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Wall MJ, Hill E, Huckstepp R, Barkan K, Deganutti G, Leuenberger M, Preti B, Winfield I, Carvalho S, Suchankova A, Wei H, Safitri D, Huang X, Imlach W, La Mache C, Dean E, Hume C, Hayward S, Oliver J, Zhao FY, Spanswick D, Reynolds CA, Lochner M, Ladds G, Frenguelli BG. Selective activation of Gαob by an adenosine A 1 receptor agonist elicits analgesia without cardiorespiratory depression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4150. [PMID: 35851064 PMCID: PMC9293909 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of therapeutic agonists for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is hampered by the propensity of GPCRs to couple to multiple intracellular signalling pathways. This promiscuous coupling leads to numerous downstream cellular effects, some of which are therapeutically undesirable. This is especially the case for adenosine A1 receptors (A1Rs) whose clinical potential is undermined by the sedation and cardiorespiratory depression caused by conventional agonists. We have discovered that the A1R-selective agonist, benzyloxy-cyclopentyladenosine (BnOCPA), is a potent and powerful analgesic but does not cause sedation, bradycardia, hypotension or respiratory depression. This unprecedented discrimination between native A1Rs arises from BnOCPA's unique and exquisitely selective activation of Gob among the six Gαi/o subtypes, and in the absence of β-arrestin recruitment. BnOCPA thus demonstrates a highly-specific Gα-selective activation of the native A1R, sheds new light on GPCR signalling, and reveals new possibilities for the development of novel therapeutics based on the far-reaching concept of selective Gα agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Wall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Emily Hill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Robert Huckstepp
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Kerry Barkan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences (CSELS), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Michele Leuenberger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Preti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ian Winfield
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Sabrina Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Anna Suchankova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | | | - Dewi Safitri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Xianglin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Wendy Imlach
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Circe La Mache
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Eve Dean
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Cherise Hume
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Stephanie Hayward
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jess Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - David Spanswick
- NeuroSolutions Ltd, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences (CSELS), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Martin Lochner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
| | - Bruno G Frenguelli
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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2
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Abstract
The four vertebrate arrestins play a key role in the desensitization and internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and also mediate receptor-dependent signaling. Recent work has shown that bias for arrestin vs G protein signaling could offer certain therapeutic advantages (or disadvantages) in different systems, making assays that measure arrestin binding to receptors important for drug discovery efforts. Herein, we briefly review several commonly used techniques for measuring arrestin binding to receptors, as well as provide an in-depth and methodologically focused review of two methods that do not require receptor modification. The first approach measures direct binding between purified arrestin and rhodopsin, and the second measures the recruitment of arrestin to receptors in living cells.
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3
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Chappe Y, Michel P, Joushomme A, Barbeau S, Pierredon S, Baron L, Garenne A, Poulletier De Gannes F, Hurtier A, Mayer S, Lagroye I, Quignard JF, Ducret T, Compan V, Franchet C, Percherancier Y. High-throughput screening of TRPV1 ligands in the light of the Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer technique. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:237-257. [PMID: 34127538 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are attractive drug targets for many therapeutic applications. However, high-throughput screening (HTS) of drug candidates is difficult and remains very expensive. We thus assessed the suitability of the Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) technique as a new HTS method for ion-channel studies by taking advantage of our recently characterized intra- and intermolecular BRET probes targeting the TRPV1 ion channel. These BRET probes monitor conformational changes during TRPV1 gating and subsequent coupling with Calmodulin, two molecular events that are intractable using reference techniques such as automated calcium assay (ACA) and automated patch-clamp (APC). We screened the small-sized Prestwick chemical library, encompassing 1200 compounds with high structural diversity, using either intra- and intermolecular BRET probes or ACA. Secondary screening of the detected hits was done using APC. Multiparametric analysis of our results shed light on the capability of calmodulin inhibitors included in the Prestwick library to inhibit TRPV1 activation by Capsaicin (CAPS). BRET was the lead technique for this identification process. Finally, we present data exemplifying the use of intramolecular BRET probes to study other TRPs and non-TRPs ion channels. Knowing the ease of use of BRET biosensors and the low cost of the BRET technique, these assays may advantageously be included for extending ion-channel drug screening. Significance Statement We screened a chemical library against TRPV1 ion channel using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) molecular probes, and compared the results with the ones obtained using reference techniques such as automated calcium assay and automated patch-clamp. Multiparametric analysis of our results shed light on the capability of Calmodulin antagonists to inhibit chemical activation of TRPV1, and indicates that BRET probes may advantageously be included in ion channel drug screening campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Chappe
