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Li S, Zou T, Chen J, Li J, You J. Fibroblast growth factor 21: An emerging pleiotropic regulator of lipid metabolism and the metabolic network. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101064. [PMID: 38292170 PMCID: PMC10825286 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was originally identified as an important metabolic regulator which plays a crucial physiological role in regulating a variety of metabolic parameters through the metabolic network. As a novel multifunctional endocrine growth factor, the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network warrants extensive exploration. This insight was obtained from the observation that the FGF21-dependent mechanism that regulates lipid metabolism, glycogen transformation, and biological effectiveness occurs through the coordinated participation of the liver, adipose tissue, central nervous system, and sympathetic nerves. This review focuses on the role of FGF21-uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) signaling in lipid metabolism and how FGF21 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Additionally, this review reveals the mechanism by which FGF21 governs glucolipid metabolism. Recent research on the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network has mostly focused on the crucial pathway of glucolipid metabolism. FGF21 has been shown to have multiple regulatory roles in the metabolic network. Since an adequate understanding of the concrete regulatory pathways of FGF21 in the metabolic network has not been attained, this review sheds new light on the metabolic mechanisms of FGF21, explores how FGF21 engages different tissues and organs, and lays a theoretical foundation for future in-depth research on FGF21-targeted treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
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Tzur Y, Winek K, Madrer N, Dubnov S, Bennett ER, Greenberg DS, Hanin G, Gammal A, Tam J, Arkin IT, Paldor I, Soreq H. Lysine tRNA fragments and miR-194-5p co-regulate hepatic steatosis via β-Klotho and perilipin 2. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101856. [PMID: 38141848 PMCID: PMC10805669 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) involves hepatic accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets via incompletely understood processes. Here, we report distinct and cooperative NAFLD roles of LysTTT-5'tRF transfer RNA fragments and microRNA miR-194-5p. METHODS Combined use of diet induced obese mice with human-derived oleic acid-exposed Hep G2 cells revealed new NAFLD roles of LysTTT-5'tRF and miR-194-5p. RESULTS Unlike lean animals, dietary-induced NAFLD mice showed concurrent hepatic decrease of both LysTTT-5'tRF and miR-194-5p levels, which were restored following miR-132 antisense oligonucleotide treatment which suppresses hepatic steatosis. Moreover, exposing human-derived Hep G2 cells to oleic acid for 7 days co-suppressed miR-194-5p and LysTTT-5'tRF levels while increasing lipid accumulation. Inversely, transfecting fattened cells with a synthetic LysTTT-5'tRF mimic elevated mRNA levels of the metabolic regulator β-Klotho while decreasing triglyceride amounts by 30% within 24 h. In contradistinction, antisense suppression of miR-194-5p induced accumulation of its novel target, the NAFLD-implicated lipid droplet-coating PLIN2 protein. Further, two out of 15 steatosis-alleviating screened drug-repurposing compounds, Danazol and Latanoprost, elevated miR-194-5p or LysTTT-5'tRF levels. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the different yet complementary roles of miR-194-5p and LysTTT-5'tRF and offer new insights into the complex roles of small non-coding RNAs and the multiple pathways involved in NAFLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonat Tzur
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katarzyna Winek
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nimrod Madrer
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Serafima Dubnov
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Estelle R Bennett
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David S Greenberg
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Geula Hanin
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asaad Gammal
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Isaiah T Arkin
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iddo Paldor
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Neurosurgery Department, Main Building, 10th Floor, 12 Shmu'el Bait Street, Jerusalem, 9103102 Israel
| | - Hermona Soreq
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Sadowska A, Poniedziałek-Czajkowska E, Mierzyński R. The Role of the FGF19 Family in the Pathogenesis of Gestational Diabetes: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17298. [PMID: 38139126 PMCID: PMC10743406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common pregnancy complications. Understanding the pathogenesis and appropriate diagnosis of GDM enables the implementation of early interventions during pregnancy that reduce the risk of maternal and fetal complications. At the same time, it provides opportunities to prevent diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases in women with GDM and their offspring in the future. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) represent a heterogeneous family of signaling proteins which play a vital role in cell proliferation and differentiation, repair of damaged tissues, wound healing, angiogenesis, and mitogenesis and also affect the regulation of carbohydrate, lipid, and hormone metabolism. Abnormalities in the signaling function of FGFs may lead to numerous pathological conditions, including metabolic diseases. The FGF19 subfamily, also known as atypical FGFs, which includes FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, is essential in regulating metabolic homeostasis and acts as a hormone while entering the systemic circulation. Many studies have pointed to the involvement of the FGF19 subfamily in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, including GDM, although the results are inconclusive. FGF19 and FGF21 are thought to be associated with insulin resistance, an essential element in the pathogenesis of GDM. FGF21 may influence placental metabolism and thus contribute to fetal growth and metabolism regulation. The observed relationship between FGF21 and increased birth weight could suggest a potential role for FGF21 in predicting future metabolic abnormalities in children born to women with GDM. In this group of patients, different mechanisms may contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in women in later life, and FGF23 appears to be their promising early predictor. This study aims to present a comprehensive review of the FGF19 subfamily, emphasizing its role in GDM and predicting its long-term metabolic consequences for mothers and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elżbieta Poniedziałek-Czajkowska
- Chair and Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (R.M.)
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Bailey NN, Peterson SJ, Parikh MA, Jackson KA, Frishman WH. Pegozafermin Is a Potential Master Therapeutic Regulator in Metabolic Disorders: A Review. Cardiol Rev 2023:00045415-990000000-00170. [PMID: 37889055 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Pegozafermin (PGZ), a novel glycopegylated version of human fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), has demonstrated potential for addressing metabolic comorbidities, including severe hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and obesity. FGF21 is a naturally occurring peptide hormone primarily produced by the liver, with a half-life of 0.5 to 2 hours. It can influence metabolic processes through endocrine cellular effects. FGF21 receptors are found in the liver, adipose, skeletal muscles, and pancreatic tissues. Those receptors rely on the beta klotho (KLB) coreceptors, a transmembrane protein, to activate the FGF21 signaling pathway and FGF21's associated transcription factors. PGZ, through its extended half-life of 55 to 100 hours, has evidenced significant improvements in metabolic functions. Its mechanism of action includes promoting adiponectin levels, enhancing insulin sensitivity, increasing triglyceride uptake, and reducing de novo lipogenesis. This emerging pharmaceutical compound has shown promise in treating liver fibrosis and inflammation linked to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The ENTRIGUE trial, a phase 2 clinical trial of PGZ, has demonstrated a 57% reduction in triglyceride level compared to placebo; a 45% reduction in liver hepatic steatosis; improved insulin sensitivity; reductions in nonhigh-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; and reductions in apolipoprotein B-100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadian N Bailey
- From the Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Stephen J Peterson
- From the Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY
- Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Manish A Parikh
- From the Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY
- Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Kaedrea A Jackson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY
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Lathe R, St Clair D. Programmed ageing: decline of stem cell renewal, immunosenescence, and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1424-1458. [PMID: 37068798 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic maximum lifespan varies enormously across animal species from a few hours to hundreds of years. This argues that maximum lifespan, and the ageing process that itself dictates lifespan, are to a large extent genetically determined. Although controversial, this is supported by firm evidence that semelparous species display evolutionarily programmed ageing in response to reproductive and environmental cues. Parabiosis experiments reveal that ageing is orchestrated systemically through the circulation, accompanied by programmed changes in hormone levels across a lifetime. This implies that, like the circadian and circannual clocks, there is a master 'clock of age' (circavital clock) located in the limbic brain of mammals that modulates systemic changes in growth factor and hormone secretion over the lifespan, as well as systemic alterations in gene expression as revealed by genomic methylation analysis. Studies on accelerated ageing in mice, as well as human longevity genes, converge on evolutionarily conserved fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors, including KLOTHO, as well as insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and steroid hormones, as key players mediating the systemic effects of ageing. Age-related changes in these and multiple other factors are inferred to cause a progressive decline in tissue maintenance through failure of stem cell replenishment. This most severely affects the immune system, which requires constant renewal from bone marrow stem cells. Age-related immune decline increases risk of infection whereas lifespan can be extended in germfree animals. This and other evidence suggests that infection is the major cause of death in higher organisms. Immune decline is also associated with age-related diseases. Taking the example of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we assess the evidence that AD is caused by immunosenescence and infection. The signature protein of AD brain, Aβ, is now known to be an antimicrobial peptide, and Aβ deposits in AD brain may be a response to infection rather than a cause of disease. Because some cognitively normal elderly individuals show extensive neuropathology, we argue that the location of the pathology is crucial - specifically, lesions to limbic brain are likely to accentuate immunosenescence, and could thus underlie a vicious cycle of accelerated immune decline and microbial proliferation that culminates in AD. This general model may extend to other age-related diseases, and we propose a general paradigm of organismal senescence in which declining stem cell proliferation leads to programmed immunosenescence and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Little France, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
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Bres E, Bouvier J, Courtay A, Delaire L, Humblot J, Cuerq C, Tripoz-Dit-Masson S, Fauvernier M, Gilbert T, Bonnefoy M. FGF19 and muscle architecture in older patients. Exp Gerontol 2023; 174:112120. [PMID: 36764368 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia has a significant medical and economic impact. Serum fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) has recently been described as promoting muscle mass and strength, and could be an interesting marker for early diagnosis of sarcopenia and prevention of its consequences. Ultrasound is a robust non-invasive technique used to measure muscle parameters, which cannot be evaluated by usual body composition measures, but are known to be associated with muscle function. In this cross-sectional cohort study, we aimed to determine whether FGF19 levels were correlated with functional muscle tests and muscle ultrasound parameters. METHODS Patients over 70 years old with a mobility disability risk were recruited from the cohort of the "well on your feet" mobility loss prevention program. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older Patients 2 (EWGSOP2) criteria. We have performed functional battery tests, muscle ultrasound measures and bioimpedance spectroscopy. FGF19 levels were measured by the ELISA method. RESULTS Out of 52 patients involved (34 women, mean age 81.3 years), 30 patients were sarcopenic (15 patients with probable sarcopenia and 15 with certain sarcopenia). Sarcopenic patients were older (mean 82.8 versus 79.6 years, P = 0.033), with higher frailty Fried score (P = 0.006), lower IADL score (P = 0.008), had lower daily protein intakes (P = 0.023) and were less performant to muscle functional tests than non-sarcopenic patients. Serum FGF19 levels were negatively correlated with the SPPB score (rs = 0.28; P = 0.045). FGF19 levels were correlated positively with the pennation angle (rs = 0.31; P = 0.024), but negatively with muscle fiber length (rs = -0.44; P = 0.001). We found no association between FGF19 and muscle thickness (P = 0.243). CONCLUSION We highlighted in older patients significant correlations between FGF19 levels, pennation angle and muscle fiber length, suggesting that FGF19 could provide an enabling environment for the development of large muscle fibers, as previously suggested in histological studies in mice. However, high FGF-19 levels were unexpectedly associated with a low SPPB score. Further studies are needed to validate and further elucidate these exploratory findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bres
- Department of Gerontology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France.
