1
|
Shang J, Mu G, Qi Y, Zhang X, Shen W, Xie Y, Ge M, He Y, Qiao F, Qiu QS. NHX5/NHX6/SPY22 complex regulates BRI1 and brassinosteroid signaling in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 302:154318. [PMID: 39059150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
NHX5 and NHX6, Arabidopsis endosomal antiporters, play a vital role in facilitating ion and pH homeostasis in endosomal compartments. Studies have found that NHX5 and NHX6 are essential for protein trafficking, auxin homeostasis, and plant growth and development. Here, we report the role of NHX5 and NHX6 in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. We found that hypocotyl growth was enhanced in nhx5 nhx6 under epibrassinolide (eBR) treatment. nhx5 nhx6 bri1 was insensitive to eBR treatment, indicating that NHX5 and NHX6 are downstream of the BRI1 receptor in BR signaling. Moreover, confocal observation with both hypocotyls and root tips showed that BRI1-YFP localization in the plasma membrane (PM) was reduced in nhx5 nhx6. Interestingly, brefeldin A (BFA) treatment showed that formation of the BFA bodies containing BRI1 and their disassembling were disrupted in nhx5 nhx6. Further genetic analysis showed that NHX5/NHX6 and SYP22 may act coordinately in BR signaling. NHX5 and NHX6 may regulate SYP22 function by modulating cellular K+ and pH homeostasis. Importantly, NHX5 and NHX6 colocalize and interact with SYP22, but do not interact with BRI1. In summary, our findings indicate that NHX5/NHX6/SYP22 complex is essential for the regulation of BRI1 recycling and PM localization. The H+-leak facilitated by NHX5 and NHX6 offers a means of controlling BR signaling in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shang
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, 810000, China
| | - Guoxiu Mu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yuting Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, China
| | - Wei Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yujie Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Mingrui Ge
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yu He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Feng Qiao
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, 810000, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martignago D, da Silveira Falavigna V, Lombardi A, Gao H, Korwin Kurkowski P, Galbiati M, Tonelli C, Coupland G, Conti L. The bZIP transcription factor AREB3 mediates FT signalling and floral transition at the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010766. [PMID: 37186640 PMCID: PMC10212096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The floral transition occurs at the shoot apical meristem (SAM) in response to favourable external and internal signals. Among these signals, variations in daylength (photoperiod) act as robust seasonal cues to activate flowering. In Arabidopsis, long-day photoperiods stimulate production in the leaf vasculature of a systemic florigenic signal that is translocated to the SAM. According to the current model, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), the main Arabidopsis florigen, causes transcriptional reprogramming at the SAM, so that lateral primordia eventually acquire floral identity. FT functions as a transcriptional coregulator with the bZIP transcription factor FD, which binds DNA at specific promoters. FD can also interact with TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1), a protein related to FT that acts as a floral repressor. Thus, the balance between FT-TFL1 at the SAM influences the expression levels of floral genes targeted by FD. Here, we show that the FD-related bZIP transcription factor AREB3, which was previously studied in the context of phytohormone abscisic acid signalling, is expressed at the SAM in a spatio-temporal pattern that strongly overlaps with FD and contributes to FT signalling. Mutant analyses demonstrate that AREB3 relays FT signals redundantly with FD, and the presence of a conserved carboxy-terminal SAP motif is required for downstream signalling. AREB3 shows unique and common patterns of expression with FD, and AREB3 expression levels are negatively regulated by FD thus forming a compensatory feedback loop. Mutations in another bZIP, FDP, further aggravate the late flowering phenotypes of fd areb3 mutants. Therefore, multiple florigen-interacting bZIP transcription factors have redundant functions in flowering at the SAM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Martignago
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - He Gao
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Massimo Galbiati
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lucio Conti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bais P, Alidrissi L, Blilou I. Detecting Protein-Protein Interactions Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) and Luciferase Complementation Assays (LCA). Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2690:121-131. [PMID: 37450143 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3327-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, establishing the full body plane involves cell-cell signaling where protein associations are important for the diverse cellular functions within the cells. For the study of protein-protein interactions (PPI), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and luciferase complementation assays (LCA) have proven to be reliable tools that can be used to confirm the physical association of two proteins in a semi-in vivo environment. This chapter provides a detailed description of these two techniques using Nicotiana benthamiana as a semi-in vivo transient expression system. As an example, we will use the interaction of the two well-described transcription factors SHORT-ROOT (SHR) and SCARECROW (SCR), which are known as regulators of asymmetric cell division and stem cell specification in the root meristem of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. While the BiFC assay provides subcellular information by displaying a fluorescence signal, nuclear in this case, resulting from the reconstituted fluorophore, the LCA generates a quantitative readout of the SCR-SHR interaction. The combination of both assays provides information on the localization and strength of the PPI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pepijn Bais
- BESE Division, Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Louai Alidrissi
- BESE Division, Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- BESE Division, Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ying S, Scheible W. A novel calmodulin-interacting Domain of Unknown Function 506 protein represses root hair elongation in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1796-1812. [PMID: 35312071 PMCID: PMC9314033 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Domain of Unknown Function 506 proteins are ubiquitous in plants. The phosphorus (P) stress-inducible REPRESSOR OF EXCESSIVE ROOT HAIR GROWTH1 (AtRXR1) gene encodes the first characterized DUF506. AtRXR1 inhibits root hair elongation by interacting with RabD2c GTPase. However, functions of other P-responsive DUF506 genes are still missing. Here, we selected two additional P-inducible DUF506 genes for further investigation. The expression of both genes was induced by auxin. Under P-stress, At3g07350 gene expressed ubiquitously in seedlings, whereas At1g62420 (AtRXR3) expression was strongest in roots. AtRXR3 overexpressors and knockouts had shorter and longer root hairs, respectively. A functional AtRXR3-green fluorescent protein fusion localized to root epidermal cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed that AtRXR3 was transcriptionally activated by RSL4. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and calmodulin (CaM)-binding assays showed that AtRXR3 interacted with CaM in the presence of Ca2+ . Moreover, cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+ ]cyt ) oscillations in root hairs of rxr3 mutants exhibited elevated frequencies and dampened amplitudes compared to those of wild type. Thus, AtRXR3 is another DUF506 protein that attenuates P-limitation-induced root hair growth through mechanisms that involve RSL4 and interaction with CaM to modulate tip-focused [Ca2+ ]cyt oscillations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Ying