- IMS laboratory / CNRS UMR 5218, Bordeaux University, France
| | | | | | - Solène Barbeau
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM U1045, Bordeaux University, France
| | - Sandra Pierredon
- CNRS UMR 5203 - INSERM U1191, Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle, France
| | | | - André Garenne
- IMS laboratory / CNRS UMR 5218, Bordeaux University, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean-François Quignard
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM U1045, Bordeaux University, France
| | - Thomas Ducret
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM U1045, Bordeaux University, France
| | - Vincent Compan
- CNRS UMR 5203 - INSERM U1191, Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle, France
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Sampaio NG, Kocan M, Schofield L, Pfleger KDG, Eriksson EM. Investigation of interactions between TLR2, MyD88 and TIRAP by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer is hampered by artefacts of protein overexpression. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202408. [PMID: 30138457 PMCID: PMC6107161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are important pattern recognition receptors that can detect pathogen and danger associated molecular patterns to initiate an innate immune response. TLR1 and 2 heterodimerize at the plasma membrane upon binding to triacylated lipopeptides from bacterial cell walls, or to the synthetic ligand Pam3CSK4. TLR1/2 dimers interact with adaptor molecules TIRAP and MyD88 to initiate a signalling cascade that leads to activation of key transcription factors, including NF-kB. Despite TLRs being extensively studied over the last two decades, the real-time kinetics of ligand binding and receptor activation remains largely unexplored. We aimed to study the kinetics of TLR activation and recruitment of adaptors, using TLR1/2 dimer interactions with adaptors MyD88 and TIRAP. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) allows detection of real-time protein-protein interactions in living cells, and was applied to study adaptor recruitment to TLRs. Energy transfer showed interactions between TLR2 and TIRAP, and between TLR2 and MyD88 only in the presence of TIRAP. Quantitative BRET and confocal microscopy confirmed that TIRAP is necessary for MyD88 interaction with TLR2. Furthermore, constitutive proximity between the proteins in the absence of Pam3CSK4 stimulation was observed with BRET, and was not abrogated with lowered protein expression, changes in protein tagging strategies, or use of the brighter NanoLuc luciferase. However, co-immunoprecipitation studies did not demonstrate constitutive interaction between these proteins, suggesting that the interaction observed with BRET likely represents artefacts of protein overexpression. Thus, caution should be taken when utilizing protein overexpression in BRET studies and in investigations of the TLR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália G. Sampaio
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Martina Kocan
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louis Schofield
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kevin D. G. Pfleger
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Dimerix Limited, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Emily M. Eriksson
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Singh SS, Jois SD. Homo- and Heterodimerization of Proteins in Cell Signaling: Inhibition and Drug Design. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 111:1-59. [PMID: 29459028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein dimerization controls many physiological processes in the body. Proteins form homo-, hetero-, or oligomerization in the cellular environment to regulate the cellular processes. Any deregulation of these processes may result in a disease state. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) can be inhibited by antibodies, small molecules, or peptides, and inhibition of PPI has therapeutic value. PPI drug discovery research has steadily increased in the last decade, and a few PPI inhibitors have already reached the pharmaceutical market. Several PPI inhibitors are in clinical trials. With advancements in structural and molecular biology methods, several methods are now available to study protein homo- and heterodimerization and their inhibition by drug-like molecules. Recently developed methods to study PPI such as proximity ligation assay and enzyme-fragment complementation assay that detect the PPI in the cellular environment are described with examples. At present, the methods used to design PPI inhibitors can be classified into three major groups: (1) structure-based drug design, (2) high-throughput screening, and (3) fragment-based drug design. In this chapter, we have described some of the experimental methods to study PPIs and their inhibition. Examples of homo- and heterodimers of proteins, their structural and functional aspects, and some of the inhibitors that have clinical importance are discussed. The design of PPI inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor heterodimers and CD2-CD58 is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitanshu S Singh
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, United States
| | - Seetharama D Jois
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, United States.
