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Li R, Hanna A, Huang S, Hernandez SC, Tuleta I, Kubota A, Humeres C, Chen B, Liu Y, Zheng D, Frangogiannis NG. Macrophages in the infarcted heart acquire a fibrogenic phenotype, expressing matricellular proteins, but do not undergo fibroblast conversion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024:S0022-2828(24)00126-3. [PMID: 39089570 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Although some studies have suggested that macrophages may secrete structural collagens, and convert to fibroblast-like cells, macrophage to fibroblast transdifferentiation in infarcted and remodeling hearts remains controversial. Our study uses linage tracing approaches and single cell transcriptomics to examine whether macrophages undergo fibroblast conversion, and to characterize the extracellular matrix expression profile of myeloid cells in myocardial infarction. To examine whether infarct macrophages undergo fibroblast conversion, we identified macrophage-derived progeny using the inducible CX3CR1CreER mice crossed with the PDGFRαEGFP reporter line for reliable fibroblast identification. The abundant fibroblasts that infiltrated the infarcted myocardium after 7 and 28 days of coronary occlusion were not derived from CX3CR1+ macrophages. Infarct macrophages retained myeloid cell characteristics and did not undergo conversion to myofibroblasts, endothelial or vascular mural cells. Single cell RNA-seq of CSF1R+ myeloid cells harvested from control and infarcted hearts showed no significant expression of fibroblast identity genes by myeloid cell clusters. Moreover, infarct macrophages did not express significant levels of genes encoding structural collagens. However, infarct macrophage and monocyte clusters were the predominant source of the fibrogenic growth factors Tgfb1 and Pdgfb, and of the matricellular proteins Spp1/Osteopontin, Thbs1/Thrombospondin-1, Emilin2, and Fn1/fibronectin, while expressing significant amounts of several other matrix genes, including Vcan/versican, Ecm1 and Sparc. ScRNA-seq data suggested similar patterns of matrix gene expression in human myocardial infarction. In conclusion, infarct macrophages do not undergo fibroblast or myofibroblast conversion and do not exhibit upregulation of structural collagens but may contribute to fibrotic remodeling by producing several fibrogenic matricellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshui Li
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Anis Hanna
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Shuaibo Huang
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Silvia C Hernandez
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Izabela Tuleta
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Akihiko Kubota
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Claudio Humeres
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Bijun Chen
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Hernández-Hernández I, De La Rosa JV, Martín-Rodríguez P, Díaz-Sarmiento M, Recio C, Guerra B, Fernández-Pérez L, León TE, Torres R, Font-Díaz J, Roig A, de Mora F, Boscá L, Díaz M, Valledor AF, Castrillo A, Tabraue C. Endogenous LXR signaling controls pulmonary surfactant homeostasis and prevents lung inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:287. [PMID: 38970705 PMCID: PMC11335212 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Lung type 2 pneumocytes (T2Ps) and alveolar macrophages (AMs) play crucial roles in the synthesis, recycling and catabolism of surfactant material, a lipid/protein fluid essential for respiratory function. The liver X receptors (LXR), LXRα and LXRβ, are transcription factors important for lipid metabolism and inflammation. While LXR activation exerts anti-inflammatory actions in lung injury caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other inflammatory stimuli, the full extent of the endogenous LXR transcriptional activity in pulmonary homeostasis is incompletely understood. Here, using mice lacking LXRα and LXRβ as experimental models, we describe how the loss of LXRs causes pulmonary lipidosis, pulmonary congestion, fibrosis and chronic inflammation due to defective de novo synthesis and recycling of surfactant material by T2Ps and defective phagocytosis and degradation of excess surfactant by AMs. LXR-deficient T2Ps display aberrant lamellar bodies and decreased expression of genes encoding for surfactant proteins and enzymes involved in cholesterol, fatty acids, and phospholipid metabolism. Moreover, LXR-deficient lungs accumulate foamy AMs with aberrant expression of cholesterol and phospholipid metabolism genes. Using a house dust mite aeroallergen-induced mouse model of asthma, we show that LXR-deficient mice exhibit a more pronounced airway reactivity to a methacholine challenge and greater pulmonary infiltration, indicating an altered physiology of LXR-deficient lungs. Moreover, pretreatment with LXR agonists ameliorated the airway reactivity in WT mice sensitized to house dust mite extracts, confirming that LXR plays an important role in lung physiology and suggesting that agonist pharmacology could be used to treat inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Hernández-Hernández
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Juan V De La Rosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fisiología, Genética e Inmunología, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Farmacología Molecular y Traslacional, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Patricia Martín-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Departamento de Morfología, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Farmacología Molecular y Traslacional, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Mercedes Díaz-Sarmiento
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Carlota Recio
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Farmacología Molecular y Traslacional, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Borja Guerra
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Farmacología Molecular y Traslacional, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Leandro Fernández-Pérez
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Farmacología Molecular y Traslacional, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Theresa E León
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Torres
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Font-Díaz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela Roig
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Fernando de Mora
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, P-11, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Farmacología Molecular y Traslacional, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Carlos Tabraue
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
- Departamento de Morfología, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Farmacología Molecular y Traslacional, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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Rosmus DD, Koch J, Hausmann A, Chiot A, Arnhold F, Masuda T, Kierdorf K, Hansen SM, Kuhrt H, Fröba J, Wolf J, Boneva S, Gericke M, Ajami B, Prinz M, Lange C, Wieghofer P. Redefining the ontogeny of hyalocytes as yolk sac-derived tissue-resident macrophages of the vitreous body. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:168. [PMID: 38961498 PMCID: PMC11223341 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The eye is a highly specialized sensory organ which encompasses the retina as a part of the central nervous system, but also non-neural compartments such as the transparent vitreous body ensuring stability of the eye globe and a clear optical axis. Hyalocytes are the tissue-resident macrophages of the vitreous body and are considered to play pivotal roles in health and diseases of the vitreoretinal interface, such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy or diabetic retinopathy. However, in contrast to other ocular macrophages, their embryonic origin as well as the extent to which these myeloid cells might be replenished by circulating monocytes remains elusive. RESULTS In this study, we combine transgenic reporter mice, embryonic and adult fate mapping approaches as well as parabiosis experiments with multicolor immunofluorescence labeling and confocal laser-scanning microscopy to comprehensively characterize the murine hyalocyte population throughout development and in adulthood. We found that murine hyalocytes express numerous well-known myeloid cell markers, but concomitantly display a distinct immunophenotype that sets them apart from retinal microglia. Embryonic pulse labeling revealed a yolk sac-derived origin of murine hyalocytes, whose precursors seed the developing eye prenatally. Finally, postnatal labeling and parabiosis established the longevity of hyalocytes which rely on Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R) signaling for their maintenance, independent of blood-derived monocytes. CONCLUSION Our study identifies hyalocytes as long-living progeny of the yolk sac hematopoiesis and highlights their role as integral members of the innate immune system of the eye. As a consequence of their longevity, immunosenescence processes may culminate in hyalocyte dysfunction, thereby contributing to the development of vitreoretinal diseases. Therefore, myeloid cell-targeted therapies that convey their effects through the modification of hyalocyte properties may represent an interesting approach to alleviate the burden imposed by diseases of the vitreoretinal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis-Dominik Rosmus
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Cellular Neuroanatomy, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Augsburg University, Universitätsstrasse 2, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Jana Koch
- Cellular Neuroanatomy, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Augsburg University, Universitätsstrasse 2, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annika Hausmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aude Chiot
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Franz Arnhold
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Takahiro Masuda
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Marie Hansen
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heidrun Kuhrt
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janine Fröba
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Stefaniya Boneva
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Gericke
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bahareh Ajami
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Ophtha Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, St. Franziskus Hospital, 48145, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Cellular Neuroanatomy, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Augsburg University, Universitätsstrasse 2, 86159, Augsburg, Germany.
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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Response to Matters Arising: Characterization of placental fetal macrophages. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2601-2603. [PMID: 36473457 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chen et al.1 published a report that casts doubt on our main finding from a recent article.2 Although we acknowledge the importance of their observations, we are reserved about whether their observations would invalidate our conclusions that placental fetal macrophages are generated de novo via placental hemogenic endothelium. This Matters Arising response paper addresses the Chen et al.1 Matters Arising paper published concurrently in Developmental Cell.
