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Guo Y, Jiao L, Wang J, Ma L, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Guo J, Yin Y. Analyses of high spatial resolution datasets identify genes associated with multi-layered secondary cell wall thickening in Pinus bungeana. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:953-968. [PMID: 38366549 PMCID: PMC11089263 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Secondary cell wall (SCW) thickening is a major cellular developmental stage determining wood structure and properties. Although the molecular regulation of cell wall deposition during tracheary element differentiation has been well established in primary growth systems, less is known about the gene regulatory processes involved in the multi-layered SCW thickening of mature trees. METHODS Using third-generation [long-read single-molecule real-time (SMRT)] and second-generation [short-read sequencing by synthesis (SBS)] sequencing methods, we established a Pinus bungeana transcriptome resource with comprehensive functional and structural annotation for the first time. Using these approaches, we generated high spatial resolution datasets for the vascular cambium, xylem expansion regions, early SCW thickening, late SCW thickening and mature xylem tissues of 71-year-old Pinus bungeana trees. KEY RESULTS A total of 79 390 non-redundant transcripts, 31 808 long non-coding RNAs and 5147 transcription factors were annotated and quantified in different xylem tissues at all growth and differentiation stages. Furthermore, using this high spatial resolution dataset, we established a comprehensive transcriptomic profile and found that members of the NAC, WRKY, SUS, CESA and LAC gene families are major players in early SCW formation in tracheids, whereas members of the MYB and LBD transcription factor families are highly expressed during late SCW thickening. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide new molecular insights into the regulation of multi-layered SCW thickening in conifers. The high spatial resolution datasets provided can serve as important gene resources for improving softwoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- Wood Anatomy and Utilization Department, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Wood Specimen Resource Center (WOODPEDIA) of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lichao Jiao
- Wood Anatomy and Utilization Department, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Wood Specimen Resource Center (WOODPEDIA) of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Wood Anatomy and Utilization Department, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Wood Specimen Resource Center (WOODPEDIA) of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lingyu Ma
- Wood Anatomy and Utilization Department, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Wood Specimen Resource Center (WOODPEDIA) of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Wood Anatomy and Utilization Department, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Wood Specimen Resource Center (WOODPEDIA) of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Wood Anatomy and Utilization Department, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Wood Specimen Resource Center (WOODPEDIA) of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Juan Guo
- Wood Anatomy and Utilization Department, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Wood Specimen Resource Center (WOODPEDIA) of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yafang Yin
- Wood Anatomy and Utilization Department, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Wood Specimen Resource Center (WOODPEDIA) of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
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Yan C, Zhang N, Xu C, Jin Q, Qi Y, Cai Y. Effects on stone cell development and lignin deposition in pears by different pollinators. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1093661. [PMID: 36844042 PMCID: PMC9944722 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1093661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pear pulp is formed by the development of the ovary wall, which is the somatic cell of the female parent, and its genetic traits are identical to those of the female parent, so that its phenotypic traits should also be identical to those of the female parent. However, the pulp quality of most pears, especially the stone cell clusters (SCCs) number and degree of polymerization (DP), were significantly affected by the paternal type. Stone cells are formed by the deposition of lignin in parenchymal cell (PC) walls. Studies on the effect of pollination on lignin deposition and stone cell formation in pear fruit have not been reported. Methods: In this study, 'Dangshan Su' (P. bretschneideri Rehd.) was selected as the mother tree, while 'Yali' (P. bretschneideri Rehd.) and 'Wonhwang' (P. pyrifolia Nakai.) were used as the father trees to perform cross-pollination. We investigated the effects of different parents on SCCs number and DP, and lignin deposition by microscopic and ultramicroscopic observation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results showed that the formation of SCCs proceeds was consistent in DY and DW, but the SCC number and DP in DY were higher than that in DW. Ultramicroscopy revealed that the lignification process of DY and DW were all from corner to rest regions of the compound middle lamella and the secondary wall, with lignin particles deposited along the cellulose microfibrils. They were alternatively arranged until they filled up the whole cell cavity to culminate in the formation of stone cells. However, the compactness of the wall layer of cell wall was significantly higher in DY than in DW. We also found that the pit of stone cell was predominantly single pit pair, they transported degraded material from the PCs that were beginning to lignify out of the cells. Stone cell formation and lignin deposition in pollinated pear fruit from different parents were consistent, but the DP of SCCs and the compactness of the wall layer were higher in DY than that in DW. Therefore, DY SCC had a higher ability to resist the expansion pressure of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongchong Yan
- Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Insititute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Germplasm innovation and Utilization (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- College of Health and Elderly, Anhui Vocational College of City Management, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chao Xu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qing Jin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongjie Qi
- Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Insititute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Germplasm innovation and Utilization (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongping Cai
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Collings DA, Thomas J, Dijkstra SM, Harrington JJ. The formation of interlocked grain in African mahogany (Khaya spp.) analysed by X-ray computed microtomography. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1542-1557. [PMID: 33601410 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interlocked grain occurs when the orientation of xylem fibres oscillates, alternating between left- and right-handed spirals in successive wood layers. The cellular mechanisms giving rise to interlocked grain, thought to involve the slow rotation of fusiform initials within the vascular cambium, remain unclear. We suggest that observations of wood structure at the cellular level, but over large areas, might reveal these mechanisms. We assayed timber from several commercially important tropical angiosperms from the genus Khaya (African mahogany) that exhibit interlocked grain using X-ray computed microtomography followed by orthogonal slicing and image processing in ImageJ. Reconstructed tangential longitudinal sections were processed with the ImageJ directionality plug-in to directly measure fibre orientation and showed grain deviations of more than 10° from vertical in both left- and right-handed directions. Grain changed at locally constant rates, separated by locations where the direction of grain change sharply reversed. Image thresholding and segmentation conducted on reconstructed cross sections allowed the identification of vessels and measurement of their location, with vessel orientations then calculated in Matlab and, independently, in recalculated tangential longitudinal sections with the directionality plug-in. Vessel orientations varied more than fibre orientations, and on average deviated further from vertical than fibres at the locations where the direction of grain change reversed. Moreover, the reversal location for vessels was shifted ~400 μm towards the pith compared with the fibres, despite both cell types arising from the same fusiform initials within the vascular cambium. We propose a simple model to explain these distinct grain patterns. Were an auxin signal to control both the reorientation of cambial initials, as well as coordinating the end-on-end differentiation and linkage of xylem vessel elements, then it would be possible for fibres and vessels to run at subtly different angles, and to show different grain reversal locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Collings
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jimmy Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie M Dijkstra
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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Luo L, Zhu Y, Gui J, Yin T, Luo W, Liu J, Li L. A Comparative Analysis of Transcription Networks Active in Juvenile and Mature Wood in Populus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:675075. [PMID: 34122491 PMCID: PMC8193101 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.675075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile wood (JW) and mature wood (MW) have distinct physical and chemical characters, resulting from wood formation at different development phases over tree lifespan. However, the regulatory mechanisms that distinguish or modulate the characteristics of JW and MW in relation to each other have not been mapped. In this study, by employing the Populus trees with an identical genetic background, we carried out RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) in JW and MW forming tissue and analyzed the transcriptional programs in association with the wood formation in different phrases. JW and MW of Populus displayed different wood properties, including higher content of cellulose and hemicelluloses, less lignin, and longer and larger fiber cells and vessel elements in MW as compared with JW. Significant differences in transcriptional programs and patterns of DNA methylation were detected between JW and MW. The differences were concentrated in gene networks involved in regulating hormonal signaling pathways responsible for auxin distribution and brassinosteroids biosynthesis as well as genes active in regulating cell expansion and secondary cell wall biosynthesis. An observed correlation between gene expression profiling and DNA methylation indicated that DNA methylation affected expression of the genes related to auxin distribution and brassinosteroids signal transduction, cell expansion in JW, and MW formation. The results suggest that auxin distribution, brassinosteroids biosynthesis, and signaling be the critical molecular modules in formation of JW and MW. DNA methylation plays a role in formatting the molecular modules which contribute to the transcriptional programs of wood formation in different development phases. The study sheds light into better understanding of the molecular networks underlying regulation of wood properties which would be informative for genetic manipulation for improvement of wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laifu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinshan Gui
