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He L, Huang Y, Tang C, Xu J. Combined use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and alkaline lignin enhance phosphorus nutrition and alleviate cadmium stress in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175335. [PMID: 39117195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The excessive application of phosphorus (P) fertiliser and its poor utilisation efficiency have led to significant amounts of P being retained in agricultural soils in unavailable forms. The application of alkaline lignin to soil and its inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have both been shown to improve plant P nutrition. However, their combined effects on soil P transformation remain unclear, particularly in cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soils. A potting experiment was conducted to examine the combined effects of AMF and alkaline lignin on soil P and Cd bioavailability and on the uptake of P and Cd by lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) that were grown for 56 d in a growth chamber. Combined AMF and alkaline lignin treatment increased soil P availability and alkaline phosphatase activity. It furthermore increased bioavailable Cd concentrations of rhizosphere and bulk soils by 48 % and 72 %, respectively, and the Cd concentration in roots by 85 %, but the Cd concentration was not affected in the edible parts (shoots) of the lettuce. Moreover, the combined treatment increased shoot biomass by 26-70 % and root biomass by 99-164 %. Our findings suggested that the combined use of AMF and alkaline lignin mobilised both P and Cd in soil but did not increase the accumulation of Cd in the shoots of plants growing in Cd-contaminated soils, these results would provide guideline for increasing Cd tolerance of plants and their yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi He
- College of Environment and Resources, College of Carbon Neutrality, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China; Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Caixian Tang
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Sakae K, Kawai S, Kitagami Y, Matsuo N, Selosse MA, Tanikawa T, Matsuda Y. Effects of fungicide treatments on mycorrhizal communities and carbon acquisition in the mixotrophic Pyrola japonica (Ericaceae). MYCORRHIZA 2024; 34:293-302. [PMID: 38922410 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Pyrola japonica, a member of the family Ericaceae, is a mixotroph that grows on forest floors and obtains carbon (C) from both its photosynthesis and its mycorrhizal fungi. Its mycorrhizal community is dominated by Russulaceae. However, the mechanism of its C acquisition and its flexibility are not well understood. Our aim was to assess the impact of disturbance of the mycorrhizal fungal communities on C acquisition by P. japonica. We repeatedly applied a fungicide (Benomyl) to soils around P. japonica plants in a broad-leaved forest of central Japan, in order to disturb fungal associates near roots. After fungicide treatment, P. japonica roots were collected and subjected to barcoding by next-generation sequencing, focusing on the ITS2 region. The rate of mycorrhizal formation and α-diversity did not significantly change upon fungicide treatments. Irrespective of the treatments, Russulaceae represented more than 80% of the taxa. Leaves and seeds of the plants were analysed for 13C stable isotope ratios that reflect fungal C gain. Leaf and seed δ13C values with the fungicide treatment were significantly lower than those with the other treatments. Thus the fungicide did not affect mycorrhizal communities in the roots, but disturbed mycorrhizal fungal pathways via extraradical hyphae, and resulted in a more photosynthetic behaviour of P. japonica for leaves and seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Sakae
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shosei Kawai
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yudai Kitagami
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Naoko Matsuo
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Toko Tanikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
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Garvie LAJ. Seasonal formation of ikaite in slime flux jelly on an infected tree (Populus fremontii) wound from the Sonoran Desert. Naturwissenschaften 2022; 109:48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-022-01818-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Baeza-Guzmán Y, Medel-Ortiz R, Trejo Aguilar D, Garibay-Orijel R. Medium-distance soil foragers dominate the Pinus hartwegii ectomycorrhizal community at the 3900 m Neotropical treeline. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Authier L, Violle C, Richard F. Ectomycorrhizal Networks in the Anthropocene: From Natural Ecosystems to Urban Planning. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:900231. [PMID: 35845640 PMCID: PMC9280895 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.900231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trees acquire hydric and mineral soil resources through root mutualistic associations. In most boreal, temperate and Mediterranean forests, these functions are realized by a chimeric structure called ectomycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are highly diversified and vary widely in their specificity toward plant hosts. Reciprocally, association patterns of ECM plants range from highly specialist to generalist. As a consequence, ECM symbiosis creates interaction networks, which also mediate plant-plant nutrient interactions among different individuals and drive plant community dynamics. Our knowledge of ECM networks essentially relies on a corpus acquired in temperate ecosystems, whereas the below-ground facets of both anthropogenic ECM forests and inter-tropical forests remain poorly investigated. Here, we successively (1) review the current knowledge of ECM networks, (2) examine the content of early literature produced in ECM cultivated forests, (3) analyze the recent progress that has been made in understanding the place of ECM networks in urban soils, and (4) provide directions for future research based on the identification of knowledge gaps. From the examined corpus of knowledge, we reach three main conclusions. First, the emergence of metabarcoding tools has propelled a resurgence of interest in applying network theory to ECM symbiosis. These methods revealed an unexpected interconnection between mutualistic plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) herbaceous