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Katleba K, Legacki E, Berger T. Expression of CSF1, AR, and SRD5A2 during Postnatal Development of the Boar Reproductive Tract. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172167. [PMID: 36077888 PMCID: PMC9454667 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Understanding the initial development of the male reproductive system, including the prostate, should provide insight into malfunctions in the adult male. Although changes in circulating androgens during development are characterized in multiple species, potential changes in the androgen receptor, in the enzyme that converts testosterone to the presumably more potent dihydrotestosterone, and in colony stimulating factor 1, a critical mediator of macrophage influence on organ development, were previously unknown and anticipated to be influenced by androgens and estrogens. Gene expression in the testis, prostate, and seminal vesicles of these three mediators of development, including responses to reduced testosterone or estrogens, were evaluated. Each of these three genes had a unique temporal pattern of expression during postnatal reproductive tract development. However, surprisingly minimal effects of altered steroid signaling were reported on the expression of these presumed pivotal genes. Abstract The male reproductive system develops from a minimally functioning gonad and nonfunctioning accessory sex glands in the neonate; sex steroids, presumed to be primary influencers of these changes, have been characterized in multiple species. This study focused on the expression of the androgen receptor as the principal mediator of androgen-induced signaling; the 5α reductase enzyme that converts testosterone to the more active dihydrotestosterone; and colony stimulating factor 1, a mediator of macrophage influence on organ development in the pig. The time points chosen to evaluate normal developmental changes during the juvenile and prepubertal intervals included the inflection time points of 6.5 weeks of age at the nadir of circulating estradiol and testosterone concentrations in juveniles, and 11 weeks of age, when these concentrations begin to increase. The role of sex steroid signaling in the regulation of gene expression was evaluated by the blockade of androgen and estrogen receptors and reduction in endogenous estrogens. Expression of colony stimulating factor 1 in the testes gradually decreased during development; developmental profiles in the prostate and seminal vesicles were clearly different. Interference with sex steroid signaling had no effect on the expression of these three genes in testicular tissue and minimal and transient effects in prostate and seminal vesicles.
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Lin ZP, Nguyen LNM, Ouyang B, MacMillan P, Ngai J, Kingston BR, Mladjenovic SM, Chan WCW. Macrophages Actively Transport Nanoparticles in Tumors After Extravasation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6080-6092. [PMID: 35412309 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles need to navigate a complex microenvironment to target cells in solid tumors after extravasation. Diffusion is currently the accepted primary mechanism for nanoparticle distribution in tumors. However, the extracellular matrix can limit nanoparticle diffusion. Here, we identified tumor-associated macrophages as another key player in transporting and redistributing nanoparticles in the tumor microenvironment. We found tumor-associated macrophages actively migrate toward nanoparticles extravasated from the vessels, engulfing and redistributing them in the tumor stroma. The macrophages can carry the nanoparticles 2-5 times deeper in the tumor than passive diffusion. The amount of nanoparticles transported by the tumor-associated macrophages is size-dependent. Understanding the nanoparticle behavior after extravasation will provide strategies to engineer them to navigate the microenvironment for improved intratumoral targeting and therapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Pengju Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Luan N M Nguyen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ben Ouyang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- M.D./PhD Program, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Presley MacMillan
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jessica Ngai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Benjamin R Kingston
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Stefan M Mladjenovic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Warren C W Chan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
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Wang Y, Che M, Zheng Z, Liu J, Ji X, Sun Y, Xin J, Gong W, Na S, Jin Y, Wang S, Zhang S. Animal Models for Postoperative Implant‐Related Spinal Infection. Orthop Surg 2022; 14:1049-1058. [PMID: 35466555 PMCID: PMC9163983 DOI: 10.1111/os.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative infections following implant‐related spinal surgery are severe and disastrous complications for both orthopaedic surgeons and patients worldwide. They can cause neurological damage, disability, and death. To better understand the mechanism of these destructive complications and intervene in the process, further research is needed. Therefore, there is an urgent need for efficient, accurate, and easily available animal models to study the pathogenesis of spinal infections and develop new and effective anti‐bacterial methods. In this paper, we provide a general review of the commonly used animal models of postoperative implant‐related spinal infections, describe their advantages and disadvantages, and highlight the significance of correctly choosing the model according to the infection aspect under investigation. These models are valuable tools contributing to the better understanding of postoperative spinal infections and will continue to facilitate the invention of novel preventative and treatment strategies for patients with postoperative spinal infections. However, although they are valid and reproducible in some respects, the current animal models present certain limitations. Future ideal spinal infection animal models may assess the bacterial load of the same animal in real‐time in vivo, and better mimic the human anatomy as well as surgical techniques. Strains other than Staphylococcus aureus account for a large proportion of postoperative spinal infections, and thus, the establishment of models to evaluate other types of microbial infections is expected in the future. Furthermore, novel transgenic models established on advancements in genome editing are also likely to be developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Changchun China
| | - Mingxue Che
- Department of Spinal Surgery the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Changchun China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Department of Spinal Surgery the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Changchun China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Science the Academy of Military Medical Science of PLA Changchun China
| | - Xue Ji
- Institute of Military Veterinary Science the Academy of Military Medical Science of PLA Changchun China
| | - Yang Sun
- Institute of Military Veterinary Science the Academy of Military Medical Science of PLA Changchun China
| | - Jingguo Xin
- Department of Spinal Surgery the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Changchun China
| | - Weiquan Gong
- Department of Spinal Surgery the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Changchun China
| | - Shibo Na
- Department of Spinal Surgery the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Changchun China
| | - Yuanzhe Jin
- Department of Spinal Surgery the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Changchun China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology the Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Shaokun Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Changchun China
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8
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Huang Y, Motta E, Nanvuma C, Kuhrt LD, Yuan Y, Xia P, Lubas M, Zhu S, Schnauss M, Qazi N, Hu F, Zhang H, Lei T, Synowitz M, Flüh C, Kettenmann H. Microglia/macrophage-derived human CCL18 promotes glioma progression via CCR8-ACP5 axis analyzed in humanized slice model. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110670. [PMID: 35417708 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors released from glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) play a crucial role in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) progression. Here, we study the importance of CCL18, a cytokine expressed in human but not in rodent GAMs, as a modulator of glioma growth. Since CCL18 signaling could not be studied in classical mouse glioma models, we developed an approach by transplanting induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human microglia and human glioma cells into mouse brain slices depleted of their intrinsic microglia. We observe that CCL18 promotes glioma cell growth and invasion. Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 8 (CCR8) is identified as a functional receptor for CCL18 on glioma cells, and ACP5 (acid phosphatase 5) is revealed as an important part of the downstream signaling cascade for mediating glioma growth. We conclude, based on the results from an in vitro, ex vivo humanized glioma model and an in vivo GBM model that microglia/macrophage-derived CCL18 promotes glioma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Huang
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Edyta Motta
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia Nanvuma
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Leonard D Kuhrt
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Yuan
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pengfei Xia
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Lubas
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shuai Zhu
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Schnauss
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niyeti Qazi
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Huaqiu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Charlotte Flüh
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Roessle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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9
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Identification of macrophages in normal and injured mouse tissues using reporter lines and antibodies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4542. [PMID: 35296717 PMCID: PMC8927419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable tools for macrophage identification in mouse tissues are critical for studies investigating inflammatory and reparative responses. Transgenic reporter mice and anti-macrophage antibodies have been used as “specific pan-macrophage” markers in many studies; however, organ-specific patterns of expression and non-specific labeling of other cell types, such as fibroblasts, may limit their usefulness. Our study provides a systematic comparison of macrophage labeling patterns in normal and injured mouse tissues, using the CX3CR1 and CSF1R macrophage reporter lines and anti-macrophage antibodies. Moreover, we tested the specificity of macrophage antibodies using the fibroblast-specific PDGFR\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mathrm{\alpha }$$\end{document}α reporter line. Mouse macrophages exhibit organ-specific differences in expression of macrophage markers. Hepatic macrophages are labeled for CSF1R, Mac2 and F4/80, but lack CX3CR1 expression, whereas in the lung, the CSF1R+/Mac2+/Mac3+ macrophage population is not labeled with F4/80. In the splenic red pulp, subpopulations of CSF1R+/F4/80+/Mac3+cells were labeled with Mac2, CX3CR1 and lysozyme M. In the kidney, Mac2, Mac3 and lysozyme M labeled a fraction of the CSF1R+ and CX3CR1+ macrophages, but also stained tubular epithelial cells. In normal hearts, the majority of CSF1R+ and CX3CR1+ cells were not detected with anti-macrophage antibodies. Myocardial infarction was associated with marked expansion of the CSF1R+ and CX3CR1+ populations that peaked during the proliferative phase of cardiac repair, and also expressed Mac2, Mac3 and lysozyme M. In normal mouse tissues, a small fraction of cells labeled with anti-macrophage antibodies were identified as PDGFR\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mathrm{\alpha }$$\end{document}α+ fibroblasts, using a reporter system. The population of PDGFR\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mathrm{\alpha }$$\end{document}α+ cells expressing macrophage markers expanded following injury, likely reflecting emergence of cellular phenotypes with both fibroblast and macrophage characteristics. In conclusion, mouse macrophages exhibit remarkable heterogeneity. Selection of the most appropriate markers for identification of macrophages in mouse tissues is dependent on the organ and the pathologic condition studied.
