DREADD) or AAV8-CaMKIIα-EGFP (GFP). DREADD transfection allowed for the specific, noninvasive and temporary inhibition of the ventral hippocampus (vHC) immediately before threat presentation. Rats were evaluated for behaviors congruent with anxiety- or fear-like defensive states during testing in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and light-dark test (LDT), or post footshock freezing and footshock-induced contextual freezing, respectively. Analyses revealed a significant effect of vHC inhibition that was dependent on the type of threat exposure. Specifically, DREADD-induced silencing of vHC neurons reduced anxiety-like behavior in the EPM and LDT, without reliably affecting footshock-induced fear. These data add to a growing literature implicating the vHC as a key region involved in controlling the expression of anxiety in rodents, primates and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John W Fennelly
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Nathan S Pentkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.
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18
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Albrecht A, Ben-Yishay E, Richter-Levin G. Behavioral profiling reveals an enhancement of dentate gyrus paired pulse inhibition in a rat model of PTSD. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 111:103601. [PMID: 33545324 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently introduced behavioral profiling as a translational approach to increase the validity of animal models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Behavioral profiling utilizes the response of a 'normal population' of control animals and compares the performance of animals with a history of traumatic stress in different behavioral tests that can capture PTSD-like symptoms. Thus, affected, PTSD-like individuals can be subdivided from resilient trauma-exposed animals. While in our recent study we focused mainly on tests for activity and anxiety, we now expand the behavioral tests battery and include also fear memory and extinction tasks as well as a spatial object recognition test in our behavioral profiling approach. Utilizing underwater trauma as the traumatic event, we found that only a small subset of animals exposed to underwater trauma showed lasting increases in anxiety-like behavior and heightened emotional memory formation. Adding juvenile stress as a model for childhood adversity increased the prevalence of such affected animals and furthermore and induced additional cognitive deficits in a subgroup of such emotionally affected individuals. In addition, multiple affected individual rats displayed increased local circuit activity in the dorsal dentate gyrus, as measured in vivo with paired pulse protocols in anesthetized animals. Together, our findings highlight behavioral profiling, refined by including multiple behavioral tests, as a valid tool to identify PTSD-like vs. resilient individual animals and further suggest that enhanced local inhibition in specific circuits of the dorsal dentate gyrus may be associated with the observed symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Albrecht
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, 199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel; The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), 199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel; Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Elhanan Ben-Yishay
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, 199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel; The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), 199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel
| | - Gal Richter-Levin
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, 199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel; The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), 199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel; Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, 199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel
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19
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Takita M, Izawa-Sugaya Y. Neurocircuit differences between memory traces of persistent hypoactivity and freezing following fear conditioning among the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. AIMS Neurosci 2021; 8:195-211. [PMID: 33709024 PMCID: PMC7940113 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2021010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the persistent trace of one traumatic event on neurocircuit controls in rats. Conditioning was reflected by reductions in rates of 'freezing' and 'other-than-freezing' motor activities, between which rats could alternate on delivery of pulsed footshocks of intensity 0.5 mA but not 1.0 mA. At the latter intensity, freezing began to suppress motor activity. The conditional responses evident during both the context and tone sessions persisted when the tests were repeated on post-conditioning days 7 and 8. Thus, difficulties with fear extinction/reduction remained. However, persistence was not evident on post-conditioning days 1 and 2. One day after the 1.0 mA pulsed footshock, ibotenate lesions and corresponding sham surgeries were performed in unilateral and bilateral hemispheres of the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, as well as three different disconnections (one unilateral and another contralateral lesions out of three regions, a total of nine groups), and were tested on days 7-8. The drastic restoration of freezing following bilateral amygdala lesions was also evident in animals with three types of disconnection; however, this was not the case for hypoactivity. These results imply that a serious experience can drive different neurocircuits that all involve the amygdala, forming persistent concurrent memories of explicit (e.g., 'freezing') or implicit (e.g., 'other-than-freezing' motor activity) emotions, which may exhibit mutual interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Takita
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
- Center for Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Izawa-Sugaya
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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20
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Limbachia C, Morrow K, Khibovska A, Meyer C, Padmala S, Pessoa L. Controllability over stressor decreases responses in key threat-related brain areas. Commun Biol 2021; 4:42. [PMID: 33402686 PMCID: PMC7785729 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Controllability over stressors has major impacts on brain and behavior. In humans, however, the effect of controllability on responses to stressors is poorly understood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated how controllability altered responses to a shock-plus-sound stressor with a between-group yoked design, where participants in controllable and uncontrollable groups experienced matched stressor exposure. Employing Bayesian multilevel analysis at the level of regions of interest and voxels in the insula, and standard voxelwise analysis, we found that controllability decreased stressor-related responses across threat-related regions, notably in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and anterior insula. Posterior cingulate cortex, posterior insula, and possibly medial frontal gyrus showed increased responses during control over stressor. Our findings support the idea that the aversiveness of stressors is reduced when controllable, leading to decreased responses across key regions involved in anxiety-related processing, even at the level of the extended amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Limbachia
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Morrow
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Anastasiia Khibovska
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Christian Meyer
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Luiz Pessoa
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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21
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Bertagna NB, Dos Santos PGC, Queiroz RM, Fernandes GJD, Cruz FC, Miguel TT. Involvement of the ventral, but not dorsal, hippocampus in anxiety-like behaviors in mice exposed to the elevated plus maze: participation of CRF1 receptor and PKA pathway. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 73:57-72. [PMID: 33175366 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hippocampus is a limbic structure involved in anxiety-like behaviors. We aimed to evaluate the role of the dorsal (DH) and ventral (VH) hippocampus in anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze (EPM). METHODS We inhibited these brain regions using cobalt chloride (CoCl2: 1.0 nmol) microinjections. We also investigated the involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) action and protein kinase A (PKA) pathway using intra-DH and intra-VH microinjections of the CRF1 receptor antagonist CP376395 (0, 3.0, or 6.0 nmol) and the PKA inhibitor H-89 (0, 2.5, or 5.0 nmol). RESULTS The results indicated that intra-VH CoCl2 microinjection increased the percentage of time spent and entries in the open arms. The mice also exhibited fewer stretch attend postures in the protected area and increased percentage of open arm entries. Further, intra-VH injection of 3.0 nmol CP376395 increased time spent in the open arms. Intra-DH injection of 6.0 nmol CP376395 increased the frequency of unprotected head dipping, whereas intra-VH injection of 6 nmol CP376395 increased the frequency of protected head dipping. Intra-VH, but not intra-DH, microinjection of 2.5 nmol H-89 increased the percentages of open arm entries and time spent in the open arms. Microinjection of 2.5 and 5.0 nmol H-89 reduced the frequency of protected head dipping behavior. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that VH modulates anxiety-like behaviors in EPM. Moreover, CRF and the cAMP/PKA pathway seem to modulate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bonetti Bertagna
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720, Bloco 2A, Uberlândia, MG, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Paulla Giovanna Cabral Dos Santos
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720, Bloco 2A, Uberlândia, MG, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Misael Queiroz
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720, Bloco 2A, Uberlândia, MG, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Juliate Damaceno Fernandes
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720, Bloco 2A, Uberlândia, MG, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Fabio Cardoso Cruz
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tarciso Tadeu Miguel
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720, Bloco 2A, Uberlândia, MG, 38405-320, Brazil.
