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de Lima RC, Dias HG, de Souza TMA, Familiar-Macedo D, Ribeiro ED, Corrêa VCE, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, de Azeredo EL, dos Santos FB. Oropouche Virus Exposure in Febrile Patients during Chikungunya Virus Introduction in the State of Amapá, Amazon Region, Brazil. Pathogens 2024; 13:469. [PMID: 38921767 PMCID: PMC11206884 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Oropouche orthobunyavirus (OROV) is an arbovirus transmitted by midges that has been involved in outbreaks throughout Central and South America. In Brazil, human cases have been historically concentrated in the northern region of the country. Oropouche fever in humans range from mild clinical signs to rare neurological events, and is considered a neglected tropical disease in Brazil. Due to the clinical similarities to other arboviruses, such as chikungunya and dengue viruses, OROV infections are likely to be underreported. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) cases in Brazil were first recognized in 2014 in the states of Amapá and Bahia in the north and northeast regions, respectively. Both OROV and CHIKV cause nonspecific symptoms, making clinical diagnosis difficult in a scenario of arbovirus cocirculation. Aiming to investigate OROV transmission during the CHIKV introduction in the state of Amapá located in the Brazilian Amazon, we conducted a retrospective molecular (RT-qPCR) and serological investigation in febrile cases (N = 166) collected between August 2014 and May 2015. All acute serum samples were negative for OROV RNA using RT-qPCR. However, neutralizing antibodies for OROV were detected using a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT90) in 10.24% (17/166) of the patients, with neutralizing antibody titers ranging from 20 to ≥640, suggesting the previous exposure of patients to OROV. Regarding CHIKV, recent exposure was confirmed by the detection of CHIKV RNA in 20.25% (33/163) of the patients and by the detection of anti-CHIKV IgM in 28.57% (44/154) of the patients. The additional detection of anti-CHIKV IgG in 12.58% (19/151) of the febrile patients suggests that some individuals had been previously exposed to CHIKV. Whether the OROV exposure reported here occurred prior or during the CHIKV circulation in Amapá, is unknown, but because those arboviral infections share similar clinical signs and symptoms, a silent circulation of enzootic arboviruses during the introduction of exotic arboviruses may occur, and highlights the importance of syndromic cases' surveillance to arboviruses in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Curtinhas de Lima
- Laboratório das Interações Vírus-Hospedeiros, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (R.C.d.L.); (H.G.D.); (T.M.A.d.S.); (D.F.-M.); (E.L.d.A.)
| | - Helver Gonçalves Dias
- Laboratório das Interações Vírus-Hospedeiros, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (R.C.d.L.); (H.G.D.); (T.M.A.d.S.); (D.F.-M.); (E.L.d.A.)
| | - Thiara Manuele Alves de Souza
- Laboratório das Interações Vírus-Hospedeiros, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (R.C.d.L.); (H.G.D.); (T.M.A.d.S.); (D.F.-M.); (E.L.d.A.)
| | - Débora Familiar-Macedo
- Laboratório das Interações Vírus-Hospedeiros, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (R.C.d.L.); (H.G.D.); (T.M.A.d.S.); (D.F.-M.); (E.L.d.A.)
| | | | | | - Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil;
| | - Elzinandes Leal de Azeredo
- Laboratório das Interações Vírus-Hospedeiros, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (R.C.d.L.); (H.G.D.); (T.M.A.d.S.); (D.F.-M.); (E.L.d.A.)
| | - Flávia Barreto dos Santos
- Laboratório das Interações Vírus-Hospedeiros, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (R.C.d.L.); (H.G.D.); (T.M.A.d.S.); (D.F.-M.); (E.L.d.A.)