| | - Julia Bouvier
- Department of Gerontology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Aymeric Courtay
- Department of Gerontology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Léo Delaire
- Department of Gerontology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Joannes Humblot
- Department of Gerontology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Charlotte Cuerq
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | | | - Mathieu Fauvernier
- Department of Biostatistics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, Cedex F-69495, France
| | - Thomas Gilbert
- Department of Gerontology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France; Research on Healthcare professionals and Performance (RESHAPE, Inserm U1290), Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Marc Bonnefoy
- Department of Gerontology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France; CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Oullins, France
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HDAC Inhibitors Alleviate Uric Acid-Induced Vascular Endothelial Cell Injury by Way of the HDAC6/FGF21/PI3K/AKT Pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2023; 81:150-164. [PMID: 36607630 PMCID: PMC9901848 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Uric acid (UA) accumulation triggers endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) plays a vital role in regulating the pathological processes of various diseases. However, the influence of HDAC inhibitor on UA-induced vascular endothelial cell injury (VECI) remains undefined. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of HDACs inhibition on UA-induced vascular endothelial cell dysfunction and its detailed mechanism. UA was used to induce human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) injury. Meanwhile, potassium oxonate-induced and hypoxanthine-induced hyperuricemia mouse models were also constructed. A broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) or selective HDAC6 inhibitor TubastatinA (TubA) was given to HUVECs or mice to determine whether HDACs can affect UA-induced VECI. The results showed pretreatment of HUVECs with TSA or HDAC6 knockdown-attenuated UA-induced VECI and increased FGF21 expression and phosphorylation of AKT, eNOS, and FoxO3a. These effects could be reversed by FGF21 knockdown. In vivo, both TSA and TubA reduced inflammation and tissue injury while increased FGF21 expression and phosphorylation of AKT, eNOS, and FoxO3a in the aortic and renal tissues of hyperuricemia mice. Therefore, HDACs, especially HDAC6 inhibitor, alleviated UA-induced VECI through upregulating FGF21 expression and then activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. This suggests that HDAC6 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for treating UA-induced endothelial dysfunction.
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One-step metal affinity purification of recombinant hFGF19 without using tags. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 201:106186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Liu Y, Chen Q, Li Y, Bi L, He Z, Shao C, Jin L, Peng R, Zhang X. Advances in FGFs for diabetes care applications. Life Sci 2022; 310:121015. [PMID: 36179818 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine and metabolic disease caused by a variety of pathogenic factors, including genetic factors, environmental factors and behavior. In recent decades, the number of cases and the prevalence of diabetes have steadily increased, and it has become one of the most threatening diseases to human health in the world. Currently, insulin is the most effective and direct way to control hyperglycemia for diabetes treatment at a low cost. However, hypoglycemia is often a common complication of insulin treatment. Moreover, with the extension of treatment time, insulin resistance, considered the typical adverse symptom, can appear. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new targets and more effective and safer drugs for diabetes treatment to avoid adverse reactions and the insulin tolerance of traditional hypoglycemic drugs. SCOPE OF REVIEW In recent years, it has been found that some fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), including FGF1, FGF19 and FGF21, can safely and effectively reduce hyperglycemia and have the potential to be developed as new drugs for the treatment of diabetes. FGF23 is also closely related to diabetes and its complications, which provides a new approach for regulating blood glucose and solving the problem of insulin tolerance. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS This article reviews the research progress on the physiology and pharmacology of fibroblast growth factor in the treatment of diabetes. We focus on the application of FGFs in diabetes care and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinai Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yaoqi Li
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Liuliu Bi
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhiying He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chuxiao Shao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Lishui Central Hospital, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Renyi Peng
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Prediction of the structural interface between fibroblast growth factor23 and Burosumab using alanine scanning and molecular docking. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14754. [PMID: 36042241 PMCID: PMC9427789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Burosumab, an FGF23 targeting monoclonal antibody, was approved by the FDA in 2018 for use in children and adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia (or XLH). While several clinical studies have demonstrated the long-term safety and efficacy of Burosumab, the molecular basis of FGF23-Burosumab interaction which underpins its mechanism of action remains unknown. In this study, we employed molecular docking combined with alanine scanning of epitope and paratope to predict a model of FGF23-Burosumab interaction. Then, we used the model to understand the species-species cross-reactivity of Burosumab and to reverse engineer mouse FGF23 with 'back to human' mutations to bind Burosumab. Finally, we redesigned the CDRs with two mutations to engineer an affinity enhanced variant of the antibody. Our study provides insights into the FGF23-Burosumab interaction and demonstrates that alanine-scanning coupled with molecular docking can be used to optimize antibody candidates (e.g., structure-guided affinity maturation) for therapeutic use.
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Molecular Basis of Bile Acid-FXR-FGF15/19 Signaling Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116046. [PMID: 35682726 PMCID: PMC9181207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are a group of amphiphilic molecules consisting of a rigid steroid core attached to a hydroxyl group with a varying number, position, and orientation, and a hydrophilic side chain. While BAs act as detergents to solubilize lipophilic nutrients in the small intestine during digestion and absorption, they also act as hormones. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that forms a heterodimer with retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), is activated by BAs in the enterohepatic circulation reabsorbed via transporters in the ileum and the colon, and plays a critical role in regulating gene expression involved in cholesterol, BA, and lipid metabolism in the liver. The FXR/RXRα heterodimer also exists in the distal ileum and regulates production of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 15/FGF19, a hormone traveling via the enterohepatic circulation that activates hepatic FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4)-β-klotho receptor complex and regulates gene expression involved in cholesterol, BA, and lipid metabolism, as well as those regulating cell proliferation. Agonists for FXR and analogs for FGF15/19 are currently recognized as a promising therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome and cholestatic diseases.
