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Jiao Y, Lv W, Teng W, Li L, Lan H, Bai L, Li Z, Lian Y, Wang Z, Xin Z, Ren Y, Lin T. Peroxidase gene TaPrx109-B1 enhances wheat tolerance to water deficit via modulating stomatal density. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2954-2970. [PMID: 38629794 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Increasing the tolerance of crops to water deficit is crucial for the improvement of crop production in water-restricted regions. Here, a wheat peroxidase gene (TaPrx109-B1) belonging to the class III peroxidase gene family was identified and its function in water deficit tolerance was revealed. We demonstrated that overexpression of TaPrx109-B1 reduced leaf H2O2 level and stomatal density, increased leaf relative water content, water use efficiency, and tolerance to water deficit. The expression of TaEPF1 and TaEPF2, two key negative regulators of stomatal development, were significantly upregulated in TaPrx109-B1 overexpression lines. Furthermore, exogenous H2O2 downregulated the expression of TaEPF1 and TaEPF2 and increased stomatal density, while exogenous application of diphenyleneiodonium chloride, a potent NADPH oxidase inhibitor that repressed the synthesis of H2O2, upregulated the expression of TaEPF1 and TaEPF2, decreased stomatal density, and enhanced wheat tolerance to water deficit. These findings suggest that TaPrx109-B1 influences leaf stomatal density by modulation of H2O2 level and the expression of TaEPF1 and TaEPF2. The results of the field trial showed that overexpressing TaPrx109-B1 increased grain number per spike, which reduced the yield loss caused by water deficiency. Therefore, TaPrx109-B1 has great potential in breeding wheat varieties with improved water deficit tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Jiao
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weizeng Lv
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Modern Agriculture, Lankao Vocational College of San Nong, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wan Teng
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Le Li
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haibin Lan
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu Bai
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zongzhen Li
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanhao Lian
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Xin
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongzhe Ren
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tongbao Lin
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Jashim ZB, Shahrukh S, Hossain SA, Jahan-E-Gulshan, Huda MN, Islam MM, Hossain ME. Biomonitoring potentially toxic elements in atmospheric particulate matter of greater Dhaka region using leaves of higher plants. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:468. [PMID: 38656463 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In this study, four different plant species, namely Artocarpus heterophyllus, Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, and Swietenia mahagoni, were selected from seven different locations to assess the feasibility of using them as a cost-effective alternative for biomonitoring air quality. Atmospheric coarse particulate matter (PM10), soil samples, and leaf samples were collected from residential, industrial, and traffic-congested sites located in the greater Dhaka region. The heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the leaves of the different species, PM10, and soil samples were analyzed. The highest Pb (718 ng/m3) and Zn (15,956 ng/m3) concentrations were found in PM10 of Kodomtoli which is an industrial area. On the other hand, the highest Fe (6,152 ng/m3) and Ni (61.1 ng/m3) concentrations were recorded in the PM10 of Gabtoli, a heavy-traffic area. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.74; p < 0.01) between Pb content in plant leaves and PM fraction was found which indicated that atmospheric PM-bound Pb may contribute to the uptake of Pb by plant leaves. The analysis of the enrichment factor (EF) revealed that soils were contaminated with Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The abaxial leaf surfaces of Psidium guajava growing at the polluted site exhibited up to a 40% decrease in stomatal pores compared to the control site. Saet's summary index (Zc) demonstrated that Mangifera indica had the highest bioaccumulation capacity. The metal accumulation index (MAI) was also evaluated to assess the overall metal accumulation capacity of the selected plants. Of the four species, Swietenia mahagoni (3.05) exhibited the highest MAI value followed by Mangifera indica (2.97). Mangifera indica and Swietenia mahagoni were also found to accumulate high concentrations of Pb and Cr in their leaves and are deemed to be good candidates to biomonitor Pb and Cr contents in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuairia Binte Jashim
- Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Saif Shahrukh
- Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shahid Akhtar Hossain
- Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Jahan-E-Gulshan
- Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Nurul Huda