- Noble Research Institute LLCArdmoreOklahomaUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li S, Wu S, Wang L, Li F, Jiang H, Bai F. Recent advances in predicting protein-protein interactions with the aid of artificial intelligence algorithms. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 73:102344. [PMID: 35219216 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are essential in the regulation of biological functions and cell events, therefore understanding PPIs have become a key issue to understanding the molecular mechanism and investigating the design of drugs. Here we highlight the major developments in computational methods developed for predicting PPIs by using types of artificial intelligence algorithms. The first part introduces the source of experimental PPI data. The second part is devoted to the PPI prediction methods based on sequential information. The third part covers representative methods using structural information as the input feature. The last part is methods designed by combining different types of features. For each part, the state-of-the-art computational PPI prediction methods are reviewed in an inclusive view. Finally, we discuss the flaws existing in this area and future directions of next-generation algorithms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Li
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sanan Wu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenglei Li
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fang Bai
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ying S, Blancaflor EB, Liao F, Scheible W. A phosphorus-limitation induced, functionally conserved DUF506 protein is a repressor of root hair elongation in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1153-1171. [PMID: 34775627 PMCID: PMC9300206 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs (RHs) function in nutrient and water acquisition, root metabolite exudation, soil anchorage and plant-microbe interactions. Longer or more abundant RHs are potential breeding traits for developing crops that are more resource-use efficient and can improve soil health. While many genes are known to promote RH elongation, relatively little is known about genes and mechanisms that constrain RH growth. Here we demonstrate that a DOMAIN OF UNKNOWN FUNCTION 506 (DUF506) protein, AT3G25240, negatively regulates Arabidopsis thaliana RH growth. The AT3G25240 gene is strongly and specifically induced during phosphorus (P)-limitation. Mutants of this gene, which we call REPRESSOR OF EXCESSIVE ROOT HAIR ELONGATION 1 (RXR1), have much longer RHs, higher phosphate content and seedling biomass, while overexpression of the gene exhibits opposite phenotypes. Co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analyses reveal that RXR1 physically interacts with a RabD2c GTPase in nucleus, and a rabd2c mutant phenocopies the rxr1 mutant. Furthermore, N-terminal variable region of RXR1 is crucial for inhibiting RH growth. Overexpression of a Brachypodium distachyon RXR1 homolog results in repression of RH elongation in Brachypodium. Taken together, our results reveal a novel DUF506-GTPase module with a prominent role in repression of plant RH elongation especially under P stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Ying
- Noble Research Institute LLCArdmoreOK73401USA
- Present address:
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48823USA
| | | | - Fuqi Liao
- Noble Research Institute LLCArdmoreOK73401USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tang Z, Bernards MA, Wang A. Simultaneous Determination and Subcellular Localization of Protein-Protein Interactions in Plant Cells Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2400:75-85. [PMID: 34905192 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1835-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay allows the visualization of protein-protein interactions in their native state within living systems. The BiFC assay is based on the in vivo complementation of nonfluorescent component parts of a fluorescent protein through the interaction or proximity target proteins, each fused to a different component of the fluorescent protein. Expansion of the BiFC toolkit with an increasing spectrum of fluorescence markers and catalog of Gateway-compatible vectors for high-throughput screening, has made BiFC an exceedingly powerful tool in discovering new protein interactions or providing backup evidence for known ones. Apart from the validation of protein-protein interactions, BiFC offers the additional benefit of providing information on the subcellular localization of protein interaction complexes. Subcellular localization to a specific subcellular compartment or organelle may be further validated by the coexpression of a fluorescence-labeled protein marker. Here we describe an efficient yet simple protocol for simultaneous determination and subcellular localization of protein-protein interactions in plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Tang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A Bernards
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Völkner C, Holzner LJ, Day PM, Ashok AD, de Vries J, Bölter B, Kunz HH. Two plastid POLLUX ion channel-like proteins are required for stress-triggered stromal Ca2+release. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2110-2125. [PMID: 34618095 PMCID: PMC8644588 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two decades ago, large cation currents were discovered in the envelope membranes of Pisum sativum L. (pea) chloroplasts. The deduced K+-permeable channel was coined fast-activating chloroplast cation channel but its molecular identity remained elusive. To reveal candidates, we mined proteomic datasets of isolated pea envelopes. Our search uncovered distant members of the nuclear POLLUX ion channel family. Since pea is not amenable to molecular genetics, we used Arabidopsis thaliana to characterize the two gene homologs. Using several independent approaches, we show that both candidates localize to the chloroplast envelope membrane. The proteins, designated PLASTID ENVELOPE ION CHANNELS (PEC1/2), form oligomers with regulator of K+ conductance domains protruding into the intermembrane space. Heterologous expression of PEC1/2 rescues yeast mutants deficient in K+ uptake. Nuclear POLLUX ion channels cofunction with Ca2+ channels to generate Ca2+ signals, critical for establishing mycorrhizal symbiosis and root development. Chloroplasts also exhibit Ca2+ transients in the stroma, probably to relay abiotic and biotic cues between plastids and the nucleus via the cytosol. Our results show that pec1pec2 loss-of-function double mutants fail to trigger the characteristic stromal Ca2+ release observed in wild-type plants exposed to external stress stimuli. Besides this molecular abnormality, pec1pec2 double mutants do not show obvious phenotypes. Future studies of PEC proteins will help to decipher the plant's stress-related Ca2+ signaling network and the role of plastids. More importantly, the discovery of PECs in the envelope membrane is another critical step towards completing the chloroplast ion transport protein inventory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Völkner
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Lorenz Josef Holzner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Philip M Day