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Szczepańska E, Gietka-Czernel M. FGF21: A Novel Regulator of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism and Whole-Body Energy Balance. Horm Metab Res 2022; 54:203-211. [PMID: 35413740 DOI: 10.1055/a-1778-4159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is a recently recognized metabolic regulator that evokes interest due to its beneficial action of maintaining whole-body energy balance and protecting the liver from excessive triglyceride production and storage. Together with FGF19 and FGF23, FGF21 belongs to the FGF family with hormone-like activity. Serum FGF21 is generated primarily in the liver under nutritional stress stimuli like prolonged fasting or the lipotoxic diet, but also during increased mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress. FGF21 exerts its endocrine action in the central nervous system and adipose tissue. Acting in the ventromedial hypothalamus, FGF21 diminishes simple sugar intake. In adipose tissue, FGF21 promotes glucose utilization and increases energy expenditure by enhancing adipose tissue insulin sensitivity and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Therefore, FGF21 favors glucose consumption for heat production instead of energy storage. Furthermore, FGF21 specifically acts in the liver, where it protects hepatocytes from metabolic stress caused by lipid overload. FGF21 stimulates hepatic fatty acid oxidation and reduces lipid flux into the liver by increasing peripheral lipoprotein catabolism and reducing adipocyte lipolysis. Paradoxically, and despite its beneficial action, FGF21 is elevated in insulin resistance states, that is, fatty liver, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczepańska
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
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Szczepańska E, Glinicki P, Zgliczyński W, Słowińska-Srzednicka J, Jastrzębska H, Gietka-Czernel M. FGF21 Is Released During Increased Lipogenesis State Following Rapid-Onset Radioiodine-Induced Hypothyroidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:900034. [PMID: 35909532 PMCID: PMC9329662 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FGF21 pharmacological treatment reverses fatty liver and lowers serum triglyceride concentration but FGF21 serum level is increased in hepatic steatosis. FGF21 secretion is induced by thyroid hormones in vitro. PURPOSE To determine the influence of thyroid hormones and metabolic changes secondary to thyroid dysfunction on FGF21 secretion in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a case-control study. 82 hyperthyroid and 15 hypothyroid patients were recruited together with 25 healthy controls. Of those with hyperthyroidism, 56 received radioiodine treatment and 42 of them achieved hypothyroidism and then euthyroidism within one year following therapy. Radioiodine-induced hypothyroidism developed abruptly within a six week interval between clinic visits. FGF21 serum levels were determined with an ELISA method. RESULTS Serum FGF21 levels did not differ in hyper- and hypothyroid patients in comparison to controls [median 103.25 (interquartile range, 60.90-189.48) and 86.10 (54.05-251.02) vs 85.20 (58.00-116.80) pg/mL P=0.200 and 0.503, respectively]. In hyperthyroid patients treated with radioiodine, serum FGF21 levels increased significantly in rapid-onset hypothyroidism in comparison to the hyperthyroid and euthyroid phase [median 160.55 (interquartile range, 92.48 - 259.35) vs 119.55 (67.78-192.32) and 104.43 (55.93-231.93) pg/mL, P=0.034 and 0.033, respectively]. The rising serum FGF21 level correlated positively with serum triglycerides (Spearman coefficient rs=0.36, P=0.017) and inversely with serum SHBG (rs=-0.41, P=0.007), but did not correlate with thyroid hormone levels. CONCLUSIONS There was a transient increase in FGF21 serum level during rapid-onset hypothyroidism following radioiodine treatment. There was no association between FGF21 serum level and thyroid hormones. In radioiodine-induced hypothyroidism, the rising serum FGF21 concentration correlated positively with rising serum triglycerides and negatively with falling SHBG, reflecting increased hepatic lipogenesis.
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14
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Xie H, Alem Glison DM, Kim RD. FGFR4 inhibitors for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a synopsis of therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 31:393-400. [PMID: 34913780 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2017879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mainstay pharmacological approaches to patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antiangiogenic agents, and immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination therapy. Aberrant signaling of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and its corresponding receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), are a driver of HCC cell growth and survival. However, the clinical potential of agents targeting aberrant FGF19/FGFR4 signaling has not been adequately explored. AREAS COVERED We evaluate the existing literature on aberrant signaling of FGF19/FGFR4 in HCC and address the recent preclinical and clinical advances of selective FGFR4 inhibitors in the treatment of advanced HCC. Our literature search was performed in September 2021 on clinical trials and ongoing studies published in journals or presented in conferences for cancer research. EXPERT OPINION Preclinical studies show selective FGFR4 inhibitors to be highly potent. These inhibitors also show promise in clinical trials and demonstrate manageable on-target side effects. An emphasis should be placed on the development of predictive biomarkers and on enhancing the understanding of primary and acquired resistance mechanisms. This will inspire rationale combination therapy strategies for testing in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Diego M Alem Glison
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Richard D Kim
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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15
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Xu Z, Chen S, Feng D, Liu Y, Wang Q, Gao T, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Chen J, Qiu L. Biological role of heparan sulfate in osteogenesis: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 272:118490. [PMID: 34420746 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is extensively expressed in cells, for example, cell membrane and extracellular matrix of most mammalian cells and tissues, playing a key role in the growth and development of life by maintaining homeostasis and implicating in the etiology and diseases. Recent studies have revealed that HS is involved in osteogenesis via coordinating multiple signaling pathways. The potential effect of HS on osteogenesis is a complicated and delicate biological process, which involves the participation of osteocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and a variety of cytokines. In this review, we summarized the structural and functional characteristics of HS and highlighted the molecular mechanism of HS in bone metabolism to provide novel research perspectives for the further medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujie Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Shayang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Dehong Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China.
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Tianshu Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Lipeng Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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16
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are cell-signaling proteins with diverse functions in cell development, repair, and metabolism. The human FGF family consists of 22 structurally related members, which can be classified into three separate groups based on their action of mechanisms, namely: intracrine, paracrine/autocrine, and endocrine FGF subfamilies. FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 belong to the hormone-like/endocrine FGF subfamily. These endocrine FGFs are mainly associated with the regulation of cell metabolic activities such as homeostasis of lipids, glucose, energy, bile acids, and minerals (phosphate/active vitamin D). Endocrine FGFs function through a unique protein family called klotho. Two members of this family, α-klotho, or β-klotho, act as main cofactors which can scaffold to tether FGF19/21/23 to their receptor(s) (FGFRs) to form an active complex. There are ongoing studies pertaining to the structure and mechanism of these individual ternary complexes. These studies aim to provide potential insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles and therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the history, structure–function relationship(s), downstream signaling, physiological roles, and future perspectives on endocrine FGFs.
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17
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Wang H, Yang J, Zhang K, Liu J, Li Y, Su W, Song N. Advances of Fibroblast Growth Factor/Receptor Signaling Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and its Pharmacotherapeutic Targets. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:650388. [PMID: 33935756 PMCID: PMC8082422 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.650388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of primary liver cancer with poor prognosis, and its incidence and mortality rate are increasing worldwide. It is refractory to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy owing to its high tumor heterogeneity. Accumulated genetic alterations and aberrant cell signaling pathway have been characterized in HCC. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and their receptors (FGFRs) are involved in diverse biological activities, including embryonic development, proliferation, differentiation, survival, angiogenesis, and migration, etc. Data mining results of The Cancer Genome Atlas demonstrate high levels of FGF and/or FGFR expression in HCC tumors compared with normal tissues. Moreover, substantial evidence indicates that the FGF/FGFR signaling axis plays an important role in various mechanisms that contribute to HCC development. At present, several inhibitors targeting FGF/FGFR, such as multikinase inhibitors, specific FGFR4 inhibitors, and FGF ligand traps, exhibit antitumor activity in preclinical or early development phases in HCC. In this review, we summarize the research progress regarding the molecular implications of FGF/FGFR-mediated signaling and the development of FGFR-targeted therapeutics in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yushan Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei Su
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Na Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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18
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Abstract
As a non-canonical fibroblast growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) functions as an endocrine hormone that signals to distinct targets throughout the body. Interest in therapeutic applications for FGF21 was initially sparked by its ability to correct metabolic dysfunction and decrease body weight associated with diabetes and obesity. More recently, new functions for FGF21 signalling have emerged, thus indicating that FGF21 is a dynamic molecule capable of regulating macronutrient preference and energy balance. Here, we highlight the major physiological and pharmacological effects of FGF21 related to nutrient and energy homeostasis and summarize current knowledge regarding FGF21’s pharmacodynamic properties. In addition, we provide new perspectives and highlight critical unanswered questions surrounding this unique metabolic messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle H Flippo
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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19
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Zhu L, Zhao H, Liu J, Cai H, Wu B, Liu Z, Zhou S, Liu Q, Li X, Bao B, Liu J, Dai H, Wang J. Dynamic folding modulation generates FGF21 variant against diabetes. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51352. [PMID: 33295692 PMCID: PMC7788455 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. It has been widely considered as a promising candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other related metabolic disorders. However, lack of structural and dynamic information has limited FGF21-based drug development. Here, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we determine the structure of FGF21 and find that its non-canonical flexible β-trefoil conformation affects the folding of β2-β3 hairpin and further overall protein stability. To modulate folding dynamics, we designed an FGF21-FGF19 chimera, FGF21SS . As expected, FGF21SS shows better thermostability without inducing hepatocyte proliferation. Functional characterization of FGF21SS shows its better insulin sensitivity, reduced inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and lower blood glucose and insulin levels in ob/ob mice compared with wild type. Our dynamics-based rational design provides a promising approach for FGF21-based therapeutic development against T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- High Magnetic Field LaboratoryCAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical BiologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- High Magnetic Field LaboratoryCAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical BiologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- High Magnetic Field LaboratoryCAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical BiologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Hao Cai
- School of Biotechnology & Food EngineeringHefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
| | - Bo Wu
- High Magnetic Field LaboratoryCAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical BiologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Zhijun Liu
- High Magnetic Field LaboratoryCAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical BiologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Shu Zhou
- High Magnetic Field LaboratoryCAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical BiologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Qingsong Liu
- High Magnetic Field LaboratoryCAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical BiologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Chemical Biology Research CenterSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Bin Bao
- Chemical Biology Research CenterSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Jian Liu
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Han Dai
- High Magnetic Field LaboratoryCAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical BiologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Junfeng Wang
- High Magnetic Field LaboratoryCAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical BiologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
- Chemical Biology Research CenterSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Institute of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui UniversityHefeiChina
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20
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Gonçalves D, Rignol G, Dellugat P, Hartmann G, Sarrazy Garcia S, Stavenhagen J, Santarelli L, Gouze E, Czech C. In vitro and in vivo characterization of Recifercept, a soluble fibroblast growth factor receptor 3, as treatment for achondroplasia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244368. [PMID: 33370388 PMCID: PMC7769458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Achondroplasia is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the Fibroblast Growth Factor receptor 3 (FGFR3). These mutations lead to aberrant increase of inhibitory signaling in proliferating chondrocytes at the growth plate. Recifercept is a potential treatment for this disease using a decoy approach to sequester FGFR3 ligands subsequently normalizing activation of the mutated FGFR3 receptor. Recifercept binds to FGF isoforms in vitro and in cellular model systems and reduces FGFR3 signaling. In addition, in a transgenic mouse model of achondroplasia, Recifercept restores reduced body weight and long bone growth in these mice. These data suggest that Recifercept treatment could lead to clinical benefits in children treated with this molecule.