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10
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Chen S, Bennet L, McGregor AL. Delayed citalopram administration reduces brain inflammation and enhances skilled motor function after ischaemic stroke in 'MacGreen' mice. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1344-1355. [PMID: 35060208 PMCID: PMC9305149 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that treatment with antidepressants may promote functional recovery. However, the timeframe in which these pharmacological agents can influence stroke recovery is not well understood. This research investigated whether delayed administration of citalopram, used clinically in the management of post-stroke depression, could improve long-term functional recovery following experimental stroke. MacGreen mice carrying an enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter gene in monocyte and macrophage populations were subjected to 45 min occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Animals were administered citalopram (10 mg/kg/day, n = 20) or saline (n = 20) starting 3 days after stroke for 28 days. Neurological deficits and skilled motor performance in the staircase task were recorded for 9 weeks post stroke. Grey and white matter structural lesions were quantified at Week 9, and enhanced green fluorescent protein immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the effect of citalopram on inflammation. Twenty-five animals were included in the final analysis. Citalopram-treated animals (n = 13) showed a significant increase in impaired forepaw use in the staircase task compared with saline-treated animals (n = 12) 2, 3 and 7 weeks post stroke but no difference in neurological score at any time point examined. Citalopram treatment was associated with decreased monocyte/macrophage cell density and increased white matter tract integrity within the ipsilateral cortex. In conclusion, delayed administration of citalopram decreased brain inflammation and produced functional gains in our mouse model of stroke. Beneficial effects on skilled motor functions were long-lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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11
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Shi M, Sekulovski N, Whorton AE, MacLean JA, Greaves E, Hayashi K. Efficacy of niclosamide on the intra-abdominal inflammatory environment in endometriosis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21584. [PMID: 33860549 PMCID: PMC10777336 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002541rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis, a common gynecological disease, causes chronic pelvic pain and infertility in women of reproductive age. Due to the limited efficacy of current therapies, a critical need exists to develop new treatments for endometriosis. Inflammatory dysfunction, instigated by abnormal macrophage (MΦ) function, contributes to disease development and progression. However, the fundamental role of the heterogeneous population of peritoneal MΦ and their potential druggable functions is uncertain. Here we report that GATA6-expressing large peritoneal MΦ (LPM) were increased in the peritoneal cavity following lesion induction. This was associated with increased cytokine and chemokine secretion in the peritoneal fluid (PF), as well as MΦ infiltration, vascularization and innervation in endometriosis-like lesions (ELL). Niclosamide, an FDA-approved anti-helminthic drug, was effective in reducing LPM number, but not small peritoneal MΦ (SPM), in the PF. Niclosamide also inhibits aberrant inflammation in the PF, ELL, pelvic organs (uterus and vagina) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG), as well as MΦ infiltration, vascularization and innervation in the ELL. PF from ELL mice stimulated DRG outgrowth in vitro, whereas the PF from niclosamide-treated ELL mice lacked the strong stimulatory nerve growth response. These results suggest LPM induce aberrant inflammation in endometriosis promoting lesion progression and establishment of the inflammatory environment that sensitizes peripheral nociceptors in the lesions and other pelvic organs, leading to increased hyperalgesia. Our findings provide the rationale for targeting LPM and their functions with niclosamide and its efficacy in endometriosis as a new non-hormonal therapy to reduce aberrant inflammation which may ultimately diminish associated pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Shi
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Nikola Sekulovski
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Allison E. Whorton
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - James A. MacLean
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Erin Greaves
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Kanako Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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12
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Dynamics of Cyclooxygenase-1 Positive Microglia/Macrophage in the Retina of Pathological Model Mice as a Biomarker of the Retinal Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073396. [PMID: 33806238 PMCID: PMC8036698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In an intraocular inflammatory state, microglia residing in the retina become active and migrate inside the retina. In this study, we investigated whether cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) expressed by retinal microglia/macrophage can be a biomarker for the diagnosis of retinal diseases. COX-1 was immunopositive in microglia/macrophage and neutrophils, while COX-2 was immunopositive in astrocytes and neurons in the inner layer of normal retina. The number of COX-1 positive cells per section of the retinal tissue was 14 ± 2.8 (mean ± standard deviation) in normal mice, which showed significant increase in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-administrated model (62 ± 5.0, p = 8.7 × 10−9). In addition to microglia, we found neutrophils that were positive for COX-1. In the early stage of inflammation in the experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU), COX-1 positive cells, infiltrating from the ciliary body into the retinal outer nuclear layer, were observed. The number of infiltrating COX-1 positive cells correlated with the severity of EAU. Taken together, the increased number of COX-1 positive microglia/macrophage with morphological changes were observed in the retinas of retinal inflammatory disease models. This suggests that COX-1 can be a marker of disease-related activities of microglia/macrophage, which should be useful for the diagnosis of retinal diseases.
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13
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Hogg C, Panir K, Dhami P, Rosser M, Mack M, Soong D, Pollard JW, Jenkins SJ, Horne AW, Greaves E. Macrophages inhibit and enhance endometriosis depending on their origin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2013776118. [PMID: 33536334 PMCID: PMC8017702 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013776118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are intimately involved in the pathophysiology of endometriosis, a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by the growth of endometrial-like tissue (lesions) outside the uterus. By combining genetic and pharmacological monocyte and macrophage depletion strategies we determined the ontogeny and function of macrophages in a mouse model of induced endometriosis. We demonstrate that lesion-resident macrophages are derived from eutopic endometrial tissue, infiltrating large peritoneal macrophages (LpM) and monocytes. Furthermore, we found endometriosis to trigger continuous recruitment of monocytes and expansion of CCR2+ LpM. Depletion of eutopic endometrial macrophages results in smaller endometriosis lesions, whereas constitutive inhibition of monocyte recruitment significantly reduces peritoneal macrophage populations and increases the number of lesions. Reprogramming the ontogeny of peritoneal macrophages such that embryo-derived LpM are replaced by monocyte-derived LpM decreases the number of lesions that develop. We propose a putative model whereby endometrial macrophages are "proendometriosis" while newly recruited monocyte-derived macrophages, possibly in LpM form, are "antiendometriosis." These observations highlight the importance of monocyte-derived macrophages in limiting disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Hogg
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kavita Panir
- Centre for Early Life, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Priya Dhami
- Centre for Early Life, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Rosser
- Centre for Early Life, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Soong
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey W Pollard
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Jenkins
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Horne
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Greaves
- Centre for Early Life, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX Coventry, United Kingdom;
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14
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Pridans C, Irvine KM, Davis GM, Lefevre L, Bush SJ, Hume DA. Transcriptomic Analysis of Rat Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 11:594594. [PMID: 33633725 PMCID: PMC7902030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratory rat is widely used as a model for human diseases. Many of these diseases involve monocytes and tissue macrophages in different states of activation. Whilst methods for in vitro differentiation of mouse macrophages from embryonic stem cells (ESC) and bone marrow (BM) are well established, these are lacking for the rat. The gene expression profiles of rat macrophages have also not been characterised to the same extent as mouse. We have established the methodology for production of rat ESC-derived macrophages and compared their gene expression profiles to macrophages obtained from the lung and peritoneal cavity and those differentiated from BM and blood monocytes. We determined the gene signature of Kupffer cells in the liver using rats deficient in macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (CSF1R). We also examined the response of BM-derived macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results indicate that many, but not all, tissue-specific adaptations observed in mice are conserved in the rat. Importantly, we show that unlike mice, rat macrophages express the CSF1R ligand, colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M. Irvine
- Mater Research Institute Mater Research Institute – University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gemma M. Davis
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research Institute Mater Research Institute – University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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15
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Huang Y, Zhang B, Haneke H, Haage V, Lubas M, Yuan Y, Xia P, Motta E, Nanvuma C, Dzaye O, Hu F, Kettenmann H. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor increases matrix metallopeptidase 9 and 14 expression in microglia and promotes microglia-mediated glioma progression. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1048-1063. [PMID: 33404121 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is released by glioma cells and promotes tumor growth. We have previously found that GDNF released from the tumor cells is a chemoattractant for microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system. Here we show that GDNF increases matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and MMP14 expression in cultured microglial cells from mixed sexes of neonatal mice. The GDNF-induced microglial MMP9 and MMP14 upregulation is mediated by GDNF family receptor alpha 1 receptors and dependent on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. In organotypic brain slices, GDNF promotes the growth of glioma and this effect depends on the presence of microglia. We also previously found that MMP9 and MMP14 upregulation can be mediated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 signaling and here we demonstrate that GDNF increases the expression of TLR1 and TLR2. In conclusion, GDNF promotes the pro-tumorigenic phenotype of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Huang
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Baole Zhang
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurobiology and Cell Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hannah Haneke
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Haage
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Lubas
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Yuan
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pengfei Xia
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edyta Motta
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia Nanvuma
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Omar Dzaye
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Elmadany N, Logiacco F, Buonfiglioli A, Haage VC, Wright-Jin EC, Schattenberg A, Papawassiliou RM, Kettenmann H, Semtner M, Gutmann DH. Neurofibromatosis 1 - Mutant microglia exhibit sexually-dimorphic cyclic AMP-dependent purinergic defects. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 144:105030. [PMID: 32736084 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As critical regulators of brain homeostasis, microglia are influenced by numerous factors, including sex and genetic mutations. To study the impact of these factors on microglia biology, we employed genetically engineered mice that model Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a disorder characterized by clinically relevant sexually dimorphic differences. While microglia phagocytic activity was reduced in both male and female heterozygous Nf1 mutant (Nf1+/-) mice, purinergic control of phagocytosis was only affected in male Nf1+/- mice. ATP-induced P2Y-mediated membrane currents and P2RY12-dependent laser lesion-induced accumulation of microglial processes were also only impaired in male, but not female Nf1+/-, microglia. These defects resulted from Nf1+/- male-specific defects in cyclic AMP regulation, rather than from changes in purinergic receptor expression. Cyclic AMP elevation by phosphodiesterase blockade restored the male Nf1+/- microglia defects in P2Y-dependent membrane currents and process motility. Taken together, these data establish a sex-by-genotype interaction important to microglia function in the adult mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmeen Elmadany