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mominul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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Hudson A, Mullens A, Hind S, Jamann T, Balint-Kurti P. Natural variation in the pattern-triggered immunity response in plants: Investigations, implications and applications. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13445. [PMID: 38528659 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) response is triggered at the plant cell surface by the recognition of microbe-derived molecules known as microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns or molecules derived from compromised host cells called damage-associated molecular patterns. Membrane-localized receptor proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors, are responsible for this recognition. Although much of the machinery of PTI is conserved, natural variation for the PTI response exists within and across species with respect to the components responsible for pattern recognition, activation of the response, and the strength of the response induced. This review describes what is known about this variation. We discuss how variation in the PTI response can be measured and how this knowledge might be utilized in the control of plant disease and in developing plant varieties with enhanced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Hudson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander Mullens
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Hind
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Tiffany Jamann
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Angeles G, Madero‐Vega C. Using disposable food packaging materials as printing, embedding, and sectioning media in the plant anatomy lab. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2024; 12:e11570. [PMID: 38638613 PMCID: PMC11022204 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Premise During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, all laboratory work was suspended, and we were obliged to work from home, causing delays in our research. As the disruption to supply chains made it difficult to obtain our regular lab supplies, we were obliged to search for substitutes. We became familiar with a plastic material known as biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) that is widely used in the food industry for wrapping or storing fruits, vegetables, and meat. BOPP is easily dissolved in organic solvents such as xylenes, acetone, or thinner, but these reagents are very toxic, flammable, and can cause nausea in some users. After testing several alternatives, we found a polyurethane remover that proved to be an effective and relatively harmless BOPP solvent. Methods and Results By dissolving thin slices of BOPP in a polyurethane solvent, we obtained a clean fluid that we used to obtain leaf surface prints that could be mounted on microscope slides with a coverslip. This fluid produced excellent bark and wood sections and can be used to obtain wood or charcoal surface prints. Our attempts to use it as a mounting medium were unsuccessful. Conclusions BOPP dissolved in a polyurethane remover is a handy, versatile resource for plant microtechniques. In addition to its economic advantages, it is useful in terms of reducing plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Angeles
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Red de Ecología FuncionalXalapa, Veracruz91070Mexico
| | - Carolina Madero‐Vega
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Red de Ecología FuncionalXalapa, Veracruz91070Mexico
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Crestani G, Cunningham N, Csepregi K, Badmus UO, Jansen MAK. From stressor to protector, UV-induced abiotic stress resistance. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2189-2204. [PMID: 37270745 PMCID: PMC10499975 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to combinations of abiotic and biotic stressors. While much is known about responses to individual stressors, understanding of plant responses to combinations of stressors is limited. The effects of combined exposure to drought and UV radiation are particularly relevant in the context of climate change. In this study it was explored whether UV-exposure can be used as a tool to prime stress-resistance in plants grown under highly protected culture conditions. It was hypothesised that priming mint plantlets (Mentha spicata L.) with a low-dose of UV irradiance can alleviate the drought effect caused by a change in humidity upon transplanting. Plants were grown for 30 days on agar in sealed tissue culture containers. During this period, plants were exposed to ~ 0.22 W m-2 UV-B for 8 days, using either UV-blocking or UV- transmitting filters. Plants were then transplanted to soil and monitored for a further 7 days. It was found that non-UV exposed mint plants developed necrotic spots on leaves, following transfer to soil, but this was not the case for plants primed with UV. Results showed that UV induced stress resistance is associated with an increase in antioxidant capacity, as well as a decrease in leaf area. UV-induced stress resistance can be beneficial in a horticultural setting, where priming plants with UV-B can be used as a tool in the production of commercial crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Crestani
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, North Mall Campus, Cork, T23 TK30, Ireland.
