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Piloto JV, Dias RVR, Mazucato WSA, Fossey MA, de Melo FA, Almeida FCL, de Souza FP, Caruso IP. Computational Insights into the Interaction of the Conserved Cysteine-Noose Domain of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Protein with the Canonical Fractalkine Binding site of Transmembrane Receptor CX3CR1 Isoforms. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:84. [PMID: 38668112 PMCID: PMC11052111 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) stands as one of the most common causes of acute respiratory diseases. The infectivity of this virus is intricately linked to its membrane proteins, notably the attachment glycoprotein (G protein). The latter plays a key role in facilitating the attachment of hRSV to respiratory tract epithelial cells, thereby initiating the infection process. The present study aimed to characterize the interaction of the conserved cysteine-noose domain of hRSV G protein (cndG) with the transmembrane CX3C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) isoforms using computational tools of molecular modeling, docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy calculations. From MD simulations of the molecular system embedded in the POPC lipid bilayer, we showed a stable interaction of cndG with the canonical fractalkine binding site in the N-terminal cavity of the CX3CR1 isoforms and identified that residues in the extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) region and Glu279 of this receptor are pivotal for the stabilization of CX3CR1/cndG binding, corroborating what was reported for the interaction of the chemokine fractalkine with CX3CR1 and its structure homolog US28. Therefore, the results presented here contribute by revealing key structural points for the CX3CR1/G interaction, allowing us to better understand the biology of hRSV from its attachment process and to develop new strategies to combat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor Piloto
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Department of Physics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil; (J.V.P.); (R.V.R.D.); (W.S.A.M.); (M.A.F.); (F.A.d.M.); (F.P.d.S.)
| | - Raphael Vinicius Rodrigues Dias
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Department of Physics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil; (J.V.P.); (R.V.R.D.); (W.S.A.M.); (M.A.F.); (F.A.d.M.); (F.P.d.S.)
| | - Wan Suk Augusto Mazucato
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Department of Physics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil; (J.V.P.); (R.V.R.D.); (W.S.A.M.); (M.A.F.); (F.A.d.M.); (F.P.d.S.)
| | - Marcelo Andres Fossey
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Department of Physics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil; (J.V.P.); (R.V.R.D.); (W.S.A.M.); (M.A.F.); (F.A.d.M.); (F.P.d.S.)
| | - Fernando Alves de Melo
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Department of Physics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil; (J.V.P.); (R.V.R.D.); (W.S.A.M.); (M.A.F.); (F.A.d.M.); (F.P.d.S.)
| | - Fabio Ceneviva Lacerda Almeida
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry (IBqM), National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Jiri Jonas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
| | - Fatima Pereira de Souza
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Department of Physics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil; (J.V.P.); (R.V.R.D.); (W.S.A.M.); (M.A.F.); (F.A.d.M.); (F.P.d.S.)
| | - Icaro Putinhon Caruso
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Department of Physics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil; (J.V.P.); (R.V.R.D.); (W.S.A.M.); (M.A.F.); (F.A.d.M.); (F.P.d.S.)
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Ismail KA, Mukherjee M, Kareta MS, Lopez SMC. Enabling methanol fixation of pediatric nasal wash during respiratory illness for single cell sequencing in comparison with fresh samples. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:835-842. [PMID: 37758866 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) including pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis is the sixth leading cause of mortality around the world and leading cause of death in children under 5 years. Systemic immune response to viral infection is well characterized. However, there is little data regarding the immune response at the upper respiratory tract mucosa. The upper respiratory mucosa is the site of viral entry, initial replication and the first barrier against respiratory infections. Lower respiratory tract samples can be challenging to obtain and require more invasive procedures. However, nasal wash (NW) samples from the upper respiratory tract can be obtained with minimal discomfort to the patient. METHOD In a pilot study, we developed a protocol using NW samples obtained from hospitalized children with LRTI that enables single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) after the NW sample is methanol-fixed. RESULTS We found no significant changes in scRNA-seq qualitative and quantitative parameters between methanol-fixed and fresh NW samples. CONCLUSIONS We present a novel protocol to enable scRNA-seq in NW samples from children admitted with LRTI. With the inherent challenges associated with clinical samples, the protocol described allows for processing flexibility as well as multicenter collaboration. IMPACT There are no significant differences in scRNA-seq qualitative and quantitative parameters between methanol fixed and fresh Pediatric Nasal wash samples. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of methanol fixation process on preserving respiratory samples for single cell sequencing. This enables Pediatric Nasal wash specimen for single cell RNA sequencing in pediatric patients with respiratory tract infection and allows processing flexibility and multicenter collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A Ismail
- Environmental Influences on Health and Disease Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Malini Mukherjee
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Michael S Kareta
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- Genetics & Genomics Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine-University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Santiago M C Lopez
- Environmental Influences on Health and Disease Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine-University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
- Children's Health Specialty Clinic, Sanford Children's Hospital, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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McCool RS, Musayev M, Bush SM, Derrien-Colemyn A, Acreman CM, Wrapp D, Ruckwardt TJ, Graham BS, Mascola JR, McLellan JS. Vaccination with prefusion-stabilized respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein elicits antibodies targeting a membrane-proximal epitope. J Virol 2023; 97:e0092923. [PMID: 37737588 PMCID: PMC10617438 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00929-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants, infecting all children by age 5. RSV also causes substantial morbidity and mortality in older adults, and a vaccine for older adults based on a prefusion-stabilized form of the viral F glycoprotein was recently approved by the FDA. Here, we investigate a set of antibodies that belong to the same public clonotype and were isolated from individuals vaccinated with a prefusion-stabilized RSV F protein. Our results reveal that these antibodies are highly potent and recognize a previously uncharacterized antigenic site on the prefusion F protein. Vaccination with prefusion RSV F proteins appears to boost the elicitation of these neutralizing antibodies, which are not commonly elicited by natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. McCool
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Maryam Musayev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabrina M. Bush
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexandrine Derrien-Colemyn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cory M. Acreman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Tracy J. Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Wilkins D, Yuan Y, Chang Y, Aksyuk AA, Núñez BS, Wählby-Hamrén U, Zhang T, Abram ME, Leach A, Villafana T, Esser MT. Durability of neutralizing RSV antibodies following nirsevimab administration and elicitation of the natural immune response to RSV infection in infants. Nat Med 2023; 29:1172-1179. [PMID: 37095249 PMCID: PMC10202809 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Nirsevimab is an extended half-life monoclonal antibody specific for the prefusion conformation of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein, which has been studied in preterm and full-term infants in the phase 2b and phase 3 MELODY trials. We analyzed serum samples collected from 2,143 infants during these studies to characterize baseline levels of RSV-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), duration of RSV NAb levels following nirsevimab administration, the risk of RSV exposure during the first year of life and the infant's adaptive immune response to RSV following nirsevimab administration. Baseline RSV antibody levels varied widely; consistent with reports that maternal antibodies are transferred late in the third trimester, preterm infants had lower baseline RSV antibody levels than full-term infants. Nirsevimab recipients had RSV NAb levels >140-fold higher than baseline at day 31 and remained >50-fold higher at day 151 and >7-fold higher at day 361. Similar seroresponse rates to the postfusion form of RSV F protein in nirsevimab recipients (68-69%) compared with placebo recipients (63-70%; not statistically significant) suggest that while nirsevimab protects from RSV disease, it still allows an active immune response. In summary, nirsevimab provided sustained, high levels of NAb throughout an infant's first RSV season and prevented RSV disease while allowing the development of an immune response to RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidre Wilkins
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yue Chang
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Anastasia A Aksyuk
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Beatriz Seoane Núñez
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ulrika Wählby-Hamrén