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Puig-Torrents M, Díez J. Controlling arbovirus infection: high-throughput transcriptome and proteome insights. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1330303. [PMID: 38414768 PMCID: PMC10896924 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1330303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses pose a significant threat to public health globally, demanding innovative approaches for their control. For this, a better understanding of the complex web of interactions established in arbovirus-infected mosquitoes is fundamental. High-throughput analyses allow a genome-wide view of arbovirus-induced alterations at different gene expression levels. This review provides a comprehensive perspective into the current literature in transcriptome and proteome landscapes in mosquitoes infected with arboviruses. It also proposes a coordinated research effort to define the critical nodes that determine arbovirus infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juana Díez
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Shoushtari M, Rismani E, Salehi-Vaziri M, Azadmanesh K. Structure-based evaluation of the envelope domain III-nonstructural protein 1 (EDIII-NS1) fusion as a dengue virus vaccine candidate. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38319049 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2311350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The lack of effective medicines or vaccines, combined with climate change and other environmental factors, annually subjects a significant proportion of the world's inhabitants to the risk of dengue virus (DENV) infection. These conditions increase the likelihood of exposure to mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever. Hence, many research approaches tend to develop efficient vaccine candidates against the dengue virus. Therefore, we used immunoinformatics and bioinformatics to design a construction for developing a candidate vaccine against dengue virus serotypes. In this study, the in silico structure, containing the non-structural protein 1 region (NS1) (consensus and epitope), the envelope domain III protein (EDIII) as the structural part of the virus construction, and the bc-loop of envelope domain II (EDII) as the neutralizing and protected epitope, were employed. We utilized in silico tools to enhance the immunogenicity and effectiveness of dengue virus vaccine candidates. Evaluations included refining and validating physicochemical characteristics, B and T-cell epitopes, homology modeling, and the three-dimensional structure to assess the designed vaccine's quality. In silico results for tertiary structure prediction and validation revealed high-quality modeling for all vaccine constructs. Additionally, the instructed model demonstrated stability throughout molecular dynamics simulation. The results of the immune simulation suggested that the titers of IgG and IgM could be raised to desirable values following injection into in vivo models. It can be concluded that the designed construct effectively induce humoral and cellular immunity and can be proposed as effective vaccine candidate against four dengue serotypes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elham Rismani
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Sørensen CV, Fernández J, Adams AC, Wildenauer HHK, Schoffelen S, Ledsgaard L, Pucca MB, Fiebig M, Cerni FA, Tulika T, Voldborg BG, Karatt-Vellatt A, Morth JP, Ljungars A, Grav LM, Lomonte B, Laustsen AH. Antibody-dependent enhancement of toxicity of myotoxin II from Bothrops asper. Nat Commun 2024; 15:173. [PMID: 38228619 PMCID: PMC10791742 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Improved therapies are needed against snakebite envenoming, which kills and permanently disables thousands of people each year. Recently developed neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against several snake toxins have shown promise in preclinical rodent models. Here, we use phage display technology to discover a human monoclonal antibody and show that this antibody causes antibody-dependent enhancement of toxicity (ADET) of myotoxin II from the venomous pit viper, Bothrops asper, in a mouse model of envenoming that mimics a snakebite. While clinical ADET related to snake venom has not yet been reported in humans, this report of ADET of a toxin from the animal kingdom highlights the necessity of assessing even well-known antibody formats in representative preclinical models to evaluate their therapeutic utility against toxins or venoms. This is essential to avoid potential deleterious effects as exemplified in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer V Sørensen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Julián Fernández
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Anna Christina Adams
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Helen H K Wildenauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sanne Schoffelen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Line Ledsgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Manuela B Pucca
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, BR-69310-000, Brazil
| | - Michael Fiebig
- Absolute Antibody Ltd, Wilton Centre, Redcar, Cleveland, TS10 4RF, UK
| | - Felipe A Cerni
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, University of the State of Amazonas, Manaus, BR-69040-000, Brazil
| | - Tulika Tulika
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bjørn G Voldborg
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - J Preben Morth
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Ljungars
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lise M Grav
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.