| | - Natalie Cunningham
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, North Mall Campus, Cork, T23 TK30, Ireland
| | - Kristóf Csepregi
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Uthman O Badmus
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, North Mall Campus, Cork, T23 TK30, Ireland
| | - Marcel A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, North Mall Campus, Cork, T23 TK30, Ireland
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Martínez-Mazón P, Bahamonde C, Herrera-Rodríguez MB, Fernández-Ocaña AM, Rexach J, González-Fontes A, Camacho-Cristóbal JJ. Role of ABA in the adaptive response of Arabidopsis plants to long-term boron toxicity treatment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 202:107965. [PMID: 37591031 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) toxicity causes impairments in several plant metabolic and physiological processes. Under conditions of excessive B availability, this micronutrient is passively transported through the transpiration stream and accumulates in leaves, causing the development of necrotic regions in leaf tips. Some plants have developed adaptive mechanisms to minimize the toxic effects of excessive B accumulation in their tissues. Thus, for instance, in Arabidopsis it has been described an ABA-dependent decrease in the transpiration rate that would restrict B accumulation in aerial plant tissues in response to short-term B toxicity, this effect being mediated by AtNCED3 (which encodes a key enzyme for ABA biosynthesis). The present work aimed to study the possible involvement of ABA in the adjustment of plant water balance and B homeostasis during the adaptive response of Arabidopsis to prolonged B toxicity. For this purpose, Arabidopsis wild-type and the ABA-deficient nced3-2 mutant plants were subjected to B toxicity for 7 days. We show that ABA-dependent stomatal closure is determinant for the adjustment of plant water relations under conditions of prolonged B toxicity. Results suggest that, in addition to the AtNCED3 gene, the AtNCED5 gene could also be involved in this ABA-dependent stomatal closure. Finally, our results also indicate the possible role of endogenous root ABA content in the mechanism of active efflux of B via BOR4 (efflux-type B transporter) from the root to the external environment under excess B conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martínez-Mazón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Cristina Bahamonde
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - M Begoña Herrera-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana María Fernández-Ocaña
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Campus de Las Lagunillas s/n, Universidad de Jaén UJA, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - Jesús Rexach
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Agustín González-Fontes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Juan J Camacho-Cristóbal
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain.
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Choudhary A, Senthil-Kumar M. Drought attenuates plant defence against bacterial pathogens by suppressing the expression of CBP60g/SARD1 during combined stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1127-1145. [PMID: 35102557 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In nature, plants are frequently exposed to drought and bacterial pathogens simultaneously. However, information on how the drought and defence pathways interact and orchestrate global transcriptional regulation is limited. Here, we show that moderate drought stress enhances the susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Using transcriptome meta-analysis, we found that drought and bacterial stress antagonistically modulate a large set of genes predominantly involved in salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) signalling networks. We identified that the levels of SA and ABA are dynamically regulated during the course of stress. Importantly, under combined stress, drought through the ABA pathway downregulates the induction of Calmodulin-binding Protein 60 g (CBP60g) and Systemic Acquired Resistance Deficient 1 (SARD1), two transcription factors crucial for SA production upon bacterial infection. We also identified an important role of NPR1-LIKE PROTEIN 3 and 4 (NPR3/4) transcriptional repressors in the drought-mediated negative regulation of CBP60g/SARD1 expression. Using a genetic approach, we show that CBP60g/SARD1 expression is the key determinant of plant defence against bacterial pathogens under combined stress. Thus, these transcription factors act as critical nodes for the crosstalk between drought and bacterial stress signalling under combined stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Choudhary