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Amra Dhabalia Ashok
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, 37077 Göttingen,Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Genome Science, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, 37077 Göttingen,Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Genome Science, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Applied Bioinformatics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Göttingen,Germany
- Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bettina Bölter
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Kunz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gao S, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang X, Zhang H, Xie H, Ma Y, Qiu QS. Arabidopsis antiporter CHX23 and auxin transporter PIN8 coordinately regulate pollen growth. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 266:153539. [PMID: 34628190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Both the antiporter CHX23 (Cation/Proton Exchangers 23) and auxin transporter PIN8 (PIN-FORMED 8) are localized in the ER and regulate pollen growth in Arabidopsis. But how these two proteins regulate pollen growth remains to be studied. Here, we report that CHX23 and PIN8 act coordinately in regulating pollen growth. The chx23 mutant was reduced in pollen growth and normally shaped pollen grains, and complementation with CHX23 restored both pollen growth and normal pollen morphology. NAA treatments showed that CHX23 was crucial for pollen auxin homeostasis. The pin8 chx23 double mutant was decreased in pollen growth and normal pollen grains, indicating the joint effort of CHX23 and PIN8 in pollen growth. In vivo germination assay showed that CHX23 and PIN8 were involved in the early stage of pollen growth. CHX23 and PIN8 also function collaboratively in maintaining pollen auxin homeostasis. PIN8 depends on CHX23 in regulating pollen morphology and response to NAA treatments. CHX23 co-localized with PIN8, but there was no physical interaction. KCl and NaCl treatments showed that pollen growth of chx23 was reduced less than Col-0; pin8 chx23 was reduced less than chx23 and pin8. Together, CHX23 may regulate PIN8 function and hence pollen growth through controlling K+ and Na+ homeostasis mediated by its transport activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiufang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Huichun Xie
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant and Animal Resources of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Yonggui Ma
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant and Animal Resources of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nagata K, Abe M. The lipid-binding START domain regulates the dimerization of ATML1 via modulating the ZIP motif activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:448-454. [PMID: 34543439 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the epidermis is the outermost cell layer composed of many specialized types of epidermal cells, such as pavement cells, trichomes, and guard cells. The homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) class Ⅳ transcription factors (TFs), which are unique to the plant kingdom, have been recognized as key regulators of epidermis development. Unlike animal HD proteins, which can bind to DNA as monomers, plant HD-ZIP class Ⅳ TFs bind to DNA as dimers, although little is known about the regulation of their dimerization process. Here, we show that the homodimerization of ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA MERISTEM LAYER 1 (ATML1) - HD-ZIP class Ⅳ TF that is required for protoderm development - is regulated by the lipid-binding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer (START) domain. We found that ATML1 forms homodimer through interaction via its ZIP motif in yeast and plant cells, although the interaction is abolished by generating a mutation into the lipid-binding START domain to disrupt the lipid-binding ability. These results suggest that lipidic ligands function as key regulators of protoderm development via modulating the dimerization of ATML1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nagata
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsutomo Abe
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lo CH. Recent advances in cellular biosensor technology to investigate tau oligomerization. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 6:e10231. [PMID: 34589603 PMCID: PMC8459642 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule binding protein which plays an important role in physiological functions but it is also involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. While insoluble and β-sheet containing tau neurofibrillary tangles have been the histopathological hallmark of these diseases, recent studies suggest that soluble tau oligomers, which are formed prior to fibrils, are the primary toxic species. Substantial efforts have been made to generate tau oligomers using purified recombinant protein strategies to study oligomer conformations as well as their toxicity. However, no specific toxic tau species has been identified to date, potentially due to the lack of cellular environment. Hence, there is a need for cell-based models for direct monitoring of tau oligomerization and aggregation. This review will summarize the recent advances in the cellular biosensor technology, with a focus on fluorescence resonance energy transfer, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and split luciferase complementation approaches, to monitor formation of tau oligomers and aggregates in living cells. We will discuss the applications of the cellular biosensors in examining the heterogeneous tau conformational ensembles and factors affecting tau self-assembly, as well as detecting cell-to-cell propagation of tau pathology. We will also compare the advantages and limitations of each type of tau biosensors, and highlight their translational applications in biomarker development and therapeutic discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih Hung Lo
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen L, Zhao M, Wu Z, Chen S, Rojo E, Luo J, Li P, Zhao L, Chen Y, Deng J, Cheng B, He K, Gou X, Li J, Hou S. RNA polymerase II associated proteins regulate stomatal development through direct interaction with stomatal transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:171-189. [PMID: 33058210 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
RNA polymerase II (Pol II) associated proteins (RPAPs) have been ascribed diverse functions at the cellular level; however, their roles in developmental processes in yeasts, animals and plants are very poorly understood. Through screening for interactors of NRPB3, which encodes the third largest subunit of Pol II, we identified RIMA, the orthologue of mammalian RPAP2. A combination of genetic and biochemical assays revealed the role of RIMA and other RPAPs in stomatal development in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that RIMA is involved in nuclear import of NRPB3 and other Pol II subunits, and is essential for restraining division and for establishing cell identity in the stomatal cell lineage. Moreover, plant RPAPs IYO/RPAP1 and QQT1/RPAP4, which interact with RIMA, are also crucial for stomatal development. Importantly, RIMA and QQT1 bind physically to stomatal transcription factors SPEECHLESS, MUTE, FAMA and SCREAMs. The RIMA-QQT1-IYO complex could work together with key stomatal transcription factors and Pol II to drive cell fate transitions in the stomatal cell lineage. Direct interactions with stomatal transcription factors provide a novel mechanism by which RPAP proteins may control differentiation of cell types and tissues in eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mingfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhongliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Sicheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Enrique