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca Logiacco
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice Buonfiglioli
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena C Haage
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elizabeth C Wright-Jin
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexander Schattenberg
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roxane M Papawassiliou
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marcus Semtner
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - David H Gutmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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17
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Conway BR, O'Sullivan ED, Cairns C, O'Sullivan J, Simpson DJ, Salzano A, Connor K, Ding P, Humphries D, Stewart K, Teenan O, Pius R, Henderson NC, Bénézech C, Ramachandran P, Ferenbach D, Hughes J, Chandra T, Denby L. Kidney Single-Cell Atlas Reveals Myeloid Heterogeneity in Progression and Regression of Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2833-2854. [PMID: 32978267 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020060806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the roles of myeloid cell subsets in kidney injury and in the limited ability of the organ to repair itself. Characterizing these cells based only on surface markers using flow cytometry might not provide a full phenotypic picture. Defining these cells at the single-cell, transcriptomic level could reveal myeloid heterogeneity in the progression and regression of kidney disease. METHODS Integrated droplet- and plate-based single-cell RNA sequencing were used in the murine, reversible, unilateral ureteric obstruction model to dissect the transcriptomic landscape at the single-cell level during renal injury and the resolution of fibrosis. Paired blood exchange tracked the fate of monocytes recruited to the injured kidney. RESULTS A single-cell atlas of the kidney generated using transcriptomics revealed marked changes in the proportion and gene expression of renal cell types during injury and repair. Conventional flow cytometry markers would not have identified the 12 myeloid cell subsets. Monocytes recruited to the kidney early after injury rapidly adopt a proinflammatory, profibrotic phenotype that expresses Arg1, before transitioning to become Ccr2 + macrophages that accumulate in late injury. Conversely, a novel Mmp12 + macrophage subset acts during repair. CONCLUSIONS Complementary technologies identified novel myeloid subtypes, based on transcriptomics in single cells, that represent therapeutic targets to inhibit progression or promote regression of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Conway
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eoin D O'Sullivan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carolynn Cairns
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James O'Sullivan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Simpson
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Salzano
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Connor
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Ding
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Humphries
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Stewart
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Teenan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Riinu Pius
- Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Bénézech
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Ramachandran
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Ferenbach
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tamir Chandra
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Denby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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18
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The M-CSF receptor in osteoclasts and beyond. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1239-1254. [PMID: 32801364 PMCID: PMC8080670 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R, also known as c-FMS) is a receptor tyrosine kinase. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and IL-34 are ligands of CSF1R. CSF1R-mediated signaling is crucial for the survival, function, proliferation, and differentiation of myeloid lineage cells, including osteoclasts, monocytes/macrophages, microglia, Langerhans cells in the skin, and Paneth cells in the intestine. CSF1R also plays an important role in oocytes and trophoblastic cells in the female reproductive tract and in the maintenance and maturation of neural progenitor cells. Given that CSF1R is expressed in a wide range of myeloid cells, altered CSF1R signaling is implicated in inflammatory, neoplastic, and neurodegenerative diseases. Inhibiting CSF1R signaling through an inhibitory anti-CSF1R antibody or small molecule inhibitors that target the kinase activity of CSF1R has thus been a promising therapeutic strategy for those diseases. In this review, we cover the recent progress in our understanding of the various roles of CSF1R in osteoclasts and other myeloid cells, highlighting the therapeutic applications of CSF1R inhibitors in disease conditions. Drugs directed at a key signaling receptor involved in breaking down bone tissue could help treat diseases marked by pathological bone loss and destruction. In a review article, Kyung-Hyun Park-Min and colleagues from the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York, USA, discuss the essential roles played by the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) protein in the survival, function, proliferation and differentiation of myeloid lineage stem cells in the bone marrow, including bone-resorbing osteoclasts. They explore the links between the CSF1R-mediated signaling pathway and diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration. The authors largely focus on bone conditions, highlighting mouse studies in which CSF1R-blocking drugs were shown to ameliorate bone loss and inflammatory symptoms in models of arthritis, osteoporosis and metastatic cancer. Clinical trials are ongoing to test therapeutic applications.
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19
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Synergistic Toll-like Receptor 3/9 Signaling Affects Properties and Impairs Glioma-Promoting Activity of Microglia. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6428-6443. [PMID: 32631940 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0666-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In murine experimental glioma models, TLR3 or TLR9 activation of microglial/macrophages has been shown to impair glioma growth, which could, however, not been verified in recent clinical trials. We therefore tested whether combined TLR3 and TLR9 activation of microglia/macrophages would have a synergistic effect. Indeed, combined TLR3/TLR9 activation augmented the suppression of glioma growth in organotypic brain slices from male mice in a microglia-dependent fashion, and this synergistic suppression depended on interferon β release and phagocytic tumor clearance. Combined TLR3/TLR9 stimulation also augmented several functional features of microglia, such as the release of proinflammatory factors, motility, and phagocytosis activity. TLR3/TLR9 stimulation combined with CD47 blockade further augmented glioma clearance. Finally, we confirmed that the coactivation of TLR3/TLR9 also augments the impairment of glioma growth in vivo Our results show that combined activation of TLR3/TLR9 in microglia/macrophages results in a more efficient glioma suppression, which may provide a potential strategy for glioma treatment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) are the predominant immune cells in glioma growth and are recently considered as antitumor targets. TLRs are involved in glioma growth, but the TLR3 or TLR9 ligands were not successful in clinical trials in treating glioma. We therefore combined TLR3 and TLR9 activation of GAMs, resulting in a strong synergistic effect of tumor clearance in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo Mechanisms of this GAM-glioma interaction involve IFNβ signaling and increased tumor clearance by GAMs. Interfering with CD47 signaling had an additional impact on tumor clearance. We propose that these signaling pathways could be exploited as anti-glioma targets.
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20
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Development of a new macrophage-specific TRAP mouse (Mac TRAP) and definition of the renal macrophage translational signature. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7519. [PMID: 32372032 PMCID: PMC7200716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue macrophages play an important role in organ homeostasis, immunity and the pathogenesis of various inflammation-driven diseases. One major challenge has been to selectively study resident macrophages in highly heterogeneous organs such as kidney. To address this problem, we adopted a Translational Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP)- approach and designed a transgene that expresses an eGFP-tagged ribosomal protein (L10a) under the control of the macrophage-specific c-fms promoter to generate c-fms-eGFP-L10a transgenic mice (MacTRAP). Rigorous characterization found no gross abnormalities in MacTRAP mice and confirmed transgene expression across various organs. Immunohistological analyses of MacTRAP kidneys identified eGFP-L10a expressing cells in the tubulointerstitial compartment which stained positive for macrophage marker F4/80. Inflammatory challenge led to robust eGFP-L10a upregulation in kidney, confirming MacTRAP responsiveness in vivo. We successfully extracted macrophage-specific polysomal RNA from MacTRAP kidneys and conducted RNA sequencing followed by bioinformatical analyses, hereby establishing a comprehensive and unique in vivo gene expression and pathway signature of resident renal macrophages. In summary, we created, validated and applied a new, responsive macrophage-specific TRAP mouse line, defining the translational profile of renal macrophages and dendritic cells. This new tool may be of great value for the study of macrophage biology in different organs and various models of injury and disease.
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21
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The VGF-derived Peptide TLQP21 Impairs Purinergic Control of Chemotaxis and Phagocytosis in Mouse Microglia. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3320-3331. [PMID: 32060170 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1458-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are considered as sensors of brain pathology by detecting any sign of brain lesions, infections, or dysfunction and can influence the onset and progression of neurological diseases. They are capable of sensing their neuronal environment via many different signaling molecules, such as neurotransmitters, neurohormones and neuropeptides. The neuropeptide VGF has been associated with many metabolic and neurological disorders. TLQP21 is a VGF-derived peptide and has been shown to signal via C3aR1 and C1qBP receptors. The effect of TLQP21 on microglial functions in health or disease is not known. Studying microglial cells in acute brain slices, we found that TLQP21 impaired metabotropic purinergic signaling. Specifically, it attenuated the ATP-induced activation of a K+ conductance, the UDP-stimulated phagocytic activity, and the ATP-dependent laser lesion-induced process outgrowth. These impairments were reversed by blocking C1qBP, but not C3aR1 receptors. While microglia in brain slices from male mice lack C3aR1 receptors, both receptors are expressed in primary cultured microglia. In addition to the negative impact on purinergic signaling, we found stimulating effects of TLQP21 in cultured microglia, which were mediated by C3aR1 receptors: it directly evoked membrane currents, stimulated basal phagocytic activity, evoked intracellular Ca2+ transient elevations, and served as a chemotactic signal. We conclude that TLQP21 has differential effects on microglia depending on C3aR1 activation or C1qBP-dependent attenuation of purinergic signaling. Thus, TLQP21 can modulate the functional phenotype of microglia, which may have an impact on their function in health and disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The neuropeptide VGF and its peptides have been associated with many metabolic and neurological disorders. TLQP21 is a VGF-derived peptide that activates C1qBP receptors, which are expressed by microglia. We show here, for the first time, that TLQP21 impairs P2Y-mediated purinergic signaling and related functions. These include modulation of phagocytic activity and responses to injury. As purinergic signaling is central for microglial actions in the brain, this TLQP21-mediated mechanism might regulate microglial activity in health and disease. We furthermore show that, in addition to C1qBP, functional C3aR1 responses contribute to TLQP21 action on microglia. However, C3aR1 responses were only present in primary cultures but not in situ, suggesting that the expression of these receptors might vary between different microglial activation states.