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MESH Headings
- Achondroplasia/drug therapy
- Achondroplasia/genetics
- Achondroplasia/metabolism
- Animals
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Bone Development/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/administration & dosage
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Gonçalves
- Research and Development, Rare Disease Unit, Pfizer, Nice, France
| | - Guylène Rignol
- Research and Development, Rare Disease Unit, Pfizer, Nice, France
| | - Pierre Dellugat
- Research and Development, Rare Disease Unit, Pfizer, Nice, France
| | - Guido Hartmann
- Research and Development, Rare Disease Unit, Pfizer, Nice, France
- TOLREMO Therapeutics AG, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Elvire Gouze
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Christian Czech
- Research and Development, Rare Disease Unit, Pfizer, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
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21
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The autocrine role of FGF21 in cultured adipocytes. Biochem J 2020; 477:2477-2487. [PMID: 32648929 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cold alters glucose and lipid metabolism of white and brown adipose tissue via activation of β-adrenergic receptor (ADRB). Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been shown to be locally released from adipose tissue upon activation of ADRBs and FGF21 increases glucose uptake in adipocytes. Therefore, FGF21 may play an autocrine role in inducing glucose uptake after β-adrenergic stimulation. To determine the putative autocrine role of FGF21, we stimulated three different types of adipocytes in vitro with Isoprenaline (Iso), an ADRB agonist, in the presence or absence of the FGF receptor (FGFR) inhibitor PD 173074. The three cell lines represent white (3T3-L1), beige (ME3) and brown (WT-1) adipocyte phenotypes, respectively. All three cells systems expressed β-klotho (KLB) and FGFR1 after differentiation and treatment with recombinant FGF21 increased glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 and WT-1 adipocytes, while no significant effect was observed in ME3. Oppositely, all three cell lines responded to Iso treatment and an increase in glucose uptake and lipolysis were observed. Interestingly, in response to the Iso treatment only the WT-1 adipocytes showed an increase in FGF21 in the medium. This was consistent with the observation that PD 173074 decreased Iso-induced glucose uptake in the WT-1 adipocytes. This suggests that FGF21 plays an autocrine role and increases glucose uptake after β-adrenergic stimulation of cultured brown WT-1 adipocytes.
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22
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Kim D, Lee J, Bae I, Kim M, Huh Y, Choi J, Bae S, Choi IY, Kim HH, Kim DK. Preparation, characterization, and pharmacological study of a novel long-acting FGF21 with a potential therapeutic effect in obesity. Biologicals 2020; 69:49-58. [PMID: 33277119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF21 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 21), which is expressed in the liver, adipose tissue, and pancreas, has been widely known as a therapeutic candidate for metabolic diseases. Though FGF21 is crucial to glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis, it is not straightforward to develop a new drug with FGF21 due to its short half-life in serum. Here, we derived a novel long-acting FGF21 (LAPS-FGF21), which is chemically conjugated to the human IgG4 Fc fragment for longer half-life in serum. The recombinant human IgG4 Fc fragment and FGF21 were prepared by the refolding of inclusion body and periplasmic expression in Escherichia coli overexpression systems, respectively. The efficacy study of LAPS-FGF21 in a Diet-Induced Obesity (DIO) mouse model revealed that LAPS-FGF21 reduced body weight effectively accompanied by improved glucose tolerance in a dose-dependent manner. The administration of LAPS-FGF21 also improved the blood profiles with a significant reduction in cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Additionally, the pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of LAPS-FGF21 using normal ICR mice demonstrated that the half-life of LAPS-FGF21 was approximately 64-fold longer than FGF21. Taken together, the LAPS-FGF21 could be a feasible drug candidate with excellent bodyweight loss efficacy and longer dosing interval by half-life increase in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daejin Kim
- Department of Environmental & Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea; Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co.Ltd, 550, Dongtangiheung-ro, Dongtan-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsoo Lee
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea; Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co.Ltd, 550, Dongtangiheung-ro, Dongtan-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - InHwan Bae
- Department of Environmental & Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea; Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co.Ltd, 550, Dongtangiheung-ro, Dongtan-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea; Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co.Ltd, 550, Dongtangiheung-ro, Dongtan-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Huh
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea; Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co.Ltd, 550, Dongtangiheung-ro, Dongtan-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea; Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co.Ltd, 550, Dongtangiheung-ro, Dongtan-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Bae
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co.Ltd, 550, Dongtangiheung-ro, Dongtan-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - In Young Choi
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co.Ltd, 550, Dongtangiheung-ro, Dongtan-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Hyung Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae Kyong Kim
- Department of Environmental & Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Fibroblast growth factor signalling in osteoarthritis and cartilage repair. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:547-564. [PMID: 32807927 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-0469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling is a prerequisite for the correct development and homeostasis of articular cartilage, as evidenced by the fact that aberrant FGF signalling contributes to the maldevelopment of joints and to the onset and progression of osteoarthritis. Of the four FGF receptors (FGFRs 1-4), FGFR1 and FGFR3 are strongly implicated in osteoarthritis, and FGFR1 antagonists, as well as agonists of FGFR3, have shown therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of spontaneous and surgically induced osteoarthritis. FGF18, a high affinity ligand for FGFR3, is the only FGF-based drug currently in clinical trials for osteoarthritis. This Review covers the latest advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate FGF signalling during normal joint development and in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Strategies for FGF signalling-based treatment of osteoarthritis and for cartilage repair in animal models and clinical trials are also introduced. An improved understanding of FGF signalling from a structural biology perspective, and of its roles in skeletal development and diseases, could unlock new avenues for discovery of modulators of FGF signalling that can slow or stop the progression of osteoarthritis.