Rojo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Jiangwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Kai He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Protein complex formation in methionine chain-elongation and leucine biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3524. [PMID: 33568694 PMCID: PMC7876033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades, glucosinolate (GLS) metabolic pathways have been under extensive studies because of the importance of the specialized metabolites in plant defense against herbivores and pathogens. The studies have led to a nearly complete characterization of biosynthetic genes in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Before methionine incorporation into the core structure of aliphatic GLS, it undergoes chain-elongation through an iterative three-step process recruited from leucine biosynthesis. Although enzymes catalyzing each step of the reaction have been characterized, the regulatory mode is largely unknown. In this study, using three independent approaches, yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), we uncovered the presence of protein complexes consisting of isopropylmalate isomerase (IPMI) and isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (IPMDH). In addition, simultaneous decreases in both IPMI and IPMDH activities in a leuc:ipmdh1 double mutants resulted in aggregated changes of GLS profiles compared to either leuc or ipmdh1 single mutants. Although the biological importance of the formation of IPMI and IPMDH protein complexes has not been documented in any organisms, these complexes may represent a new regulatory mechanism of substrate channeling in GLS and/or leucine biosynthesis. Since genes encoding the two enzymes are widely distributed in eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes, such complexes may have universal significance in the regulation of leucine biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tunç E. Biyolüminesans ışıma ve biyolüminesans görüntüleme tekniklerinin moleküler biyoloji araştırmaları bakımından önemi. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.535811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
15
|
Höhner R, Galvis VC, Strand DD, Völkner C, Krämer M, Messer M, Dinc F, Sjuts I, Bölter B, Kramer DM, Armbruster U, Kunz HH. Photosynthesis in Arabidopsis Is Unaffected by the Function of the Vacuolar K + Channel TPK3. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1322-1335. [PMID: 31053658 PMCID: PMC6752931 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is limited by the slow relaxation of nonphotochemical quenching, which primarily dissipates excess absorbed light energy as heat. Because the heat dissipation process is proportional to light-driven thylakoid lumen acidification, manipulating thylakoid ion and proton flux via transport proteins could improve photosynthesis. However, an important aspect of the current understanding of the thylakoid ion transportome is inaccurate. Using fluorescent protein fusions, we show that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) two-pore K+ channel TPK3, which had been reported to mediate thylakoid K+ flux, localizes to the tonoplast, not the thylakoid. The localization of TPK3 outside of the thylakoids is further supported by the absence of TPK3 in isolated thylakoids as well as the inability of isolated chloroplasts to import TPK3 protein. In line with the subcellular localization of TPK3 in the vacuole, we observed that photosynthesis in the Arabidopsis null mutant tpk3-1, which carries a transfer DNA insertion in the first exon, remains unaffected. To gain a comprehensive understanding of how thylakoid ion flux impacts photosynthetic efficiency under dynamic growth light regimes, we performed long-term photosynthesis imaging of established and newly isolated transthylakoid K+- and Cl--flux mutants. Our results underpin the importance of the thylakoid ion transport proteins potassium cation efflux antiporter KEA3 and voltage-dependent chloride channel VCCN1 and suggest that the activity of yet unknown K+ channel(s), but not TPK3, is critical for optimal photosynthesis in dynamic light environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Höhner
- Plant Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236
| | - Viviana Correa Galvis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Deserah D Strand
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Carsten Völkner
- Plant Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236
| | - Moritz Krämer
- Plant Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236
| | - Michaela Messer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Firdevs Dinc
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Inga Sjuts
- Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Department I, Plant Biochemistry, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bettina Bölter
- Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Department I, Plant Biochemistry, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - David M Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Ute Armbruster
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Kunz
- Plant Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Waadt R, Jawurek E, Hashimoto K, Li Y, Scholz M, Krebs M, Czap G, Hong-Hermesdorf A, Hippler M, Grill E, Kudla J, Schumacher K. Modulation of ABA responses by the protein kinase WNK8. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:339-351. [PMID: 30556127 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates growth and developmental processes in response to limiting water conditions. ABA functions through a core signaling pathway consisting of PYR1/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors, type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs), and SnRK2-type protein kinases. Other signaling modules might converge with ABA signals through the modulation of core ABA signaling components. We have investigated the role of the protein kinase WNK8 in ABA signaling. WNK8 interacted with PP2CA and PYR1, phosphorylated PYR1 in vitro, and was dephosphorylated by PP2CA. A hypermorphic wnk8-ct Arabidopsis mutant allele suppressed ABA and glucose hypersensitivities of pp2ca-1 mutants during young seedling development, and WNK8 expression in protoplasts suppressed ABA-induced reporter gene expression. We conclude that WNK8 functions as a negative modulator of ABA signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Waadt
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther Jawurek
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Scholz
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Krebs
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gereon Czap
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Anne Hong-Hermesdorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Erwin Grill
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Saito S, Hamamoto S, Moriya K, Matsuura A, Sato Y, Muto J, Noguchi H, Yamauchi S, Tozawa Y, Ueda M, Hashimoto K, Köster P, Dong Q, Held K, Kudla J, Utsumi T, Uozumi N. N-myristoylation and S-acylation are common modifications of Ca 2+ -regulated Arabidopsis kinases and are required for activation of the SLAC1 anion channel. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1504-1521. [PMID: 29498046 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