plants, embedding ECM mycelia through root-endophytic interactions. This affinity of ECM fungi to bind VA and ECM plants, raises questions on the nature of the associated functions. Second, despite the central place of ECM trees in cultivated forests, little attention has been paid to these man-made landscapes and in-depth research on this topic is lacking. Third, we report a lag in applying the ECM network theory to urban soils, despite management initiatives striving to interconnect motile organisms through ecological corridors, and the highly challenging task of interconnecting fixed organisms in urban greenspaces is discussed. In particular, we observe a pauperized nature of resident ECM inoculum and a spatial conflict between belowground human pipelines and ECM networks. Finally, we identify the main directions of future research to make the needed link between the current picture of plant functioning and the understanding of belowground ECM networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Authier
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier - CNRS - EPHE - IRD, Montpellier, France
- Ilex Paysage + Urbanisme, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier - CNRS - EPHE - IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Richard
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier - CNRS - EPHE - IRD, Montpellier, France
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Ferlian O, Goldmann K, Eisenhauer N, Tarkka MT, Buscot F, Heintz-Buschart A. Distinct effects of host and neighbour tree identity on arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi along a tree diversity gradient. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:40. [PMID: 37938639 PMCID: PMC9723774 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-021-00042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant diversity and plant-related ecosystem functions have been important in biodiversity-ecosystem functioning studies. However, biotic interactions with mycorrhizal fungi have been understudied although they are crucial for plant-resource acquisition. Here, we investigated the effects of tree species richness and tree mycorrhizal type on arbuscular (AMF) and ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities. We aimed to understand how dissimilarities in taxa composition and beta-diversity are related to target trees and neighbours of the same or different mycorrhizal type. We sampled a tree diversity experiment with saplings (~7 years old), where tree species richness (monocultures, 2-species, and 4-species mixtures) and mycorrhizal type were manipulated. AMF and EMF richness significantly increased with increasing tree species richness. AMF richness of mixture plots resembled that of the sum of the respective monocultures, whereas EMF richness of mixture plots was lower compared to the sum of the respective monocultures. Specialisation scores revealed significantly more specialised AMF than EMF suggesting that, in contrast to previous studies, AMF were more specialised, whereas EMF were not. We further found that AMF communities were little driven by the surrounding trees, whereas EMF communities were. Our study revealed drivers of mycorrhizal fungal communities and further highlights the distinct strategies of AMF and EMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kezia Goldmann
- Department Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mika T Tarkka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
- Department Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
- Department Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anna Heintz-Buschart
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
- Department Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Veselá P, Vašutová M, Edwards-Jonášová M, Holub F, Fleischer P, Cudlín P. Management After Windstorm Affects the Composition of Ectomycorrhizal Symbionts of Regenerating Trees but Not Their Mycorrhizal Networks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:641232. [PMID: 34054889 PMCID: PMC8160286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to ongoing climate change, forests are expected to face significant disturbances more frequently than in the past. Appropriate management is intended to facilitate forest regeneration. Because European temperate forests mostly consist of trees associated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, understanding their role in these disturbances is important to develop strategies to minimize their consequences and effectively restore forests. Our aim was to determine how traditional (EXT) and nonintervention (NEX) management in originally Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests with an admixture of European larch (Larix decidua) affect ECM fungal communities and the potential to interconnect different tree species via ECM networks 15 years after a windstorm. Ten plots in NEX and 10 plots in EXT with the co-occurrences of Norway spruce, European larch, and silver birch (Betula pendula) were selected, and a total of 57 ECM taxa were identified using ITS sequencing from ECM root tips. In both treatments, five ECM species associated with all the studied tree species dominated, with a total abundance of approximately 50% in the examined root samples. Because there were no significant differences between treatments in the number of ECM species associated with different tree species combinations in individual plots, we concluded that the management type did not have a significant effect on networking. However, management significantly affected the compositions of ECM symbionts of Norway spruce and European larch but not those of silver birch. Although this result is explained by the occurrence of seedlings and ECM propagules that were present in the original forest, the consequences are difficult to assess without knowledge of the ecology of different ECM symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Veselá
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martina Vašutová
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Magda Edwards-Jonášová
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Filip Holub
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Peter Fleischer
- Department of Integrated Forest and Landscape Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Cudlín
- Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