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongmin Yin
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenchun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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A transcriptomic view to wounding response in young Scots pine stems. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3778. [PMID: 33580160 PMCID: PMC7881122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the stress response of five-year-old Scots pine xylem to mechanical wounding using RNA sequencing. In general, we observed a bimodal response in pine xylem after wounding. Transcripts associated with water deficit stress, defence, and cell wall modification were induced at the earliest time point of three hours; at the same time, growth-related processes were down-regulated. A second temporal wave was triggered either at the middle and/or at the late time points (one and four days). Secondary metabolism, such as stilbene and lignan biosynthesis started one day after wounding. Scots pine synthesises the stilbenes pinosylvin and its monomethyl ether both as constitutive and induced defence compounds. Stilbene biosynthesis is induced by wounding, pathogens and UV stress, but is also developmentally regulated when heartwood is formed. Comparison of wounding responses to heartwood formation shows that many induced processes (in addition to stilbene biosynthesis) are similar and relate to defence or desiccation stress, but often specific transcripts are up-regulated in the developmental and wounding induced contexts. Pine resin biosynthesis was not induced in response to wounding, at least not during the first four days.
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Arab L, Seegmueller S, Dannenmann M, Eiblmeier M, Albasher G, Alfarraj S, Rennenberg H. Foliar traits of sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl) seedlings are largely determined by site properties rather than seed origin. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1648-1667. [PMID: 32705139 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to climate change, sessile oak (Quercus petraea) seedlings experience an increasing risk of drought during regeneration of forest stands by management practices. The present study was aimed at elucidating the potential of sessile oak seedlings originating from sites with different aridity and nitrogen (N) supply to acclimate to contrasting water availability. For this purpose, a free-air cross-exchange experiment was conducted between a dry and a humid forest stand with high and low soil N contents, respectively, during two consecutive years differing in aridity before harvest. Almost all structural and physiological foliar traits analyzed did not differ consistently between seed origins during both years, when cultivated at the same site. As an exception, the arid provenance upregulated foliar ascorbate contents under drought, whereas the humid provenance accumulated the phenolic antioxidants vescalagin and castalagin (VC) under favorable weather conditions and consumed VC upon drought. Apparently, differences in long-term aridity at the forest sites resulted in only few genetically fixed differences in foliar traits between the provenances. However, structural and physiological traits strongly responded to soil N contents and weather conditions before harvest. Foliar N contents and their partitioning were mostly determined by the differences in soil N availability at the sites, but still were modulated by weather conditions before harvest. In the first year, differences in aridity before harvest resulted in differences between most foliar traits. In the second year, when weather conditions at both sites were considerably similar and more arid compared to the first year, differences in foliar traits were almost negligible. This pattern was observed irrespective of seed origin. These results support the view that leaves of sessile oak seedlings generally possess a high plasticity to cope with extreme differences in aridity by immediate acclimation responses that are even better developed in plants of arid origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Arab
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Seegmueller
- Zentralstelle der Forstverwaltung, Forschungsanstalt für Waldökologie und Forstwirtschaft, Hauptstraße 16, 67705 Trippstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Dannenmann
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
| | - Monika Eiblmeier
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ghada Albasher
- King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
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Sulis DB, Wang JP. Regulation of Lignin Biosynthesis by Post-translational Protein Modifications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:914. [PMID: 32714349 PMCID: PMC7343852 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins exerts essential roles in many biological processes in plants. The function of these chemical modifications has been extensively characterized in many physiological processes, but how these modifications regulate lignin biosynthesis for wood formation remained largely unknown. Over the past decade, post-translational modification of several proteins has been associated with lignification. Phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, and S-nitrosylation of transcription factors, monolignol enzymes, and peroxidases were shown to have primordial roles in the regulation of lignin biosynthesis. The main discoveries of post-translational modifications in lignin biosynthesis are discussed in this review.