N-myristoylation and S-acylation promote protein membrane association, allowing regulation of membrane proteins. However, how widespread this targeting mechanism is in plant signaling processes remains unknown. Through bioinformatics analyses, we determined that among plant protein kinase families, the occurrence of motifs indicative for dual lipidation by N-myristoylation and S-acylation is restricted to only five kinase families, including the Ca2+ -regulated CDPK-SnRK and CBL protein families. We demonstrated N-myristoylation of CDPK-SnRKs and CBLs by incorporation of radiolabeled myristic acid. We focused on CPK6 and CBL5 as model cases and examined the impact of dual lipidation on their function by fluorescence microscopy, electrophysiology and functional complementation of Arabidopsis mutants. We found that both lipid modifications were required for proper targeting of CBL5 and CPK6 to the plasma membrane. Moreover, we identified CBL5-CIPK11 complexes as phosphorylating and activating the guard cell anion channel SLAC1. SLAC1 activation by CPK6 or CBL5-CIPK11 was strictly dependent on dual lipid modification, and loss of CPK6 lipid modification prevented functional complementation of cpk3 cpk6 guard cell mutant phenotypes. Our findings establish the general importance of dual lipid modification for Ca2+ signaling processes, and demonstrate their requirement for guard cell anion channel regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Saito
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 6-6-07, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shin Hamamoto
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 6-6-07, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Koko Moriya
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Aiko Matsuura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoko Sato
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 6-6-07, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jun Muto
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 6-6-07, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroto Noguchi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 6-6-07, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamauchi
- Cell-Free Science and Technology Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Tozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Minoru Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aza Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Köster
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Qiuyan Dong
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Held
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149, Münster, Germany
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Toshihiko Utsumi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Uozumi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 6-6-07, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wiens MD, Campbell RE. Surveying the landscape of optogenetic methods for detection of protein-protein interactions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 10:e1415. [PMID: 29334187 PMCID: PMC5902417 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mapping the protein-protein interaction (PPi) landscape is of critical importance to furthering our understanding how cells and organisms function. Optogenetic methods, that is, approaches that utilize genetically encoded fluorophores or fluorogenic enzyme reactions, uniquely enable the visualization of biochemical phenomena in live cells with high spatial and temporal accuracy. Applying optogenetic methods to the detection of PPis requires the engineering of protein-based systems in which an optical signal undergoes a substantial change when the two proteins of interest interact. In recent years, researchers have developed a number of creative and effective optogenetic methods that achieve this goal, and used them to further elaborate our map of the PPi landscape. In this review, we provide an introduction to the general principles of optogenetic PPi detection, and then provide a number of representative examples of how these principles have been applied. We have organized this review by categorizing methods based on whether the signal generated is reversible or irreversible in nature, and whether the signal is localized or nonlocalized at the subcellular site of the PPi. We discuss these techniques giving both their benefits and drawbacks to enable rational choices about their potential use. This article is categorized under: Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Imaging Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Macromolecular Interactions, Methods Analytical and Computational Methods > Analytical Methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Wiens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Robert E. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Behera S, Long Y, Schmitz-Thom I, Wang XP, Zhang C, Li H, Steinhorst L, Manishankar P, Ren XL, Offenborn JN, Wu WH, Kudla J, Wang Y. Two spatially and temporally distinct Ca 2+ signals convey Arabidopsis thaliana responses to K + deficiency. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:739-750. [PMID: 27579668 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In plants, potassium (K+ ) homeostasis is tightly regulated and established against a concentration gradient to the environment. Despite the identification of Ca2+ -regulated kinases as modulators of K+ channels, the immediate signaling and adaptation mechanisms of plants to low-K+ conditions are only partially understood. To assess the occurrence and role of Ca2+ signals in Arabidopsis thaliana roots, we employed ratiometric analyses of Ca2+ dynamics in plants expressing the Ca2+ reporter YC3.6 in combination with patch-clamp analyses of root cells and two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) analyses in Xenopus laevis oocytes. K+ deficiency triggers two successive and distinct Ca2+ signals in roots exhibiting spatial and temporal specificity. A transient primary Ca2+ signature arose within 1 min in the postmeristematic stelar tissue of the elongation zone, while a secondary Ca2+ response occurred after several hours as sustained Ca2+ elevation in defined tissues of the elongation and root hair differentiation zones. Patch-clamp and TEVC analyses revealed Ca2+ dependence of the activation of the K+ channel AKT1 by the CBL1-CIPK23 Ca2+ sensor-kinase complex. Together, these findings identify a critical role of cell group-specific Ca2+ signaling in low K+ responses and indicate an essential and direct role of Ca2+ signals for AKT1 K+ channel activation in roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smrutisanjita Behera
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Yu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (SKLPPB), College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Centre (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ina Schmitz-Thom
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Xue-Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (SKLPPB), College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Centre (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (SKLPPB), College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Centre (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Leonie Steinhorst
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Prabha Manishankar
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Xiao-Ling Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (SKLPPB), College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Centre (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jan Niklas Offenborn