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22
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Lehner C, Spitzer G, Gehwolf R, Wagner A, Weissenbacher N, Deininger C, Emmanuel K, Wichlas F, Tempfer H, Traweger A. Tenophages: a novel macrophage-like tendon cell population expressing CX3CL1 and CX3CR1. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.041384. [PMID: 31744815 PMCID: PMC6918766 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.041384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon disorders frequently occur and recent evidence has clearly implicated the presence of immune cells and inflammatory events during early tendinopathy. However, the origin and properties of these cells remain poorly defined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the presence of cells in healthy rodent and human tendon tissue fulfilling macrophage-like functions. Using various transgenic reporter mouse models, we demonstrate the presence of tendon-resident cells in the dense matrix of the tendon core expressing the fractalkine (Fkn) receptor CX3CR1 and its cognate ligand CX3CL1/Fkn. Pro-inflammatory stimulation of 3D tendon-like constructs in vitro resulted in a significant increase in the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, Mmp3, Mmp9, CX3CL1 and epiregulin, which has been reported to contribute to inflammation, wound healing and tissue repair. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibition of the Fkn receptor blocked tendon cell migration in vitro, and show the presence of CX3CL1/CX3CR1/EREG-expressing cells in healthy human tendons. Taken together, we demonstrate the presence of CX3CL1+/CX3CR1+ 'tenophages' within the healthy tendon proper, which potentially fulfill surveillance functions in tendons.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lehner
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriel Spitzer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Gehwolf
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Wagner
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadja Weissenbacher
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Deininger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Katja Emmanuel
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian Wichlas
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert Tempfer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria .,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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23
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A role for macrophages in hematopoiesis in the embryonic head. Blood 2019; 134:1929-1940. [PMID: 31697805 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018881243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region, the head is a site of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HS/PC) development in the mouse embryo. Macrophages are present in both these embryonic hemogenic sites, and recent studies indicate a functional interaction of macrophages with hematopoietic cells as they are generated in the aorta. Whereas brain macrophages or "microglia" are known to affect neuronal patterning and vascular circuitry in the embryonic brain, it is unknown whether macrophages play a role in head hematopoiesis. Here, we characterize head macrophages and examine whether they affect the HS/PC output of the hindbrain-branchial arch (HBA) region of the mouse embryo. We show that HBA macrophages are CD45+F4/80+CD11b+Gr1- and express the macrophage-specific Csf1r-GFP reporter. In the HBA of chemokine receptor-deficient (Cx3cr1-/-) embryos, a reduction in erythropoiesis is concomitant with a decrease in HBA macrophage percentages. In cocultures, we show that head macrophages boost hematopoietic progenitor cell numbers from HBA endothelial cells > twofold, and that the proinflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor-α is produced by head macrophages and influences HBA hematopoiesis in vitro. Taken together, head macrophages play a positive role in HBA erythropoiesis and HS/PC expansion and/or maturation, acting as microenvironmental cellular regulators in hematopoietic development.
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24
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Electrophysiological Investigation of Microglia. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31392681 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9658-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Although microglial cells are not electrically excitable, they express a large repertoire of ion channels that are activated by voltage, stretch, extracellular ligands, or intracellular pathways (e.g. Ca2+, G-proteins). The patch-clamp technique is the electrophysiological method of choice to study these channels whose expression varies largely in pathological conditions but also during normal development and aging. This chapter focuses on protocols allowing the recording and the analysis of these channels in acute brain slices, with a particular emphasis on the study of channels activated by extracellular ligands.
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25
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Galloway DA, Phillips AEM, Owen DRJ, Moore CS. Phagocytosis in the Brain: Homeostasis and Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:790. [PMID: 31040847 PMCID: PMC6477030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system and significantly contribute to overall brain function by participating in phagocytosis during development, homeostasis, and diseased states. Phagocytosis is a highly complex process that is specialized for the uptake and removal of opsonized and non-opsonized targets, such as pathogens, apoptotic cells, and cellular debris. While the role of phagocytosis in mediating classical innate and adaptive immune responses has been known for decades, it is now appreciated that phagocytosis is also critical throughout early neural development, homeostasis, and initiating repair mechanisms. As such, modulating phagocytic processes has provided unexplored avenues with the intent of developing novel therapeutics that promote repair and regeneration in the CNS. Here, we review the functional consequences that phagocytosis plays in both the healthy and diseased CNS, and summarize how phagocytosis contributes to overall pathophysiological mechanisms involved in brain injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan A Galloway
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Alexandra E M Phillips
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David R J Owen
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Craig S Moore
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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26
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The CSF1 receptor inhibitor pexidartinib (PLX3397) reduces tissue macrophage levels without affecting glucose homeostasis in mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:245-253. [PMID: 30926949 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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27
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Abstract
Research during the last decade has generated numerous insights on the presence, phenotype, and function of myeloid cells in cardiovascular organs. Newer tools with improved detection sensitivities revealed sizable populations of tissue-resident macrophages in all major healthy tissues. The heart and blood vessels contain robust numbers of these cells; for instance, 8% of noncardiomyocytes in the heart are macrophages. This number and the cell's phenotype change dramatically in disease conditions. While steady-state macrophages are mostly monocyte independent, macrophages residing in the inflamed vascular wall and the diseased heart derive from hematopoietic organs. In this review, we will highlight signals that regulate macrophage supply and function, imaging applications that can detect changes in cell numbers and phenotype, and opportunities to modulate cardiovascular inflammation by targeting macrophage biology. We strive to provide a systems-wide picture, i.e., to focus not only on cardiovascular organs but also on tissues involved in regulating cell supply and phenotype, as well as comorbidities that promote cardiovascular disease. We will summarize current developments at the intersection of immunology, detection technology, and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Frodermann
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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28
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Pridans C, Raper A, Davis GM, Alves J, Sauter KA, Lefevre L, Regan T, Meek S, Sutherland L, Thomson AJ, Clohisey S, Bush SJ, Rojo R, Lisowski ZM, Wallace R, Grabert K, Upton KR, Tsai YT, Brown D, Smith LB, Summers KM, Mabbott NA, Piccardo P, Cheeseman MT, Burdon T, Hume DA. Pleiotropic Impacts of Macrophage and Microglial Deficiency on Development in Rats with Targeted Mutation of the Csf1r Locus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2683-2699. [PMID: 30249809 PMCID: PMC6196293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have produced Csf1r-deficient rats by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Consistent with the role of Csf1r in macrophage differentiation, there was a loss of peripheral blood monocytes, microglia in the brain, epidermal Langerhans cells, splenic marginal zone macrophages, bone-associated macrophages and osteoclasts, and peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages of splenic red pulp, liver, lung, and gut were less affected. The pleiotropic impacts of the loss of macrophages on development of multiple organ systems in rats were distinct from those reported in mice. Csf1r-/- rats survived well into adulthood with postnatal growth retardation, distinct skeletal and bone marrow abnormalities, infertility, and loss of visceral adipose tissue. Gene expression analysis in spleen revealed selective loss of transcripts associated with the marginal zone and, in brain regions, the loss of known and candidate novel microglia-associated transcripts. Despite the complete absence of microglia, there was little overt phenotype in brain, aside from reduced myelination and increased expression of dopamine receptor-associated transcripts in striatum. The results highlight the redundant and nonredundant functions of CSF1R signaling and of macrophages in development, organogenesis, and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; .,The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Raper
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma M Davis
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Alves
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin A Sauter
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Regan
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Meek
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Sutherland
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Alison J Thomson
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.,New World Laboratories, Laval, Quebec H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Sara Clohisey
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Bush
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Rocío Rojo
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Zofia M Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Wallace
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen Grabert
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle R Upton
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yi Ting Tsai
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Brown
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Lee B Smith
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2309, Australia; and
| | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research-University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Piccardo
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T Cheeseman
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Burdon
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - David A Hume
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; .,Mater Research-University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
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29
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Beffinger M, Tallón de Lara P, Tugues S, Vermeer M, Montagnolo Y, Ohs I, Cecconi V, Lucchiari G, Gagliardi A, Misljencevic N, Sutton J, Spörri R, Becher B, Gupta A, van den Broek M. CSF1R-dependent myeloid cells are required for NK‑mediated control of metastasis. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97792. [PMID: 29769439 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid leukocytes are essentially involved in both tumor progression and control. We show that neo-adjuvant treatment of mice with an inhibitor of CSF1 receptor (CSF1R), a drug that is used to deplete tumor-associated macrophages, unexpectedly promoted metastasis. CSF1R blockade indirectly diminished the number of NK cells due to a paucity of myeloid cells that provide the survival factor IL-15 to NK cells. Reduction of the number of NK cells resulted in increased seeding of metastatic tumor cells to the lungs but did not impact on progression of established metastases. Supplementation of mice treated with CSF1R-inhibitor with IL-15 restored numbers of NK cells and diminished metastasis. Our data suggest that CSF1R blockade should be combined with administration of IL-15 to reduce the risk of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Beffinger
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sònia Tugues
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marijne Vermeer
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Montagnolo
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Ohs
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Virginia Cecconi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Lucchiari
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aron Gagliardi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikola Misljencevic
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James Sutton
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Roman Spörri
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anurag Gupta
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Distinguishing features of microglia- and monocyte-derived macrophages after stroke. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:551-568. [PMID: 29249001 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
After stroke, macrophages in the ischemic brain may be derived from either resident microglia or infiltrating monocytes. Using bone marrow (BM)-chimerism and dual-reporter transgenic fate mapping, we here set out to delimit the responses of either cell type to mild brain ischemia in a mouse model of 30 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). A discriminatory analysis of gene expression at 7 days post-event yielded 472 transcripts predominantly or exclusively expressed in blood-derived macrophages as well as 970 transcripts for microglia. The differentially regulated genes were further collated with oligodendrocyte, astrocyte, and neuron transcriptomes, resulting in a dataset of microglia- and monocyte-specific genes in the ischemic brain. Functional categories significantly enriched in monocytes included migration, proliferation, and calcium signaling, indicative of strong activation. Whole-cell patch-clamp analysis further confirmed this highly activated state by demonstrating delayed outward K+ currents selectively in invading cells. Although both cell types displayed a mixture of known phenotypes pointing to the significance of 'intermediate states' in vivo, blood-derived macrophages were generally more skewed toward an M2 neuroprotective phenotype. Finally, we found that decreased engraftment of blood-borne cells in the ischemic brain of chimeras reconstituted with BM from Selplg-/- mice resulted in increased lesions at 7 days and worse post-stroke sensorimotor performance. In aggregate, our study establishes crucial differences in activation state between resident microglia and invading macrophages after stroke and identifies unique genomic signatures for either cell type.