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Ribeiro CL, Conde D, Balmant KM, Dervinis C, Johnson MG, McGrath AP, Szewczyk P, Unda F, Finegan CA, Schmidt HW, Miles B, Drost DR, Novaes E, Gonzalez-Benecke CA, Peter GF, Burleigh JG, Martin TA, Mansfield SD, Chang G, Wickett NJ, Kirst M. The uncharacterized gene EVE contributes to vessel element dimensions in Populus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:5059-5066. [PMID: 32041869 PMCID: PMC7060721 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912434117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiation of angiosperms led to the emergence of the vast majority of today's plant species and all our major food crops. Their extraordinary diversification occurred in conjunction with the evolution of a more efficient vascular system for the transport of water, composed of vessel elements. The physical dimensions of these water-conducting specialized cells have played a critical role in angiosperm evolution; they determine resistance to water flow, influence photosynthesis rate, and contribute to plant stature. However, the genetic factors that determine their dimensions are unclear. Here we show that a previously uncharacterized gene, ENLARGED VESSEL ELEMENT (EVE), contributes to the dimensions of vessel elements in Populus, impacting hydraulic conductivity. Our data suggest that EVE is localized in the plasma membrane and is involved in potassium uptake of differentiating xylem cells during vessel development. In plants, EVE first emerged in streptophyte algae, but expanded dramatically among vessel-containing angiosperms. The phylogeny, structure and composition of EVE indicates that it may have been involved in an ancient horizontal gene-transfer event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia L Ribeiro
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Daniel Conde
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Kelly M Balmant
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Christopher Dervinis
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | | | - Aaron P McGrath
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Paul Szewczyk
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christina A Finegan
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Henry W Schmidt
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Brianna Miles
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Derek R Drost
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Evandro Novaes
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | | | - Gary F Peter
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - J Gordon Burleigh
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Timothy A Martin
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Chang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Norman J Wickett
- Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL 60622
- Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Matias Kirst
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611;
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Zhou Y, Underhill SJR. Plasma membrane H + -ATPase activity and graft success of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) onto interspecific rootstocks of marang (A. odoratissimus) and pedalai (A. sericicarpus). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:978-985. [PMID: 30047203 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is primarily grown as a staple tree crop for food security in Oceania. Significant wind damage has driven interest in developing its dwarfing rootstocks. Due to the predominantly vegetative propagation of the species, grafting onto interspecific seedlings is an approach to identifying dwarfing rootstocks. However, grafting of breadfruit onto unrelated Artocarpus species has not been investigated. Here we first report the success of breadfruit grafting onto interspecific rootstocks, marang (A. odoratissimus) and pedalai (A. sericicarpus). To address the low graft survival, we investigated the relationship of plasma membrane (PM) H+ -ATPase activity to graft success. We provide the first evidence for a positive correlation between PM H+ -ATPase activity and graft survival. The graft unions of successful grafts had higher PM H+ -ATPase activity compared to those of failed grafts. Rootstocks with low PM H+ -ATPase activity in leaf microsomes before grafting had lower graft survival than those with high enzyme activity, with graft success of 10% versus 60% and 0% versus 30% for marang and pedalai rootstocks, respectively. There was a positive correlation between graft success and the PM H+ -ATPase activity measured from the rootstock stem microsomes 2 months after grafting [marang, r(7) = 0.9203, P = 0.0004; pedalai (r(7) = 0. 8820, P = 0.0017]. Removal of scion's own roots decreased the leaf PM H+ -ATPase activity of grafted plants regardless of the final graft outcome. Recovery of the enzyme activity was only found in the successful grafts. The function of PM H+ -ATPase in graft union development and graft success improvement is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia
| | - S J R Underhill
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia