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Wei-Hua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (SKLPPB), College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Centre (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (SKLPPB), College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Centre (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (SKLPPB), College of Biological Sciences, National Plant Gene Research Centre (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hochmal AK, Zinzius K, Charoenwattanasatien R, Gäbelein P, Mutoh R, Tanaka H, Schulze S, Liu G, Scholz M, Nordhues A, Offenborn JN, Petroutsos D, Finazzi G, Fufezan C, Huang K, Kurisu G, Hippler M. Calredoxin represents a novel type of calcium-dependent sensor-responder connected to redox regulation in the chloroplast. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11847. [PMID: 27297041 PMCID: PMC4911631 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) and redox signalling play important roles in acclimation processes from archaea to eukaryotic organisms. Herein we characterized a unique protein from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that has the competence to integrate Ca(2+)- and redox-related signalling. This protein, designated as calredoxin (CRX), combines four Ca(2+)-binding EF-hands and a thioredoxin (TRX) domain. A crystal structure of CRX, at 1.6 Å resolution, revealed an unusual calmodulin-fold of the Ca(2+)-binding EF-hands, which is functionally linked via an inter-domain communication path with the enzymatically active TRX domain. CRX is chloroplast-localized and interacted with a chloroplast 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (PRX1). Ca(2+)-binding to CRX is critical for its TRX activity and for efficient binding and reduction of PRX1. Thereby, CRX represents a new class of Ca(2+)-dependent 'sensor-responder' proteins. Genetically engineered Chlamydomonas strains with strongly diminished amounts of CRX revealed altered photosynthetic electron transfer and were affected in oxidative stress response underpinning a function of CRX in stress acclimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karina Hochmal
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Karen Zinzius
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Gäbelein
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Risa Mutoh
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tanaka
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Stefan Schulze
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Gai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Martin Scholz
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - André Nordhues
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Niklas Offenborn
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Dimitris Petroutsos
- Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, l'Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble 1, F-38041 Grenoble, France
- Institut National Recherche Agronomique, UMR1200, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, l'Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble 1, F-38041 Grenoble, France
- Institut National Recherche Agronomique, UMR1200, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Christian Fufezan
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Kaiyao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Genji Kurisu
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kudla J, Bock R. Lighting the Way to Protein-Protein Interactions: Recommendations on Best Practices for Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation Analyses. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1002-8. [PMID: 27099259 PMCID: PMC4904677 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Techniques to detect and verify interactions between proteins in vivo have become invaluable tools in functional genomic research. While many of the initially developed interaction assays (e.g., yeast two-hybrid system and split-ubiquitin assay) usually are conducted in heterologous systems, assays relying on bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC; also referred to as split-YFP assays) are applicable to the analysis of protein-protein interactions in most native systems, including plant cells. Like all protein-protein interaction assays, BiFC can produce false positive and false negative results. The purpose of this commentary is to (1) highlight shortcomings of and potential pitfalls in BiFC assays, (2) provide guidelines for avoiding artifactual interactions, and (3) suggest suitable approaches to scrutinize potential interactions and validate them by independent methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang R, Zhang Y, Kieffer M, Yu H, Kepinski S, Estelle M. HSP90 regulates temperature-dependent seedling growth in Arabidopsis by stabilizing the auxin co-receptor F-box protein TIR1. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10269. [PMID: 26728313 PMCID: PMC4728404 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that a mild increase in environmental temperature stimulates the growth of Arabidopsis seedlings by promoting biosynthesis of the plant hormone auxin. However, little is known about the role of other factors in this process. In this report, we show that increased temperature promotes rapid accumulation of the TIR1 auxin co-receptor, an effect that is dependent on the molecular chaperone HSP90. In addition, we show that HSP90 and the co-chaperone SGT1 each interact with TIR1, confirming that TIR1 is an HSP90 client. Inhibition of HSP90 activity results in degradation of TIR1 and interestingly, defects in a range of auxin-mediated growth processes at lower as well as higher temperatures. Our results indicate that HSP90 and SGT1 integrate temperature and auxin signalling in order to regulate plant growth in a changing environment. A moderate increase in temperature promotes hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis. Here, Wang et al. show that elevated temperature not only increases auxin biosynthesis but also acts via the co-chaperones HSP90 and SGT1 to stabilize the TIR1 auxin receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renhou Wang
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of San Diego California, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of San Diego California, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Martin Kieffer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hong Yu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of San Diego California, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Stefan Kepinski
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark Estelle
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of San Diego California, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Offenborn JN, Waadt R, Kudla J. Visualization and translocation of ternary Calcineurin-A/Calcineurin-B/Calmodulin-2 protein complexes by dual-color trimolecular fluorescence complementation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:269-79. [PMID: 25919910 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence complementation (FC) techniques are expedient for analyzing bimolecular protein-protein interactions. Here we aimed to develop a method for visualization of ternary protein complexes using dual-color trimolecular fluorescence complementation (TriFC). Dual-color TriFC combines protein fragments of mCherry and mVenus, in which a scaffold protein is bilaterally fused to C-terminal fragments of both fluorescent proteins and combined with potential interacting proteins fused to an N-terminal fluorescent protein fragment. For efficient visual verification of ternary complex formation, TriFC was combined with a cytoplasm to plasma membrane translocation assay. Modular vector sets were designed which are fully compatible with previously reported bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) vectors. As a proof-of-principle, the ternary complex formation of the PP2B protein phosphatase Calcineurin-A/Calcineurin-B with Calmodulin-2 was investigated in transiently transformed Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. The results indicate a Calcineurin-B-induced interaction of Calmodulin-2 with Calcineurin-A. TriFC and the translocation of TriFC complexes provide a novel tool to investigate ternary complex formations with the simplicity of a BiFC approach. The robustness of FC applications and the opportunity to quantify fluorescence complementation render this assay suitable for a broad range of interaction analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Niklas Offenborn