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6
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Islam AFMT, Stepanski BM, Charest PG. Studying Chemoattractant Signal Transduction Dynamics in Dictyostelium by BRET. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1407:63-77. [PMID: 27271894 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3480-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of chemoattractant signaling is key to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the directed migration of cells, including that of neutrophils to sites of infections and of cancer cells during metastasis. A model frequently used for deciphering chemoattractant signal transduction is the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. However, the methods available to quantitatively measure chemotactic signaling are limited. Here, we describe a protocol to quantitatively study chemoattractant signal transduction in Dictyostelium by monitoring protein-protein interactions and conformational changes using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET).
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Affiliation(s)
- A F M Tariqul Islam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, 85721-0088, AZ, USA
| | - Branden M Stepanski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, 85721-0088, AZ, USA
| | - Pascale G Charest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, 85721-0088, AZ, USA.
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7
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In Vivo Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions with Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET): Progress and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101704. [PMID: 27727181 PMCID: PMC5085736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are the elementary machinery of life, and their functions are carried out mostly by molecular interactions. Among those interactions, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are the most important as they participate in or mediate all essential biological processes. However, many common methods for PPI investigations are slightly unreliable and suffer from various limitations, especially in the studies of dynamic PPIs. To solve this problem, a method called Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) was developed about seventeen years ago. Since then, BRET has evolved into a whole class of methods that can be used to survey virtually any kinds of PPIs. Compared to many traditional methods, BRET is highly sensitive, reliable, easy to perform, and relatively inexpensive. However, most importantly, it can be done in vivo and allows the real-time monitoring of dynamic PPIs with the easily detectable light signal, which is extremely valuable for the PPI functional research. This review will take a comprehensive look at this powerful technique, including its principles, comparisons with other methods, experimental approaches, classifications, applications, early developments, recent progress, and prospects.
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8
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Ang SY, Hutchinson DS, Patil N, Evans BA, Bathgate RAD, Halls ML, Hossain MA, Summers RJ, Kocan M. Signal transduction pathways activated by insulin-like peptide 5 at the relaxin family peptide RXFP4 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 174:1077-1089. [PMID: 27243554 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5) is a two-chain, three-disulfide-bonded peptide of the insulin/relaxin superfamily, uniquely expressed in enteroendocrine L-cells of the colon. It is the cognate ligand of relaxin family peptide RXFP4 receptor that is mainly expressed in the colorectum and enteric nervous system. This study identifies new signalling pathways activated by INSL5 acting on RXFP4 receptors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH INSL5/RXFP4 receptor signalling was investigated using AlphaScreen® proximity assays. Recruitment of Gαi/o proteins by RXFP4 receptors was determined by rescue of Pertussis toxin (PTX)-inhibited cAMP and ERK1/2 responses following transient transfection of PTX-insensitive Gαi/o C351I mutants. Cell proliferation was studied with bromodeoxyuridine. RXFP4 receptor interactions with β-arrestins, GPCR kinase 2 (GRK2), KRas and Rab5a was assessed with real-time BRET. Gene expression was investigated using real-time quantitative PCR. Insulin release was measured using HTRF and intracellular Ca2+ flux monitored in a Flexstation® using Fluo-4-AM. KEY RESULTS INSL5 inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation and increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38MAPK, Akt Ser473 , Akt Thr308 and S6 ribosomal protein. cAMP and ERK1/2 responses were abolished by PTX and rescued by mGαoA , mGαoB and mGαi2 and to a lesser extent mGαi1 and mGαi3 . RXFP4 receptors interacted with GRK2 and β-arrestins, moved towards Rab5a and away from KRas, indicating internalisation following receptor activation. INSL5 inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and Ca2+ mobilisation in MIN6 insulinoma cells and forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in NCI-H716 enteroendocrine cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Knowledge of signalling pathways activated by INSL5 at RXFP4 receptors is essential for understanding the biological roles of this novel gut hormone. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Recent Progress in the Understanding of Relaxin Family Peptides and their Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Y Ang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nitin Patil
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A Evans
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross A D Bathgate
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammed A Hossain
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Martina Kocan
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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9
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Abstract