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22
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León LA, Brandão ML, Cardenas FP, Parra D, Krahe TE, Cruz APM, Landeira-Fernandez J. Distinct patterns of brain Fos expression in Carioca High- and Low-conditioned Freezing Rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236039. [PMID: 32702030 PMCID: PMC7377485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bidirectional selection of high and low anxiety-like behavior is a valuable tool for understanding the neurocircuits that are responsible for anxiety disorders. Our group developed two breeding lines of rats, known as Carioca High- and Low-conditioned Freezing (CHF and CLF), based on defensive freezing in the contextual fear conditioning paradigm. A random selected line was employed as a control (CTL) comparison group for both CHF and CLF lines of animals. The present study performed Fos immunochemistry to investigate changes in neural activity in different brain structures among CHF and CLF rats when they were exposed to contextual cues that were previously associated with footshock. RESULTS The study indicated that CHF rats expressed high Fos expression in the locus coeruleus, periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and lateral portion of the septal area and low Fos expression in the medial portion of the septal area, dentate gyrus, and prelimbic cortex (PL) compared to CTL animals. CLF rats exhibited a decrease in Fos expression in the PVN, PL, and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala and increase in the cingulate and perirhinal cortices compared to CTL animals. CONCLUSIONS Both CHF and CLF rats displayed Fos expression changes key regions of the anxiety brain circuitry. The two bidirectional lines exhibit different pattern of neural activation and inhibition with opposing influences on the PVN, the main structure involved in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal neuroendocrine responses observed in anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. León
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, FFCLRP, Behavioral Neuroscience Institute (INeC), São Paulo University, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Psicología, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marcus L. Brandão
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, FFCLRP, Behavioral Neuroscience Institute (INeC), São Paulo University, Campus USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando P. Cardenas
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia y Comportamiento, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Parra
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia y Comportamiento, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Thomas E. Krahe
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - J. Landeira-Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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23
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A Systematic Review of Essential Oils and the Endocannabinoid System: A Connection Worthy of Further Exploration. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8035301. [PMID: 32508955 PMCID: PMC7246407 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8035301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic compounds have a long history of use as medicines in most recorded cultures. An increasing interest in these therapeutic volatile molecules in both scientific and lay communities has led to the advancement of essential oils as phytomedicines. Recent discoveries suggest essential oils augment the endocannabinoid system in a positive manner to mitigate various pathologies. However, the exact mechanisms whereby essential oils influence endocannabinoid system activity are not fully known, these studies provide a glimpse into their involvement and warrant further evaluation. Additional study of the interaction between essential oils and the endocannabinoid system may lead to promising phytomedicines for the treatment of diseases and conditions involving dysregulation or activation of the endocannabinoid system.
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Varlinskaya EI, Hosová D, Towner T, Werner DF, Spear LP. Effects of chronic intermittent ethanol exposure during early and late adolescence on anxiety-like behaviors and behavioral flexibility in adulthood. Behav Brain Res 2019; 378:112292. [PMID: 31626849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although both humans and laboratory rodents demonstrate cognitive and affective alterations associated with adolescent alcohol exposure, it is still unknown whether the consequences of early initiation of alcohol use differ from those of later binge drinking within the adolescent developmental period. The present study was designed to assess the effects of early and late AIE on (1) anxiety-like behavior under social (modified social interaction test) and non-social test circumstances (modified light/dark box test, elevated plus maze), and (2) behavioral flexibility, indexed via set shifting in males and females. Early-mid adolescent intermittent exposure (early AIE) occurred between postnatal days (P) 25 and 45, whereas late adolescent intermittent exposure (late AIE) was conducted between P45 and P65, with behavioral testing initiated not earlier than 25 days after repeated exposure to ethanol (4.0 g/kg intragastrically, every other day for a total of 11 exposures). Anxiety-like behavior on the EPM was evident in males and females following early AIE, whereas only males demonstrated non-social anxiety on the EPM following late AIE. Social anxiety-like alterations and deficits in behavioral flexibility were evident only in males following early AIE. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate a particular vulnerability of young adolescent males to long-lasting detrimental effects of repeated ethanol and an insensitivity of older adolescent females to the intermittent ethanol exposure paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Varlinskaya
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium (NADIA), Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - Dominika Hosová
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium (NADIA), Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - Trevor Towner
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium (NADIA), Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - David F Werner
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium (NADIA), Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States.