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Rainer Waadt
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
- Plant Developmental Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster, 48149, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Waadt R, Manalansan B, Rauniyar N, Munemasa S, Booker MA, Brandt B, Waadt C, Nusinow DA, Kay SA, Kunz HH, Schumacher K, DeLong A, Yates JR, Schroeder JI. Identification of Open Stomata1-Interacting Proteins Reveals Interactions with Sucrose Non-fermenting1-Related Protein Kinases2 and with Type 2A Protein Phosphatases That Function in Abscisic Acid Responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:760-79. [PMID: 26175513 PMCID: PMC4577397 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) controls growth and development and regulates plant water status through an established signaling pathway. In the presence of ABA, pyrabactin resistance/regulatory component of ABA receptor proteins inhibit type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs). This, in turn, enables the activation of Sucrose Nonfermenting1-Related Protein Kinases2 (SnRK2). Open Stomata1 (OST1)/SnRK2.6/SRK2E is a major SnRK2-type protein kinase responsible for mediating ABA responses. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) expressing an epitope-tagged OST1 in the recessive ost1-3 mutant background was used for the copurification and identification of OST1-interacting proteins after osmotic stress and ABA treatments. These analyses, which were confirmed using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation, unexpectedly revealed homo- and heteromerization of OST1 with SnRK2.2, SnRK2.3, OST1, and SnRK2.8. Furthermore, several OST1-complexed proteins were identified as type 2A protein phosphatase (PP2A) subunits and as proteins involved in lipid and galactolipid metabolism. More detailed analyses suggested an interaction network between ABA-activated SnRK2-type protein kinases and several PP2A-type protein phosphatase regulatory subunits. pp2a double mutants exhibited a reduced sensitivity to ABA during seed germination and stomatal closure and an enhanced ABA sensitivity in root growth regulation. These analyses add PP2A-type protein phosphatases as another class of protein phosphatases to the interaction network of SnRK2-type protein kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Waadt
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116 (R.W., B.M., S.M., B.B., H.-H.K., J.I.S.);Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (R.W., K.S.);Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 (N.R., J.R.Y.);Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.);Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (M.A.B., A.D.);Department of Biology, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (D.A.N.); andMolecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 (S.A.K.)
| | - Bianca Manalansan
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116 (R.W., B.M., S.M., B.B., H.-H.K., J.I.S.);Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (R.W., K.S.);Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 (N.R., J.R.Y.);Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.);Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (M.A.B., A.D.);Department of Biology, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (D.A.N.); andMolecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 (S.A.K.)
| | - Navin Rauniyar
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116 (R.W., B.M., S.M., B.B., H.-H.K., J.I.S.);Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (R.W., K.S.);Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 (N.R., J.R.Y.);Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.);Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (M.A.B., A.D.);Department of Biology, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (D.A.N.); andMolecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 (S.A.K.)
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116 (R.W., B.M., S.M., B.B., H.-H.K., J.I.S.);Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (R.W., K.S.);Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 (N.R., J.R.Y.);Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.);Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (M.A.B., A.D.);Department of Biology, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (D.A.N.); andMolecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 (S.A.K.)
| | - Matthew A Booker
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116 (R.W., B.M., S.M., B.B., H.-H.K., J.I.S.);Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (R.W., K.S.);Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 (N.R., J.R.Y.);Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.);Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (M.A.B., A.D.);Department of Biology, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (D.A.N.); andMolecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 (S.A.K.)
| | - Benjamin Brandt
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116 (R.W., B.M., S.M., B.B., H.-H.K., J.I.S.);Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (R.W., K.S.);Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 (N.R., J.R.Y.);Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.);Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (M.A.B., A.D.);Department of Biology, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (D.A.N.); andMolecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 (S.A.K.)
| | - Christian Waadt
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116 (R.W., B.M., S.M., B.B., H.-H.K., J.I.S.);Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (R.W., K.S.);Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 (N.R., J.R.Y.);Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.);Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (M.A.B., A.D.);Department of Biology, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (D.A.N.); andMolecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 (S.A.K.)
| | - Dmitri A Nusinow
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116 (R.W., B.M., S.M., B.B., H.-H.K., J.I.S.);Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (R.W., K.S.);Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 (N.R., J.R.Y.);Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.);Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (M.A.B., A.D.);Department of Biology, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (D.A.N.); andMolecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 (S.A.K.)
| | - Steve A Kay
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116 (R.W., B.M., S.M., B.B., H.-H.K., J.I.S.);Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (R.W., K.S.);Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 (N.R., J.R.Y.);Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.);Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (M.A.B., A.D.);Department of Biology, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (D.A.N.); andMolecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 (S.A.K.)
| | - Hans-Henning Kunz
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116 (R.W., B.M., S.M., B.B., H.-H.K., J.I.S.);Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (R.W., K.S.);Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 (N.R., J.R.Y.);Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.);Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (M.A.B., A.D.);Department of Biology, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (D.A.N.); andMolecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 (S.A.K.)