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Wang G, Peng M, Wang Y, Chen Z, Zhu S. Preharvest Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment Delays Leaf Senescence of Chinese Flowering Cabbage During Storage by Reducing Water Loss and Activating Antioxidant Defense System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:856646. [PMID: 35432398 PMCID: PMC9009452 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.856646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Leaf yellowing, an indicator of senescence, reduces commercial value of Chinese flowering cabbage after harvest. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a dual role in mediating plant stress responses, but it is not clear whether and how it affects leaf senescence when exogenously stimulating the plants before harvest. Here, we found that preharvest application with low concentrations of H2O2 to root delays leaf senescence. Around 10 mM H2O2 reduced leaf yellowing rate by 8.2 and 26.4% relative to the control following 4 and 8 days storage, respectively. The H2O2-treated cabbages showed higher chlorophyll and lower relative expression of senescence-associated gene (SAG) BrSAG12 than the control. Proteomic analysis revealed 118 and 204 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in H2O2-treated plants at 4 and 8 days of storage, respectively. The main DEPs are involved in chlorophyll degradation and synthesis, water deprivation, antioxidant activity, and protections on chloroplast membranes. Decline of water loss in H2O2-treated cabbages was coincide with increase of proline contents and modulation of leaf stomatal aperture. Alleviation of oxidative stress was indicated by suppression of respiratory burst oxidase homolog and upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging-related genes. These results were also supported by the alleviation of lipid peroxidation and the protections on cell integrity and photochemical efficiency in H2O2-treated group. Collectively, preharvest H2O2 treatment alleviates water loss and activates antioxidant defense system, protects chloroplast membrane from oxidative damage, and ultimately delays leaf senescence during storage. This study provides novel insights into the roles of H2O2 for regulating leaf senescence of Chinese flowering cabbage.
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Rahman AANS, Rahman M, Shimanto MH, Kibria MG, Islam M. Stomatal size and density trade-off varies with leaf phenology and species shade tolerance in a South Asian moist tropical forest. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:307-318. [PMID: 35130475 DOI: 10.1071/fp21159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The density and guard cell length of stomata regulate the physiological processes in plants. Yet, the variation of stomatal characteristics among different functional groups of trees is not been well understood. Particularly, a comprehensive understanding of stomatal behaviour in Bangladeshi moist forest trees is lacking. The study investigated how abaxial stomatal density (SD) and guard cell length (GCL) vary among tree functional types and leaf phenological groups in a moist tropical forest of Bangladesh. Cluster dendrogram revealed three groups of species based on SD and GCL. The independent sample t -test showed that there was a significant difference in SD between evergreen and deciduous tree species (t =4.18, P <0.001) but no significant difference in GCL between the two phenological groups. ANOVA revealed no significant difference in SD among the light demanding, intermediate shade tolerant and shade tolerant species (F =0.76, P =0.47). However, GCL significantly differed among the three functional groups (F =3.3, P <0.05). Maximum theoretical stomatal conductance (g max ) varied between evergreen and deciduous species but did not vary with species shade tolerance. In general, there was a significant trade-off between SD and GCL. However, the inverse relationship was stronger in deciduous and shade tolerant species than in evergreen and shade intolerant species. Leaf dry matter content was positively related with SD and negatively related with GCL. Specific leaf area and leaf thickness were not related to the stomatal traits. Our analyses suggest that leaf phenology and species shade tolerance need to be considered while estimating gas exchange through the stomata in tropical moist forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al-Nur Shanto Rahman
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Mehedi Hasan Shimanto
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Golam Kibria
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmuda Islam
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
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Lazare S, Bechar D, Garbowicz K, Fernie AR, Brotman Y, Zaccai M. When vegetation indicates reproduction: The affinity between leaf morphology and flowering commitment in the lily meristem. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:2022-2033. [PMID: 33860540 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