- Clinical Pharmacology & Quantitative Pharmacology, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tianhui Zhang
- Data Sciences and Quantitative Biology, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Michael E Abram
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Leach
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Tonya Villafana
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mark T Esser
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Influence of Sex on Respiratory Syncytial Virus Genotype Infection Frequency and Nasopharyngeal Microbiome. J Virol 2023; 97:e0147222. [PMID: 36815771 PMCID: PMC10062153 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01472-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has a significant health burden in children, older adults, and the immunocompromised. However, limited effort has been made to identify emergence of new RSV genotypes' frequency of infection and how the combination of nasopharyngeal microbiome and viral genotypes impact RSV disease outcomes. In an observational cohort designed to capture the first infant RSV infection, we employed multi-omics approaches to sequence 349 RSV complete genomes and matched nasopharyngeal microbiomes, during which the 2012/2013 season was dominated by RSV-A, whereas 2013 and 2014 was dominated by RSV-B. We found non-G-72nt-duplicated RSV-A strains were more frequent in male infants (P = 0.02), whereas G-72nt-duplicated genotypes (which is ON1 lineage) were seen equally in both males and females. DESeq2 testing of the nasal microbiome showed Haemophilus was significantly more abundant in infants with RSV-A infection compared to infants with RSV-B infection (adjusted P = 0.002). In addition, the broad microbial clustering of the abundant genera was significantly associated with infant sex (P = 0.03). Overall, we show sex differences in infection by RSV genotype and host nasopharyngeal microbiome, suggesting an interaction between host genetics, virus genotype, and associated nasopharyngeal microbiome. IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of lower respiratory tract infections in young children and is responsible for high hospitalization rates and morbidity in infants and the elderly. To understand how the emergence of RSV viral genotypes and viral-respiratory microbiome interactions contribute to infection frequency and severity, we utilized an observational cohort designed to capture the first infant RSV infection we employed multi-omics approaches to sequence 349 RSV complete genomes and matched nasopharyngeal microbiomes. We found non-G-72nt-duplicated RSV-A genotypes were more frequent in male infants, whereas G-72nt-duplicated RSV-A strains (ON1 lineage) were seen equally in both males and females. Microbiome analysis show Haemophilus was significantly more abundant in infants with RSV-A compared to infants with RSV-B infection and the microbial clustering of the abundant genera was associated with infant sex. Overall, we show sex differences in RSV genotype-nasopharyngeal microbiome, suggesting an interaction host genetics-virus-microbiome interaction.
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McGinnes Cullen L, Luo B, Wen Z, Zhang L, Durr E, Morrison TG. The Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) G Protein Enhances the Immune Responses to the RSV F Protein in an Enveloped Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Candidate. J Virol 2023; 97:e0190022. [PMID: 36602367 PMCID: PMC9888267 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01900-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a serious human respiratory pathogen, but no RSV vaccine has been licensed. Many vaccine candidates are focused on the viral F protein since the F protein is more conserved than the viral G protein across RSV strains and serotypes; thus, the F protein is thought more likely to induce a broader range of protection from infection. However, it is the G protein that binds the likely receptor, CX3CR1, in lung ciliated epithelial cells, raising the question of the importance of the G protein in vaccine candidates. Using virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidates, we have directly compared VLPs containing only the prefusion F protein (pre-F), only the G protein, or both glycoproteins. We report that VLPs containing both glycoproteins bind to anti-F-protein-specific monoclonal antibodies differently than do VLPs containing only the prefusion F protein. In RSV-naive cotton rats, VLPs assembled with only the pre-F protein stimulated extremely weak neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers, as did VLPs assembled with G protein. However, VLPs assembled with both glycoproteins stimulated quite robust neutralizing antibody titers, induced improved protection of the animals from RSV challenge compared to pre-F VLPs, and induced significantly higher levels of antibodies specific for F protein antigenic site 0, site III, and the AM14 binding site than did VLPs containing only the pre-F protein. These results indicate that assembly of pre-F protein with G protein in VLPs further stabilized the prefusion conformation or otherwise altered the conformation of the F protein, increasing the induction of protective antibodies. IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) results in significant disease in infants, young children, and the elderly. Thus, development of an effective vaccine for these populations is a priority. Most ongoing efforts in RSV vaccine development have focused on the viral fusion (F) protein; however, the importance of the inclusion of G in vaccine candidates is unclear. Here, using virus-like particles (VLPs) assembled with only the F protein, only the G protein, or both glycoproteins, we show that VLPs assembled with both glycoproteins are a far superior vaccine in a cotton rat model compared with VLPs containing only F protein or only G protein. The results show that the presence of G protein in the VLPs influences the conformation of the F protein and the immune responses to F protein, resulting in significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers and better protection from RSV challenge. These results suggest that inclusion of G protein in a vaccine candidate may improve its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori McGinnes Cullen
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Program in Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bin Luo
- Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhiyun Wen
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lan Zhang
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eberhard Durr
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Trudy G. Morrison
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Program in Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Bergeron HC, Tripp RA. RSV Replication, Transmission, and Disease Are Influenced by the RSV G Protein. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112396. [PMID: 36366494 PMCID: PMC9692685 DOI: 10.3390/v14112396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important to understand the features affecting virus replication, fitness, and transmissibility as they contribute to the outcome of infection and affect disease intervention approaches. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major contributor to respiratory disease, particularly in the infant and elderly populations. Although first described over 60 years ago, there are no approved vaccines and there are limited specific antiviral treatments due in part to our incomplete understanding of the features affecting RSV replication, immunity, and disease. RSV studies have typically focused on using continuous cell lines and conventional RSV strains to establish vaccine development and various antiviral countermeasures. This review outlines how the RSV G protein influences viral features, including replication, transmission, and disease, and how understanding the role of the G protein can improve the understanding of preclinical studies.
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8
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Issmail L, Möser C, Jäger C, Altattan B, Ramsbeck D, Kleinschmidt M, Buchholz M, Smith D, Grunwald T. Prefusion-specific antibody-derived peptides trivalently presented on DNA-nanoscaffolds as an innovative strategy against RSV entry. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.994843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children and the elderly worldwide, for which neither a vaccine nor an effective therapy is approved. The entry of RSV into the host cell is mediated by stepwise structural changes in the surface RSV fusion (RSV-F) glycoprotein. Recent progress in structural and functional studies of RSV-F glycoprotein revealed conformation-dependent neutralizing epitopes which have become attractive targets for vaccine and therapeutic development. As RSV-F is present on viral surface in a trimeric form, a trivalent binding interaction between a candidate fusion inhibitor and the respective epitopes on each of the three monomers is expected to prevent viral infection at higher potency than a monovalent or bivalent inhibitor. Here we demonstrate a novel RSV entry inhibitory approach by implementing a trimeric DNA nanostructure as a template to display up to three linear peptide moieties that simultaneously target an epitope on the surface of the prefusion RSV-F protein. In order to design synthetic binding peptides that can be coupled to the DNA nanostructure, the prefusion RSV-F-specific monoclonal antibody (D25) was selected. Complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) derived peptides underwent truncation and alanine-scanning mutagenesis analysis, followed by systematic sequence modifications using non-canonical amino acids. The most effective peptide candidate was used as a binding moiety to functionalize the DNA nanostructure. The designed DNA-peptide construct was able to block RSV infection on cells more efficiently than the monomeric peptides, however a more moderate reduction of viral load was observed in the lungs of infected mice upon intranasal application, likely due to dissociation or absorption of the underlying DNA structure by cells in the lungs. Taken together, our results point towards the inhibitory potential of a novel trimeric DNA-peptide based approach against RSV and open the possibility to apply this platform to target other viral infections.