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Hagenbo A, Piñuela Y, Castaño C, Martínez de Aragón J, de-Miguel S, Alday JG, Bonet JA. Production and turnover of mycorrhizal soil mycelium relate to variation in drought conditions in Mediterranean Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris and Quercus ilex forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1609-1622. [PMID: 33091152 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In forests, ectomycorrhizal mycelium is pivotal for driving soil carbon and nutrient cycles, but how ectomycorrhizal mycelial dynamics vary in ecosystems with drought periods is unknown. We quantified the production and turnover of mycorrhizal mycelium in Mediterranean Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris and Quercus ilex forests and related the estimates to standardised precipitation index (SPI), to study how mycelial dynamics relates to tree species and drought-moisture conditions. Production and turnover of mycelium was estimated between July and February, by quantifying the fungal biomass (ergosterol) in ingrowth mesh bags and using statistical modelling. SPI for time scales of 1-3 months was calculated from precipitation records and precipitation data over the study period. Forests dominated by Pinus trees displayed higher biomass but were seasonally more variable, as opposed to Q. ilex forests where the mycelial biomass remained lower and stable over the season. Production and turnover, respectively, varied between 1.4-5.9 kg ha-1 d-1 and 7.2-9.9 times yr-1 over the different forest types and were positively correlated with 2-month and 3-month SPI over the study period. Our results demonstrated that mycorrhizal mycelial biomass varied with season and tree species and we speculate that production and turnover are related to physiology and plant host performance during drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hagenbo
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, 25198, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, E-251 98, Spain
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, SE-701 82, Sweden
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Box 115, Ås, 1431, Norway
| | - Yasmine Piñuela
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, E-251 98, Spain
| | - Carles Castaño
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | | | - Sergio de-Miguel
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, 25198, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, E-251 98, Spain
| | - Josu G Alday
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, 25198, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, E-251 98, Spain
| | - José Antonio Bonet
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, 25198, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, E-251 98, Spain
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Cardini A, Pellegrino E, Declerck S, Calonne-Salmon M, Mazzolai B, Ercoli L. Direct transfer of zinc between plants is channelled by common mycorrhizal network of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and evidenced by changes in expression of zinc transporter genes in fungus and plant. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5883-5900. [PMID: 33913577 PMCID: PMC8597171 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role that common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) play in plant-to-plant transfer of zinc (Zn) has not yet been investigated, despite the proved functions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in crop Zn acquisition. Here, two autotrophic Medicago truncatula plants were linked by a CMN formed by Rhizophagus irregularis. Plants were grown in vitro in physically separated compartments (Donor-C and Receiver-C) and their connection ensured only by CMN. A symbiosis-defective mutant of M. truncatula was used as control in Receiver-C. Plants in both compartments were grown on Zn-free medium, and only the leaves of the donor plants were Zn fertilized. A direct transfer of Zn was demonstrated from donor leaves to receiver shoots mediated by CMN. Direct transfer of Zn was supported by changes in the expression of fungal genes, RiZRT1 and RiZnT1, and plant gene MtZIP2 in roots and MtNAS1 in roots and shoots of the receiver plants. Moreover, Zn transfer was supported by the change in expression of MtZIP14 gene in AM fungal colonized roots. This work is the first evidence of a direct Zn transfer from a donor to a receiver plant via CMN, and of a triggering of transcriptional regulation of fungal-plant genes involved in Zn transport-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cardini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrino
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, Box L7.05.06, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Maryline Calonne-Salmon
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, Box L7.05.06, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Barbara Mazzolai
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Ercoli
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
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Rosinger C, Sandén H, Godbold DL. Non-structural carbohydrate concentrations of Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris fine roots are linked to ectomycorrhizal enzymatic activity during spring reactivation. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:197-210. [PMID: 32078049 PMCID: PMC7228962 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated whether changes in fine root non-structural carbohydrate reserves of Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris trees influence potential enzymatic activities of their ectomycorrhizal symbionts from winter towards spring reactivation, and whether these changes influence potential soil enzymatic activities. We analyzed sugar and starch concentrations in the fine roots of Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris and potential activities of ß-glucosidase, ß-xylosidase, and cellobiohydrolase (as proxies for carbon-degrading enzymes) as well as leucine aminopeptidase and chitinase (as proxies for nitrogen-degrading enzymes) of their dominant ectomycorrhizal symbionts as well as in the soil. Sugar concentrations in the fine roots were significantly positively correlated with enzymatic activities of the ectomycorrhizal symbionts. In Pinus sylvestris, both carbon- and nitrogen-degrading enzyme activities showed significant positive correlations with fine root sugar concentrations. In Fagus sylvatica, fine root sugar concentrations were explicitly positively correlated with the activity of nitrogen-degrading enzymes. The chitinase activity in the soil was found to be strongly positively correlated with the enzymatic activity of the ectomycorrhizal symbionts as well as with fine root sugar concentrations. Fine root carbohydrate concentrations of Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris trees and enzymatic activities of their associated ectomycorrhizal fungi are connected. The specific nutrient demand of the tree species during spring reactivation may affect ectomycorrhizal enzymatic activity via carbon mobilization in the fine roots of Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris. Moreover, our results suggest that trees indirectly contribute to the degradation of fungal necromass by stimulating ectomycorrhizal chitinase activity in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rosinger
- Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Hans Sandén
- Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Douglas L Godbold
- Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Landscape Carbon Deposition, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Global Change Research Institute, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Stuart EK, Plett KL. Digging Deeper: In Search of the Mechanisms of Carbon and Nitrogen Exchange in Ectomycorrhizal Symbioses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1658. [PMID: 31993064 PMCID: PMC6971170 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi is an advantageous partnership for trees in nutrient-limited environments. Ectomycorrhizal fungi colonize the roots of their hosts and improve their access to nutrients, usually nitrogen (N) and, in exchange, trees deliver a significant portion of their photosynthetic carbon (C) to the fungi. This nutrient exchange affects key soil processes and nutrient cycling, as well as plant health, and is therefore central to forest ecosystem functioning. Due to their ecological importance, there is a need to more accurately understand ECM fungal mediated C and N movement within forest ecosystems such that we can better model and predict their role in soil processes both now and under future climate scenarios. There are a number of hurdles that we must overcome, however, before this is achievable such as understanding how the evolutionary history of ECM fungi and their inter- and intra- species variability affect their function. Further, there is currently no generally accepted universal mechanism that appears to govern the flux of nutrients between fungal and plant partners. Here, we consider the current state of knowledge on N acquisition and transport by ECM fungi and how C and N exchange may be related or affected by environmental conditions such as N availability. We emphasize the role that modern genomic analysis, molecular biology techniques and more comprehensive and standardized experimental designs may have in bringing cohesion to the numerous ecological studies in this area and assist us in better understanding this important symbiosis. These approaches will help to build unified models of nutrient exchange and develop diagnostic tools to study these fungi at various scales and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krista L. Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
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12
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Willow Short-Rotation Coppice as Model System for Exploring Ecological Theory on Biodiversity–Ecosystem Function. DIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11080125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plantations of willow (Salix spp.) are today grown as short-rotation coppice (SRC) for the sustainable production of biomass. While developing these production systems in the past, much ecological knowledge on plant–plant, plant–environment and trophic interactions has been generated. This knowledge can contribute to the further development of biodiversity–ecosystem function (BEF) theory, which frequently lacks a sound understanding of the complex mechanisms behind the observed patterns of diversity-productivity relationships. Thus, willow SRC systems are suitable models to explore BEF theory; they are simple enough to allow the study of the complex ecological mechanisms involved and they have many similarities to grassland systems in which much of recent BEF theory development has been achieved. This paper briefly reviews the current observational and mechanistic knowledge on diversity–productivity relationships in willow SRC, as well as the most important above- and below-ground trophic interactions that are likely to affect them. If the available knowledge is integrated and combined with further experimental work targeting mechanisms behind patterns, research on willow SRC as a model offers a great opportunity for filling the gaps in the understanding what presently hampers the development of predictive BEF theory.
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Newbery DM, Neba GA. Micronutrients may influence the efficacy of ectomycorrhizas to support tree seedlings in a lowland African rain forest. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Newbery
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH‐3013 Bern Switzerland
| | - Godlove A. Neba
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology University of Buea P.O. Box 63 Buea S. W. Region Cameroon
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Gorka S, Dietrich M, Mayerhofer W, Gabriel R, Wiesenbauer J, Martin V, Zheng Q, Imai B, Prommer J, Weidinger M, Schweiger P, Eichorst SA, Wagner M, Richter A, Schintlmeister A, Woebken D, Kaiser C. Rapid Transfer of Plant Photosynthates to Soil Bacteria via Ectomycorrhizal Hyphae and Its Interaction With Nitrogen Availability. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:168. [PMID: 30863368 PMCID: PMC6399413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots release recent photosynthates into the rhizosphere, accelerating decomposition of organic matter by saprotrophic soil microbes ("rhizosphere priming effect") which consequently increases nutrient availability for plants. However, about 90% of all higher plant species are mycorrhizal, transferring a significant fraction of their photosynthates directly to their fungal partners. Whether mycorrhizal fungi pass on plant-derived carbon (C) to bacteria in root-distant soil areas, i.e., incite a "hyphosphere priming effect," is not known. Experimental evidence for C transfer from mycorrhizal hyphae to soil bacteria is limited, especially for ectomycorrhizal systems. As ectomycorrhizal fungi possess enzymatic capabilities to degrade organic matter themselves, it remains unclear whether they cooperate with soil bacteria by providing photosynthates, or compete for available nutrients. To investigate a possible C transfer from ectomycorrhizal hyphae to soil bacteria, and its response to changing nutrient availability, we planted young beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) into "split-root" boxes, dividing their root systems into two disconnected soil compartments. Each of these compartments was separated from a litter compartment by a mesh penetrable for fungal hyphae, but not for roots. Plants were exposed to a 13C-CO2-labeled atmosphere, while 15N-labeled ammonium and amino acids were added to one side of the split-root system. We found a rapid transfer of recent photosynthates via ectomycorrhizal hyphae to bacteria in root-distant soil areas. Fungal and bacterial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers were significantly enriched in hyphae-exclusive compartments 24 h after 13C-CO2-labeling. Isotope imaging with nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) allowed for the first time in situ visualization of plant-derived C and N taken up by an extraradical fungal hypha, and in microbial cells thriving on hyphal surfaces. When N was added to the litter compartments, bacterial biomass, and the amount of incorporated 13C strongly declined. Interestingly, this effect was also observed in adjacent soil compartments where added N was only available for bacteria through hyphal transport, indicating that ectomycorrhizal fungi were acting on soil bacteria. Together, our results demonstrate that (i) ectomycorrhizal hyphae rapidly transfer plant-derived C to bacterial communities in root-distant areas, and (ii) this transfer promptly responds to changing soil nutrient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gorka
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlies Dietrich
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Mayerhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raphael Gabriel
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Wiesenbauer
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qing Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruna Imai
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Prommer
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marieluise Weidinger
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Schweiger
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie A. Eichorst
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Large-Instrument Facility for Advanced Isotope Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Richter
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Large-Instrument Facility for Advanced Isotope Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arno Schintlmeister
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Large-Instrument Facility for Advanced Isotope Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Woebken
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Zhang Z, Phillips RP, Zhao W, Yuan Y, Liu Q, Yin H. Mycelia‐derived C contributes more to nitrogen cycling than root‐derived C in ectomycorrhizal alpine forests. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Plant & Environmental SciencesClemson University Clemson South Carolina
| | | | - Wenqiang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
| | - Yuanshuang Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Qing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
| | - Huajun Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
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16
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Stefani F, Isabel N, Morency MJ, Lamothe M, Nadeau S, Lachance D, Li EHY, Greer C, Yergeau É, Pinno BD, Séguin A. The impact of reconstructed soils following oil sands exploitation on aspen and its associated belowground microbiome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2761. [PMID: 29426844 PMCID: PMC5807544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of different soil covers used to reclaim decommissioned oil sands mining sites on the genetic diversity of aspen and their associated belowground microbiota. Aspen genotyping showed that trees mostly originated from sexual reproduction on sites reclaimed with soil covers made of upland forest floor-mineral mix (FFMM) and lowland peat-mineral mix (PMM). In contrast, most individuals in mature and burned stands sampled as benchmarks for natural disturbances originated from vegetative reproduction. Nonetheless, aspen populations in the FFMM and PMM sites were not genetically different from those in mature and burned stands. DNA metabarcoding of bacteria and fungi in root and soil samples revealed that the diversity of the belowground microbiota associated with aspen and the relative abundance of putative symbiotic taxa in PMM were significantly lower than for FFMM and naturally disturbed sites. Despite similar aspen genetic diversity between FFMM and PMM sites, trees were not associated with the same belowground microbiota. Because the soil microbiome and more specifically the mycorrhizal communities are variable both in space and time, long-term monitoring is particularly important to better understand the ecological trajectory of these novel ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Stefani
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, G1V4C7, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Nathalie Isabel
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, G1V4C7, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Morency
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, G1V4C7, Canada
| | - Manuel Lamothe
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, G1V4C7, Canada
| | - Simon Nadeau
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, G1V4C7, Canada
| | - Denis Lachance
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, G1V4C7, Canada
| | - Edith H Y Li
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, T6H 3S5, Canada
| | - Charles Greer
- National Research Council Canada, Energy, Mining and Environment, Montréal, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Étienne Yergeau
- National Research Council Canada, Energy, Mining and Environment, Montréal, H4P 2R2, Canada
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Bradley D Pinno
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, T6H 3S5, Canada
| | - Armand Séguin
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, G1V4C7, Canada.