Application of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay has been of special value in measuring dynamic events such as protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in vitro or in vivo. It was only in the late 1990s the BRET assay using RLuc-YFP was introduced for biological research showing its use in determining interaction of two proteins involved in circadian rhythm. Several inherent attributes such as rapid and fairly sensitive ratiometric measurements, assessment of PPI irrespective of protein location in cellular compartment, and cost-effectiveness consenting to high-throughput assay development make BRET a popular genetic reporter-based assay for PPI studies. In BRET-based screening, within a defined proximity range of 10-100 Å, excited state energy of the luminescence molecule can excite the acceptor fluorophore in the form of resonance energy transfer, causing it to emit at its characteristic emission wavelength. Based on this principle, several such donor-acceptor pairs, using the Renilla luciferase or its mutants as donor and either GFP2, YFP, mOrange, TagRFP, or TurboFP as acceptor, have been reported for use.In recent years, BRET-related research has become significantly versatile in the assay format and its applicability by adopting the assay on multiple detection devices such as small-animal optical imaging platform or bioluminescence microscope. Beyond the scope of quantitative measurement of PPIs and protein dimerization, molecular optical imaging applications based on BRET assays have broadened its scope for screening of pharmacological compounds by unifying in vitro, live cell, and in vivo animal/plant measurement all on one platform. Taking examples from the literature, this chapter contributes to in-depth methodological details on how to perform in vitro and in vivo BRET experiments, and illustrates its advantages as a single-format assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Dimri
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Soumya Basu
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Abhijit De
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.
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10
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) compose one of the largest families of membrane proteins involved in intracellular signaling. They are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes and are prime candidates for drug development. Over the past decade, an increasing number of studies have reported heteromerization between GPCRs. Many investigations in heterologous systems have provided important indications of potential novel pharmacology; however, the physiological relevance of these findings has yet to be established with endogenous receptors in native tissues. In this review, we focus on family A GPCRs and describe the techniques and criteria to assess their heteromerization. We conclude that advances in approaches to study receptor complex functionality in heterologous systems, coupled with techniques that enable specific examination of native receptor heteromers in vivo, are likely to establish GPCR heteromers as novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Biologie et Bioinformatique des Systèmes de Signalisation (BIOS) Group, INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements; CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- LE STUDIUM Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, F-45000 Orleans, France
| | - Wakako Fujita
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;
- Current address: Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki Prefecture 852-8588, Japan
| | - Werner C Jaeger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Kevin D G Pfleger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Dimerix Bioscience Limited, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;
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11
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Koshiba T. Protein-protein interactions of mitochondrial-associated protein via bioluminescence resonance energy transfer. Biophys Physicobiol 2015; 12:31-5. [PMID: 27493852 PMCID: PMC4736834 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.12.0_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are essential biological reactions occurring at inter- and intra-cellular levels. The analysis of their mechanism is generally required in order link to understand their various cellular functions. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), which is based on an enzymatic activity of luciferase, is a useful tool for investigating protein-protein interactions in live cells. The combination of the BRET system and biomolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) would provide us a better understanding of the hetero-oligomeric structural states of protein complexes. In this review, we discuss the application of BRET to the protein-protein interactions of mitochondrial-associated proteins and discuss its physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Koshiba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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12
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Donthamsetti P, Quejada JR, Javitch JA, Gurevich VV, Lambert NA. Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) to Characterize Agonist-Induced Arrestin Recruitment to Modified and Unmodified G Protein-Coupled Receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 70:2.14.1-2.14.14. [PMID: 26331887 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0214s70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent ∼25% of current drug targets. Ligand binding to these receptors activates G proteins and arrestins, which are involved in differential signaling pathways. Because functionally selective or biased ligands activate one of these two pathways, they may be superior medications for certain diseases states. The identification of such ligands requires robust drug screening assays for both G protein and arrestin activity. This unit describes protocols for two bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based assays used to monitor arrestin recruitment to GPCRs. One assay requires modification of GPCRs by fusion to a BRET donor or acceptor moiety, whereas the other can detect arrestin recruitment to unmodified GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Donthamsetti