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Beach SS, Hull MA, Ytreberg FM, Patel JS, Miura TA. Molecular Modeling Predicts Novel Antibody Escape Mutations in the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Glycoprotein. J Virol 2022; 96:e0035322. [PMID: 35678603 PMCID: PMC9278155 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00353-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are increasingly used for the prevention and/or treatment of viral infections. One caveat of their use is the ability of viruses to evolve resistance to antibody binding and neutralization. Computational strategies to identify viral mutations that may disrupt antibody binding would leverage the wealth of viral genomic sequence data to monitor for potential antibody-resistant mutations. The respiratory syncytial virus is an important pathogen for which monoclonal antibodies against the fusion (F) protein are used to prevent severe disease in high-risk infants. In this study, we used an approach that combines molecular dynamics simulations with FoldX to estimate changes in free energy in F protein folding and binding to the motavizumab antibody upon each possible amino acid change. We systematically selected 8 predicted escape mutations and tested them in an infectious clone. Consistent with our F protein stability predictions, replication-effective viruses were observed for each selected mutation. Six of the eight variants showed increased resistance to neutralization by motavizumab. Flow cytometry was used to validate the estimated (model-predicted) effects on antibody binding to F. Using surface plasmon resonance, we determined that changes in the on-rate of motavizumab binding were associated with the reduced affinity for two novel escape mutations. Our study empirically validated the accuracy of our molecular modeling approach and emphasized the role of biophysical protein modeling in predicting viral resistance to antibody-based therapeutics that can be used to monitor the emergence of resistant viruses and to design improved therapeutic antibodies. IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe disease in young infants, particularly those with heart or lung diseases or born prematurely. Because no vaccine is currently available, monoclonal antibodies are used to prevent severe RSV disease in high-risk infants. While it is known that RSV evolves to avoid recognition by antibodies, screening tools that can predict which changes to the virus may lead to antibody resistance are greatly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra S. Beach
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idahogrid.266456.5, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - McKenna A. Hull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idahogrid.266456.5, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - F. Marty Ytreberg
- Department of Physics, University of Idahogrid.266456.5, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idahogrid.266456.5, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Jagdish Suresh Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idahogrid.266456.5, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idahogrid.266456.5, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Tanya A. Miura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idahogrid.266456.5, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idahogrid.266456.5, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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Barnes MVC, Openshaw PJM, Thwaites RS. Mucosal Immune Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071153. [PMID: 35406717 PMCID: PMC8997753 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite over half a century of research, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced bronchiolitis remains a major cause of hospitalisation in infancy, while vaccines and specific therapies still await development. Our understanding of mucosal immune responses to RSV continues to evolve, but recent studies again highlight the role of Type-2 immune responses in RSV disease and hint at the possibility that it dampens Type-1 antiviral immunity. Other immunoregulatory pathways implicated in RSV disease highlight the importance of focussing on localised mucosal responses in the respiratory mucosa, as befits a virus that is essentially confined to the ciliated respiratory epithelium. In this review, we discuss studies of mucosal immune cell infiltration and production of inflammatory mediators in RSV bronchiolitis and relate these studies to observations from peripheral blood. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of studying the nasal mucosa in a disease that is most severe in the lower airway. A fresh focus on studies of RSV pathogenesis in the airway mucosa is set to revolutionise our understanding of this common and important infection.
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Kamau E, Otieno JR, Lewa CS, Mwema A, Murunga N, Nokes DJ, Agoti CN. Evolution of respiratory syncytial virus genotype BA in Kilifi, Kenya, 15 years on. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21176. [PMID: 33273687 PMCID: PMC7712891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is recognised as a leading cause of severe acute respiratory disease and deaths among infants and vulnerable adults. Clinical RSV isolates can be divided into several known genotypes. RSV genotype BA, characterised by a 60-nucleotide duplication in the G glycoprotein gene, emerged in 1999 and quickly disseminated globally replacing other RSV group B genotypes. Continual molecular epidemiology is critical to understand the evolutionary processes maintaining the success of the BA viruses. We analysed 735 G gene sequences from samples collected from paediatric patients in Kilifi, Kenya, between 2003 and 2017. The virus population comprised of several genetically distinct variants (n = 56) co-circulating within and between epidemics. In addition, there was consistent seasonal fluctuations in relative genetic diversity. Amino acid changes increasingly accumulated over the surveillance period including two residues (N178S and Q180R) that mapped to monoclonal antibody 2D10 epitopes, as well as addition of putative N-glycosylation sequons. Further, switching and toggling of amino acids within and between epidemics was observed. On a global phylogeny, the BA viruses from different countries form geographically isolated clusters suggesting substantial localized variants. This study offers insights into longitudinal population dynamics of a globally endemic RSV genotype within a discrete location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everlyn Kamau
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - James R Otieno
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Fogarty International Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clement S Lewa
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Anthony Mwema
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Nickson Murunga
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - D James Nokes
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Charles N Agoti
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
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12
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Efstathiou C, Abidi SH, Harker J, Stevenson NJ. Revisiting respiratory syncytial virus's interaction with host immunity, towards novel therapeutics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5045-5058. [PMID: 32556372 PMCID: PMC7298439 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Every year there are > 33 million cases of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-related respiratory infection in children under the age of five, making RSV the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in infants. RSV is a global infection, but 99% of related mortality is in low/middle-income countries. Unbelievably, 62 years after its identification, there remains no effective treatment nor vaccine for this deadly virus, leaving infants, elderly and immunocompromised patients at high risk. The success of all pathogens depends on their ability to evade and modulate the host immune response. RSV has a complex and intricate relationship with our immune systems, but a clearer understanding of these interactions is essential in the development of effective medicines. Therefore, in a bid to update and focus our research community's understanding of RSV's interaction with immune defences, this review aims to discuss how our current knowledgebase could be used to combat this global viral threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Efstathiou
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S H Abidi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - J Harker
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - N J Stevenson
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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13
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Rijsbergen LC, Rennick LJ, Laksono BM, van Run PRWA, Kuiken T, Duprex WP, de Swart RL, de Vries RD. In vivo comparison of a laboratory-adapted and clinical-isolate-based recombinant human respiratory syncytial virus. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1037-1046. [PMID: 32692644 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the leading cause of severe respiratory tract disease in infants. Most HRSV infections remain restricted to the upper respiratory tract (URT), but in a small percentage of patients the infection spreads to the lower respiratory tract, resulting in bronchiolitis or pneumonia. We have a limited understanding of HRSV pathogenesis and what factors determine disease severity, partly due to the widespread use of tissue-culture-adapted viruses. Here, we studied early viral dissemination and tropism of HRSV in cotton rats, BALB/cJ mice and C57BL/6 mice. We used a novel recombinant (r) strain based on a subgroup A clinical isolate (A11) expressing EGFP [rHRSVA11EGFP(5)]. A recombinant laboratory-adapted HRSV strain [rHRSVA2EGFP(5)] was used as a direct comparison. Our results show that rHRSVA11EGFP(5) replicated to higher viral titres than laboratory-adapted rHRSVA2EGFP(5) in the URT of cotton rats and mice. HRSV-infected cells were detected as early as 2 days post-inoculation in both species in the nasal septa and lungs. Infection was predominantly present in ciliated epithelial cells in cotton rats and in the olfactory mucosa of mice. In our opinion, this study highlights that the choice of virus strain is important when studying HRSV pathogenesis in vivo and demonstrates that A11 is a representative clinical-based virus. Additionally, we show critical differences in tropism and inflammation when comparing HRSV infection of cotton rats and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine C Rijsbergen
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda J Rennick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brigitta M Laksono
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter R W A van Run
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Systematic Review of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Prevalence, Genotype Distribution, and Seasonality in Children from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050713. [PMID: 32403364 PMCID: PMC7284433 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common viruses to infect children worldwide and is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness (LRI) in infants. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review by collecting and reviewing all the published knowledge about the epidemiology of RSV in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Therefore, we systematically searched four databases; Embase, Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane databases from 2001 to 2019 to collect all the information related to the RSV prevalence, genotype distribution, and seasonality in children in MENA region. Our search strategy identified 598 studies, of which 83 met our inclusion criteria, which cover the past 19 years (2000–2019). Odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) were calculated to measure the association between RSV prevalence, gender, and age distribution. An overall prevalence of 24.4% (n = 17,106/69,981) of respiratory infections was recorded for RSV. The highest RSV prevalence was reported in Jordan (64%, during 2006–2007) and Israel (56%, 2005–2006). RSV A subgroup was more prevalent (62.9%; OR = 2.9, 95%CI = 2.64–3.13) than RSV B. RSV was most prevalent in children who were less than 12 months old (68.6%; OR = 4.7, 95%CI = 2.6–8.6) and was higher in males (59.6%; OR = 2.17, 95%CI = 1.2–3.8) than in female infants. Finally, the highest prevalence was recorded during winter seasons in all countries, except for Pakistan. RSV prevalence in the MENA region is comparable with the global one (24.4% vs. 22%). This first comprehensive report about RSV prevalence in the MENA region and our data should be important to guide vaccine introduction decisions and future evaluation.