| | - Andreas H Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Singh R, Chandley P, Rohatgi S. Recent Advances in the Development of Monoclonal Antibodies and Next-Generation Antibodies. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:886-897. [PMID: 38149884 PMCID: PMC10759153 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
mAbs are highly indispensable tools for diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic applications. The first technique, hybridoma technology, was based on fusion of B lymphocytes with myeloma cells, which resulted in generation of single mAbs against a specific Ag. Along with hybridoma technology, several novel and alternative methods have been developed to improve mAb generation, ranging from electrofusion to the discovery of completely novel technologies such as B cell immortalization; phage, yeast, bacterial, ribosome, and mammalian display systems; DNA/RNA encoded Abs; single B cell technology; transgenic animals; and artificial intelligence/machine learning. This commentary outlines the evolution, methodology, advantages, and limitations of various mAb production techniques. Furthermore, with the advent of next-generation Ab technologies such as single-chain variable fragments, nanobodies, bispecific Abs, Fc-engineered Abs, Ab biosimilars, Ab mimetics, and Ab-drug conjugates, the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors have become resourceful to develop highly specific mAb treatments against various diseases such as cancer and autoimmune and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pankaj Chandley
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Soma Rohatgi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
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6
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Fung T, Clapham HE, Chisholm RA. Temporary Cross-Immunity as a Plausible Driver of Asynchronous Cycles of Dengue Serotypes. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:124. [PMID: 37962713 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Many infectious diseases exist as multiple variants, with interactions between variants potentially driving epidemiological dynamics. These diseases include dengue, which infects hundreds of millions of people every year and exhibits complex multi-serotype dynamics. Antibodies produced in response to primary infection by one of the four dengue serotypes can produce a period of temporary cross-immunity (TCI) to infection by other serotypes. After this period, the remaining antibodies can facilitate the entry of heterologous serotypes into target cells, thus enhancing severity of secondary infection by a heterologous serotype. This represents antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). In this study, we analyze an epidemiological model to provide novel insights into the importance of TCI and ADE in producing cyclic outbreaks of dengue serotypes. Our analyses reveal that without TCI, such cyclic outbreaks are synchronous across serotypes and only occur when ADE produces high transmission rates. In contrast, the presence of TCI allows asynchronous cycles of serotypes by inducing a time lag between recovery from primary infection by one serotype and secondary infection by another, with such cycles able to occur without ADE. Our results suggest that TCI is a fundamental driver of asynchronous cycles of dengue serotypes and possibly other multi-variant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Fung
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore.
| | - Hannah E Clapham
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Ryan A Chisholm
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
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van Bree JW, Visser I, Duyvestyn JM, Aguilar-Bretones M, Marshall EM, van Hemert MJ, Pijlman GP, van Nierop GP, Kikkert M, Rockx BH, Miesen P, Fros JJ. Novel approaches for the rapid development of rationally designed arbovirus vaccines. One Health 2023; 16:100565. [PMID: 37363258 PMCID: PMC10288159 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases, including those transmitted by mosquitoes, account for more than 17% of infectious diseases worldwide. This number is expected to rise with an increased spread of vector mosquitoes and viruses due to climate change and man-made alterations to ecosystems. Among the most common, medically relevant mosquito-borne infections are those caused by arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), especially members of the genera Flavivirus and Alphavirus. Arbovirus infections can cause severe disease in humans, livestock and wildlife. Severe consequences from infections include congenital malformations as well as arthritogenic, haemorrhagic or neuroinvasive disease. Inactivated or live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are available for a small number of arboviruses; however there are no licensed vaccines for the majority of these infections. Here we discuss recent developments in pan-arbovirus LAV approaches, from site-directed attenuation strategies targeting conserved determinants of virulence to universal strategies that utilize genome-wide re-coding of viral genomes. In addition to these approaches, we discuss novel strategies targeting mosquito saliva proteins that play an important role in virus transmission and pathogenesis in vertebrate hosts. For rapid pre-clinical evaluations of novel arbovirus vaccine candidates, representative in vitro and in vivo experimental systems are required to assess the desired specific immune responses. Here we discuss promising models to study attenuation of neuroinvasion, neurovirulence and virus transmission, as well as antibody induction and potential for cross-reactivity. Investigating broadly applicable vaccination strategies to target the direct interface of the vertebrate host, the mosquito vector and the viral pathogen is a prime example of a One Health strategy to tackle human and animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce W.M. van Bree