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Miyauchi JT, Caponegro MD, Chen D, Choi MK, Li M, Tsirka SE. Deletion of Neuropilin 1 from Microglia or Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Slows Glioma Progression. Cancer Res 2017; 78:685-694. [PMID: 29097606 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioma-associated microglia and macrophages (GAM), which infiltrate high-grade gilomas, constitute a major cellular component of these lesions. GAM behavior is influenced by tumor-derived cytokines that suppress initial antitumorigenic properties, causing them to support tumor growth and to convert and suppress adaptive immune responses to the tumor. Mice that lack the transmembrane receptor neuropilin-1 (Nrp1), which modulates GAM immune polarization, exhibit a decrease in glioma volumes and neoangiogenesis and an increase in antitumorigenic GAM infiltrate. Here we show that replacing the peripheral macrophage populations of wild-type mice with Nrp1-depleted bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) confers resistance to the development of glioma. This resistance occurred in a similar fashion seen in mice in which all macrophages lacked Nrp1 expression. Tumors had decreased volumes, decreased vascularity, increased CTL infiltrate, and Nrp1-depleted BMDM adopted a more antitumorigenic phenotype relative to wild-type GAMs within the tumors. Mice with Nrp1-deficient microglia and wild-type peripheral macrophages showed resistance to glioma development and had higher microglial infiltrate than mice with wild-type GAMs. Our findings show how manipulating Nrp1 in either peripheral macrophages or microglia reprograms their phenotype and their pathogenic roles in tumor neovascularization and immunosuppression.Significance: This study highlights the proangiogenic receptor neuropilin 1 in macrophages and microglial cells in gliomas as a pivotal modifier of tumor neovascularization and immunosuppression, strengthening emerging evidence of the functional coordination of these two fundamental traits of cancer. Cancer Res; 78(3); 685-94. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Caponegro
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Danling Chen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Matthew K Choi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Melvin Li
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.
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Hegde V, Dworsky EM, Stavrakis AI, Loftin AH, Zoller SD, Park HY, Richman S, Johansen D, Hu Y, Taylor JA, Hamad CD, Chun RF, Xi W, Adams JS, Bernthal NM. Single-Dose, Preoperative Vitamin-D Supplementation Decreases Infection in a Mouse Model of Periprosthetic Joint Infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2017; 99:1737-1744. [PMID: 29040128 PMCID: PMC6948832 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.16.01598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent advances, infection remains the most common etiology of arthroplasty failure. Recent work suggests that 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) deficiency correlates with the frequency of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). We endeavored to examine whether 25D3 deficiency leads to increased bacterial burden in vivo in an established mouse model of PJI and, if so, whether this effect can be reversed by preoperative 25D3 supplementation. METHODS Mice (lys-EGFP) possessing fluorescent neutrophils were fed a vitamin D3-sufficient (n = 20) or deficient (n = 40) diet for 6 weeks. A group of 25D3-deficient mice (n = 20) were "rescued" with 1 intraperitoneal dose of 25D3 at 3 days before surgery. A stainless steel implant was inserted into the knee joint and the joint space was inoculated with bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus (1 × 10 colony forming units [CFUs]). In vivo imaging was used to monitor bacterial burden and neutrophil infiltration. Blood was drawn to confirm 25D3 levels 3 days before surgery and on postoperative days (PODs) 0 and 14. Mice were killed at POD 21, and CFUs were quantified after culture. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) were assayed to look at neutrophil infiltration and activated tissue macrophage recruitment, respectively. RESULTS Serum values confirmed 25D3 deficiency and repletion of the 25D3-rescued group. Bacterial bioluminescence and neutrophil fluorescence were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the 25D3-deficient group. CFU counts from the joint tissue and implant were also significantly greater in this group (p < 0.05). Rescue treatment significantly decreased bacterial burden and neutrophil infiltration (p < 0.05). Compared with the 25D3-sufficient and 25D3-rescued groups, MPO activity was higher (p < 0.02) and NAG activity was lower (p < 0.03) in the 25D3-deficient group. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated in vivo in a mouse model of PJI that (1) 25D3 deficiency results in increased bacterial burden and neutrophil infiltration, and (2) this effect can be reversed with preoperative repletion of 25D3. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Considering that >65% of patients undergoing arthroplasty have insufficient or low levels of total 25D and that 25D levels can be replenished with ease using a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved, oral 25D3 product, 25D deficiency may be an important modifiable risk factor in humans undergoing joint replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Hegde
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Erik M. Dworsky
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alexandra I. Stavrakis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amanda H. Loftin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen D. Zoller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Howard Y. Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sherif Richman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel Johansen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julie A. Taylor
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher D. Hamad
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rene F. Chun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Weixian Xi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - John S. Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nicholas M. Bernthal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,E-mail address for N.M. Bernthal:
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Chen S, Bennet L, McGregor AL. Delayed Varenicline Administration Reduces Inflammation and Improves Forelimb Use Following Experimental Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:2778-2787. [PMID: 28797614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), specifically by activating α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, has been shown to confer short-term improvements in outcome. Most studies have investigated administration within 24 hours of stroke, and few have investigated drugs approved for use in human patients. We investigated whether delayed administration of varenicline, a high-affinity agonist at α7 nicotinic receptors and an established therapy for nicotine addiction, decreased brain inflammation and improved functional performance in a mouse model of experimental stroke. METHODS CSF-1R-EGFP (MacGreen) mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and administered varenicline (2.5 mg/kg/d for 7 days) or saline (n = 10 per group) 3 days after stroke. Forelimb asymmetry was assessed in the Cylinder test every 2 days after surgery, and structural lesions were quantified at day 10. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and growth associated protein 43 (GAP43) immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the effect of varenicline on inflammation and axonal regeneration, respectively. RESULTS Varenicline-treated animals showed a significant increase in impaired forelimb use compared with saline-treated animals 10 days after stroke. Varenicline treatment was associated with reduced EGFP expression and increased GAP43 expression in the striatum of MacGreen mice. CONCLUSION Our results show that delayed administration of varenicline promotes recovery of function following experimental stroke. Motor function improvements were accompanied by decreased brain inflammation and increased axonal regeneration in nonpenumbral areas. These results suggest that the administration of an exogenous nicotinic agonist in the subacute phase following stroke may be a viable therapeutic strategy for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ailsa L McGregor
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Division of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Guillonneau C, Bézie S, Anegon I. Immunoregulatory properties of the cytokine IL-34. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2569-2586. [PMID: 28258292 PMCID: PMC11107603 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-34 is a cytokine with only partially understood functions, described for the first time in 2008. Although IL-34 shares very little homology with CSF-1 (CSF1, M-CSF), they share a common receptor CSF-1R (CSF-1R) and IL-34 has also two distinct receptors (PTP-ζ) and CD138 (syndecan-1). To make the situation more complex, IL-34 has also been shown as pairing with CSF-1 to form a heterodimer. Until now, studies have demonstrated that this cytokine is released by some tissues that differ to those where CSF-1 is expressed and is involved in the differentiation and survival of macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells in response to inflammation. The involvement of IL-34 has been shown in areas as diverse as neuronal protection, autoimmune diseases, infection, cancer, and transplantation. Our recent work has demonstrated a new and possible therapeutic role for IL-34 as a Foxp3+ Treg-secreted cytokine mediator of transplant tolerance. In this review, we recapitulate most recent findings on IL-34 and its controversial effects on immune responses and address its immunoregulatory properties and the potential of targeting this cytokine in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Guillonneau
- INSERM UMR1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Université de Nantes, 30 Bd. Jean Monnet, 44093, Nantes Cedex 01, France.