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24
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Dongiovanni P, Crudele A, Panera N, Romito I, Meroni M, De Stefanis C, Palma A, Comparcola D, Fracanzani AL, Miele L, Valenti L, Nobili V, Alisi A. β-Klotho gene variation is associated with liver damage in children with NAFLD. J Hepatol 2020; 72:411-419. [PMID: 31655133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in adults and children. Along with obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance, genetic factors strongly impact on NAFLD development and progression. Dysregulated bile acid metabolism and the fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) pathway play a pivotal role in NAFLD pathogenesis. However, the mechanism through which the FGF19 receptor system is associated with liver damage in NAFLD remains to be defined. METHODS We evaluated the impact of the rs17618244 G>A β-Klotho (KLB) variant on liver damage in 249 pediatric patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD and the association of this variant with the expression of hepatic and soluble KLB. In vitro models were established to investigate the role of the KLB mutant. RESULTS The KLB rs17618244 variant was associated with an increased risk of ballooning and lobular inflammation. KLB plasma levels were lower in carriers of the rs17618244 minor A allele and were associated with lobular inflammation, ballooning and fibrosis. In HepG2 and Huh7 hepatoma cell lines, exposure to free fatty acids caused a severe reduction of intracellular and secreted KLB. Finally, KLB downregulation obtained by the expression of a KLB mutant in HepG2 and Huh7 cells induced intracellular lipid accumulation and upregulation of p62, ACOX1, ACSL1, IL-1β and TNF-α gene expression. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we showed an association between the rs17618244 KLB variant, which leads to reduced KLB expression, and the severity of NAFLD in pediatric patients. We can speculate that the KLB protein may exert a protective role against lipotoxicity and inflammation in hepatocytes. LAY SUMMARY Genetic and environmental factors strongly impact on the pathogenesis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The FGF19/FGFR4/KLB pathway plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of a genetic variant in the KLB gene on the severity of liver disease. Our data suggest that the KLB protein plays a protective role against lipotoxicity and inflammation in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa Crudele
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Panera
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Romito
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Palma
- Genomic Facility Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Comparcola
- Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Miele
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Translational Medicine, Department for Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Valerio Nobili
- Hepatology Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Alisi
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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Lathe R, Singadia S, Jordan C, Riedel G. The interoceptive hippocampus: Mouse brain endocrine receptor expression highlights a dentate gyrus (DG)-cornu ammonis (CA) challenge-sufficiency axis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227575. [PMID: 31940330 PMCID: PMC6961916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The primeval function of the mammalian hippocampus (HPC) remains uncertain. Implicated in learning and memory, spatial navigation, and neuropsychological disorders, evolutionary theory suggests that the HPC evolved from a primeval chemosensory epithelium. Deficits in sensing of internal body status ('interoception') in patients with HPC lesions argue that internal sensing may be conserved in higher vertebrates. We studied the expression patterns in mouse brain of 250 endocrine receptors that respond to blood-borne ligands. Key findings are (i) the proportions and levels of endocrine receptor expression in the HPC are significantly higher than in all other comparable brain regions. (ii) Surprisingly, the distribution of endocrine receptor expression within mouse HPC was found to be highly structured: receptors signaling 'challenge' are segregated in dentate gyrus (DG), whereas those signaling 'sufficiency' are principally found in cornu ammonis (CA) regions. Selective expression of endocrine receptors in the HPC argues that interoception remains a core feature of hippocampal function. Further, we report that ligands of DG receptors predominantly inhibit both synaptic potentiation and neurogenesis, whereas CA receptor ligands conversely promote both synaptic potentiation and neurogenesis. These findings suggest that the hippocampus acts as an integrator of body status, extending its role in context-dependent memory encoding from 'where' and 'when' to 'how I feel'. Implications for anxiety and depression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Little France, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RL); (GR)
| | - Sheena Singadia
- Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Crispin Jordan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gernot Riedel
- Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RL); (GR)
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a hormone with a central role in the regulation of phosphate homeostasis. This regulation is accomplished by the coordinated modulation of renal phosphate handling, vitamin D metabolism and parathyroid hormone secretion. Patients with kidney disease have increased circulating levels of FGF23 and in other patient populations and in healthy individuals, FGF23 levels also rise following an increase in dietary phosphate intake. Maladaptive increases in FGF23 have a detrimental effect on several organs and tissues and, importantly, these pathological changes most likely contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. For example, in the context of heart disease, FGF23 is involved in the development of pathological hypertrophy that can lead to congestive heart failure. Increased FGF23 concentrations can also lead to microcirculatory changes, in particular reduced vasodilatory capacity, and collectively these cardiovascular changes can compromise tissue perfusion. In addition, FGF23 is associated with inflammation and an increased risk of infection; other potentially detrimental effects of FGF23 are likely to emerge in the future. Most importantly, recent insights demonstrate that FGF23 can be therapeutically targeted, which holds promise for the treatment of many patients in a variety of clinical settings.
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Zhao L, Niu J, Lin H, Zhao J, Liu Y, Song Z, Xiang C, Wang X, Yang Y, Li X, Mohammadi M, Huang Z. Paracrine-endocrine FGF chimeras as potent therapeutics for metabolic diseases. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:462-477. [PMID: 31631034 PMCID: PMC6838362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of a clinically useful fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) hormone has been impeded by its inherent instability and weak FGF receptor (FGFR) binding affinity. There is an urgent need for innovative approaches to overcome these limitations. Methods We devised a structure-based chimerisation strategy in which we substituted the thermally labile and low receptor affinity core of FGF21 with an HS binding deficient endocrinised core derived from a stable and high receptor affinity paracrine FGF1 (FGF1ΔHBS). The thermal stability, receptor binding ability, heparan sulfate and βKlotho coreceptor dependency of the chimera were measured using a thermal shift assay, SPR, SEC-MALS and cell-based studies. The half-life, tissue distribution, glucose lowering activity and adipose tissue remodeling were analyzed in normal and diabetic mice and monkeys. Findings The melting temperature of the engineered chimera (FGF1ΔHBS-FGF21C-tail) increased by ∼22 °C relative to wild-type FGF21 (FGF21WT), and resulted in a ∼5-fold increase in half-life in vivo. The chimera also acquired an ability to bind the FGFR1c isoform – the principal receptor that mediates the metabolic actions of FGF21 – and consequently was dramatically more effective than FGF21WT in correcting hyperglycemia and in ameliorating insulin resistance in db/db mice. Our chimeric FGF21 also exerted a significant beneficial effect on glycemic control in spontaneous diabetic cynomolgus monkeys. Interpretation Our study describes a structure-based chimerisation approach that effectively mitigates both the intrinsically weak receptor binding affinities and short half-lives of endocrine FGFs, and advance the development of the FGF21 hormone into a potentially useful drug for Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwei Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianlou Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Huan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Zihui Song
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300301, China
| | - Congshang Xiang
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300301, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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Lutz SZ, Hennige AM, Peter A, Kovarova M, Totsikas C, Machann J, Kröber SM, Sperl B, Schleicher E, Schick F, Heni M, Ullrich A, Häring HU, Stefan N. The Gly385(388)Arg Polymorphism of the FGFR4 Receptor Regulates Hepatic Lipogenesis Under Healthy Diet. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2041-2053. [PMID: 30541128 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The effect of a lifestyle intervention to reduce liver fat content in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans is influenced by genetics. We hypothesized that the amino acid exchange in human Gly388Arg (mouse homolog: Gly385Arg) in fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), which regulates bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism, could determine hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin sensitivity. Mechanisms of this substitution were studied in mice under normal chow and high-fat diets. DESIGN In humans, the Gly388Arg polymorphism was studied for its relationship with changes in liver fat content and insulin sensitivity during 9 months of a lifestyle intervention. We also studied a knock-in mouse strain with an Arg385 allele introduced into the murine FGFR4 gene under normal chow and high-fat diets. RESULTS In humans, the FGFR4 Arg388 allele was not associated with liver fat content or insulin sensitivity in subjects who were overweight and obese before lifestyle intervention. However, it was associated with less decrease in liver fat content and less increase in insulin sensitivity during the intervention. In mice receiving normal chow, the FGFR4 Arg385 allele was associated with elevated hepatic triglyceride content, altered hepatic lipid composition, and increased hepatic expression of genes inducing de novo lipogenesis and glycolysis. Body fat mass and distribution, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity were unaltered. The FGFR4 Arg385 allele had no effect on glucose or lipid metabolism under the high-fat diet. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the FGFR4 Arg388(385) allele affects hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism specifically during healthy caloric intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Z Lutz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anita M Hennige
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marketa Kovarova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Charisis Totsikas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan M Kröber
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bianca Sperl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Erwin Schleicher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fritz Schick
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Ullrich
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Stefan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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Christoffersen B, Straarup EM, Lykkegaard K, Fels JJ, Sass-Ørum K, Zhang X, Raun K, Andersen B. FGF21 decreases food intake and body weight in obese Göttingen minipigs. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:592-600. [PMID: 30328263 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to assess the effect of FGF21 on food intake, body weight, body composition, glucose homeostasis, bone mineral density (BMD), cortisol and growth hormone (GH) in obese minipigs. The pig is a unique model for studying FGF21 pharmacology as it does not express UCP1, unlike mice and humans. METHODS Twelve obese Göttingen minipigs with a mean body weight of 91.6 ± 6.7 kg (mean ± SD) received subcutaneously either vehicle (n = 6) or recombinant human FGF21 (n = 6) once daily for 14 weeks (0.1 mg/kg for 9.5 weeks and 0.3 mg/kg for 4.5 weeks). RESULTS Treatment of obese minipigs with FGF21 led to a 50% reduction in food intake and a body weight loss of, on average, 18 kg compared to the vehicle group after 14 weeks of dosing. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, evaluated by intravenous glucose tolerance test, were significantly improved in the FGF21 group compared to the vehicle group at the end of the study. The plasma cortisol profile was unaffected by FGF21, whereas a small decrease in peak GH values was observed in the FGF21-treated animals after 7 to 9.5 weeks of treatment compared to the vehicle group. Whole-body BMD was not affected by 13 weeks of FGF21 dosing. CONCLUSION Despite a lack of UCP-1 in obese minipigs, FGF21 treatment induced a significant weight loss, primarily a result of reduction in food intake, with no adverse effect on BMD or plasma cortisol.