At the reproductive stage, lily plants bear two morphological types of mature leaves, one at the lower and one at the upper part of the stem. At the vegetative stage, all the leaves are similar to each other and to the reproductive plant's lower leaves. This heterophylly has not yet been explored. In this study, we show that it is not a result of the plant's age but rather an outcome of floral induction. The induction appears as an on-going process, during which the meristem still produces leaves but progressively becomes committed to reproduction. This intermediate period lasts until the ultimate switch to flower primordia occurs. The leaves produced during floral induction, termed here as "inductive," appear at the upper part of the stem. Besides their typical higher stomata density, these leaves have a poly-layered palisade mesophyll, whose cells exhibit a unique morphology and contain more chlorophyll than leaves of vegetative plants. These leaves display higher carbon assimilation, soluble sugar production, and chloroplast-lipid accumulation. Accordingly, genes associated with stomata, chloroplast, and photosynthesis are upregulated in these leaves. Our results were obtained when floral induction was achieved either by vernalization or photoperiod signals, ruling out a mere environmental effect. We suggest that lily plants prepare themselves for the high-energy-demanding bloom by producing leaves with enhanced photosynthetic capacity, leading to an increase in soluble sugars. These novel findings introduce an adjacent affinity between photosynthesis and flowering and provide a nondestructive tool for identifying the plant's developmental stage-vegetative or reproductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silit Lazare
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat, Israel
| | - Daniel Bechar
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Michele Zaccai
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Li J, Zhao S, Yu X, Du W, Li H, Sun Y, Sun H, Ruan C. Role of Xanthoceras sorbifolium MYB44 in tolerance to combined drought and heat stress via modulation of stomatal closure and ROS homeostasis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:410-420. [PMID: 33740680 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium) is an important edible woody oil tree species that is endemic to China. Drought and heat stresses are factors severely limiting the high-quality development of the yellowhorn industry. Transcription factors (TFs) play critical roles in regulating the response of woody plant species to water deficit or high temperature. However, the MYB TFs that respond to combined drought and heat stress in yellowhorn remain unclear. Here, we first investigated the physiological changes in 5 yellowhorn varieties in response to combined stress treatments. We observed significant changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and photosynthesis. The Maigaiti variety yielded the best results and was selected for subsequent experiments. An R2R3-type MYB TF, designated XsMYB44, was isolated from the leaves of yellowhorn. XsMYB44 expression was strongly induced by combined stress. Suppression of XsMYB44 expression via virus-induced gene silencing weakened yellowhorn tolerance to both individual and combined drought and heat stress, and the increased susceptibility was coupled with decreased plant height, fresh weight and relative water content and inhibited stomatal closure. Moreover, compared with the individual stresses, the combined stress caused increased reactive oxygen species levels and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities and proline content in XsMYB44-silenced plants. Furthermore, the expression levels of several defense-related genes were reduced in the XsMYB44-silenced plants. Overall, we studied the physiological characteristics of 5 yellowhorn varieties, and the results demonstrated that XsMYB44 acts as a positive regulator in the yellowhorn response to combined stress by triggering stomatal closure to maintain water levels and by modulating ROS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization-Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, PR China; Divisions of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Shang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization-Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Xue Yu
- Divisions of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization-Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - He Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization-Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization-Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Hao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization-Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, PR China
| | - Chengjiang Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization-Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, PR China.