| | - Linda P Spear
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium (NADIA), Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
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Attenuation of glutamatergic and nitrergic system contributes to the antidepressant-like effect induced by capsazepine in the forced swimming test. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 30:59-66. [PMID: 30299277 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) can modulate stress-related behaviours, thus representing an interesting target for new antidepressant drugs. TRPV1 can trigger glutamate release and nitric oxide synthesis in the brain, mechanisms also involved in the neurobiology of depression. However, it is not known if these mechanisms are involved in TRPV1-induced behavioural effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify if the antidepressant-like effect induced by a TRPV1 antagonist in mice submitted to the forced swimming test (FST) would be facilitated by combined treatment with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibition and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blockade. Male Swiss mice were given (intracerebroventricular) injections of capsazepine (CPZ) (TRPV1 antagonist - 0.05/0.1/0.3/0.6 nmol/µl), and AP7 (NMDA antagonist - 1/3/10 nmol/µl) or N-propyl-L-arginine (NPA, nNOS inhibitor - 0.001/0.01/0.1 nmol/µl), and 10 min later, submitted to an open field test, and immediately afterwards, to the FST. An additional group received coadministration of CPZ and AP7 or CPZ and NPA, in subeffective doses. The results demonstrated that CPZ (0.1 nmol/µl), AP7 (3 nmol/µl) and NPA (0.01/0.1 nmol/µl) induced antidepressant-like effects. Moreover, coadministration of subeffective doses of CPZ and AP7 or CPZ and NPA induced significant antidepressant-like effects. Altogether, the data indicate that blockade of TRPV1 receptors by CPZ induces antidepressant-like effects and that both nNOS inhibition and NMDA blockade facilitate CPZ effects in the FST.
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Gut microbiome and brain functional connectivity in infants-a preliminary study focusing on the amygdala. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1641-1651. [PMID: 30604186 PMCID: PMC6599471 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a surge of interest in the possibility that microbial communities inhabiting the human gut could affect cognitive development and increase risk for mental illness via the "microbiome-gut-brain axis." Infancy likely represents a critical period for the establishment of these relationships, as it is the most dynamic stage of postnatal brain development and a key period in the maturation of the microbiome. Indeed, recent reports indicate that characteristics of the infant gut microbiome are associated with both temperament and cognitive performance. The neural circuits underlying these relationships have not yet been delineated. To address this gap, resting-state fMRI scans were acquired from 39 1-year-old human infants who had provided fecal samples for identification and relative quantification of bacterial taxa. Measures of alpha diversity were generated and tested for associations with measures of functional connectivity. Primary analyses focused on the amygdala as manipulation of the gut microbiota in animal models alters the structure and neurochemistry of this brain region. Secondary analyses explored functional connectivity of nine canonical resting-state functional networks. Alpha diversity was significantly associated with functional connectivity between the amygdala and thalamus and between the anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula. These regions play an important role in processing/responding to threat. Alpha diversity was also associated with functional connectivity between the supplementary motor area (SMA, representing the sensorimotor network) and the inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Importantly, SMA-IPL connectivity also related to cognitive outcomes at 2 years of age, suggesting a potential pathway linking gut microbiome diversity and cognitive outcomes during infancy. These results provide exciting new insights into the gut-brain axis during early human development and should stimulate further studies into whether microbiome-associated changes in brain circuitry influence later risk for psychopathology.
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Bower ES, Szajer J, Murphy C. Effect of Worry Level on Recall Memory for Odors in ApoE-ε4 Carriers and Non-Carriers. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2019; 25:546-556. [PMID: 30987686 PMCID: PMC6534430 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617719000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased levels of worry, age, and presence of the apolipoprotein-E (ApoE)-ε4 allele are associated with the risk of developing cognitive declines and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Odor memory performance has been shown to vary as a function of age and ApoE genotype, and odor memory tests are sensitive to preclinical AD. Worry is known to influence verbal memory; however, its effects on odor memory are unknown. This study aimed to assess the relationships between worry, age, and ε4 status on odor memory. METHOD Worry was evaluated for young (n = 53) and older (n = 45) adults using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Odor memory was assessed using the California Odor Learning Test, an olfactory analogue to the California Verbal Learning Test. RESULTS A significant main effect of worry on long-delay free recall was found, such that increasing worry was associated with better recall across age and ε4 status. A significant interaction effect between ε4 status and worry on both short-and long-delay cued recall was found, such that across age, higher worry was associated with increased cued recall scores among ε4-negative adults, and decreased scores among ε4-positive adults. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrated that worry influences odor memory and exerts a particular effect on cued recall among ε4 carriers who are at a greater risk of developing AD. Worry is a modifiable predictor of cognitive decline and risk of dementia in aging. Future studies on the effects of treatments aimed at reducing worry (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety) on changes in cognitive functioning are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Bower
- Department of Psychology,San Diego State University,San Diego, California 92182,USA
| | - Jacquelyn Szajer
- SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology,San Diego, California 92120,USA
| | - Claire Murphy
- Department of Psychology,San Diego State University,San Diego, California 92182,USA
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Social and anxiety-like behaviors contribute to nicotine self-administration in adolescent outbred rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:18069. [PMID: 30584246 PMCID: PMC6305389 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36263-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both emotional and social traits interact with genetic factors to influence smoking behavior. We previously established a socially acquired nicotine intravenous self-administration model where social learning of a nicotine-associated odor cue reversed conditioned flavor aversion and promoted nicotine intake. In this study, we first phenotyped ~800 adolescent heterogeneous stock rats in open field, novel object interaction, social interaction, elevated plus maze, and marble burying behaviors. These rats were then phenotyped on socially acquired nicotine self-administration. We found 243 significant correlations between different behavioral tests. Principal component regression analysis found that ~10-20% of the variance in nicotine-related measures, such as intake during the first or the last three fixed-ratio sessions, the progressive ratio session, and reinstatement behavior, can be explained by variations in behavioral traits. Factors corresponding to social behavior and anxiety were among the strongest predictors of nicotine intake and reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior. We also found many sex differences in behavioral measures. These data indicated that the genetic diversity of this population, in combination with social behaviour and anxiety, are significant contributors to the divergent nicotine self-administration behavior and indicated a high probability of discovering sex-specific genetic mechanisms for nicotine intake in future genome-wide association studies.