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15
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Joyce MG, Bao A, Chen M, Georgiev IS, Ou L, Bylund T, Druz A, Kong WP, Peng D, Rundlet EJ, Van Galen JG, Wang S, Yang Y, Zhang B, Chuang GY, McLellan JS, Graham BS, Mascola JR, Kwong PD. Crystal Structure and Immunogenicity of the DS-Cav1-Stabilized Fusion Glycoprotein From Respiratory Syncytial Virus Subtype B. Pathog Immun 2019; 4:294-323. [PMID: 31893251 PMCID: PMC6922093 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v4i2.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) subtypes, A and B, co-circulate in annual epidemics and alternate in dominance. We have shown that a subtype A RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein, stabilized in its prefusion conformation by DS-Cav1 mutations, is a promising RSV-vaccine immunogen, capable of boosting RSV-neutralizing titers in healthy adults. In both humans and vaccine-tested animals, neutralizing titers elicited by this subtype A DS-Cav1 immunogen were ~ 2- to 3-fold higher against the homologous subtype A virus than against the heterologous subtype B virus. Methods: To understand the molecular basis for this subtype difference, we introduced DS-Cav1 mutations into RSV strain B18537 F, determined the trimeric crystal structure, and carried out immunogenicity studies. Results: The B18537 DS-Cav1 F structure at 2-Å resolution afforded a precise delineation of prefusion F characteristics, including those of antigenic site Ø, a key trimer-apex site. Structural comparison with the subtype A prefusion F indicated 11% of surface residues to be different, with an alpha-carbon root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of 1.2 Å; antigenic site Ø, however, differed in 23% of its surface residues and had an alpha-carbon RMSD of 2.2 Å. Immunization of vaccine-tested animals with DS-Cav1-stabilized B18537 F induced neutralizing responses ~100-fold higher than with postfusion B18537 F. Notably, elicited responses neutralized RSV subtypes A and B at similar levels and were directed towards both conserved equatorial and diverse apical regions. Conclusion: We propose that structural differences in apical and equatorial sites–coupled to differently focused immune responses–provide a molecular explanation for observed differences in elicited subtype A and B neutralizing responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amy Bao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Man Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Li Ou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tatsiana Bylund
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dongjun Peng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emily J Rundlet
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph G Van Galen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shuishu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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16
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Bin Lu, Liu H, Tabor DE, Tovchigrechko A, Qi Y, Ruzin A, Esser MT, Jin H. Emergence of new antigenic epitopes in the glycoproteins of human respiratory syncytial virus collected from a US surveillance study, 2015-17. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3898. [PMID: 30846850 PMCID: PMC6405860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and elderly. To understand the evolution of neutralizing epitopes on the RSV glycoprotein (G) and fusion (F) proteins, we conducted a multi-year surveillance program (OUTSMART-RSV) in the US. Analysis of 1,146 RSV samples from 2015-2017 revealed a slight shift in prevalence from RSV A (58.7%) to B (53.7%) between the two seasons. RSV B was more prevalent in elderly (52.9% and 73.4%). Approximately 1% of the samples contained both RSV A and B viruses. All RSV A isolates were ON1 and almost all the B isolates were BA9 genotypes. Compared with the 2013 reference sequences, changes at the F antigenic sites of RSV B were greater than RSV A, which mainly occurred at antigenic sites V (L172Q/S173L at 99.6%), Ø (I206M/Q209K at 18.6%) and IV (E463D at 7%) of RSV B F. Sequence diversities in the G protein second hypervariable region were observed in the duplicated regions for RSV A and B, and at the G stop codon resulting in extension of 7 amino acids (22.1%) for RSV B in 2016-17. Thus, RSV surface glycoproteins are continuously evolving, and continued surveillance is important for the clinical evaluation of immunoprophylactic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lu
- MedImmune/AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- MedImmune/AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yanping Qi
- MedImmune/AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Hong Jin
- MedImmune/AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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17
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Broberg EK, Waris M, Johansen K, Snacken R, Penttinen P. Seasonality and geographical spread of respiratory syncytial virus epidemics in 15 European countries, 2010 to 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23. [PMID: 29409569 PMCID: PMC5801642 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.5.17-00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is considered the most common pathogen causing severe lower respiratory tract infections among infants and young children. We describe the seasonality and geographical spread of RSV infection in 15 countries of the European Union and European Economic Area. We performed a retrospective descriptive study of weekly laboratory-confirmed RSV detections between weeks 40/2010 and 20/2016, in patients investigated for influenza-like illness, acute respiratory infection or following the clinician's judgment. Six countries reported 4,230 sentinel RSV laboratory diagnoses from primary care and 14 countries reported 156,188 non-sentinel laboratory diagnoses from primary care or hospitals. The median length of the RSV season based on sentinel and non-sentinel surveillance was 16 (range: 9-24) and 18 (range: 8-24) weeks, respectively. The median peak weeks for sentinel and non-sentinel detections were week 4 (range: 48 to 11) and week 4.5 (range: 49 to 17), respectively. RSV detections peaked later (r = 0.56; p = 0.0360) and seasons lasted longer with increasing latitude (r = 0.57; p = 0.0329). Our data demonstrated regular seasonality with moderate correlation between timing of the epidemic and increasing latitude of the country. This study supports the use of RSV diagnostics within influenza or other surveillance systems to monitor RSV seasonality and geographical spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva K Broberg
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matti Waris
- Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari Johansen
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - René Snacken
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pasi Penttinen
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Smatti MK, Al Thani AA, Yassine HM. Viral-Induced Enhanced Disease Illness. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2991. [PMID: 30568643 PMCID: PMC6290032 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding immune responses to viral infections is crucial to progress in the quest for effective infection prevention and control. The host immunity involves various mechanisms to combat viral infections. Under certain circumstances, a viral infection or vaccination may result in a subverted immune system, which may lead to an exacerbated illness. Clinical evidence of enhanced illness by preexisting antibodies from vaccination, infection or maternal passive immunity is available for several viruses and is presumptively proposed for other viruses. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. It has been confirmed that certain infection- and/or vaccine-induced immunity could exacerbate viral infectivity in Fc receptor- or complement bearing cells- mediated mechanisms. Considering that antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) is a major obstacle in vaccine development, there are continues efforts to understand the underlying mechanisms through identification of the epitopes and antibodies responsible for disease enhancement or protection. This review discusses the recent findings on virally induced ADE, and highlights the potential mechanisms leading to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Smatti
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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19