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Tabari FS, Karimian A, Parsian H, Rameshknia V, Mahmoodpour A, Majidinia M, Maniati M, Yousefi B. The roles of FGF21 in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2019; 20:103-114. [PMID: 30879171 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-019-09488-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
FGF21 is a peptide hormone that regulates homeostasis of lipid and glucose as well as energy metabolism. It is mainly expressed and secreted in liver and adipose tissues, and it is expressed in lower amounts in the aorta. Recent clinical and preclinical studies indicate increased serum FGF21 levels in atherosclerosis patients. Also, FGF21 therapy has been reported to reduce the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in animal models and in vitro studies. Moreover, growing evidence indicates that administration of exogenous FGF21 induces anti-atherosclerotic effects, because of its ability to reduce lipid profile, alleviation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Therefore, FGF21 can not only be considered as a biomarker for predicting atherosclerosis, but also induce protective effects against atherosclerosis. Besides, serum levels of FGF21 increase in various diseases including in diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity, which may be related to initiating and exacerbating atherosclerosis. On the other hand, FGF21 therapy significantly improves lipid profiles, and reduces vascular inflammation and oxidative stress in atherosclerosis related diseases. Therefore, further prospective studies are needed to clarify whether FGF21 can be used as a prognostic biomarker to identify individuals at future risk of atherosclerosis in these atherosclerosis-associated diseases. In this review, we will discuss the possible mechanism by which FGF21 protects against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Shanebandpour Tabari
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ansar Karimian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hadi Parsian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Vahid Rameshknia
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Ata Mahmoodpour
- Anesthesiology Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mahmood Maniati
- Faculty of Medicine, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
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Beck-Nielsen SS, Mughal Z, Haffner D, Nilsson O, Levtchenko E, Ariceta G, de Lucas Collantes C, Schnabel D, Jandhyala R, Mäkitie O. FGF23 and its role in X-linked hypophosphatemia-related morbidity. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:58. [PMID: 30808384 PMCID: PMC6390548 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is an inherited disease of phosphate metabolism in which inactivating mutations of the Phosphate Regulating Endopeptidase Homolog, X-Linked (PHEX) gene lead to local and systemic effects including impaired growth, rickets, osteomalacia, bone abnormalities, bone pain, spontaneous dental abscesses, hearing difficulties, enthesopathy, osteoarthritis, and muscular dysfunction. Patients with XLH present with elevated levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), which is thought to mediate many of the aforementioned manifestations of the disease. Elevated FGF23 has also been observed in many other diseases of hypophosphatemia, and a range of animal models have been developed to study these diseases, yet the role of FGF23 in the pathophysiology of XLH is incompletely understood. Methods The role of FGF23 in the pathophysiology of XLH is here reviewed by describing what is known about phenotypes associated with various PHEX mutations, animal models of XLH, and non-nutritional diseases of hypophosphatemia, and by presenting molecular pathways that have been proposed to contribute to manifestations of XLH. Results The pathophysiology of XLH is complex, involving a range of molecular pathways that variously contribute to different manifestations of the disease. Hypophosphatemia due to elevated FGF23 is the most obvious contributor, however localised fluctuations in tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), pyrophosphate, calcitriol and direct effects of FGF23 have been observed to be associated with certain manifestations. Conclusions By describing what is known about these pathways, this review highlights key areas for future research that would contribute to the understanding and clinical treatment of non-nutritional diseases of hypophosphatemia, particularly XLH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zulf Mughal
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Ola Nilsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Gema Ariceta
- Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Dirk Schnabel
- University Children's Hospital of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Outi Mäkitie
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Somm E, Jornayvaz FR. Fibroblast Growth Factor 15/19: From Basic Functions to Therapeutic Perspectives. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:960-989. [PMID: 30124818 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Discovered 20 years ago, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19, and its mouse ortholog FGF15, were the first members of a new subfamily of FGFs able to act as hormones. During fetal life, FGF15/19 is involved in organogenesis, affecting the development of the ear, eye, heart, and brain. At adulthood, FGF15/19 is mainly produced by the ileum, acting on the liver to repress hepatic bile acid synthesis and promote postprandial nutrient partitioning. In rodents, pharmacologic doses of FGF19 induce the same antiobesity and antidiabetic actions as FGF21, with these metabolic effects being partly mediated by the brain. However, activation of hepatocyte proliferation by FGF19 has long been a challenge to its therapeutic use. Recently, genetic reengineering of the molecule has resolved this issue. Despite a global overlap in expression pattern and function, murine FGF15 and human FGF19 exhibit several differences in terms of regulation, molecular structure, signaling, and biological properties. As most of the knowledge originates from the use of FGF19 in murine models, differences between mice and humans in the biology of FGF15/19 have to be considered for a successful translation from bench to bedside. This review summarizes the basic knowledge concerning FGF15/19 in mice and humans, with a special focus on regulation of production, morphogenic properties, hepatocyte growth, bile acid homeostasis, as well as actions on glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. Moreover, implications and therapeutic perspectives concerning FGF19 in human diseases (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, biliary disorders, and cancer) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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Luo W, Lin X, Wang T, Cai J, Zeng X, Zhu C, Li R, Wang H, Wu X. Identification of a crucial amino acid responsible for the loss of specifying FGFR1–KLB affinity of the iodinated FGF21. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2500-2510. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Luo
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Xiao‐Mian Lin
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Tian‐Xiang Wang
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Jia‐Long Cai
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Xiang‐Feng Zeng
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Cai‐Rong Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Rong‐Zhen Li
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Heng Wang
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Xiao‐Ping Wu
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou China
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Differential receptor selectivity of the FGF15/FGF19 orthologues determines distinct metabolic activities in db/db mice. Biochem J 2018; 475:2985-2996. [PMID: 30127091 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) 19, 21 and 23 are characterized by being endocrinely secreted and require co-receptor α-klotho or β-klotho (BKL) for binding and activation of the FGF receptors (FGFR). FGF15 is the rodent orthologue of human FGF19, but the two proteins share only 52% amino acid identity. Despite the physiological role of FGF21 and FGF19 being quite different, both lower blood glucose (BG) when administered to diabetic mice. The present study was designed to clarify why two human proteins with distinct physiological functions both lower BG in db/db mice and if the mouse orthologue FGF15 has similar effect to FGF19 and FGF21. Recombinant human FGF19, -21 and a mouse FGF15 variant (C110S) were expressed and purified from Escherichia coli While rhFGF19 (recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 19) and rhFGF21 (recombinant human fibroblast growth factor) bound FGFRs in complex with both human and mouse BKL, rmFGF15CS (recombinant mouse fibroblast growth factor 15 C110S) only bound the FGFRs when combined with mouse BKL. Recombinant hFGF21 and rhFGF19, but not rmFGF15CS, increased glucose uptake in mouse adipocytes, while rhFGF19 and rmFGF15CS potently decreased Cyp7a1 expression in rat hepatocytes. The lack of effect of rmFGF15CS on glucose uptake in adipocytes was associated with rmFGF15CS's inability to signal through the FGFR1c/mouse BKL complex. In db/db mice, only rhFGF19 and rhFGF21 decreased BG while rmFGF15CS and rhFGF19, but not rhFGF21, increased total cholesterol. These data demonstrate receptor- and species-specific differential activity of FGF15 and FGF19 which should be taken into consideration when FGF19 is used as a substitute for FGF15.