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Fossataro C, Bucchioni G, D'Agata F, Bruno V, Morese R, Krystkowiak P, Garbarini F. Anxiety-dependent modulation of motor responses to pain expectancy. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:321-330. [PMID: 29325145 PMCID: PMC5836268 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between pain expectancy and motor system plays a crucial role in the human defensive system. Here, we took advantage of the inhibitory modulation of the motor pathway to the muscle of the hand receiving painful stimuli, by recording motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). We employed a classical conditioning paradigm in which neutral (visual and auditory) stimuli were conditioned by pairing either painful or not-painful stimuli (electric shocks) in separated groups. Only the Pain Group showed clear motor responses: i.e. a significant decrease in MEPs amplitude, with respect to the neutral condition, not only in conditioning stimuli, when actual shocks were paired with neutral stimuli, but also in conditioned stimuli, when shocks were only expected. Significant differences between the two groups suggest that the MEPs decrease is specific for pain expectancy and does not pertain to anticipation in general. Furthermore, in the Pain Group, a significant negative correlation between physiological responses to conditioned stimuli and the participants’ anxiety traits was found: the lower the MEPs amplitude, the higher the participants’ anxiety scores. The present findings suggest that, in order for defensive motor responses to occur, actual pain is not necessary; rather, anxiety-dependent pain expectancy can be sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Fossataro
- SAMBA-SpAtial, Motor & Bodily Awareness-Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Bucchioni
- SAMBA-SpAtial, Motor & Bodily Awareness-Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy.,Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé (CURS), CHU Sud, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F- 80054 Amiens cedex, France.,CNRS UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Federico D'Agata
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10123 Italy, Turin
| | - Valentina Bruno
- SAMBA-SpAtial, Motor & Bodily Awareness-Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Rosalba Morese
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10123 Italy, Turin.,Faculty of Communication Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Krystkowiak
- Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé (CURS), CHU Sud, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F- 80054 Amiens cedex, France
| | - Francesca Garbarini
- SAMBA-SpAtial, Motor & Bodily Awareness-Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
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Coelho LS, Correa-Netto NF, Masukawa MY, Lima AC, Maluf S, Linardi A, Santos-Junior JG. Inhaled Lavandula angustifolia essential oil inhibits consolidation of contextual- but not tone-fear conditioning in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 215:34-41. [PMID: 29288824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the current treatment for anxiety is effective, it promotes a number of adverse reactions and medical interactions. Inhaled essential oils have a prominent action on the central nervous system, with minimal systemic effects, primarily because of reduced systemic bioavailability. The effects of drugs on the consolidation of fear conditioning reflects its clinical efficacy in preventing a vicious cycle of anticipatory anxiety leading to fearful cognition and anxiety symptoms. In this study, we investigated the effects of inhaled Lavandula angustifolia essential oil on the consolidation of aversive memories and its influence on c-Fos expression. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to a fear conditioning protocol. Immediately after the training session, the rats were exposed to vaporized water or essential oil (1%, 2.5% and 5% solutions) for 4h. The next day, the rats underwent contextual- or tone-fear tests and 90min after the test they were euthanized and their brains processed for c-Fos immunohistochemistry. In the contextual-fear test, essential oil at 2.5% and 5% (but not 1%) reduced the freezing response and its respective c-Fos expression in the ventral hippocampus and amygdala. In the tone-fear test, essential oil did not reduce the freezing response during tone presentation. However, rats that inhaled essential oil at 2.5% and 5% (but not 1%) showed decreased freezing in the three minutes after tone presentation, as well as reduced c-Fos expression in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala. These results show that the inhalation of L. angustifolia essential oil inhibited the consolidation of contextual- but not tone-fear conditioning and had an anxiolytic effect in a conditioned animal model of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Segismundo Coelho
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Yuriko Masukawa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariadiny Caetano Lima
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Samia Maluf
- Samia Maluf Aromatherapy Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Linardi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ryan KK, Packard AEB, Larson KR, Stout J, Fourman SM, Thompson AMK, Ludwick K, Habegger KM, Stemmer K, Itoh N, Perez-Tilve D, Tschöp MH, Seeley RJ, Ulrich-Lai YM. Dietary Manipulations That Induce Ketosis Activate the HPA Axis in Male Rats and Mice: A Potential Role for Fibroblast Growth Factor-21. Endocrinology 2018; 159:400-413. [PMID: 29077838 PMCID: PMC5761593 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In response to an acute threat to homeostasis or well-being, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis is engaged. A major outcome of this HPA axis activation is the mobilization of stored energy, to fuel an appropriate behavioral and/or physiological response to the perceived threat. Importantly, the extent of HPA axis activity is thought to be modulated by an individual's nutritional environment. In this study, we report that nutritional manipulations signaling a relative depletion of dietary carbohydrates, thereby inducing nutritional ketosis, acutely and chronically activate the HPA axis. Male rats and mice maintained on a low-carbohydrate high-fat ketogenic diet (KD) exhibited canonical markers of chronic stress, including increased basal and stress-evoked plasma corticosterone, increased adrenal sensitivity to adrenocorticotropin hormone, increased stress-evoked c-Fos immunolabeling in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and thymic atrophy, an indicator of chronic glucocorticoid exposure. Moreover, acutely feeding medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) to rapidly induce ketosis among chow-fed male rats and mice also acutely increased HPA axis activity. Lastly, and consistent with a growing literature that characterizes the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) as both a marker of the ketotic state and as a key metabolic stress hormone, the HPA response to both KD and MCTs was significantly blunted among mice lacking FGF21. We conclude that dietary manipulations that induce ketosis lead to increased HPA axis tone, and that the hepatokine FGF21 may play an important role to facilitate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K. Ryan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Amy E. B. Packard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Karlton R. Larson
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jayna Stout