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of infant hospitalization and causes a high burden of disease in the elderly, too. This enveloped negative-stranded RNA virus has been recently reclassified in the Pneumoviridae family. Infections of the respiratory cells happens when the two major surface glycoproteins, G and F, take contact with the cell receptor CX3CR1 and mediate entry by fusion, respectively. Viral mRNA transcription, genomic RNA synthesis and nucleocapsid formation occur in large cytoplasmic inclusion bodies to avoid recognition by the host innate immune response. Most progeny virions remain associated to the infected cell surface; fusion of infected with adjacent cells results in the formation of large multinucleated syncytia that eventually undergo apoptosis. Desquamated epithelial cells form the plugs that with mucus and fibrin may cause lower airway obstructions. Pathogenetic mechanism of severe RSV disease likely involve both the extent of viral replication and the host immune response. Regarding the latter, single nucleotide polymorphism analysis and genome-wide association studies showed that genetic susceptibility to severe RSV infection is likely a complex trait, in which many different host genetic variants contribute. Recent studies pointed to the fact that bronchiolitis severity depends more on the specific infecting RSV genotypes than on the amount of viral loads. A population-based surveillance system to better define RSV burden of disease would be of valuable help for implementing future vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pierangeli
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy -
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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20
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Krivitskaya VZ, Sintsova KS, Petrova ER, Sverlova MV, Sorokin EV, Tsareva TR, Komissarov AB, Fadeev AV, Pisareva MM, Buzitskaya ZV, Afanaseva VS, Sukhovetskaya VF, Sominina AA. GENETIC AND ANTIGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS STRAINS ISOLATED IN ST. PETERSBURG IN 2013-2016. Vopr Virusol 2017; 62:273-282. [PMID: 36494959 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-6-273-282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic and genetic characteristics of Russian RSV isolates are presented for the first time. Of the 69 strains isolated in St. Petersburg, 93% belonged to the RSV-A antigenic group. The antigenic variations in the F-protein RSV were analyzed using a panel from 6 monoclonal antibodies by the method of micro-cultural ELISA. Depending on the decrease in the effectiveness of interaction with monoclonal antibodies (relative to the reference strain Long), RSV-A isolates were divided into 4 antigenic subgroups. The results of 24 isolates sequencing showed that more than 60% of them had substitutions in significant F-protein sites compared to the ON67-1210A reference strain of the current RSV genotype ON1/GA2. The most variable were the signal peptide and antigenic site II. When comparing the results of ELISA and sequencing, it was not possible to identify any specific key substitutions in the amino acid sequence of the F-protein that affect the interaction of the virus with antibodies. The nucleotide sequence of the F-gene from 19 of the 24 characterized isolates was close to that of ON67-1210A reference virus and was significantly different from RSV-A Long and A2 viruses. A separate group consisted of 5 strains, in which the F-protein structure was approximated to RSV Long.
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21
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Hashimoto K, Hosoya M. Neutralizing epitopes of RSV and palivizumab resistance in Japan. Fukushima J Med Sci 2017; 63:127-134. [PMID: 28867684 PMCID: PMC5792496 DOI: 10.5387/fms.2017-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is one of the most important viral pathogen related to acute lower respiratory infection in young children. The virus surface envelope contains the G, F, and SH proteins as spike proteins. The F protein is considered to be a major antigenic target for the neutralizing (NT) epitope as only the F protein is essential for cell infection among the three viral envelope proteins, and it is more highly conserved than the G protein. Recently, four antigenic targets related to NT activity have been reported;site I, site II, site IV, and site zero (0). Site II is the target for palivizumab used throughout the world to suppress severe RSV infection as passive immunity in high-risk children since 1998. Under the recent conditions in which indications for palivizumab administered subjects are being expanded, palivizumab-resistant mutations have been confirmed overseas in children with RSV infection, although they remain infrequent. Therefore, continuous genetic analysis of the palivizumab-binding region of the F protein is necessary. In addition, as vaccine development progresses, RSV infection control is expected to improve greatly over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
| | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
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22
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Capella C, Chaiwatpongsakorn S, Gorrell E, Risch ZA, Ye F, Mertz SE, Johnson SM, Moore-Clingenpeel M, Ramilo O, Mejias A, Peeples ME. Prefusion F, Postfusion F, G Antibodies, and Disease Severity in Infants and Young Children With Acute Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1398-1406. [PMID: 29029312 PMCID: PMC5853469 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Maternally derived RSV-specific antibodies play a role in protection against RSV infection in early life, but data regarding the concentration and specificity of those antibodies are incomplete. Methods We prospectively enrolled a cohort of previously healthy infants and young children hospitalized (n = 45) or evaluated as outpatients (n = 20) for RSV infection, and healthy noninfected age-matched controls (n = 18). Serum samples were obtained at enrollment to quantify the concentrations and neutralizing activity of serum immunoglobulin G antibodies to the RSV prefusion (pre-F), postfusion (post-F), and G glycoproteins. We also assessed the associations between antibody concentrations and clinical disease severity. Results Concentrations of pre-F antibodies were ≥3-fold higher than post-F antibodies and >30-fold higher than G antibodies in serum from infants with acute RSV infection. Antibody concentrations and neutralizing activity inversely correlated with age. The pre-F antibodies displayed the greatest neutralizing activity (55%-100%), followed by G (0%-45%), and post-F (0%-29%) antibodies. Higher concentrations of pre-F and G antibodies, but not post-F antibodies, were associated with lower clinical disease severity scores. Conclusions Maternal antibodies directed to pre-F, followed by antibodies directed to G, can modulate RSV disease severity in young infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Capella
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | | | - Erin Gorrell
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | - Zachary A Risch
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | - Fang Ye
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | - Sara E Mertz
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | - Sara M Johnson
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | | | - Octavio Ramilo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
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23
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Tian D, Battles MB, Moin SM, Chen M, Modjarrad K, Kumar A, Kanekiyo M, Graepel KW, Taher NM, Hotard AL, Moore ML, Zhao M, Zheng ZZ, Xia NS, McLellan JS, Graham BS. Structural basis of respiratory syncytial virus subtype-dependent neutralization by an antibody targeting the fusion glycoprotein. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1877. [PMID: 29187732 PMCID: PMC5707411 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01858-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A licensed vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is unavailable, and passive prophylaxis with the antibody palivizumab is restricted to high-risk infants. Recently isolated antibodies 5C4 and D25 are substantially more potent than palivizumab, and a derivative of D25 is in clinical trials. Here we show that unlike D25, 5C4 preferentially neutralizes subtype A viruses. The crystal structure of 5C4 bound to the RSV fusion (F) protein reveals that the overall binding mode of 5C4 is similar to that of D25, but their angles of approach are substantially different. Mutagenesis and virological studies demonstrate that RSV F residue 201 is largely responsible for the subtype specificity of 5C4. These results improve our understanding of subtype-specific immunity and the neutralization breadth requirements of next-generation antibodies, and thereby contribute to the design of broadly protective RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiyin Tian
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Michael B Battles
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Syed M Moin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Man Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Azad Kumar
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kevin W Graepel
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Noor M Taher
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Anne L Hotard