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17
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Ren H, Gui W, Bai Y, Stein C, Rodrigues JLM, Wilson GWT, Cobb AB, Zhang Y, Yang G. Long-term effects of grazing and topography on extra-radical hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in semi-arid grasslands. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:117-127. [PMID: 29243065 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Grazing and topography have drastic effects on plant communities and soil properties. These effects are thought to influence arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. However, the simultaneous impacts of grazing pressure (sheep ha-1) and topography on plant and soil factors and their relationship to the production of extra-radical AM hyphae are not well understood. Our 10-year study assessed relationships between grazing, plant species richness, aboveground plant productivity, soil nutrients, edaphic properties, and AM hyphal length density (HLD) in different topographic areas (flat or sloped). We found HLD linearly declined with increasing grazing pressure (1.5-9.0 sheep ha-1) in sloped areas, but HLD was greatest at moderate grazing pressure (4.5 sheep ha-1) in flat areas. Structural equation modeling indicates grazing reduces HLD by altering soil nutrient dynamics in sloped areas, but non-linearly influences HLD through plant community and edaphic changes in flat areas. Our findings highlight how topography influences key plant and soil factors, thus regulating the effects of grazing pressure on extra-radical hyphal production of AM fungi in grasslands. Understanding how grazing and topography influence AM fungi in semi-arid grasslands is vital, as globally, severe human population pressure and increasing demand for food aggravate the grazing intensity in grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ren
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiyang Gui
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yongfei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Claudia Stein
- Tyson Research Center and Department of Biology, Washington University St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jorge L M Rodrigues
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Gail W T Wilson
- Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, 008C Ag Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Adam B Cobb
- Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, 008C Ag Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gaowen Yang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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18
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Nicholson BA, Jones MD. Early-successional ectomycorrhizal fungi effectively support extracellular enzyme activities and seedling nitrogen accumulation in mature forests. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:247-260. [PMID: 27900594 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
After stand-replacing disturbance, regenerating conifer seedlings become colonized by different ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) than the locally adapted EMF communities present on seedlings in mature forests. We studied whether EMF species that colonized subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) seedlings in clearcuts differed from those that colonized seedlings in adjacent mature forests with respect to mycorrhizoplane extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) and N status of the seedlings. We tested two alternate hypotheses: (1) that EEAs would differ between the two EMF communities, with higher activities associated with forest-origin communities, and (2) that acclimation to soil environment was considerable enough that EEAs would be determined primarily by the soil type in which the ectomycorrhizas were growing. Naturally colonized fir seedlings were reciprocally transplanted between clearcuts and forests, carrying different EMF communities with them. EEAs were influenced more by destination environment than by EMF community. EEAs were as high in early-successional as in late-successional communities in both destination environments. Buds of clearcut-origin seedlings had the same or higher N contents as forest seedlings after a growing season in either environment. These results indicate that (i) symbiotic EMF and/or their associated microbial communities demonstrate substantial ability to acclimate to new field environments; (ii) the ability to produce organic matter-degrading enzymes is not a trait that necessarily distinguishes early- and late-successional EMF communities in symbiosis; (iii) early-successional EMF are as capable of supporting seedling N accumulation in forest soils as late-successional EMF; and (iv) disturbed ecosystems where early-successional EMF are present should have high resilience for organic matter degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A Nicholson
- Biology Department, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Sci 385 - 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Melanie D Jones
- Biology Department, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Sci 385 - 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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19
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Weisany W, Sohrabi Y, Siosemardeh A, Ghassemi-Golezani K. Funneliformis mosseaefungi changed essential oil composition inTrigonella foenum graecumL.,Coriandrum sativumL. andNigella sativa L. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2016.1216469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Kwon T, Tsuyuzaki S. Differences in nitrogen redistribution between early and late plant colonizers through ectomycorrhizal fungi on the volcano Mount Koma. Ecol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Li Y, Sun D, Li D, Xu Z, Zhao C, Lin H, Liu Q. Effects of warming on ectomycorrhizal colonization and nitrogen nutrition of Picea asperata seedlings grown in two contrasting forest ecosystems. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17546. [PMID: 26655633 PMCID: PMC4674696 DOI: 10.1038/srep17546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) plays an important role in plant nitrogen (N) nutrition and regulates plant responded to climate warming. We conducted a field experiment in a natural forest and a plantation in the eastern Tibetan Plateau to estimate the warming effects of open-top chambers (OTC) on ECM and N nutrition of Picea asperata seedlings. Four-year warming significantly decreased ECM colonization, ECM fungal biomass, fine root vigor, and the N concentration of leaf, stem and coarse root, but significantly increased fine root N concentration and N content of leaf, stem, fine root and whole plant in natural forest. Contrarily, warming induced no obvious change in most of these parameters in plantation. Moreover, warming decreased rhizospheric soil inorganic N content in both forests. Our results showed that four-year warming was not beneficial for ECM colonization of P. asperata seedlings in the two forests, and the seedlings in natural forest were more sensitive and flexible to experimental warming than in plantation. The changes of ECM colonization and fine root biomass for effective N uptake would be good for plant growth and remit N leaching under future warming in natural forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Didi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, P. R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Chunzhang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Honghui Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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22