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Séverine Bézie
- INSERM UMR1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Université de Nantes, 30 Bd. Jean Monnet, 44093, Nantes Cedex 01, France
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- INSERM UMR1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Université de Nantes, 30 Bd. Jean Monnet, 44093, Nantes Cedex 01, France
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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Changes in phagocytosis and potassium channel activity in microglia of 5xFAD mice indicate alterations in purinergic signaling in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 58:41-53. [PMID: 28697378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system, microglia accumulate at amyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and acquire a morphological phenotype of activated microglia. Recent functional studies, however, indicate that in mouse models of amyloidosis and AD, these cells are rather dysfunctional indicated by a reduced phagocytic activity. Here, we report that this reduction in phagocytic activity is associated with perturbed purinergic receptor signaling, since phagocytosis could be stimulated by P2Y6 receptor activation in control, but not in 5xFAD transgenic animals, an animal model of amyloid deposition. Impaired phagocytosis is not innate, and develops only at later stages of amyloidosis. Furthermore, we show that membrane currents induced by uridine diphosphate, a ligand activating P2Y6 receptors, are altered in response rate and amplitude in microglia in close vicinity to plaques, but not in plaque-free areas of 5xFAD animals. These changes were accompanied by changes in membrane properties and potassium channel activity of plaque-associated microglia in early and late stages of amyloidosis. As a conclusion, the physiological properties of plaque-associated microglia are altered with a strong impact on purinergic signaling.
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Suijkerbuijk SJE, van Rheenen J. From good to bad: Intravital imaging of the hijack of physiological processes by cancer cells. Dev Biol 2017; 428:328-337. [PMID: 28473106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis of tissues is tightly regulated at the cellular, tissue and organismal level. Interestingly, tumor cells have found ways to hijack many of these physiological processes at all the different levels. Here we review how intravital microscopy techniques have provided new insights into our understanding of tissue homeostasis and cancer progression. In addition, we highlight the different strategies that tumor cells have adopted to use these physiological processes for their own benefit. We describe how visualization of these dynamic processes in living mice has broadened to our view on cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J E Suijkerbuijk
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Netherlands, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Netherlands, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Frakes AE, Braun L, Ferraiuolo L, Guttridge DC, Kaspar BK. Additive amelioration of ALS by co-targeting independent pathogenic mechanisms. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:76-86. [PMID: 28168207 PMCID: PMC5288461 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in which glia are central mediators of motor neuron (MN) death. Since multiple cell types are involved in disease pathogenesis, the objective of this study was to determine the benefit of co-targeting independent pathogenic mechanisms in a familial ALS mouse model. METHODS Recently, our laboratory identified that ALS microglia induce MN death in an NF-κB-dependent mechanism. We also demonstrated that a single, post-natal, intravenous injection of adeno-associated viral vector serotype 9 encoding a shRNA against mutant SOD1 is able to traverse the blood-brain barrier of ALS mice and reduce SOD1-expression in astrocytes and MNs. Reducing mutant SOD1 in MNs and astrocytes led to a robust increase in survival. To evaluate the benefit of co-targeting multiple cell types in ALS, we combined microglial NF-κB suppression with SOD1 reduction in astrocytes and MNs. RESULTS Targeting both astrocytes and microglia resulted in an additive increase in survival and motor function by delaying both onset and progression. Strikingly, targeting all three cell types (astrocytes, motor neurons [MNs], and microglia) resulted in an additive increase in lifespan and motor function, with maximum survival reaching 204 days, 67 days longer than the mean survival of untreated control animals. INTERPRETATION Our data suggest that a combinatorial approach co-targeting different pathogenic mechanisms in independent cell types is a beneficial therapeutic strategy for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Frakes
- Center for Gene Therapy The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus Ohio; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program College of Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| | - Lyndsey Braun
- Center for Gene Therapy The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus Ohio
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Center for Gene Therapy The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus Ohio
| | - Denis C Guttridge
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Brian K Kaspar
- Center for Gene Therapy The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus Ohio; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program College of Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
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Dworsky EEMD, Hegde VVH, Loftin AAHL, Richman SSR, Hu YYH, Lord EEL, Francis KPKPF, Miller LLSM, Wang JJCW, Scaduto AAS, Bernthal NMNMB. Novel in vivo mouse model of implant related spine infection. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:193-199. [PMID: 27116085 PMCID: PMC5268448 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Post-operative spine infections are a challenge, as hardware must often be retained to prevent destabilization of the spine, and bacteria form biofilm on implants, rendering them inaccessible to antibiotic therapy, and immune cells. A model of posterior-approach spinal surgery was created in which a stainless steel k-wire was transfixed into the L4 spinous process of 12-week-old C57BL/six mice. Mice were then randomized to receive either one of three concentrations (1 × 102 , 1 × 103 , and 1 × 104 colony forming units (CFU)) of a bioluminescent strain of Staphylococcus aureus or normal saline at surgery. The mice were then longitudinally imaged for bacterial bioluminescence to quantify infection. The 1 × 102 CFU group had a decrease in signal down to control levels by POD 25, while the 1 × 103 and 1 × 104 CFU groups maintained a 10-fold higher signal through POD 35. Bacteria were then harvested from the pin and surrounding tissue for confirmatory CFU counts. All mice in the 1 × 104 CFU group experienced wound breakdown, while no mice in the other groups had this complication. Once an optimal bacterial concentration was determined, mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein in their myeloid cells (Lys-EGFP) were utilized to contemporaneously quantify bacterial burden, and immune response. Neutrophil fluorescence peaked for both groups on POD 3, and then declined. The infected group continued to have a response above the control group through POD 35. This study, establishes a noninvasive in vivo mouse model of spine implant infection that can quantify bacterial burden and host inflammation longitudinally in real time without requiring animal sacrifice. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:193-199, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E. M. D. Dworsky
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Santa Monica 90404 California
| | - Vishal V. H. Hegde
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Santa Monica 90404 California
| | - Amanda A. H. L. Loftin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Santa Monica 90404 California
| | - Sherif S. R. Richman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Santa Monica 90404 California
| | - Yan Y. H. Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Santa Monica 90404 California
| | - Elizabeth E. L. Lord
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Santa Monica 90404 California
| | - Kevin Patrick K. P. F. Francis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Santa Monica 90404 California
| | - Lloyd L. S. M. Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore 21231 Maryland
| | - Jeff J. C. W. Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles 90017 California
| | - Anthony A. S. Scaduto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Santa Monica 90404 California
| | - Nicholas Matthew N. M. B. Bernthal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Santa Monica 90404 California
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Pridans C, Davis GM, Sauter KA, Lisowski ZM, Corripio-Miyar Y, Raper A, Lefevre L, Young R, McCulloch ME, Lillico S, Milne E, Whitelaw B, Hume DA. A Csf1r-EGFP Transgene Provides a Novel Marker for Monocyte Subsets in Sheep. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2297-305. [PMID: 27521343 PMCID: PMC5009875 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Expression of Csf1r in adults is restricted to cells of the macrophage lineage. Transgenic reporters based upon the Csf1r locus require inclusion of the highly conserved Fms-intronic regulatory element for expression. We have created Csf1r-EGFP transgenic sheep via lentiviral transgenesis of a construct containing elements of the mouse Fms-intronic regulatory element and Csf1r promoter. Committed bone marrow macrophage precursors and blood monocytes express EGFP in these animals. Sheep monocytes were divided into three populations, similar to classical, intermediate, and nonclassical monocytes in humans, based upon CD14 and CD16 expression. All expressed EGFP, with increased levels in the nonclassical subset. Because Csf1r expression coincides with the earliest commitment to the macrophage lineage, Csf1r-EGFP bone marrow provides a tool for studying the earliest events in myelopoiesis using the sheep as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gemma M Davis
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kristin A Sauter
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Zofia M Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Anna Raper
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mary E McCulloch
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Simon Lillico
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elspeth Milne
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
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Wendt S, Wogram E, Korvers L, Kettenmann H. Experimental Cortical Spreading Depression Induces NMDA Receptor Dependent Potassium Currents in Microglia. J Neurosci 2016; 36:6165-74. [PMID: 27277795 PMCID: PMC6604883 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4498-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a propagating event of neuronal depolarization, which is considered as the cellular correlate of the migraine aura. It is characterized by a change in the intrinsic optical signal and by a negative DC potential shift. Microglia are the resident macrophages of the CNS and act as sensors for pathological changes. In the present study, we analyzed whether microglial cells might sense CSD by recording membrane currents from microglia in acutely isolated cortical mouse brain slices during an experimentally induced CSD. Coincident with the change in the intrinsic optical signal and the negative DC potential shift we recorded an increase in potassium conductance predominantly mediated by K(+) inward rectifier (Kir)2.1, which was blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonist D-AP5. Application of NMDA and an increase in extracellular K(+) mimics the CSD-induced Kir activation. Application of D-AP5, but not the purinergic receptor antagonist RB2, blocks the NMDA-induced Kir activation. The K(+) channel blocker Ba(2+) blocks both the CSD- and the NMDA-triggered increase in Kir channel activity. In addition, we could confirm previous findings that microglia in the adult brain do not express functional NMDA receptors by recording from microglia cultured from adult brain. From these observations we conclude that CSD activates neuronal NMDA receptors, which lead to an increase in extracellular [K(+)] resulting in the activation of Kir channel activity in microglia. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a wave of neuronal depolarization spreading through the cortex and is associated with the aura of migraine. Here we show that microglial cells, which are viewed as pathologic sensors of the brain, can sense this wave. The increase in the extracellular potassium concentration associated with that wave leads to the activation of an inward rectifying potassium conductance in microglia. The involvement of neuronal NMDA receptors is crucial because NMDA mimics that response and microglia do not express functional NMDA receptors. Although it is now evident that CSD leads to a signal in microglia, the consequences of this microglial activation during CSD needs to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wendt