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Division of Select Agents and Toxins, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Martin L Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Meissa Vaccines, Inc South, San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Zi-Zheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Ning-Shao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Trento A, Rodríguez-Fernández R, González-Sánchez MI, González-Martínez F, Mas V, Vázquez M, Palomo C, Melero JA. The Complexity of Antibody Responses Elicited against the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Glycoproteins in Hospitalized Children Younger than 2 Years. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2301. [PMID: 29213258 PMCID: PMC5702767 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of age and maternal antibodies on the antibody responses to human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) glycoproteins in very young children has been a matter of controversy. Both, immaturity of the immune system at very early age and suppression of the host immune response by high level of maternal antibodies have been claimed to limit the host antibody response to virus infection and to jeopardize the use of hRSV vaccines under development in that age group. Hence, the antibody responses to the two major hRSV glycoproteins (F and G) were evaluated in children younger than 2 years, hospitalized with laboratory confirmed hRSV bronchiolitis. A strong negative correlation was found between the titre of circulating ELISA antibodies directed against either prefusion or postfusion F in the acute phase, but not age, and their fold change at convalescence. These changes correlated also with the level of circulating neutralizing antibodies in sera. As reported in adults, most neutralizing antibodies in a subset of tested sera could not be depleted with postfusion F, suggesting that they were mostly directed against prefusion-specific epitopes. In contrast, a weak negative association was found for group-specific anti-G antibodies in the acute phase and their fold change at convalescence only after correcting for the antigenic group of the infecting virus. In addition, large discrepancies were observed in some individuals between the antibody responses specific for F and G glycoproteins. These results illustrate the complexity of the anti-hRSV antibody responses in children experiencing a primary severe infection and the influence of preexisting maternal antibodies on the host response, factors that should influence hRSV serological studies as well as vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonsina Trento
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Rodríguez-Fernández
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón - CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - María I González-Sánchez
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón - CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe González-Martínez
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón - CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Mas
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Vázquez
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Palomo
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Melero
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Korsun N, Angelova S, Tzotcheva I, Georgieva I, Lazova S, Parina S, Alexiev I, Perenovska P. Prevalence and genetic characterisation of respiratory syncytial viruses circulating in Bulgaria during the 2014/15 and 2015/16 winter seasons. Pathog Glob Health 2017; 111:351-361. [PMID: 28948867 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1375708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) in infants and young children. The objectives of this study were to investigate the RSV circulation among children aged <5 years in Bulgaria, to identify the RSV-A and RSV-B genotypes and to perform an amino acid sequence analysis of second hypervariable region (HVR2) of the G gene. During the 2014/15 and 2015/16 winter seasons, nasopharyngeal specimens of 610 children aged <5 years with ARI were tested using Real Time RT-PCR for influenza viruses, RSV, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses, rhinoviruses and adenoviruses. Viral respiratory pathogens were detected in 429 (70%) out of 610 patients examined and RSV was the most frequently identified virus (26%) followed by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus (14%) (p < .05). RSV was the most prevalent pathogen in patients with bronchiolitis (48%) and pneumonia (38%). In the 2014/15 season, RSV-A dominated slightly (53%), while in the next season RSV-B viruses prevailed more strongly (66%). The phylogenetic analysis based on the G gene indicated that all 21 studied RSV-A strains belonged to the ON1 genotype; the vast majority (96%) of the RSV-B strains were classified into BA9 genotype and only one - into BA10 genotype. All Bulgarian RSV-A and RSV-B sequences contained a 72-nt and a 60-nt duplication in the HVR2, respectively. The study showed the leading role of this pathogen as a causative agent of serious respiratory illnesses in early childhood, year-on-year fluctuations in RSV incidence, a shift from RSV-A to RSV-B subgroup dominance and relatively low genetic divergence in the circulating strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neli Korsun
- a Department of Virology , National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Svetla Angelova
- a Department of Virology , National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Iren Tzotcheva
- b Paediatric clinic , University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Irina Georgieva
- a Department of Virology , National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Snezhina Lazova
- b Paediatric clinic , University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Snezhana Parina
- b Paediatric clinic , University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Ivaylo Alexiev
- a Department of Virology , National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Penka Perenovska
- b Paediatric clinic , University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University , Sofia , Bulgaria
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Preclinical Characterization of PC786, an Inhaled Small-Molecule Respiratory Syncytial Virus L Protein Polymerase Inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00737-17. [PMID: 28652242 PMCID: PMC5571287 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00737-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children, attempts to develop an effective therapy have so far proved unsuccessful. Here we report the preclinical profiles of PC786, a potent nonnucleoside RSV L protein polymerase inhibitor, designed for inhalation treatment of RSV infection. PC786 demonstrated a potent and selective antiviral activity against laboratory-adapted or clinical isolates of RSV-A (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], <0.09 to 0.71 nM) and RSV-B (IC50, 1.3 to 50.6 nM), which were determined by inhibition of cytopathic effects in HEp-2 cells without causing detectable cytotoxicity. The underlying inhibition of virus replication was confirmed by PCR analysis. The effects of PC786 were largely unaffected by the multiplicity of infection (MOI) and were retained in the face of established RSV replication in a time-of-addition study. Persistent anti-RSV effects of PC786 were also demonstrated in human bronchial epithelial cells. In vivo intranasal once daily dosing with PC786 was able to reduce the virus load to undetectable levels in lung homogenates from RSV-infected mice and cotton rats. Treatment with escalating concentrations identified a dominant mutation in the L protein (Y1631H) in vitro. In addition, PC786 potently inhibited RSV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity in a cell-free enzyme assay and minigenome assay in HEp-2 cells (IC50, 2.1 and 0.5 nM, respectively). Thus, PC786 was shown to be a potent anti-RSV agent via inhibition of RdRp activity, making topical treatment with this compound a novel potential therapy for the treatment of human RSV infections.
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27
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Infections Caused by HRSV A ON1 Are Predominant among Hospitalized Infants with Bronchiolitis in São Paulo City. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017. [PMID: 28626754 PMCID: PMC5463120 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3459785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus is the main cause of respiratory infections in infants. Several HRSV genotypes have been described. Goals. To describe the main genotypes that caused infections in São Paulo (2013-2015) and to analyze their clinical/epidemiological features. Methods. 94 infants (0-6 months) with bronchiolitis were studied. Clinical/epidemiological information was collected; a search for 16 viruses in nasopharyngeal secretion (PCR-real-time and conventional, sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses) was performed. Results. The mean age was 2.4 m; 48% were male. The mean length of hospital stay was 4.4 d (14% in the Intensive Care Unit). The positive rate of respiratory virus was 98.9%; 73 cases (77.6%) were HRSV (76,7% HRSVA). HRSVA formed three clusters: ON1 (n = 34), NA1 (n = 1), and NA2 (n = 4). All HRSVB were found to cluster in the BA genotype (BA9-n = 10; BA10-n = 3). Clinical analyses showed no significant differences between the genotype AON1 and other genotypes. Conclusion. This study showed a high rate of HRSV detection in bronchiolitis. HRSVA ON1, which has recently been described in other countries and has not been identified in previous studies in the southeast region of Brazil, was predominant. The clinical characteristics of the infants that were infected with AON1 were similar to infants with infections by other genotypes.