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Sarah M. Fourman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Abigail M. K. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Kristen Ludwick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Kirk M. Habegger
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Centre Munich & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Centre Munich & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Yvonne M. Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
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Lee JLC, Bertoglio LJ, Guimarães FS, Stevenson CW. Cannabidiol regulation of emotion and emotional memory processing: relevance for treating anxiety-related and substance abuse disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3242-3256. [PMID: 28268256 PMCID: PMC5595771 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning to associate cues or contexts with potential threats or rewards is adaptive and enhances survival. Both aversive and appetitive memories are therefore powerful drivers of behaviour, but the inappropriate expression of conditioned responding to fear- and drug-related stimuli can develop into anxiety-related and substance abuse disorders respectively. These disorders are associated with abnormally persistent emotional memories and inadequate treatment, often leading to symptom relapse. Studies show that cannabidiol, the main non-psychotomimetic phytocannabinoid found in Cannabis sativa, reduces anxiety via 5-HT1A and (indirect) cannabinoid receptor activation in paradigms assessing innate responses to threat. There is also accumulating evidence from animal studies investigating the effects of cannabidiol on fear memory processing indicating that it reduces learned fear in paradigms that are translationally relevant to phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder. Cannabidiol does so by reducing fear expression acutely and by disrupting fear memory reconsolidation and enhancing fear extinction, both of which can result in a lasting reduction of learned fear. Recent studies have also begun to elucidate the effects of cannabidiol on drug memory expression using paradigms with translational relevance to addiction. The findings suggest that cannabidiol reduces the expression of drug memories acutely and by disrupting their reconsolidation. Here, we review the literature demonstrating the anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol before focusing on studies investigating its effects on various fear and drug memory processes. Understanding how cannabidiol regulates emotion and emotional memory processing may eventually lead to its use as a treatment for anxiety-related and substance abuse disorders. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Pharmacology of Cognition: a Panacea for Neuropsychiatric Disease? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.19/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leandro J Bertoglio
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianopolisSCBrazil
| | | | - Carl W Stevenson
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughUK
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Javurek AB, Suresh D, Spollen WG, Hart ML, Hansen SA, Ellersieck MR, Bivens NJ, Givan SA, Upendran A, Kannan R, Rosenfeld CS. Gut Dysbiosis and Neurobehavioral Alterations in Rats Exposed to Silver Nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2822. [PMID: 28588204 PMCID: PMC5460200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their antimicrobial properties, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are being used in non-edible and edible consumer products. It is not clear though if exposure to these chemicals can exert toxic effects on the host and gut microbiome. Conflicting studies have been reported on whether AgNPs result in gut dysbiosis and other changes within the host. We sought to examine whether exposure of Sprague-Dawley male rats for two weeks to different shapes of AgNPs, cube (AgNC) and sphere (AgNS) affects gut microbiota, select behaviors, and induces histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal system and brain. In the elevated plus maze (EPM), AgNS-exposed rats showed greater number of entries into closed arms and center compared to controls and those exposed to AgNC. AgNS and AgNC treated groups had select reductions in gut microbiota relative to controls. Clostridium spp., Bacteroides uniformis, Christensenellaceae, and Coprococcus eutactus were decreased in AgNC exposed group, whereas, Oscillospira spp., Dehalobacterium spp., Peptococcaeceae, Corynebacterium spp., Aggregatibacter pneumotropica were reduced in AgNS exposed group. Bacterial reductions correlated with select behavioral changes measured in the EPM. No significant histopathological changes were evident in the gastrointestinal system or brain. Findings suggest short-term exposure to AgNS or AgNC can lead to behavioral and gut microbiome changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela B Javurek
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Dhananjay Suresh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - William G Spollen
- Department of Informatics Research Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Marcia L Hart
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Sarah A Hansen
- Office of Animal Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Mark R Ellersieck
- Department of Agriculture Experimental Station-Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Nathan J Bivens
- DNA Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Scott A Givan
- Department of Informatics Research Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Anandhi Upendran
- Department of MU-institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences (MU-iCATS), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Raghuraman Kannan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Almeida-Santos AF, Moreira FA, Guimaraes FS, Aguiar DC. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol endocannabinoid signaling coupled to metabotropic glutamate receptor type-5 modulates anxiety-like behavior in the rat ventromedial prefrontal cortex. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:740-749. [PMID: 28440729 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117704986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide are the main endocannabinoids, which act through cannabinoid type-1 and type-2 receptors. Among its many functions, anandamide modulates anxiety-like behaviors in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The role of 2-arachidonoylglycerol in this region, however, has remained unclear. Here, we verified whether intra- ventromedial prefrontal cortex injection of 2-arachidonoylglycerol or URB602, a monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor (responsible for 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolysis), induce anxiolytic-like effects in Wistar rats. Since activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 promotes diacylglycerol lipase-α-mediated 2-arachidonoylglycerol synthesis, we also verified if the blockade of this receptor impairs the anxiolytic-like effect induced by URB 602. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol reduced anxiety-like response in rats exposed to the Elevated Plus Maze test, an effect mimicked by URB602. Cannabinoid type-1 and type-2 receptor antagonists prevented these effects. The pre-treatment with an ineffective dose of MPEP, a metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 antagonist, also attenuated the anxiolytic-like effect of URB602. Moreover, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed co-expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 and diacylglycerol lipase-α in several neurons in slices from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Altogether, our results implicate 2-arachidonoylglycerol and both cannabinoid receptors on anxiety-related behaviors mediated by ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Further, these data support a role for the coupling between metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 activation and 2-arachidonoylglycerol signalling as a mechanism modulating aversive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Almeida-Santos