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Chanda D, Otoupalova E, Smith SR, Volckaert T, De Langhe SP, Thannickal VJ. Developmental pathways in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 65:56-69. [PMID: 30130563 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and terminal lung disease with no known cure. IPF is a disease of aging, with median age of diagnosis over 65 years. Median survival is between 3 and 5 years after diagnosis. IPF is characterized primarily by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by activated lung fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, resulting in reduced gas exchange and impaired pulmonary function. Growing evidence supports the concept of a pro-fibrotic environment orchestrated by underlying factors such as genetic predisposition, chronic injury and aging, oxidative stress, and impaired regenerative responses may account for disease development and persistence. Currently, two FDA approved drugs have limited efficacy in the treatment of IPF. Many of the genes and gene networks associated with lung development are induced or activated in IPF. In this review, we analyze current knowledge in the field, gained from both basic and clinical research, to provide new insights into the disease process, and potential approaches to treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptiman Chanda
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Eva Otoupalova
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Samuel R Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Thomas Volckaert
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Stijn P De Langhe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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BonDurant LD, Potthoff MJ. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis. Annu Rev Nutr 2018; 38:173-196. [PMID: 29727594 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone derived from the liver that exerts pleiotropic effects on the body to maintain overall metabolic homeostasis. During the past decade, there has been an enormous effort made to understand the physiological roles of FGF21 in regulating metabolism and to identify the mechanism for its potent pharmacological effects to reverse diabetes and obesity. Through both human and rodent studies, it is now evident that FGF21 levels are dynamically regulated by nutrient sensing, and consequently FGF21 functions as a critical regulator of nutrient homeostasis. In addition, recent studies using new genetic and molecular tools have provided critical insight into the actions of this endocrine factor. This review examines the numerous functions of FGF21 and highlights the therapeutic potential of FGF21-targeted pathways for treating metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D BonDurant
- Department of Pharmacology and Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA;
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Pharmacology and Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA;
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Courbebaisse M, Lanske B. Biology of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23: From Physiology to Pathology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a031260. [PMID: 28778965 PMCID: PMC5932574 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23 is a phosphaturic hormone produced by osteocytes and osteoblasts that binds to FGF receptors in the presence of the transmembrane protein αKlotho. FGF23 mainly targets the renal proximal tubule to inhibit calcitriol production and the expression of the sodium/phosphate cotransporters NaPi2a and NaPi2c, thus inhibiting renal phosphate reabsorption. FGF23 also acts on the parathyroid glands to inhibit parathyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. FGF23 regulation involves many systemic and local factors, among them calcitriol, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone. Increased FGF23 is primarily observed in rare acquired or genetic disorders, but chronic kidney disease is associated with a reactional increase in FGF23 to combat hyperphosphatemia. However, high FGF23 levels induce left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and are associated with an increased risk of mortality. In this review, we describe FGF23 physiology and the pathological consequences of high or low FGF23 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Courbebaisse
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research OMII, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Paris Descartes University, Paris 75006, France
| | - Beate Lanske
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research OMII, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Motylewska E, Stępień T, Borkowska M, Kuzdak K, Siejka A, Komorowski J, Stępień H, Ławnicka H. Alteration in the serum concentrations of FGF19, FGFR4 and βKlotho in patients with thyroid cancer. Cytokine 2018; 105:32-36. [PMID: 29438906 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION βKlotho (βKL) is known to act as co-receptor for fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) which is the main cognate receptor for fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19). Dysregulation of this FGF19/FGFR4/βKL signaling axis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several cancers. However, its role in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer has not been determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS The aim of this study was to assess FGF19, FGFR4 and βKL concentrations in a group of 36 patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), 11 patients with follicular thyroid cancer (FTC), 9 patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and a group of 19 subjects with multinodular nontoxic goiter (MNG). The control group consisted of 20 healthy volunteers. Serum FGF19, FGFR4 and βKL concentrations were measured using specific ELISA methods. RESULTS Significantly lower concentrations of βKL and higher concentrations of FGF19 were found in patients with PTC, FTC and ATC as compared with MNG group and controls. An elevation of FGFR4 serum concentration was observed in all thyroid cancer groups in comparison to MNG group and controls; however, in FTC group it was statistically insignificant. A positive correlation was found between βKL and FGFR4 concentrations in PTC patients. The levels of βKL, FGF19 and FGFR4 did not differ significantly between MNG group and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a disrupted FGF19/FGFR4/βKL signaling pathway may play a role in the development of thyroid cancers. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the neoplastic transition of thyroid epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Motylewska
- Department of Immunoendocrinology, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Sterlinga 3, 91-425 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Stępień
- Clinic of Endocrinological and General Surgery, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Pabianicka 62, 93-513 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Borkowska
- Clinic of Endocrinological and General Surgery, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Pabianicka 62, 93-513 Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kuzdak
- Clinic of Endocrinological and General Surgery, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Pabianicka 62, 93-513 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Siejka
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Sterlinga 3, 91-425 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Komorowski
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Sterlinga 3, 91-425 Lodz, Poland
| | - Henryk Stępień
- Department of Immunoendocrinology, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Sterlinga 3, 91-425 Lodz, Poland
| | - Hanna Ławnicka
- Department of Immunoendocrinology, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Sterlinga 3, 91-425 Lodz, Poland
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Fitzpatrick EA, Han X, Xiao Z, Quarles LD. Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 in Innate Immune Responses. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:320. [PMID: 29946298 PMCID: PMC6005851 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) is a bone-derived hormone that activates FGFR/α-Klotho binary complexes in the kidney renal tubules to regulate phosphate reabsorption and vitamin D metabolism. The objective of this review is to discuss the emerging data that show that FGF-23 has functions beyond regulation of mineral metabolism, including roles in innate immune and hemodynamic responses. Excess FGF-23 is associated with inflammation and adverse infectious outcomes, as well as increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease. Enhancer elements in the FGF-23 promoter have been identified that mediate the effects of inflammatory cytokines to stimulate FGF-23 gene transcription in bone. In addition, inflammation induces ectopic expression of FGF-23 and α-Klotho in macrophages that do not normally express FGF-23 or its binary receptor complexes. These observations suggest that FGF-23 may play an important role in regulating innate immunity through multiple potential mechanisms. Circulating FGF-23 acts as a counter-regulatory hormone to suppress 1,25D production in the proximal tubule of the kidney. Since vitamin D deficiency may predispose infectious and cardiovascular diseases, FGF-23 effects on innate immune responses may be due to suppression of 1,25D production. Alternatively, systemic and locally produced FGF-23 may modulate immune functions through direct interactions with myeloid cells, including macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes to impair immune cell functions. Short-acting small molecules that reversibly inhibit FGF-23 offer the potential to block pro-inflammatory and cardiotoxic effects of FGF-23 with less side effects compared with FGF-23 blocking antibodies that have the potential to cause hyperphosphatemia and soft tissue calcifications in animal models. In conclusion, there are several mechanisms by which FGF-23 impacts the innate immune system and further investigation is critical for the development of therapies to treat diseases associated with elevated FGF-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Xiaobin Han
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Zhousheng Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - L. Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: L. Darryl Quarles,
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Wang S, Li Y, Jiang C, Tian H. Fibroblast growth factor 9 subfamily and the heart. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:605-613. [PMID: 29198068 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 9 subfamily is a member of the FGF family, including FGF9, 16, and 20, potentially sharing similar biochemical functions due to their high degree of sequence homology. Unlike other secreted proteins which have a cleavable N-terminal secreted signal peptide, FGF9/16/20 have non-cleaved N-terminal signal peptides. As an intercellular signaling molecule, they are involved in a variety of complex responses in animal development. Cardiogenesis is controlled by many members of the transcription factor family. Evidence suggests that FGF signaling, including the FGF9 subfamily, has a pretty close association with these cardiac-specific genes. In addition, recent studies have shown that the FGF9 subfamily maintains functional adaptation and survival after myocardial infarction in adult myocardium. Since FGF9/16/20 are secreted proteins, their function characterization in cardiac regeneration can promote their potential to be developed for the treatment of cardioprotection and revascularization. Here, we conclude that the FGF9 subfamily roles in cardiac development and maintenance of postnatal cardiac homeostasis, especially cardiac function maturation and functional maintenance of the heart after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China. .,Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Haishan Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Huang Z, Tan Y, Gu J, Liu Y, Song L, Niu J, Zhao L, Srinivasan L, Lin Q, Deng J, Li Y, Conklin DJ, Neubert TA, Cai L, Li X, Mohammadi M. Uncoupling the Mitogenic and Metabolic Functions of FGF1 by Tuning FGF1-FGF Receptor Dimer Stability. Cell Rep 2017; 20:1717-1728. [PMID: 28813681 PMCID: PMC5821125 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of metabolic roles for fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) in glucose homeostasis has expanded the functions of this classically known mitogen. To dissect the molecular basis for this functional pleiotropy, we engineered an FGF1 partial agonist carrying triple mutations (FGF1ΔHBS) that diminished its ability to induce heparan sulfate (HS)-assisted FGF receptor (FGFR) dimerization and activation. FGF1ΔHBS exhibited a severely reduced proliferative potential, while preserving the full metabolic activity of wild-type FGF1 in vitro and in vivo. Hence, suboptimal FGFR activation by a weak FGF1-FGFR dimer is sufficient to evoke a metabolic response, whereas full FGFR activation by stable and sustained dimerization is required to elicit a mitogenic response. In addition to providing a physical basis for the diverse activities of FGF1, our findings will impact ongoing drug discoveries targeting FGF1 and related FGFs for the treatment of a variety of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Huang