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28
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Antigenic Drift Defines a New D4 Subgenotype of Measles Virus. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00209-17. [PMID: 28356529 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00209-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The measles virus hemagglutinin (MeV-H) protein is the main target of protective neutralizing antibodies. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that recognize known major antigenic sites in MeV-H, we identified a D4 genotype variant that escapes neutralization by MAbs targeting the neutralizing epitope (NE) antigenic site. By site-directed mutagenesis, L249P was identified as the critical mutation disrupting the NE in this genotype D4 variant. Forty-two available D4 genotype gene sequences were subsequently analyzed and divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of the L249P MeV-H mutation. Further analysis of the MeV-N gene sequences of these 2 groups confirmed that they represent clearly definable, sequence-divergent D4 subgenotypes, which we named subgenotypes D4.1 and D4.2. The subgenotype D4.1 MeVs were isolated predominantly in Kenya and Ethiopia, whereas the MAb-resistant subgenotype D4.2 MeVs were isolated predominantly in France and Great Britain, countries with higher vaccine coverage rates. Interestingly, D4.2 subgenotype viruses showed a trend toward diminished susceptibility to neutralization by human sera pooled from approximately 60 to 80 North American donors. Escape from MAb neutralization may be a powerful epidemiological surveillance tool to monitor the evolution of new MeV subgenotypes.IMPORTANCE Measles virus is a paradigmatic RNA virus, as the antigenic composition of the vaccination has not needed to be updated since its discovery. The vaccine confers protection by inducing neutralizing antibodies that interfere with the function of the hemagglutinin protein. Viral strains are indistinguishable serologically, although characteristic nucleotide sequences differentiate 24 genotypes. In this work, we describe a distant evolutionary branch within genotype D4. Designated subgenotype D4.2, this virus is distinguishable by neutralization with vaccine-induced monoclonal antibodies that target the neutralizing epitope (NE). The subgenotype D4.2 viruses have a higher predominance in countries with intermediary levels of vaccine coverage. Our studies demonstrate that subgenotype D4.2 lacks epitopes associated with half of the known antigenic sites, which significantly impacts our understanding of measles virus evolution.
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29
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Hillyer P, Mane VP, Chen A, Dos Santos MB, Schramm LM, Shepard RE, Luongo C, Le Nouën C, Huang L, Yan L, Buchholz UJ, Jubin RG, Collins PL, Rabin RL. Respiratory syncytial virus infection induces a subset of types I and III interferons in human dendritic cells. Virology 2017; 504:63-72. [PMID: 28157546 PMCID: PMC5337151 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Whether respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) induces severe infantile pulmonary disease may depend on viral strain and expression of types I and III interferons (IFNs). These IFNs impact disease severity by inducing expression of many anti-viral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). To investigate the impact of RSV strain on IFN and ISG expression, we stimulated human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) with either RSV A2 or Line 19 and measured expression of types I and III IFNs and ISGs. At 24h, A2 elicited higher ISG expression than Line 19. Both strains induced MDDCs to express genes for IFN-β, IFN-α1, IFN-α8, and IFN-λ1-3, but only A2 induced IFN-α2, -α14 and -α21. We then show that IFN-α8 and IFN-α14 most potently induced MDDCs and bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) to express ISGs. Our findings demonstrate that RSV strain may impact patterns of types I and III IFN expression and the magnitude of the ISG response by DCs and BECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Hillyer
- Laboratory of Immunobiochemistry, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Viraj P Mane
- Laboratory of Immunobiochemistry, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Aaron Chen
- Laboratory of Immunobiochemistry, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Maria B Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Immunobiochemistry, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Lynnsie M Schramm
- Laboratory of Immunobiochemistry, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Rachel E Shepard
- Laboratory of Immunobiochemistry, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Cindy Luongo
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes for Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cyril Le Nouën
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes for Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lei Huang
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Lihan Yan
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes for Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Peter L Collins
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes for Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ronald L Rabin
- Laboratory of Immunobiochemistry, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States.
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30
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Evidence of respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza-3 virus in Mexican sheep. Virusdisease 2017; 28:102-110. [PMID: 28466061 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a first report in Mexico of the presence of antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza-3 virus in Mexican sheep in different productive stages. We determine the association of serological positivity with age and production system, and obtain molecular evidence of infection by both virus. RSV prevalence in adult sheep was 47% (49/105) at the tropic and 64% (63/99) at the uplands. A significant difference in RSV seropositivity between animals from the tropic and the uplands was observed (P < 0.05). Seropositivity correlated with production system (P = 0.003, OR = 2.042), with a risk of showing antibodies was 2.042 times higher in sheep under an extensive production system. A significant difference in PI3V seropositivity between animals from either provenance (P = 0.017, OR = 0.475) were also found, with a risk of showing antibodies 0.475 times higher in sheep under an extensive production system. Genetic material from RSV and PI3V was identified by RT-PCR in nasal swab samples from clinically healthy lambs and confirmed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Serological results show that sheep are susceptible to infection by both viruses, and molecular results suggest that the identified antibodies are result of natural infections and reinfections.
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31
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Trivalency of a Nanobody Specific for the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Glycoprotein Drastically Enhances Virus Neutralization and Impacts Escape Mutant Selection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6498-6509. [PMID: 27550346 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00842-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ALX-0171 is a trivalent Nanobody derived from monovalent Nb017 that binds to antigenic site II of the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) fusion (F) glycoprotein. ALX-0171 is about 6,000 to 10,000 times more potent than Nb017 in neutralization tests with strains of hRSV antigenic groups A and B. To explore the effect of this enhanced neutralization on escape mutant selection, viruses resistant to either ALX-0171 or Nb017 were isolated after serial passage of the hRSV Long strain in the presence of suboptimal concentrations of the respective Nanobodies. Resistant viruses emerged notably faster with Nb017 than with ALX-0171 and in both cases contained amino acid changes in antigenic site II of hRSV F. Detailed binding and neutralization analyses of these escape mutants as well as previously described mutants resistant to certain monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) offered a comprehensive description of site II mutations which are relevant for neutralization by MAbs and Nanobodies. Notably, ALX-0171 showed a sizeable neutralization potency with most escape mutants, even with some of those selected with the Nanobody, and these findings make ALX-0171 an attractive antiviral for treatment of hRSV infections.
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32
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Structural, antigenic and immunogenic features of respiratory syncytial virus glycoproteins relevant for vaccine development. Vaccine 2016; 35:461-468. [PMID: 27692522 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extraordinary progress in the structure and immunobiology of the human respiratory syncytial virus glycoproteins has been accomplished during the last few years. Determination of the fusion (F) glycoprotein structure folded in either the prefusion or the postfusion conformation was an inspiring breakthrough not only to understand the structural changes associated with the membrane fusion process but additionally to appreciate the antigenic intricacies of the F protein. Furthermore, these developments have opened new avenues for structure-based designs of promising hRSV vaccine candidates. Finally, recent advances in our knowledge of the attachment (G) glycoprotein and its interaction with cell-surface receptors have revitalized interest in this molecule as a vaccine, as well as its role in hRSV immunobiology.
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33
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus whole-genome sequencing identifies convergent evolution of sequence duplication in the C-terminus of the G gene. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26311. [PMID: 27212633 PMCID: PMC4876326 DOI: 10.1038/srep26311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide and is the most important respiratory viral pathogen in infants. Extensive sequence variability within and between RSV group A and B viruses and the ability of multiple clades and sub-clades of RSV to co-circulate are likely mechanisms contributing to the evasion of herd immunity. Surveillance and large-scale whole-genome sequencing of RSV is currently limited but would help identify its evolutionary dynamics and sites of selective immune evasion. In this study, we performed complete-genome next-generation sequencing of 92 RSV isolates from infants in central Tennessee during the 2012–2014 RSV seasons. We identified multiple co-circulating clades of RSV from both the A and B groups. Each clade is defined by signature N- and O-linked glycosylation patterns. Analyses of specific RSV genes revealed high rates of positive selection in the attachment (G) gene. We identified RSV-A viruses in circulation with and without a recently reported 72-nucleotide G gene sequence duplication. Furthermore, we show evidence of convergent evolution of G gene sequence duplication and fixation over time, which suggests a potential fitness advantage of RSV with the G sequence duplication.