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabricio A Moreira
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Francisco S Guimaraes
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,3 Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniele C Aguiar
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Gobira PH, Lima IV, Batista LA, de Oliveira AC, Resstel LB, Wotjak CT, Aguiar DC, Moreira FA. N-arachidonoyl-serotonin, a dual FAAH and TRPV1 blocker, inhibits the retrieval of contextual fear memory: Role of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor in the dorsal hippocampus. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:750-756. [PMID: 28583049 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117691567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anandamide, an endocannabinoid, inhibits aversive responses by activating the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. At high concentrations, however, anandamide may exert pro-aversive activities mediated by the transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 channel (TRPV1). Accordingly, N-arachidonoyl-serotonin (AA-5-HT), a dual blocker of the anandamide-hydrolysing enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and the TRPV1 channel, induces anxiolytic-like effects. Here we tested the hypothesis that AA-5-HT inhibits the expression of contextual fear conditioning by facilitating CB1 receptor signalling in the dorsal hippocampus of mice. Intraperitoneal injection of AA-5-HT (0.1, 0.3, 1 mg/kg) inhibited the retrieval of contextual fear memory (freezing response). The effect of AA-5-HT (0.3 mg/kg) was prevented by systemic injection of the CB1 receptor antagonist, AM251 (1.0 mg/kg), and mimicked by simultaneous FAAH inhibition (URB597, 0.3 mg/kg) and TRPV1 blockage (SB366791, 1 mg/kg). Injection of AA-5-HT (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 nmol) into the dorsal hippocampus also reduced freezing. Finally, the effect of systemic AA-5-HT (0.3 mg/kg) was prevented by intra-hippocampal injection of AM251 (1 nmol). In conclusion, dual FAAH and TRPV1 blockage inhibits contextual fear memory by facilitating anandamide-induced CB1 receptor activation in the dorsal hippocampus. This approach may lead to new pharmacological treatments for traumatic memories and related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Gobira
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Isabel V Lima
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luara A Batista
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Antônio C de Oliveira
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leonardo B Resstel
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Daniele C Aguiar
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabricio A Moreira
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Blanchard DC. Translating dynamic defense patterns from rodents to people. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:22-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hott SC, Gomes FV, Uliana DL, Vale GT, Tirapelli CR, Resstel LB. Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis NMDA receptors and nitric oxide modulate contextual fear conditioning in rats. Neuropharmacology 2017; 112:135-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Klarić TS, Jaehne EJ, Koblar SA, Baune BT, Lewis MD. Alterations in anxiety and social behaviour in Npas4 deficient mice following photochemically-induced focal cortical stroke. Behav Brain Res 2016; 316:29-37. [PMID: 27574128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In addition to causing widespread cell death and loss of brain function, cerebral ischaemia also induces extensive neuroplasticity. In humans, stroke is often accompanied by severe cognitive and psychiatric changes that are thought to arise as a consequence of this infarct-induced remodelling. A candidate for producing these post-stroke neuropsychiatric changes is Npas4, an activity-dependent transcription factor involved in synaptic plasticity whose expression is aberrantly up-regulated following ischaemic injury. In this study we investigated the role of Npas4 in modulating these stroke-induced neuropsychiatric responses by comparing the performance of wildtype and Npas4-/- mice in various cognitive and behavioural tasks in a photochemical model of focal cortical stroke. We show that this stroke model results in impaired spatial recognition memory and a reduction in despair-like behaviour that affect both genotypes to a similar degree. Moreover, mice lacking Npas4 also show differences in some aspects of post-stroke sociability and anxiety. Specifically, we show that while stroke had no effect on anxiety levels in wildtype mice, Npas4-/- mice became significantly more anxious following stroke. In addition, Npas4-/- mice retained a greater level of sociability in the acute post-stroke period in comparison to their wildtype littermates. Thus, our findings suggest that Npas4 may be involved in post-stroke psychiatric changes related to anxiety and sociability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Klarić
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - E J Jaehne
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - S A Koblar
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - B T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - M D Lewis
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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Mad men, women and steroid cocktails: a review of the impact of sex and other factors on anabolic androgenic steroids effects on affective behaviors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:549-69. [PMID: 26758282 PMCID: PMC4751878 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE For several decades, elite athletes and a growing number of recreational consumers have used anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) as performance enhancing drugs. Despite mounting evidence that illicit use of these synthetic steroids has detrimental effects on affective states, information available on sex-specific actions of these drugs is lacking. OBJECTIVES The focus of this review is to assess information to date on the importance of sex and its interaction with other environmental factors on affective behaviors, with an emphasis on data derived from non-human studies. METHODS The PubMed database was searched for relevant studies in both sexes. RESULTS Studies examining AAS use in females are limited, reflecting the lower prevalence of use in this sex. Data, however, indicate significant sex-specific differences in AAS effects on anxiety-like and aggressive behaviors, interactions with other drugs of abuse, and the interplay of AAS with other environmental factors such as diet and exercise. CONCLUSIONS Current methods for assessing AAS use have limitations that suggest biases of both under- and over-reporting, which may be amplified for females who are poorly represented in self-report studies of human subjects and are rarely used in animal studies. Data from animal literature suggest that there are significant sex-specific differences in the impact of AAS on aggression, anxiety, and concomitant use of other abused substances. These results have relevance for human females who take these drugs as performance-enhancing substances and for transgender XX individuals who may illicitly self-administer AAS as they transition to a male gender identity.