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Parladé J, Hortal S, de la Varga H, Pera J. Intraspecific variability of Lactarius deliciosus isolates: colonization ability and survival after cold storage. MYCORRHIZA 2011; 21:393-401. [PMID: 21120543 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific variability in root colonization, extraradical growth pattern, and survival after cold storage of Lactarius deliciosus isolates was determined in pure culture conditions using Pinus pinaster as a host plant. The ectomycorrhizal ability of L. deliciosus at 30, 45, and 60 days from inoculation was highly variable among isolates and was negatively correlated to the age of the culture (time elapsed from isolation). The formation of rhizomorphs was related to colonization ability, but no relationship was found between colonization and formation of extraradical mycelium. The final colonization achieved at 60 days from inoculation was not related to the tree species under which the sporocarps were collected. However, isolates from sporocarps collected under P. pinaster colonized more rapidly the seedlings than those collected under other pine species. The climatic range of the sporocarps from which the isolates were obtained (maritime vs. continental) was not related to the formation of mycorrhizas at 60 days from inoculation. However, isolates from sporocarps collected from a maritime climate area colonized more rapidly the P. pinaster seedlings than those collected from a continental zone. Tolerance to cold water storage of L. deliciosus was also isolate dependent. Growth revival in agar was obtained from most of the isolates after 28 months of cold storage at 4°C, but only 10 out of 29 isolates showed unaffected growth. The ITS rDNA alignment of all the L. deliciosus isolates showed a low variability with identities over 99%. Most of the variation was detected in the ITS1 region and consisted in single nucleotide changes and/or punctual indel mutations. The number of base differences per sequence from averaging over all sequence pairs was 1.329, which is in the low range when compared with other ectomycorrhizal species. No ITS pattern due to geographical origin of the isolates could be discerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Parladé
- IRTA, Patologia Vegetal, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils Km 2, 08348, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sara Hortal
- IRTA, Patologia Vegetal, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils Km 2, 08348, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Herminia de la Varga
- IRTA, Patologia Vegetal, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils Km 2, 08348, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Pera
- IRTA, Patologia Vegetal, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils Km 2, 08348, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
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Jalonen R, Nygren P, Sierra J. Transfer of nitrogen from a tropical legume tree to an associated fodder grass via root exudation and common mycelial networks. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:1366-76. [PMID: 19552666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic dinitrogen fixation by legume trees represents a substantial N input in agroforestry systems, which may benefit the associated crops. Applying (15)N labelling, we studied N transfer via common mycelial networks (CMN) and root exudation from the legume tree Gliricidia sepium to the associated fodder grass Dichantium aristatum. The plants were grown in greenhouse in shared pots in full interaction (treatment FI) or with their root systems separated with a fine mesh that allowed N transfer via CMN only (treatment MY). Tree root exudation was measured separately with hydroponics. Nitrogen transfer estimates were based on the isotopic signature of N (delta(15)N) transferred from the donor. We obtained a range for estimates by calculating transfer with delta(15)N of tree roots and exudates. Nitrogen transfer was 3.7-14.0 and 0.7-2.5% of grass total N in treatments FI and MY, respectively. Root delta(15)N gave the lower and exudate delta(15)N the higher estimates. Transfer in FI probably occurred mainly via root exudation. Transfer in MY correlated negatively with grass root N concentration, implying that it was driven by source-sink relationships between the plants. The range of transfer estimates, depending on source delta(15)N applied, indicates the need of understanding the transfer mechanisms as a basis for reliable estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riina Jalonen
- Department of Forest Ecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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24
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Lobo M. Importancia de los recursos genéticos de la agrobiodiversidad en el desarrollo de sistemas de producción sostenibles. CIENCIA & TECNOLOGÍA AGROPECUARIA 2009; 9:19-30. [DOI: 10.21930/rcta.vol9_num2_art:114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Desde la óptica de la diversidad genética, Colombia es un país megadiverso con variabilidad ecosistémica importante, la cual puede ser aprovechada para el desarrollo de sistemas de producción sostenibles, eficientes y competitivos. Esto implica, aparte de la conservación de los recursos genéticos estratégicos vegetales, animales y de microorganismos, conocer el potencial de esta agrobiodiversidad para su utilización amplia, con apoyo de procesos convencionales y de la biotecnología moderna, que permitan proveer alimentos y el desarrollo del concepto integral del manejo de agroecosistemas. Por ello, en la revisión actual se incluye una descripción de la importancia de la diversidad biológica agrícola, en el nuevo contexto mundial y la necesidad de realizar procesos de conocimiento de la variabilidad y los atributos presentes en ésta, para trasladar el recurso genético de valor de existencia a los de opción y utilización.