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Drought Sensitivity of Norway Spruce at the Species' Warmest Fringe: Quantitative and Molecular Analysis Reveals High Genetic Variation Among and Within Provenances. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:1225-1245. [PMID: 29440346 PMCID: PMC5873913 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Norway spruce (Picea abies) is by far the most important timber species in Europe, but its outstanding role in future forests is jeopardized by its high sensitivity to drought. We analyzed drought response of Norway spruce at the warmest fringe of its natural range. Based on a 35-year old provenance experiment we tested for genetic variation among and within seed provenances across consecutively occurring strong drought events using dendroclimatic time series. Moreover, we tested for associations between ≈1,700 variable SNPs and traits related to drought response, wood characteristics and climate-growth relationships. We found significant adaptive genetic variation among provenances originating from the species’ Alpine, Central and Southeastern European range. Genetic variation between individuals varied significantly among provenances explaining up to 44% of the phenotypic variation in drought response. Varying phenotypic correlations between drought response and wood traits confirmed differences in selection intensity among seed provenances. Significant associations were found between 29 SNPs and traits related to drought, climate-growth relationships and wood properties which explained between 11 and 43% of trait variation, though 12 of them were due to single individuals having extreme phenotypes of the respective trait. The majority of these SNPs are located within exons of genes and the most important ones are preferentially expressed in cambium and xylem expansion layers. Phenotype-genotype associations were stronger if only provenances with significant quantitative genetic variation in drought response were considered. The present study confirms the high adaptive variation of Norway spruce in Central and Southeastern Europe and demonstrates how quantitative genetic, dendroclimatic and genomic data can be linked to understand the genetic basis of adaptation to climate extremes in trees.
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THOMAS J, IDRIS N, COLLINGS D. Pontamine fast scarlet 4B bifluorescence and measurements of cellulose microfibril angles. J Microsc 2017; 268:13-27. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. THOMAS
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- Central Wood Testing Laboratory; The Rubber Board; Kottayam Kerala India
| | - N.A. IDRIS
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- School of Fundamental Sciences; Universiti Malaysia Terengganu; Kuala Nerus Kuala Terengganu Terengganu Malaysia
| | - D.A. COLLINGS
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
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12
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Ziaco E, Biondi F, Rossi S, Deslauriers A. Environmental drivers of cambial phenology in Great Basin bristlecone pine. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:818-831. [PMID: 26917705 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The timing of wood formation is crucial to determine how environmental factors affect tree growth. The long-lived bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva D. K. Bailey) is a foundation treeline species in the Great Basin of North America reaching stem ages of about 5000 years. We investigated stem cambial phenology and radial size variability to quantify the relative influence of environmental variables on bristlecone pine growth. Repeated cellular measurements and half-hourly dendrometer records were obtained during 2013 and 2014 for two high-elevation stands included in the Nevada Climate-ecohydrological Assessment Network. Daily time series of stem radial variations showed rehydration and expansion starting in late April-early May, prior to the onset of wood formation at breast height. Formation of new xylem started in June and lasted until mid-September. There were no differences in phenological timing between the two stands, or in the air and soil temperature thresholds for the onset of xylogenesis. A multiple logistic regression model highlighted a separate effect of air and soil temperature on xylogenesis, the relevance of which was modulated by the interaction with vapor pressure and soil water content. While air temperature plays a key role in cambial resumption after winter dormancy, soil thermal conditions coupled with snowpack dynamics also influence the onset of wood formation by regulating plant-soil water exchanges. Our results help build a physiological understanding of climate-growth relationships in P. longaeva, the importance of which for dendroclimatic reconstructions can hardly be overstated. In addition, environmental drivers of xylogenesis at the treeline ecotone, by controlling the growth of dominant species, ultimately determine ecosystem responses to climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franco Biondi
- DendroLab, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC G7H2B1, Canada Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratories of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Annie Deslauriers
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC G7H2B1, Canada
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13