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Effects of long-term methylphenidate treatment in adolescent and adult rats on hippocampal shape, functional connectivity and adult neurogenesis. Neuroscience 2015; 309:243-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ayhan Y, McFarland R, Pletnikov MV. Animal models of gene-environment interaction in schizophrenia: A dimensional perspective. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 136:1-27. [PMID: 26510407 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has long been considered as a disorder with multifactorial origins. Recent discoveries have advanced our understanding of the genetic architecture of the disease. However, even with the increase of identified risk variants, heritability estimates suggest an important contribution of non-genetic factors. Various environmental risk factors have been proposed to play a role in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia. These include season of birth, maternal infections, obstetric complications, adverse events at early childhood, and drug abuse. Despite the progress in identification of genetic and environmental risk factors, we still have a limited understanding of the mechanisms whereby gene-environment interactions (G × E) operate in schizophrenia and psychoses at large. In this review we provide a critical analysis of current animal models of G × E relevant to psychotic disorders and propose that dimensional perspective will advance our understanding of the complex mechanisms of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Ayhan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Turkey
| | - Ross McFarland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA.
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Zhang C, Chua BE, Yang A, Shabanpoor F, Hossain MA, Wade JD, Rosengren KJ, Smith CM, Gundlach AL. Central relaxin-3 receptor (RXFP3) activation reduces elevated, but not basal, anxiety-like behaviour in C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Marco EM, Rapino C, Caprioli A, Borsini F, Laviola G, Maccarrone M. Potential Therapeutic Value of a Novel FAAH Inhibitor for the Treatment of Anxiety. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137034. [PMID: 26360704 PMCID: PMC4567375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric diseases with high personal costs and a remarkable socio-economic burden. However, current treatment of anxiety is far from satisfactory. Novel pharmacological targets have emerged in the recent years, and attention has focused on the endocannabinoid (eCB) system, given the increasing evidence that supports its central role in emotion, coping with stress and anxiety. In the management of anxiety disorders, drug development strategies have left apart the direct activation of type-1 cannabinoid receptors to indirectly enhance eCB signalling through the inhibition of eCB deactivation, that is, the inhibition of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme. In the present study, we provide evidence for the anxiolytic-like properties of a novel, potent and selective reversible inhibitor of FAAH, ST4070, orally administered to rodents. ST4070 (3 to 30 mg/kg per os) administered to CD1 male mice induced an increase of time spent in the exploration of the open arms of the elevated-plus maze. A partial reduction of anxiety-related behaviour by ST4070 was also obtained in Wistar male rats, which moderately intensified the time spent in the illuminated compartment of the light-dark box. ST4070 clearly inhibited FAAH activity and augmented the levels of two of its substrates, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and N-palmitoylethanolamine, in anxiety-relevant brain regions. Altogether, ST4070 offers a promising anxiolytic-like profile in preclinical studies, although further studies are warranted to clearly demonstrate its efficacy in the clinic management of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Marco
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Dept. Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Rapino
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Laviola
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Dept. Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (GL); (MM)
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- School of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC)/IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (GL); (MM)
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Kirouac GJ. Placing the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus within the brain circuits that control behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 56:315-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Batista PA, Fogaça MV, Guimarães FS. The endocannabinoid, endovanilloid and nitrergic systems could interact in the rat dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter to control anxiety-like behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2015; 293:182-8. [PMID: 26187694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid compounds usually produce biphasic effects in the modulation of emotional responses. Low doses of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) injected into the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter (dlPAG) induce anxiolytic-like effects via CB1 receptors activation. However, at higher doses the drug loses this effect, in part by activating Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 (TRPV1). Activation of these latter receptors could induce the formation of nitric oxide (NO). Thus, the present study tested the hypothesis that at high doses AEA loses it anxiolytic-like effect by facilitating, probably via TRPV1 receptor activation, the formation of NO. Male Wistar rats received combined injections into the dlPAG of vehicle, the TRPV1 receptor antagonist 6-iodo-nordihydrocapsaicin or the NO scavenger carboxy-PTIO (c-PTIO), followed by vehicle or AEA, and were submitted to the elevated plus maze (EPM) or the Vogel conflict test (VCT). A low dose (5pmol) of AEA produced an anxiolytic-like effect that disappeared at higher doses (50 and 200pmol). The anxiolytic-like effects of these latter doses, however, were restored after pre-treatment with a low and ineffective dose of c-PTIO in both animal models. In addition, the combined administration of ineffective doses of 6-iodo-nordihydrocapsaicin (1nmol) and c-PTIO (0.3nmol) produced an anxiolytic-like response. Therefore, these results support the hypothesis that intra-dlPAG injections of high doses of AEA lose their anxiolytic effects by favoring TRPV1 receptors activity and consequent NO formation, which in turn could facilitate defensive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila A Batista
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Bandeirantes Avenue, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Manoela V Fogaça
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Bandeirantes Avenue, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil.