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116 (R.W., B.M., S.M., B.B., H.-H.K., J.I.S.);Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (R.W., K.S.);Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 (N.R., J.R.Y.);Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.);Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (M.A.B., A.D.);Department of Biology, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (D.A.N.); andMolecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 (S.A.K.)
| | - Alison DeLong
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116 (R.W., B.M., S.M., B.B., H.-H.K., J.I.S.);Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (R.W., K.S.);Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 (N.R., J.R.Y.);Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.);Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (M.A.B., A.D.);Department of Biology, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (D.A.N.); andMolecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 (S.A.K.)
| | - John R Yates
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116 (R.W., B.M., S.M., B.B., H.-H.K., J.I.S.);Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (R.W., K.S.);Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 (N.R., J.R.Y.);Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.);Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (M.A.B., A.D.);Department of Biology, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (D.A.N.); andMolecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 (S.A.K.)
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116 (R.W., B.M., S.M., B.B., H.-H.K., J.I.S.);Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (R.W., K.S.);Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 (N.R., J.R.Y.);Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.);Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (M.A.B., A.D.);Department of Biology, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (D.A.N.); andMolecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 (S.A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Maierhofer T, Diekmann M, Offenborn JN, Lind C, Bauer H, Hashimoto K, S. Al-Rasheid KA, Luan S, Kudla J, Geiger D, Hedrich R. Site- and kinase-specific phosphorylation-mediated activation of SLAC1, a guard cell anion channel stimulated by abscisic acid. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra86. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
26
|
Waadt R, Hitomi K, Nishimura N, Hitomi C, Adams SR, Getzoff ED, Schroeder JI. FRET-based reporters for the direct visualization of abscisic acid concentration changes and distribution in Arabidopsis. eLife 2014; 3:e01739. [PMID: 24737861 PMCID: PMC3985518 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that regulates plant growth and development and mediates abiotic stress responses. Direct cellular monitoring of dynamic ABA concentration changes in response to environmental cues is essential for understanding ABA action. We have developed ABAleons: ABA-specific optogenetic reporters that instantaneously convert the phytohormone-triggered interaction of ABA receptors with PP2C-type phosphatases to send a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) signal in response to ABA. We report the design, engineering and use of ABAleons with ABA affinities in the range of 100–600 nM to map ABA concentration changes in plant tissues with spatial and temporal resolution. High ABAleon expression can partially repress Arabidopsis ABA responses. ABAleons report ABA concentration differences in distinct cell types, ABA concentration increases in response to low humidity and NaCl in guard cells and to NaCl and osmotic stress in roots and ABA transport from the hypocotyl to the shoot and root. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01739.001 Plants are able to respond to detrimental changes in their environment—when, for example, water becomes scarce or the soil becomes too salty—in ways that minimize stress and damage caused by these changes. Hormones are chemicals that trigger the plant’s response under these circumstances. Abscisic acid is the hormone that regulates how plants respond to drought and salt stress and that controls the plant growth in these conditions. In the past, it was possible to measure the average level of this hormone in a given tissue, but not the level in individual cells in a living plant. Moreover, it was difficult to follow directly how abscisic acid moved between the plant cells, tissues or organs. Now, Waadt et al. (and independently Jones et al.) have developed tools that can measure the levels of abscisic acid within individual cells in living plants and in real time. The plants were genetically engineered to produce sensor proteins with two properties: they can bind to abscisic acid in a reversible manner, and they contain two ‘tags’ that fluoresce at different wavelengths. Shining light onto the plant at a specific wavelength that is only absorbed by one of the tags actually causes both of the tags on the sensor proteins to fluoresce. However, the sensors fluoresce more at one wavelength when they are bound to abscisic acid, and more at the other wavelength when they are not bound to abscisic acid. Hence, measuring the ratio of these two wavelengths in the light that is given off by the sensor proteins can be used as a measure of the concentration of abscisic acid in a plant cell. Waadt et al. developed sensor proteins called ‘ABAleons’, and used one of these to analyze the uptake, distribution and movement of abscisic acid in different tissues in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Changes in the level of abscisic acid could be detected at the level of an individual plant cell, and over time scales of fractions of seconds to hours. ABAleons also revealed that the concentration of abscisic acid in guard cells—specialized cells that help stop the loss of water vapor from a leaf—increases when humidity levels are low, or when salt levels are high. Low water levels, or high salt levels, also slowly increased the concentration of abscisic acid in the roots of the plant. Furthermore, Waadt et al. saw that abscisic acid moved long distances from the base of the stem up into the shoot, and down to the root. Waadt et al. also report that the ABAleons made plants less responsive to abscisic acid, possibly because binding to the ABAleons reduced the amount of abscisic acid that was available to perform its role as a hormone. The next challenge is to engineer ABAleons that minimize this unwanted side effect, and then go on to use ABAleons to study environmental conditions and proteins involved in plant hormone responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01739.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Waadt
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|