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Prislan P, Gričar J, de Luis M, Novak K, Martinez del Castillo E, Schmitt U, Koch G, Štrus J, Mrak P, Žnidarič MT, Čufar K. Annual Cambial Rhythm in Pinus halepensis and Pinus sylvestris as Indicator for Climate Adaptation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1923. [PMID: 28082994 PMCID: PMC5183617 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand better the adaptation strategies of intra-annual radial growth in Pinus halepensis and Pinus sylvestris to local environmental conditions, we examined the seasonal rhythm of cambial activity and cell differentiation at tissue and cellular levels. Two contrasting sites differing in temperature and amount of precipitation were selected for each species, one typical for their growth and the other represented border climatic conditions, where the two species coexisted. Mature P. halepensis trees from Mediterranean (Spain) and sub-Mediterranean (Slovenia) sites, and P. sylvestris from sub-Mediterranean (Slovenia) and temperate (Slovenia) sites were selected. Repeated sampling was performed throughout the year and samples were prepared for examination with light and transmission electron microscopes. We hypothesized that cambial rhythm in trees growing at the sub-Mediterranean site where the two species co-exist will be similar as at typical sites for their growth. Cambium in P. halepensis at the Mediterranean site was active throughout the year and was never truly dormant, whereas at the sub-Mediterranean site it appeared to be dormant during the winter months. In contrast, cambium in P. sylvestris was clearly dormant at both sub-Mediterranean and temperate sites, although the dormant period seemed to be significantly longer at the temperate site. Thus, the hypothesis was only partly confirmed. Different cambial and cell differentiation rhythms of the two species at the site where both species co-exist and typical sites for their growth indicate their high but different adaptation strategies in terms of adjustment of radial growth to environmental heterogeneity, crucial for long-term tree performance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Prislan
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Peter Prislan,
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin de Luis
- Department of Geography and Regional Planning, University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
| | - Klemen Novak
- Department of Geography and Regional Planning, University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
- Department of Ecology, University of AlicanteAlicante, Spain
| | | | - Uwe Schmitt
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute – Thünen Institute of Wood ResearchHamburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Koch
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute – Thünen Institute of Wood ResearchHamburg, Germany
| | - Jasna Štrus
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Mrak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Magda T. Žnidarič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina. Čufar
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
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Schreiber SG, Hacke UG, Hamann A. Variation of xylem vessel diameters across a climate gradient: insight from a reciprocal transplant experiment with a widespread boreal tree. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G. Schreiber
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta 442 Earth Sciences Building Edmonton ABT6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Uwe G. Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta 442 Earth Sciences Building Edmonton ABT6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Andreas Hamann
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta 442 Earth Sciences Building Edmonton ABT6G 2E3 Canada
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15
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Jyske T, Hölttä T. Comparison of phloem and xylem hydraulic architecture in Picea abies stems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:102-15. [PMID: 25124270 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The hydraulic properties of xylem and phloem differ but the magnitude and functional consequences of the differences are not well understood. Phloem and xylem functional areas, hydraulic conduit diameters and conduit frequency along the stems of Picea abies trees were measured and expressed as allometric functions of stem diameter and distance from stem apex. Conductivities of phloem and xylem were estimated from these scaling relations. Compared with xylem, phloem conduits were smaller and occupied a slightly larger fraction of conducting tissue area. Ten times more xylem than phloem was annually produced along the stem. Scaling of the conduit diameters and cross-sectional areas with stem diameter were very similar in phloem and xylem. Phloem and xylem conduits scaled also similarly with distance from stem apex; widening downwards from the tree top, and reaching a plateau near the base of the living crown. Phloem conductivity was estimated to scale similarly to the conductivity of the outermost xylem ring, with the ratio of phloem to xylem conductivity being c. 2%. However, xylem conductivity was estimated to increase more than phloem conductivity with increasing tree dimensions as a result of accumulation of xylem sapwood. Phloem partly compensated for its smaller conducting area and narrower conduits by having a slightly higher conduit frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuula Jyske
- Vantaa Research Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, PO Box 18, FI-01301, Vantaa, Finland
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