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany, and
| | - Emile Wogram
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany, and Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Korvers
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany, and
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany, and
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41
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Vennin C, Herrmann D, Lucas MC, Timpson P. Intravital imaging reveals new ancillary mechanisms co-opted by cancer cells to drive tumor progression. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27239290 PMCID: PMC4870995 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8090.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital imaging is providing new insights into the dynamics of tumor progression in native tissues and has started to reveal the layers of complexity found in cancer. Recent advances in intravital imaging have allowed us to look deeper into cancer behavior and to dissect the interactions between tumor cells and the ancillary host niche that promote cancer development. In this review, we provide an insight into the latest advances in cancer biology achieved by intravital imaging, focusing on recently discovered mechanisms by which tumor cells manipulate normal tissue to facilitate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vennin
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Rehberg M, Nekolla K, Sellner S, Praetner M, Mildner K, Zeuschner D, Krombach F. Intercellular Transport of Nanomaterials is Mediated by Membrane Nanotubes In Vivo. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:1882-1890. [PMID: 26854197 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
So-called membrane nanotubes are cellular protrusions between cells whose functions include cell communication, environmental sampling, and protein transfer. It has been previously reported that systemically administered carboxyl-modified quantum dots (cQDs) are rapidly taken up by perivascular macrophages in skeletal muscle of healthy mice. Expanding these studies, it is found, by means of in vivo fluorescence microscopy on the mouse cremaster muscle, rapid uptake of cQDs not only by perivascular macrophages but also by tissue-resident cells, which are localized more than 100 μm distant from the closest vessel. Confocal microscopy on muscle tissue, immunostained for the membrane dye DiI, reveals the presence of continuous membranous structures between MHC-II-positive, F4/80-positive cells. These structures contain microtubules, components of the cytoskeleton, which clearly colocalize with cQDs. The cQDs are exclusively found inside endosomal vesicles. Most importantly, by using in vivo fluorescence microscopy, this study detected fast (0.8 μm s(-1) , mean velocity), bidirectional movement of cQDs in such structures, indicating transport of cQD-containing vesicles along microtubule tracks by the action of molecular motors. The findings are the first to demonstrate membrane nanotube function in vivo and they suggest a previously unknown route for the distribution of nanomaterials in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rehberg
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Nekolla
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Sellner
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Praetner
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Fritz Krombach
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Corliss BA, Azimi MS, Munson J, Peirce SM, Murfee WL. Macrophages: An Inflammatory Link Between Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis. Microcirculation 2016; 23:95-121. [PMID: 26614117 PMCID: PMC4744134 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis often occur in response to tissue injury or in the presence of pathology (e.g., cancer), and it is these types of environments in which macrophages are activated and increased in number. Moreover, the blood vascular microcirculation and the lymphatic circulation serve as the conduits for entry and exit for monocyte-derived macrophages in nearly every tissue and organ. Macrophages both affect and are affected by the vessels through which they travel. Therefore, it is not surprising that examination of macrophage behaviors in both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis has yielded interesting observations that suggest macrophages may be key regulators of these complex growth and remodeling processes. In this review, we will take a closer look at macrophages through the lens of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, examining how their dynamic behaviors may regulate vessel sprouting and function. We present macrophages as a cellular link that spatially and temporally connects angiogenesis with lymphangiogenesis, in both physiological growth and in pathological adaptations, such as tumorigenesis. As such, attempts to therapeutically target macrophages in order to affect these processes may be particularly effective, and studying macrophages in both settings will accelerate the field's understanding of this important cell type in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Corliss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 415 Lane Road, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Mohammad S. Azimi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 500 Lindy Boggs Energy Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
| | - Jenny Munson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 415 Lane Road, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Shayn M. Peirce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 415 Lane Road, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Walter Lee Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 500 Lindy Boggs Energy Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
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44
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Sellner S, Kocabey S, Nekolla K, Krombach F, Liedl T, Rehberg M. DNA nanotubes as intracellular delivery vehicles in vivo. Biomaterials 2015; 53:453-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
ABSTRACT: The importance of macrophages in the control of infections has long been documented, but macrophages have also been shown to contribute to severe influenza A virus infections. Macrophage function ranges from highly proinflammatory to wound healing and regulatory and a picture of diverse subsets with considerable plasticity in function and phenotype is emerging. Within the lung three subsets of macrophage populations have been identified: resident alveolar macrophages, interstitial macrophages and exudate-derived macrophages. Here we review model systems and techniques for defining macrophage function in vivo and discuss macrophage infection in vitro. The use of detailed phenotypic approaches and techniques to dissect the role of individual macrophage subsets in vivo promises rapid advances in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlynne Q Nicol
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Bernadette M Dutia
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
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46
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Frakes AE, Ferraiuolo L, Haidet-Phillips AM, Schmelzer L, Braun L, Miranda CJ, Ladner KJ, Bevan AK, Foust KD, Godbout JP, Popovich PG, Guttridge DC, Kaspar BK. Microglia induce motor neuron death via the classical NF-κB pathway in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuron 2014; 81:1009-1023. [PMID: 24607225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the most striking hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), a master regulator of inflammation, is upregulated in spinal cords of ALS patients and SOD1-G93A mice. In this study, we show that selective NF-κB inhibition in ALS astrocytes is not sufficient to rescue motor neuron (MN) death. However, the localization of NF-κB activity and subsequent deletion of NF-κB signaling in microglia rescued MNs from microglial-mediated death in vitro and extended survival in ALS mice by impairing proinflammatory microglial activation. Conversely, constitutive activation of NF-κB selectively in wild-type microglia induced gliosis and MN death in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these data provide a mechanism by which microglia induce MN death in ALS and suggest a novel therapeutic target that can be modulated to slow the progression of ALS and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases by which microglial activation plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Frakes
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Amanda M Haidet-Phillips
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Leah Schmelzer
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Lyndsey Braun
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Carlos J Miranda
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Katherine J Ladner
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Adam K Bevan
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kevin D Foust
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Denis C Guttridge
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brian K Kaspar
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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47
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Pridans C, Lillico S, Whitelaw B, Hume DA. Lentiviral vectors containing mouse Csf1r control elements direct macrophage-restricted expression in multiple species of birds and mammals. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2014; 1:14010. [PMID: 26015955 PMCID: PMC4362345 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of macrophages requires signaling through the lineage-restricted receptor Csf1r. Macrophage-restricted expression of transgenic reporters based upon Csf1r requires the highly conserved Fms-intronic regulatory element (FIRE). We have created a lentiviral construct containing mouse FIRE and promoter. The lentivirus is capable of directing macrophage-restricted reporter gene expression in mouse, rat, human, pig, cow, sheep, and even chicken. Rat bone marrow cells transduced with the lentivirus were capable of differentiating into macrophages expressing the reporter gene in vitro. Macrophage-restricted expression may be desirable for immunization or immune response modulation, and for gene therapy for lysosomal storage diseases and some immunodeficiencies. The small size of the Csf1r transcription control elements will allow the insertion of large "cargo" for applications in gene therapy and vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland , UK
| | - Simon Lillico
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland , UK
| | - Bruce Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland , UK
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland , UK
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