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34
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Detalle L, Stohr T, Palomo C, Piedra PA, Gilbert BE, Mas V, Millar A, Power UF, Stortelers C, Allosery K, Melero JA, Depla E. Generation and Characterization of ALX-0171, a Potent Novel Therapeutic Nanobody for the Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6-13. [PMID: 26438495 PMCID: PMC4704182 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01802-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important causative agent of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and elderly individuals. Its fusion (F) protein is critical for virus infection. It is targeted by several investigational antivirals and by palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody used prophylactically in infants considered at high risk of severe RSV disease. ALX-0171 is a trimeric Nanobody that binds the antigenic site II of RSV F protein with subnanomolar affinity. ALX-0171 demonstrated in vitro neutralization superior to that of palivizumab against prototypic RSV subtype A and B strains. Moreover, ALX-0171 completely blocked replication to below the limit of detection for 87% of the viruses tested, whereas palivizumab did so for 18% of the viruses tested at a fixed concentration. Importantly, ALX-0171 was highly effective in reducing both nasal and lung RSV titers when delivered prophylactically or therapeutically directly to the lungs of cotton rats. ALX-0171 represents a potent novel antiviral compound with significant potential to treat RSV-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Concepción Palomo
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Brian E Gilbert
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vicente Mas
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrena Millar
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Ultan F Power
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - José A Melero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Ngwuta JO, Chen M, Modjarrad K, Joyce MG, Kanekiyo M, Kumar A, Yassine HM, Moin SM, Killikelly AM, Chuang GY, Druz A, Georgiev IS, Rundlet EJ, Sastry M, Stewart-Jones GBE, Yang Y, Zhang B, Nason MC, Capella C, Peeples ME, Ledgerwood JE, McLellan JS, Kwong PD, Graham BS. Prefusion F-specific antibodies determine the magnitude of RSV neutralizing activity in human sera. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:309ra162. [PMID: 26468324 PMCID: PMC4672383 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac4241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is estimated to claim more lives among infants <1 year old than any other single pathogen, except malaria, and poses a substantial global health burden. Viral entry is mediated by a type I fusion glycoprotein (F) that transitions from a metastable prefusion (pre-F) to a stable postfusion (post-F) trimer. A highly neutralization-sensitive epitope, antigenic site Ø, is found only on pre-F. We determined what fraction of neutralizing (NT) activity in human sera is dependent on antibodies specific for antigenic site Ø or other antigenic sites on F in healthy subjects from ages 7 to 93 years. Adsorption of individual sera with stabilized pre-F protein removed >90% of NT activity and depleted binding antibodies to both F conformations. In contrast, adsorption with post-F removed ~30% of NT activity, and binding antibodies to pre-F were retained. These findings were consistent across all age groups. Protein competition neutralization assays with pre-F mutants in which sites Ø or II were altered to knock out binding of antibodies to the corresponding sites showed that these sites accounted for ~35 and <10% of NT activity, respectively. Binding competition assays with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) indicated that the amount of site Ø-specific antibodies correlated with NT activity, whereas the magnitude of binding competed by site II mAbs did not correlate with neutralization. Our results indicate that RSV NT activity in human sera is primarily derived from pre-F-specific antibodies, and therefore, inducing or boosting NT activity by vaccination will be facilitated by using pre-F antigens that preserve site Ø.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan O Ngwuta
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Man Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Azad Kumar
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Syed M Moin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - April M Killikelly
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emily J Rundlet
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mallika Sastry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Guillaume B E Stewart-Jones
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martha C Nason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cristina Capella
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Mark E Peeples
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Attachment Glycoprotein Contribution to Infection Depends on the Specific Fusion Protein. J Virol 2015; 90:245-53. [PMID: 26468535 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02140-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important pathogen causing acute lower respiratory tract disease in children. The RSV attachment glycoprotein (G) is not required for infection, as G-null RSV replicates efficiently in several cell lines. Our laboratory previously reported that the viral fusion (F) protein is a determinant of strain-dependent pathogenesis. Here, we hypothesized that virus dependence on G is determined by the strain specificity of F. We generated recombinant viruses expressing G and F, or null for G, from the laboratory A2 strain (Katushka RSV-A2GA2F [kRSV-A2GA2F] and kRSV-GstopA2F) or the clinical isolate A2001/2-20 (kRSV-2-20G2-20F and kRSV-Gstop2-20F). We quantified the virus cell binding, entry kinetics, infectivity, and growth kinetics of these four recombinant viruses in vitro. RSV expressing the 2-20 G protein exhibited the greatest binding activity. Compared to the parental viruses expressing G and F, removal of 2-20 G had more deleterious effects on binding, entry, infectivity, and growth than removal of A2 G. Overall, RSV expressing 2-20 F had a high dependence on G for binding, entry, and infection. IMPORTANCE RSV is the leading cause of childhood acute respiratory disease requiring hospitalization. As with other paramyxoviruses, two major RSV surface viral glycoproteins, the G attachment protein and the F fusion protein, mediate virus binding and subsequent membrane fusion, respectively. Previous work on the RSV A2 prototypical strain demonstrated that the G protein is functionally dispensable for in vitro replication. This is in contrast to other paramyxoviruses that require attachment protein function as a prerequisite for fusion. We reevaluated this requirement for RSV using G and F proteins from clinical isolate 2-20. Compared to the laboratory A2 strain, the G protein from 2-20 had greater contributions to virus binding, entry, infectivity, and in vitro growth kinetics. Thus, the clinical isolate 2-20 F protein function depended more on its G protein, suggesting that RSV has a higher dependence on G than previously thought.
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Byington CL, Wilkes J, Korgenski K, Sheng X. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated mortality in hospitalized infants and young children. Pediatrics 2015; 135:e24-31. [PMID: 25489019 PMCID: PMC4279071 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of pediatric hospitalization, but the mortality rate and estimated annual deaths are based on decades-old data. Our objective was to describe contemporary RSV-associated mortality in hospitalized infants and children aged <2 years. METHODS We queried the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) for 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2009 and the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) administrative data from 2000 to 2011 for hospitalizations with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes for RSV infection and mortality. RESULTS The KID data sets identified 607 937 RSV-associated admissions and 550 deaths (9.0 deaths/10 000 admissions). The PHIS data set identified 264 721 RSV-associated admissions and 671 deaths (25.4 deaths/10 000 admissions) (P < .001 compared with the KID data set). The 2009 KID data set estimated 42.0 annual deaths (3.0 deaths/10 000 admissions) for those with a primary diagnosis of RSV. The PHIS data set identified 259 deaths with a primary diagnosis of RSV, with mortality rates peaking at 14.0/10 000 admissions in 2002 and 2003 and decreasing to 4.0/10 000 patients by 2011 (odds ratio: 0.27 [95% confidence interval: 0.14-0.52]). The majority of deaths in both the KID and PHIS data sets occurred in infants with complex chronic conditions and in those with other acute conditions such as sepsis that could have contributed to their deaths. CONCLUSIONS Deaths associated with RSV are uncommon in the 21st century. Children with complex chronic conditions account for the majority of deaths, and the relative contribution of RSV infection to their deaths is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob Wilkes
- Intermountain Healthcare, Pediatric Clinical Programs, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kent Korgenski
- Intermountain Healthcare, Pediatric Clinical Programs, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Xiaoming Sheng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
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