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Jose Rafael Quejada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | | | - Nevin A Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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13
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Jonas KC, Fanelli F, Huhtaniemi IT, Hanyaloglu AC. Single molecule analysis of functionally asymmetric G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) oligomers reveals diverse spatial and structural assemblies. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3875-92. [PMID: 25516594 PMCID: PMC4326798 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.622498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) into dimers and higher order oligomers represents a key mechanism in pleiotropic signaling, yet how individual protomers function within oligomers remains poorly understood. We present a super-resolution imaging approach, resolving single GPCR molecules to ∼8 nm resolution in functional asymmetric dimers and oligomers using dual-color photoactivatable dyes and localization microscopy (PD-PALM). PD-PALM of two functionally defined mutant luteinizing hormone receptors (LHRs), a ligand-binding deficient receptor (LHRB−) and a signaling-deficient (LHRS−) receptor, which only function via intermolecular cooperation, favored oligomeric over dimeric formation. PD-PALM imaging of trimers and tetramers revealed specific spatial organizations of individual protomers in complexes where the ratiometric composition of LHRB− to LHRS− modulated ligand-induced signal sensitivity. Structural modeling of asymmetric LHR oligomers strongly aligned with PD-PALM-imaged spatial arrangements, identifying multiple possible helix interfaces mediating inter-protomer associations. Our findings reveal that diverse spatial and structural assemblies mediating GPCR oligomerization may acutely fine-tune the cellular signaling profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim C Jonas
- From the Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- the Computational Structural Biology Lab, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183-41100 Modena, Italy, and
| | - Ilpo T Huhtaniemi
- From the Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom, the Institute for Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- From the Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom,
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14
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Yeatman HR, Lane JR, Choy KHC, Lambert NA, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Canals M. Allosteric modulation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor internalization and subcellular trafficking. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15856-66. [PMID: 24753247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.536672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulators are an attractive approach to achieve receptor subtype-selective targeting of G protein-coupled receptors. Benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA) is an unprecedented example of a highly selective positive allosteric modulator of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR). However, despite favorable pharmacological characteristics of BQCA in vitro and in vivo, there is limited evidence of the impact of allosteric modulation on receptor regulatory mechanisms such as β-arrestin recruitment or receptor internalization and endocytic trafficking. In the present study we investigated the impact of BQCA on M1 mAChR regulation. We show that BQCA potentiates agonist-induced β-arrestin recruitment to M1 mAChRs. Using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer approach to monitor intracellular trafficking of M1 mAChRs, we show that once internalized, M1 mAChRs traffic to early endosomes, recycling endosomes and late endosomes. We also show that BQCA potentiates agonist-induced subcellular trafficking. M1 mAChR internalization is both β-arrestin and G protein-dependent, with the third intracellular loop playing an important role in the dynamics of β-arrestin recruitment. As the global effect of receptor activation ultimately depends on the levels of receptor expression at the cell surface, these results illustrate the need to extend the characterization of novel allosteric modulators of G protein-coupled receptors to encapsulate the consequences of chronic exposure to this family of ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Yeatman
- From the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia and
| | - J Robert Lane
- From the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia and
| | - Kwok Ho Christopher Choy
- From the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia and
| | - Nevin A Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- From the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia and
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- From the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia and
| | - Meritxell Canals
- From the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia and
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15
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Jaeger WC, Armstrong SP, Hill SJ, Pfleger KDG. Biophysical Detection of Diversity and Bias in GPCR Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:26. [PMID: 24634666 PMCID: PMC3943086 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) function in complexes with a range of molecules and proteins including ligands, G proteins, arrestins, ubiquitin, and other receptors. Elements of these complexes may interact constitutively or dynamically, dependent upon factors such as ligand binding, phosphorylation, and dephosphorylation. They may also be allosterically modulated by other proteins in a manner that changes temporally and spatially within the cell. Elucidating how these complexes function has been greatly enhanced by biophysical technologies that are able to monitor proximity and/or binding, often in real time and in live cells. These include resonance energy transfer approaches such as bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Furthermore, the use of fluorescent ligands has enabled novel insights into allosteric interactions between GPCRs. Consequently, biophysical approaches are helping to unlock the amazing diversity and bias in G protein-coupled receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner C. Jaeger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen P. Armstrong