| | - Francisco S Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Bandeirantes Avenue, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
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Han J, Calvo CF, Kang TH, Baker KL, Park JH, Parras C, Levittas M, Birba U, Pibouin-Fragner L, Fragner P, Bilguvar K, Duman RS, Nurmi H, Alitalo K, Eichmann AC, Thomas JL. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 controls neural stem cell activation in mice and humans. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1158-72. [PMID: 25704818 PMCID: PMC4685253 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) continuously produce new neurons within the adult mammalian hippocampus. NSCs are typically quiescent but activated to self-renew or differentiate into neural progenitor cells. The molecular mechanisms of NSC activation remain poorly understood. Here, we show that adult hippocampal NSCs express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) 3 and its ligand VEGF-C, which activates quiescent NSCs to enter the cell cycle and generate progenitor cells. Hippocampal NSC activation and neurogenesis are impaired by conditional deletion of Vegfr3 in NSCs. Functionally, this is associated with compromised NSC activation in response to VEGF-C and physical activity. In NSCs derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), VEGF-C/VEGFR3 mediates intracellular activation of AKT and ERK pathways that control cell fate and proliferation. These findings identify VEGF-C/VEGFR3 signaling as a specific regulator of NSC activation and neurogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinah Han
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Charles-Félix Calvo
- Université Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpètrière, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM/CNRS U-1127/UMR-7225, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpètrière, 75013 Paris, France; APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpètrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Tae Hyuk Kang
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Kasey L Baker
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - June-Hee Park
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Carlos Parras
- Université Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpètrière, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM/CNRS U-1127/UMR-7225, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpètrière, 75013 Paris, France; APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpètrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marine Levittas
- Université Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpètrière, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM/CNRS U-1127/UMR-7225, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpètrière, 75013 Paris, France; APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpètrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ulrick Birba
- Université Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpètrière, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM/CNRS U-1127/UMR-7225, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpètrière, 75013 Paris, France; APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpètrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Laurence Pibouin-Fragner
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Pascal Fragner
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Harri Nurmi
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne C Eichmann
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA.
| | - Jean-Léon Thomas
- Université Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpètrière, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM/CNRS U-1127/UMR-7225, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpètrière, 75013 Paris, France; APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpètrière, 75013 Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA.
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Stamatakis A, Kalpachidou T, Raftogianni A, Zografou E, Tzanou A, Pondiki S, Stylianopoulou F. Rat dams exposed repeatedly to a daily brief separation from the pups exhibit increased maternal behavior, decreased anxiety and altered levels of receptors for estrogens (ERα, ERβ), oxytocin and serotonin (5-HT1A) in their brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 52:212-28. [PMID: 25486578 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the neurobiological mechanisms underlying expression of maternal behavior. Increased maternal behavior was experimentally induced by a brief 15-min separation between the mother and the pups during postnatal days 1 to 22. On postnatal days (PND) 12 and 22, we determined in experimental and control dams levels of anxiety in the elevated plus maze (EPM) as well as the levels of receptors for estrogens (ERα, ERβ), oxytocin (OTR) and serotonin (5-HT1AR) in areas of the limbic system (prefrontal cortex-PFC, hippocampus, lateral septum-SL, medial preoptic area-MPOA, shell of nucleus accumbens-nAc-Sh, central-CeA and basolateral-BLA amygdala), involved in the regulation of maternal behavior. Experimental dams, which showed increased maternal behavior towards their offspring, displayed reduced anxiety in the EPM on both PND12 and PND22. These behavioral differences could be attributed to neurochemical alterations in their brain: On both PND12 and PND22, experimental mothers had higher levels of ERα and OTRs in the PFC, hippocampus, CeA, SL, MPOA and nAc-Sh. The experimental manipulation-induced increase in ERβ levels was less widespread, being localized in PFC, the hippocampal CA2 area, MPOA and nAc-Sh. In addition, 5-HT1ARs were reduced in the PFC, hippocampus, CeA, MPOA and nAc-Sh of the experimental mothers. Our results show that the experience of the daily repeated brief separation from the pups results in increased brain ERs and OTRs, as well as decreased 5-HT1ARs in the dam's brain; these neurochemical changes could underlie the observed increase in maternal behavior and the reduction of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Stamatakis
- Biology-Biochemistry Lab, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 123, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Kalpachidou
- Biology-Biochemistry Lab, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 123, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Androniki Raftogianni
- Biology-Biochemistry Lab, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 123, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratia Zografou
- Biology-Biochemistry Lab, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 123, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Tzanou
- Biology-Biochemistry Lab, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 123, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula Pondiki
- Biology-Biochemistry Lab, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 123, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Fotini Stylianopoulou
- Biology-Biochemistry Lab, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 123, GR-11527 Athens, Greece.
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Moreira FA, Jupp B, Belin D, Dalley JW. Endocannabinoids and striatal function: implications for addiction-related behaviours. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 26:59-72. [PMID: 25369747 PMCID: PMC5398317 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification and cloning of the major cannabinoid receptor expressed in the brain almost 25 years ago research has highlighted the potential of drugs that target the endocannabinoid system for treating addiction. The endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, are lipid-derived metabolites found in abundance in the basal ganglia and other brain areas innervated by the mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists reduce reinstatement of responding for cocaine, alcohol and opiates in rodents. However, compounds acting on the endocannabinoid system may have broader application in treating drug addiction by ameliorating associated traits and symptoms such as impulsivity and anxiety that perpetuate drug use and interfere with rehabilitation. As a trait, impulsivity is known to predispose to addiction and facilitate the emergence of addiction to stimulant drugs. In contrast, anxiety and elevated stress responses accompany extended drug use and may underlie the persistence of drug intake in dependent individuals. In this article we integrate and discuss recent findings in rodents showing selective pharmacological modulation of impulsivity and anxiety by cannabinoid agents. We highlight the potential of selective inhibitors of endocannabinoid metabolism, directed at fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase, to reduce anxiety and stress responses, and discuss novel mechanisms underlying the modulation of the endocannabinoid system, including the attenuation of impulsivity, anxiety, and drug reward by selective CB2 receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio A. Moreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departments of Psychology
| | | | | | - Jeffrey W. Dalley
- Departments of Psychology
- Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrookes’s Hospital University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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