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Imke Visser
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jo M. Duyvestyn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Eleanor M. Marshall
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn J. van Hemert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gorben P. Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Barry H.G. Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Miesen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jelke J. Fros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Stiasny K, Medits I, Roßbacher L, Heinz FX. Impact of structural dynamics on biological functions of flaviviruses. FEBS J 2023; 290:1973-1985. [PMID: 35246954 PMCID: PMC10952610 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses comprise a number of mosquito- or tick-transmitted human pathogens of global public health importance. Advances in structural biology techniques have contributed substantially to our current understanding of the life cycle of these small enveloped RNA viruses and led to deep insights into details of virus assembly, maturation and cell entry. In addition to large-scale conformational changes and oligomeric rearrangements of envelope proteins during these processes, there is increasing evidence that smaller-scale protein dynamics (referred to as virus "breathing") can confer extra flexibility to these viruses for the fine-tuning of their interactions with the immune system and possibly with cellular factors they encounter in their complex ecological cycles in arthropod and vertebrate hosts. In this review, we discuss how work with tick-borne encephalitis virus has extended our view on flavivirus breathing, leading to the identification of a novel mechanism of antibody-mediated infection enhancement and demonstrating breathing intermediates of the envelope protein in the process of membrane fusion. These data are discussed in the context of other flaviviruses and the perspective of a potential role of virus breathing to cope with the requirements of adaptation and replication in evolutionarily very different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Stiasny
- Center for VirologyMedical University of ViennaAustria
| | - Iris Medits
- Center for VirologyMedical University of ViennaAustria
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Farias PCS, Pastor AF, Gonçales JP, do Nascimento IDS, de Souza Ferraz ES, Lopes TRR, do Carmo RF, Côelho MRCD, Silva Júnior JVJ. Epidemiological profile of arboviruses in two different scenarios: dengue circulation vs. dengue, chikungunya and Zika co-circulation. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:177. [PMID: 36949383 PMCID: PMC10035144 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severity and distribution of dengue virus (DENV) infections have been attributed to a complex interaction among viral, host and environmental factors. Herein, we investigated the influence of chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses on the epidemiological profile of dengue cases, using Recife, Pernambuco state, Brazil, as a study model. In addition, we described and compared the epidemiological profile related to each arbovirus (DENV vs. CHIKV vs. ZIKV). METHODS All cases of dengue, chikungunya and Zika reported to the Pernambuco Health Department in 2011-2013 (DENV circulation) and 2016-2018 (DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV co-circulation) were included in our study. The cases were classified by sex, age and race/color and their distribution was analyzed by the χ2 test. Furthermore, the data were also analyzed for co-infections. Temperature, humidity and rainfall data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and paired t-test. RESULTS During 2011-2013, 15,315 dengue cases were diagnosed, most of them female, brown and 20-29 age group. Between 2016 and 2018, 15,870 dengue cases were described, which presented the same profile described above. In the two triennia, the female/male dengue ratio fluctuated significantly, ranging from 1.07 to 1.52. Regarding chikungunya, 7076 cases were reported, most of them female and brown. The female/male ratio also fluctuated significantly, ranging from 1.62 to 2.1. Two main age groups were observed in chikungunya: ≤ 19 years (minority of diagnoses) and ≥ 20 years (majority of diagnoses). In the same triennium, 266 Zika cases were reported to the Pernambuco Health Department, mainly in females and in the 0-9 and 20-39 age groups. In general, 119 co-infections were identified: 117 DENV-CHIKV, 1 CHIKV-ZIKV and 1 DENV-CHIKV-ZIKV. Concerning climate data, only the humidity in 2011 was significantly different from the other years. CONCLUSION The epidemiological profile of dengue cases did not change after the introduction of CHIKV and ZIKV. Females were the most diagnosed with dengue, chikungunya or Zika, however we found important differences in the age profile of these arboviruses, which should be considered by public health policies, as well as investigated in future studies of virus-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Filipe Pastor
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Sertão Pernambucano, Floresta, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Juliana Prado Gonçales
- Virology Sector, Keizo Asami Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- SER Educational Group, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thaísa Regina Rocha Lopes
- Virology Sector, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Feliciano do Carmo
- Collegiate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior
- Virology Sector, Keizo Asami Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