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Hill
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kevin D. G. Pfleger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Dimerix Bioscience Pty Ltd, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kevin D. G. Pfleger, Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, QQ Block, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia e-mail:
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16
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Ayoub MA, Pin JP. Interaction of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 with G Proteins and β-Arrestin 1 Studied by Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:196. [PMID: 24391627 PMCID: PMC3869048 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are well recognized as being able to activate several signaling pathways through the activation of different G proteins as well as other signaling proteins such as β-arrestins. Therefore, understanding how such multiple GPCR-mediated signaling can be integrated constitute an important aspect. Here, we applied bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) to shed more light on the G protein coupling profile of trypsin receptor, or protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), and its interaction with β-arrestin1. Using YFP and Rluc fusion constructs expressed in COS-7 cells, BRET data revealed a pre-assembly of PAR2 with both Gαi1 and Gαo and a rapid and transient activation of these G proteins upon receptor activation. In contrast, no pre-assembly of PAR2 with Gα12 could be detected and their physical association can be measured with a very slow and sustained kinetics similar to that of β-arrestin1 recruitment. These data demonstrate the coupling of PAR2 with Gαi1, Gαo, and Gα12 in COS-7 cells with differences in the kinetics of GPCR-G protein coupling, a parameter that very likely influences the cellular response. Moreover, this further illustrates that pre-assembly or agonist-induced G protein interaction depends on receptor-G protein pairs indicating another level of complexity and regulation of the signaling of GPCR-G protein complexes and its multiplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Département de Pharmacologie Moléculaire, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
- UMR5203, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Universités Montpellier 1 & 2, Montpellier, France
- U661, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Universités Montpellier 1 & 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Département de Pharmacologie Moléculaire, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
- UMR5203, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Universités Montpellier 1 & 2, Montpellier, France
- U661, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Universités Montpellier 1 & 2, Montpellier, France
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17
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Zhang C, Wei ZH, Ye BC. Imaging and tracing of intracellular metabolites utilizing genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:1280-91. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Savage EE, Wootten D, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM, Furness SGB. A simple method to generate stable cell lines for the analysis of transient protein-protein interactions. Biotechniques 2013; 54:217-21. [PMID: 23581469 DOI: 10.2144/000114013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient protein-protein interactions form the basis of signal transduction pathways in addition to many other biological processes. One tool for studying these interactions is bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). This technique has been widely applied to study signaling pathways, in particular those initiated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These assays are routinely performed using transient transfection, a technique that has limitations in terms of assay cost and variability, overexpression of interacting proteins, vector uptake limited to cycling cells, and non-homogenous expression across cells within the assay. To address these issues, we developed bicistronic vectors for use with Life Technology's Gateway and flpIN systems. These vectors provide a means to generate isogenic cell lines for comparison of interacting proteins. They have the advantage of stable, single copy, isogenic, homogeneous expression with low inter-assay variation. We demonstrate their utility by assessing ligand-induced interactions between GPCRs and arrestin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Elizabeth Savage
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Kenakin T. New concepts in pharmacological efficacy at 7TM receptors: IUPHAR review 2. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:554-75. [PMID: 22994528 PMCID: PMC3579279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The present-day concept of drug efficacy has changed completely from its original description as the property of agonists that causes tissue activation. The ability to visualize the multiple behaviours of seven transmembrane receptors has shown that drugs can have many efficacies and also that the transduction of drug stimulus to various cellular stimulus-response cascades can be biased towards some but not all pathways. This latter effect leads to agonist 'functional selectivity', which can be favourable for the improvement of agonist therapeutics. However, in addition, biased agonist potency becomes cell type dependent with the loss of the monotonic behaviour of stimulus-response mechanisms, leading to potential problems in agonist quantification. This has an extremely important effect on the discovery process for new agonists since it now cannot be assumed that a given screening or lead optimization assay will correctly predict therapeutic behaviour. This review discusses these ideas and how new approaches to quantifying agonist effect may be used to circumvent the cell type dependence of agonism. This article, written by a corresponding member of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC-IUPHAR), reviews our current understanding of the interaction of ligands with seven transmembrane receptors. Further information on these pharmacological concepts is being incorporated into the IUPHAR/BPS database GuideToPharmacology.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Kenakin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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20