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12
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Matthaeus WJ, Schmidt J, White JD, Zechmann B. Novel perspectives on stomatal impressions: Rapid and non-invasive surface characterization of plant leaves by scanning electron microscopy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238589. [PMID: 32881951 PMCID: PMC7470294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is widely used to investigate the surface morphology, and physiological state of plant leaves. Conventionally used methods for sample preparation are invasive, irreversible, require skill and expensive equipment, and are time and labor consuming. This study demonstrates a method to obtain in vivo surface information of plant leaves by imaging replicas with SEM that is rapid and non-invasive. Dental putty was applied to the leaves for 5 minutes and then removed. Replicas were then imaged with SEM and compared to fresh leaves, and leaves that were processed conventionally by chemical fixation, dehydration and critical point drying. The surface structure of leaves was well preserved on the replicas. The outline of epidermal as well as guard cells could be clearly distinguished enabling determination of stomatal density. Comparison of the dimensions of guard cells revealed that replicas did not differ from fresh leaves, while conventional sample preparation induced strong shrinkage (-40% in length and -38% in width) of the cells when compared to guard cells on fresh leaves. Tilting the replicas enabled clear measurement of stomatal aperture dimensions. Summing up, the major advantages of this method are that it is inexpensive, non-toxic, simple to apply, can be performed in the field, and that results on stomatal density and in vivo stomatal dimensions in 3D can be obtained in a few minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Schmidt
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joseph D. White
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
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13
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Meeus S, Van den Bulcke J, wyffels F. From leaf to label: A robust automated workflow for stomata detection. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9178-9191. [PMID: 32953053 PMCID: PMC7487252 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant leaf stomata are the gatekeepers of the atmosphere-plant interface and are essential building blocks of land surface models as they control transpiration and photosynthesis. Although more stomatal trait data are needed to significantly reduce the error in these model predictions, recording these traits is time-consuming, and no standardized protocol is currently available. Some attempts were made to automate stomatal detection from photomicrographs; however, these approaches have the disadvantage of using classic image processing or targeting a narrow taxonomic entity which makes these technologies less robust and generalizable to other plant species. We propose an easy-to-use and adaptable workflow from leaf to label. A methodology for automatic stomata detection was developed using deep neural networks according to the state of the art and its applicability demonstrated across the phylogeny of the angiosperms.We used a patch-based approach for training/tuning three different deep learning architectures. For training, we used 431 micrographs taken from leaf prints made according to the nail polish method from herbarium specimens of 19 species. The best-performing architecture was tested on 595 images of 16 additional species spread across the angiosperm phylogeny.The nail polish method was successfully applied in 78% of the species sampled here. The VGG19 architecture slightly outperformed the basic shallow and deep architectures, with a confidence threshold equal to 0.7 resulting in an optimal trade-off between precision and recall. Applying this threshold, the VGG19 architecture obtained an average F-score of 0.87, 0.89, and 0.67 on the training, validation, and unseen test set, respectively. The average accuracy was very high (94%) for computed stomatal counts on unseen images of species used for training.The leaf-to-label pipeline is an easy-to-use workflow for researchers of different areas of expertise interested in detecting stomata more efficiently. The described methodology was based on multiple species and well-established methods so that it can serve as a reference for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francis wyffels
- Department of Electronics and Information SystemsIDLab‐AIROGhent University‐‐imecZwijnaardeBelgium
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14
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Zhang Y, Kaiser E, Zhang Y, Yang Q, Li T. Red/blue light ratio strongly affects steady-state photosynthesis, but hardly affects photosynthetic induction in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:144-158. [PMID: 30426522 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants are often subjected to rapidly alternating light intensity and quality. While both short- and long-term changes in red and blue light affect leaf photosynthesis, their impact on dynamic photosynthesis is not well documented. It was tested how dynamic and steady-state photosynthetic traits were affected by red/blue ratios, either during growth or during measurements, in tomato leaves. Four red/blue ratios were used: monochromatic red (R100 ), monochromatic blue (B100 ), a red/blue light ratio of 9:1 (R90 B10 ) and a red/blue light ratio of 7:3 (R70 B30 ). R100 grown leaves showed decreased photosynthetic capacity (maximum rates of light-saturated photosynthesis, carboxylation, electron transport and triose phosphate use), leaf thickness and nitrogen concentrations. Acclimation to various red/blue ratios had limited effects on photosynthetic induction in dark-adapted leaves. B100 -grown leaves had a approximately 15% larger initial NPQ transient than the other treatments, which may be beneficial for photoprotection under fluctuating light. B100 -grown leaves also showed faster stomatal closure when exposed to low light intensity, which likely resulted from smaller stomata and higher stomatal density. When measured under different red/blue ratios, stomatal opening rate and photosynthetic induction rate were hardly accelerated by increased fractions of blue light in both growth chamber-grown leaves and greenhouse-grown leaves. However, steady-state photosynthesis rate 30 min after photosynthetic induction was strongly reduced in leaves exposed to B100 during the measurement. We conclude that varying red/blue light ratios during growth and measurement strongly affects steady-state photosynthesis, but has limited effects on photosynthetic induction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elias Kaiser