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25
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Schultz P, Bever J. Mechanisms of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Mediation of Plant–Plant Interactions. Mycology 2005. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420027891.ch22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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26
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Leake J, Johnson D, Donnelly D, Muckle G, Boddy L, Read D. Networks of power and influence: the role of mycorrhizal mycelium in controlling plant communities and agroecosystem functioning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/b04-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extraradical mycelia of mycorrhizal fungi are normally the hidden half of the symbiosis, but they are powerful underground influences upon biogeochemical cycling, the composition of plant communities, and agroecosystem functioning. Mycorrhizal mycelial networks are the most dynamic and functionally diverse components of the symbiosis, and recent estimates suggest they are empowered by receiving as much as 10% or more of the net photosynthate of their host plants. They often constitute 20%30% of total soil microbial biomass yet are undetected by standard measures of biomass used by soil scientists and agromomists. Mycorrhizal mycelia provide extensive pathways for carbon and nutrient fluxes through soil, often exceeding tens of metres per gram of soil. We consider the amounts of photosynthate power allocated to these mycelial networks and how this is used in fungal respiration, biomass, and growth and in influencing soil, plant, and ecosystem processes. The costs and functional benefits to plants linking to these networks are fungal specific and, because of variations in physiology and host specificity, are not shared equally; some plants even depend exclusively on these networks for carbon. We briefly assess the potential contribution of extraradical mycorrhizal mycelium to sustainable agriculture and maintenance of biodiversity and highlight technologies that promise new vistas and improved fine-scale resolution of the dynamic spatial and temporal functioning of these networks in soil.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, ectomycorrhiza, extraradical mycelium, hyphal networks.
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Leake JR. Myco-heterotroph/epiparasitic plant interactions with ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2004; 7:422-8. [PMID: 15231265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
More than 400 achlorophyllous plant species in 87 genera are parasitic upon fungi, and exploit them as their principle source of carbon. With a few exceptions, most of these myco-heterotrophic plants are now thought to be 'cheats', stealing carbon and nutrients from the mycorrhizal associates of adjacent autotrophic plants. Most myco-heterotrophs are therefore considered to be epiparasitic on green plants. Both the ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses have been invaded by myco-heterotrophic epiparasites. DNA analysis is revealing the identities of many of the fungal partners of myco-heterotrophs, and their exceptionally high specificity. Myco-heterotrophs have distinctive stable isotope signatures, which can be used to establish the dependence upon fungal carbon of green plants that are partially myco-heterotrophic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Leake
- University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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Kranabetter JM. Ectomycorrhizal community effects on hybrid spruce seedling growth and nutrition in clearcuts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/b04-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A diverse community of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi is generally considered beneficial to forest ecosystems, but the function of ECM communities should be considered within an ecological context. The growth of hybrid spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) seedlings was compared after transplanting into recent clearcuts, where soil moisture and nitrogen are typically readily available. The seedlings had either a "forest" ECM community (taken from forest gap edges) or a "pioneer" ECM community (taken from disturbed road edges) and were planted at wide and close spacing. After 3 years, morphotype distribution and abundance (64% community similarity between "forest" and "pioneer" seedlings) overlapped considerably, but height growth was 25% greater for the "pioneer" seedlings. There was a reduction in diameter at close spacing, with little difference in competition effects between ECM communities. There were no differences detected in foliar nitrogen concentrations and no evidence of nitrogen or phosphorus deficiencies. The advantage of fungi such as Amphinema byssoides, Thelephora terrestris, and Laccaria laccata might be the proliferation of fine roots that allows for the fullest utilization of abundant soil resources. The results suggest that the ECM communities arising after clearcut disturbances are well adapted to these initial soil conditions.Key words: ectomycorrhiza, disturbance, diversity, productivity, competition, Picea glauca.
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Urcelay C, Díaz S. The mycorrhizal dependence of subordinates determines the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant diversity. Ecol Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Allen MF, Swenson W, Querejeta JI, Egerton-Warburton LM, Treseder KK. Ecology of mycorrhizae: a conceptual framework for complex interactions among plants and fungi. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2003; 41:271-303. [PMID: 12730396 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizae regulate elemental and energy flows in terrestrial ecosystems. We understand much of how mycorrhizae work, but integrating all possible mechanisms into a whole has proven elusive. Multiple evolutionary events and the long evolutionary history mean that different plants and fungi bring independent characteristics to the symbiosis. This variety results in extensive physiological variation. How do we integrate functional responses with diversity to understand the role of mycorrhizae in ecosystems? We review ecophysiological mechanisms of mycorrhizae and organize these into functional groups. Species-area relationships are not curvilinear, but resemble the "broken stick" model. We coupled functional groups with a metacommunity analysis to show how complex behavior can be generated using a simple matrix model of resource exchange. This approach provides insights into how we might integrate diversity and function across landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Allen
- Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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