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Kufareva I, Stephens B, Gilliland CT, Wu B, Fenalti G, Hamel D, Stevens RC, Abagyan R, Handel TM. A novel approach to quantify G-protein-coupled receptor dimerization equilibrium using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1013:93-127. [PMID: 23625495 PMCID: PMC4091634 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-426-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Along with other resonance energy transfer techniques, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) has emerged as an important method for demonstrating protein-protein interactions in cells. In the field of G-protein-coupled receptors, including chemokine receptors, BRET has been widely used to investigate homo- and heterodimerization, a feature of their interactions that is emerging as integral to function and regulation. While demonstrating the existence of dimers for a given receptor proved to be fairly straightforward, quantitative comparisons of different receptors or mutants are nontrivial because of inevitable variations in the expression of receptor constructs. The uncontrollable parameters of the cellular expression machinery make amounts of transfected DNA extremely poor predictors for the expression levels of BRET donor and acceptor receptor constructs, even in relative terms. In this chapter, we show that properly accounting for receptor expression levels is critical for quantitative interpretation of BRET data. We also provide a comprehensive account of expected responses in all types of BRET experiments and propose a framework for uniform and accurate quantitative treatment of these responses. The framework allows analysis of both homodimer and heterodimer BRET data. The important caveats and obstacles for quantitative treatment are outlined, and the utility of the approach is illustrated by its application to the homodimerization of wild-type (WT) and mutant forms of the chemokine receptor CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Stephens
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - C. Taylor Gilliland
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Beili Wu
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gus Fenalti
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Damon Hamel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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21
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Nakajima KI, Wess J. Design and functional characterization of a novel, arrestin-biased designer G protein-coupled receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:575-82. [PMID: 22821234 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.080358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutational modification of distinct muscarinic receptor subtypes has yielded novel designer G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are unable to bind acetylcholine (ACh), the endogenous muscarinic receptor ligand, but can be efficiently activated by clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), an otherwise pharmacologically inert compound. These CNO-sensitive designer GPCRs [alternative name: designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drug (DREADDs)] have emerged as powerful new tools to dissect the in vivo roles of distinct G protein signaling pathways in specific cell types or tissues. As is the case with other GPCRs, CNO-activated DREADDs not only couple to heterotrimeric G proteins but can also recruit proteins of the arrestin family (arrestin-2 and -3). Accumulating evidence suggests that arrestins can act as scaffolding proteins to promote signaling through G protein-independent signaling pathways. To explore the physiological relevance of these arrestin-dependent signaling pathways, the availability of an arrestin-biased DREADD would be highly desirable. In this study, we describe the development of an M₃ muscarinic receptor-based DREADD [Rq(R165L)] that is no longer able to couple to G proteins but can recruit arrestins and promote extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 phosphorylation in an arrestin- and CNO-dependent fashion. Moreover, CNO treatment of mouse insulinoma (MIN6) cells expressing the Rq(R165L) construct resulted in a robust, arrestin-dependent stimulation of insulin release, directly implicating arrestin signaling in the regulation of insulin secretion. This newly developed arrestin-biased DREADD represents an excellent novel tool to explore the physiological relevance of arrestin signaling pathways in distinct tissues and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Nakajima
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Ruiz de Azua I, Nakajima KI, Rossi M, Cui Y, Jou W, Gavrilova O, Wess J. Spinophilin as a novel regulator of M3 muscarinic receptor-mediated insulin release in vitro and in vivo. FASEB J 2012; 26:4275-86. [PMID: 22730439 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-204644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Spinophilin (SPL), a multidomain scaffolding protein known to modulate the activity of different G-protein-coupled receptors, regulates various central nervous system (CNS) functions. However, little is known about the role of SPL expressed in peripheral cell types including pancreatic β cells. In this study, we examined the ability of SPL to modulate the activity of β-cell M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M3Rs), which play an important role in facilitating insulin release and maintaining normal blood glucose levels. We demonstrated, by using both in vitro and in vivo approaches (mouse insulinoma cells and SPL-deficient mice), that SPL is a potent negative regulator of M3R-mediated signaling and insulin release. Additional biochemical and biophysical studies, including the use of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer technology, suggested that SPL is able to recruit regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4) to the M3R signaling complex in an agonist-dependent fashion. Since RGS4 is a member of the RGS family of proteins that act to reduce the lifetime of activated G proteins, these findings support the concept that the inhibitory effects of SPL on M3R activity are mediated by RGS4. These data suggest that SPL or other G-protein-coupled receptor-associated proteins may serve as novel targets for drug therapy aimed at improving β-cell function for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inigo Ruiz de Azua