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Regulation of Photosynthesis, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yating Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qichang Yang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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15
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Wai CM, Weise SE, Ozersky P, Mockler TC, Michael TP, VanBuren R. Time of day and network reprogramming during drought induced CAM photosynthesis in Sedum album. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008209. [PMID: 31199791 PMCID: PMC6594660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants with facultative crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) maximize performance through utilizing C3 or C4 photosynthesis under ideal conditions while temporally switching to CAM under water stress (drought). While genome-scale analyses of constitutive CAM plants suggest that time of day networks are shifted, or phased to the evening compared to C3, little is known for how the shift from C3 to CAM networks is modulated in drought induced CAM. Here we generate a draft genome for the drought-induced CAM-cycling species Sedum album. Through parallel sampling in well-watered (C3) and drought (CAM) conditions, we uncover a massive rewiring of time of day expression and a CAM and stress-specific network. The core circadian genes are expanded in S. album and under CAM induction, core clock genes either change phase or amplitude. While the core clock cis-elements are conserved in S. album, we uncover a set of novel CAM and stress specific cis-elements consistent with our finding of rewired co-expression networks. We identified shared elements between constitutive CAM and CAM-cycling species and expression patterns unique to CAM-cycling S. album. Together these results demonstrate that drought induced CAM-cycling photosynthesis evolved through the mobilization of a stress-specific, time of day network, and not solely the phasing of existing C3 networks. These results will inform efforts to engineer water use efficiency into crop plants for growth on marginal land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Man Wai
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sean E. Weise
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Philip Ozersky
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis MO, United States of America
| | - Todd C. Mockler
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis MO, United States of America
| | - Todd P. Michael
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert VanBuren
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
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Ullah C, Tsai C, Unsicker SB, Xue L, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Hammerbacher A. Salicylic acid activates poplar defense against the biotrophic rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina via increased biosynthesis of catechin and proanthocyanidins. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:960-975. [PMID: 30168132 PMCID: PMC6585937 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Poplar trees synthesize flavan-3-ols (catechin and proanthocyanidins) as a defense against foliar rust fungi, but the regulation of this defense response is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of hormones in regulating flavan-3-ol accumulation in poplar during rust infection. We profiled levels of defense hormones, signaling genes, and flavan-3-ol metabolites in black poplar leaves at different stages of rust infection. Hormone levels were manipulated by external sprays, genetic engineering, and drought to reveal their role in rust fungal defenses. Levels of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid increased in rust-infected leaves and activated downstream signaling, with SA levels correlating closely with those of flavan-3-ols. Pretreatment with the SA analog benzothiadiazole increased flavan-3-ol accumulation by activating the MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex and reduced rust proliferation. Furthermore, transgenic poplar lines overproducing SA exhibited higher amounts of flavan-3-ols constitutively via the same transcriptional activation mechanism. These findings suggest a strong association among SA, flavan-3-ol biosynthesis, and rust resistance in poplars. Abscisic acid also promoted poplar defense against rust infection, but likely through stomatal immunity independent of flavan-3-ols. Jasmonic acid did not confer any apparent defense responses to the fungal pathogen. We conclude that SA activates flavan-3-ol biosynthesis in poplar against rust infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhana Ullah
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knöll‐Straße 807745JenaGermany
| | - Chung‐Jui Tsai
- School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesDepartment of GeneticsDepartment of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
| | - Sybille B. Unsicker
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knöll‐Straße 807745JenaGermany
| | - Liangjiao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and BiotechnologyCo‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaCollege of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingJiangsu210037China
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knöll‐Straße 807745JenaGermany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knöll‐Straße 807745JenaGermany
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of PretoriaPrivate Bag X20Pretoria0028South Africa
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