- School of Pharmacy & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yi Tan
- School of Pharmacy & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Junlian Gu
- Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lintao Song
- School of Pharmacy & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jianlou Niu
- School of Pharmacy & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Longwei Zhao
- School of Pharmacy & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lakshmi Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Qian Lin
- School of Pharmacy & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jingjing Deng
- Department of Cell Biology and Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Department of Cell Biology and Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacy & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Abstract
The vertebrate endoskeleton is not a mere frame for muscle attachment to facilitate locomotion, but is a massive organ integrated with many physiologic functions including mineral and energy metabolism. Mineral balance is maintained by tightly controlled ion fluxes that are external (intestine and kidney) and internal (between bone and other organs), and are regulated and coordinated by many endocrine signals between these organs. The endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and Klotho gene families are complex systems that co-evolved with the endoskeleton. In particular, FGF23 and αKlotho which are primarily derived from bone and kidney respectively, are critical in maintaining mineral metabolism where each of these proteins serving highly diverse roles; abound with many unanswered questions regarding their upstream regulation and downstream functions. Genetic lesions of components of this network produce discreet disturbances in many facets of mineral metabolism. One acquired condition with colossal elevations of FGF23 and suppression of αKlotho is chronic kidney disease where multiple organ dysfunction contributes to the morbidity and mortality. However, the single most important group of derangements that encompasses the largest breadth of complications is mineral metabolism disorders. Mineral metabolic disorders in CKD impact negatively and significantly on the progression of renal disease as well as extra-renal complications. Knowledge of the origin, nature, and impact of phosphate, FGF23, and αKlotho derangements is pivotal to understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kuro-O
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Orson W Moe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Mulloy B, Hogwood J, Gray E, Lever R, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:76-141. [PMID: 26672027 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been recognized as a valuable anticoagulant and antithrombotic for several decades and is still widely used in clinical practice for a variety of indications. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is mainly attributable to the action of a specific pentasaccharide sequence that acts in concert with antithrombin, a plasma coagulation factor inhibitor. This observation has led to the development of synthetic heparin mimetics for clinical use. However, it is increasingly recognized that heparin has many other pharmacological properties, including but not limited to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic actions. Many of these activities are independent of its anticoagulant activity, although the mechanisms of these other activities are currently less well defined. Nonetheless, heparin is being exploited for clinical uses beyond anticoagulation and developed for a wide range of clinical disorders. This article provides a "state of the art" review of our current understanding of the pharmacology of heparin and related drugs and an overview of the status of development of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebecca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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Tan SJ, Smith ER, Hewitson TD, Holt SG, Toussaint ND. The importance of klotho in phosphate metabolism and kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2016; 19:439-49. [PMID: 24750549 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) and its co-receptor α-klotho has broadened our understanding of mineral metabolism and led to a renewed research focus on phosphate homeostatic pathways in kidney disease. Expanding knowledge of these mechanisms, both in normal physiology and in pathology, identifies targets for potential interventions designed to reduce the complications of renal disease, particularly the cardiovascular sequelae. FGF23 has emerged as a major α-klotho-dependent endocrine regulator of mineral metabolism, functioning to activate vitamin D and as a phosphatonin. However, increasingly there is an appreciation that klotho may act independently as a phosphate regulator, as well as having significant activity in other key biological processes. This review outlines our current understanding of klotho, and its potential contribution to kidney disease and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Jean Tan
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Itoh N, Nakayama Y, Konishi M. Roles of FGFs As Paracrine or Endocrine Signals in Liver Development, Health, and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:30. [PMID: 27148532 PMCID: PMC4829580 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays important roles in multiple processes including metabolism, the immune system, and detoxification and also has a unique capacity for regeneration. FGFs are growth factors that have diverse functions in development, health, and disease. The FGF family now comprises 22 members. Several FGFs have been shown to play roles as paracrine signals in liver development, health, and disease. FGF8 and FGF10 are involved in embryonic liver development, FGF7 and FGF9 in repair in response to liver injury, and FGF5, FGF8, FGF9, FGF17, and FGF18 in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. In contrast, FGF15/19 and FGF21 are endocrine signals. FGF15/19, which is produced in the ileum, is a negative regulator of bile acid metabolism and a stimulator of gallbladder filling. FGF15/19 is a postprandial, insulin-independent activator of hepatic protein and glycogen synthesis. It is also required for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver regeneration. FGF21 is a hepatokine produced in the liver. FGF21 regulates glucose and lipid metabolism in white adipose tissue. Serum FGF21 levels are elevated in non-alcoholic fatty liver. FGF21 also protects against non-alcoholic fatty liver. These findings provide new insights into the roles of FGFs in the liver and potential therapeutic strategies for hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Itoh
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakayama
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University Kobe, Japan
| | - Morichika Konishi
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University Kobe, Japan
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Diener S, Schorpp K, Strom TM, Hadian K, Lorenz-Depiereux B. Development of A Cell-Based Assay to Identify Small Molecule Inhibitors of FGF23 Signaling. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2015; 13:476-87. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2015.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Diener
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Human Genetics, HelmholtzZentrum München, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Kenji Schorpp
- Assay Development and Screening Platform, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, HelmholtzZentrum München, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Tim-Matthias Strom
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Human Genetics, HelmholtzZentrum München, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Kamyar Hadian
- Assay Development and Screening Platform, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, HelmholtzZentrum München, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Bettina Lorenz-Depiereux
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Human Genetics, HelmholtzZentrum München, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
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Heinzle C, Erdem Z, Paur J, Grasl-Kraupp B, Holzmann K, Grusch M, Berger W, Marian B. Is fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 a suitable target of cancer therapy? Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:2881-98. [PMID: 23944363 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and their tyrosine kinase receptors (FGFR) support cell proliferation, survival and migration during embryonic development, organogenesis and tissue maintenance and their deregulation is frequently observed in cancer development and progression. Consequently, increasing efforts are focusing on the development of strategies to target FGF/FGFR signaling for cancer therapy. Among the FGFRs the family member FGFR4 is least well understood and differs from FGFRs1-3 in several aspects. Importantly, FGFR4 deletion does not lead to an embryonic lethal phenotype suggesting the possibility that its inhibition in cancer therapy might not cause grave adverse effects. In addition, the FGFR4 kinase domain differs sufficiently from those of FGFRs1-3 to permit development of highly specific inhibitors. The oncogenic impact of FGFR4, however, is not undisputed, as the FGFR4-mediated hormonal effects of several FGF ligands may also constitute a tissue-protective tumor suppressor activity especially in the liver. Therefore it is the purpose of this review to summarize all relevant aspects of FGFR4 physiology and pathophysiology and discuss the options of targeting this receptor for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brigitte Marian
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Comps-Agrar L, Dunshee DR, Eaton DL, Sonoda J. Unliganded fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 forms density-independent dimers. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24166-77. [PMID: 26272615 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors receptors (FGFRs) are thought to initiate intracellular signaling cascades upon ligand-induced dimerization of the extracellular domain. Although the existence of unliganded FGFR1 dimers on the surface of living cells has been proposed, this notion remains rather controversial. Here, we employed time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer combined with SNAP- and ACP-tag labeling in COS7 cells to monitor dimerization of full-length FGFR1 at the cell-surface with or without the coreceptor βKlotho. Using this approach we observed homodimerization of unliganded FGFR1 that is independent of its surface density. The homo-interaction signal observed for FGFR1 was indeed as robust as that obtained for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and was further increased by the addition of activating ligands or pathogenic mutations. Mutational analysis indicated that the kinase and the transmembrane domains, rather than the extracellular domain, mediate the ligand-independent FGFR1 dimerization. In addition, we observed a formation of a higher order ligand-independent complex by the c-spliced isoform of FGFR1 and βKlotho. Collectively, our approach provides novel insights into the assembly and dynamics of the full-length FGFRs on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Junichiro Sonoda
- Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
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Abstract
Phosphate is essential for growth and maintenance of the skeleton and for generating high-energy phosphate compounds. Evolutionary adaptation to high dietary phosphorous in humans and other terrestrial vertebrates involves regulated mechanisms assuring the efficient renal elimination of excess phosphate. These mechanisms prominently include PTH, FGF23, and Vitamin D, which directly and indirectly regulate phosphate transport. Disordered phosphate homeostasis is associated with pathologies ranging from kidney stones to kidney failure. Chronic kidney disease results in hyperphosphatemia, an elevated calcium×phosphate product with considerable morbidity and mortality, mostly associated with adverse cardiovascular events. This chapter highlights recent findings and insights regarding the hormonal regulation of renal phosphate transport along with imbalances of phosphate balance due to acquired or inherited diseases states.
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