- Molecular Signaling Section, Mouse Metabolic Core Facility, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIH-NIDDK, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-05, 8 Center Dr. MSC 0810 Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
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23
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Patwari P, Lee RT. An expanded family of arrestins regulate metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:216-22. [PMID: 22520962 PMCID: PMC3348262 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The classical visual and β-arrestins belong to a larger family of proteins that likely share structural similarity. Humans have an additional six related proteins sometimes termed the α-arrestins, whose functions are now emerging. Surprisingly, several α-arrestins play prominent roles in the regulation of metabolism and obesity. One α-arrestin, thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip), has crucial functions in regulating glucose uptake and glycolytic flux through the mitochondria. Another α-arrestin, Arrdc3, is linked to obesity in men and was recently identified in mice as a regulator of body mass, adiposity, and energy expenditure. Here we discuss recent evidence suggesting potential common themes for all arrestins, including physiological roles for classical arrestins in metabolism and the functions of α-arrestins in receptor signaling and endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Patwari
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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24
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Smith NJ. Low affinity GPCRs for metabolic intermediates: challenges for pharmacologists. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:1. [PMID: 22649402 PMCID: PMC3355937 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that a number of metabolites and metabolic intermediates can act through G protein-coupled receptors has attracted great interest in the field and has led to new therapeutic targets for diseases such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome. However, the low apparent affinity of these ligands for their cognate receptors poses a number of challenges for pharmacologists interested in investigating receptor structure, function or physiology. Furthermore, the endogenous ligands matched to their receptors have other, well established metabolic roles and thus selectivity is difficult to achieve. This review discusses some of the issues researchers face when working with these receptors and highlights the ways in which a number of these obstacles have been overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Smith
- Molecular Cardiology, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
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25
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Couturier C, Deprez B. Setting Up a Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer High throughput Screening Assay to Search for Protein/Protein Interaction Inhibitors in Mammalian Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:100. [PMID: 22973258 PMCID: PMC3438444 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Each step of the cell life and its response or adaptation to its environment are mediated by a network of protein/protein interactions termed "interactome." Our knowledge of this network keeps growing due to the development of sensitive techniques devoted to study these interactions. The bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) technique was primarily developed to allow the dynamic monitoring of protein/protein interactions (PPI) in living cells, and has widely been used to study receptor activation by intra- or extra-molecular conformational changes within receptors and activated complexes in mammal cells. Some interactions are described as crucial in human pathological processes, and a new class of drugs targeting them has recently emerged. The BRET method is well suited to identify inhibitors of PPI and here is described why and how to set up and optimize a high throughput screening assay based on BRET to search for such inhibitory compounds. The different parameters to take into account when developing such BRET assays in mammal cells are reviewed to give general guidelines: considerations on the targeted interaction, choice of BRET version, inducibility of the interaction, kinetic of the monitored interaction, and of the BRET reading, influence of substrate concentration, number of cells and medium composition used on the Z' factor, and expected interferences from colored or fluorescent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Couturier
- Univ Lille Nord de FranceLille, France
- INSERM U761, Biostructures and Drug DiscoveryLille, France
- Université du Droit et de la Santé de LilleLille, France
- Institut Pasteur LilleLille, France
- Pôle de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur le MédicamentLille, France
- *Correspondence: Cyril Couturier, UMR 761, Biostructure and Drug Discovery, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille 2, 1 rue du Pr Calmette, 59000 Lille, France. e-mail:
| | - Benoit Deprez
- Univ Lille Nord de FranceLille, France
- INSERM U761, Biostructures and Drug DiscoveryLille, France
- Université du Droit et de la Santé de LilleLille, France
- Institut Pasteur LilleLille, France
- Pôle de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur le MédicamentLille, France
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