- Virology Sector, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Lucena-Neto FD, Falcão LFM, Moraes ECDS, David JPF, Vieira-Junior ADS, Silva CC, de Sousa JR, Duarte MIS, Vasconcelos PFDC, Quaresma JAS. Dengue fever ophthalmic manifestations: A review and update. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2422. [PMID: 36658757 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dengue fever, the most common arbovirus disease, affects an estimated 390 million people annually. Dengue virus (DENV) is an RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family with four different serotypes. Dengue haemorrhagic fever is the deadliest form of dengue infection and is characterised by thrombocytopaenia, hypotension, and the possibility of multi-system organ failure. The mechanism hypothesised for DENV viral replication is intrinsic antibody-dependent enhancement, which refers to Fcγ receptor-mediated viral amplification. This hypothesis suggests that the internalisation of DENV through the Fcγ receptor inhibits antiviral genes by suppressing type-1 interferon-mediated antiviral responses. DENV NS1 antibodies can promote the release of various inflammatory mediators in the nuclear transcription factor pathway (NF-κB-dependent), including monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8. As a result, MCP-1 increases ICAM-1 expression and facilitates leukocyte transmigration. In addition, anti-DENV NS1 antibodies induce endothelial cell apoptosis via a nitric oxide-regulated pathway. A chain reaction involving pre-existing DENV heterotypic antibodies and innate immune cells causes dysfunction in complement system activity and contributes to the action of autoantibodies and anti-endothelial cells, resulting in endothelial cell dysfunction, blood-retinal barrier breakdown, haemorrhage, and plasma leakage. A spectrum of ocular diseases associated with DENV infection, ranging from haemorrhagic to inflammatory manifestations, has been reported in the literature. Although rare, ophthalmic manifestations can occur in both the anterior and posterior segments and are usually associated with thrombocytopenia. The most common ocular complication is haemorrhage. However, ophthalmic complications, such as anterior uveitis and vasculitis, suggest an immune-mediated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma
- State University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
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Nasrollahi H, Talepoor AG, Saleh Z, Eshkevar Vakili M, Heydarinezhad P, Karami N, Noroozi M, Meri S, Kalantar K. Immune responses in mildly versus critically ill COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1077236. [PMID: 36793739 PMCID: PMC9923185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1077236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The current coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has had devastating effects on the global health and economic system. The cellular and molecular mediators of both the innate and adaptive immune systems are critical in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, dysregulated inflammatory responses and imbalanced adaptive immunity may contribute to tissue destruction and pathogenesis of the disease. Important mechanisms in severe forms of COVID-19 include overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, impairment of type I IFN response, overactivation of neutrophils and macrophages, decreased frequencies of DC cells, NK cells and ILCs, complement activation, lymphopenia, Th1 and Treg hypoactivation, Th2 and Th17 hyperactivation, as well as decreased clonal diversity and dysregulated B lymphocyte function. Given the relationship between disease severity and an imbalanced immune system, scientists have been led to manipulate the immune system as a therapeutic approach. For example, anti-cytokine, cell, and IVIG therapies have received attention in the treatment of severe COVID-19. In this review, the role of immunity in the development and progression of COVID-19 is discussed, focusing on molecular and cellular aspects of the immune system in mild vs. severe forms of the disease. Moreover, some immune- based therapeutic approaches to COVID-19 are being investigated. Understanding key processes involved in the disease progression is critical in developing therapeutic agents and optimizing related strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Nasrollahi
- Radio-Oncology Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Atefe Ghamar Talepoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Saleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Eshkevar Vakili
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Paria Heydarinezhad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Narges Karami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Noroozi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Diagnostic Center of the Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kurosh Kalantar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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12
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Zolfaghari MA, Ghadiri Moghaddam F, Rajput S, Karimi A, Naghi Vishteh M, Mahmoodpoor A, Dolati S, Yousefi M. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: A double-edged sword throughout rapid evolution of COVID-19. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:2009-2017. [PMID: 36047303 PMCID: PMC9539123 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
After more than 2 years of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, several questions have remained unanswered that affected our daily lives. Although substantial vaccine development could resist this challenge, emerging new variants in different countries could be considered as potent concerns regarding the adverse effects of reinfection or postvaccination. Precisely, these concerns address some significant and probable outcomes in vaccinated or reinfected models, followed by some virus challenges, such as antibody-dependent enhancement and cytokine storm. Therefore, the importance of evaluating the effectiveness of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) elicited by vaccination and the rise of new variants must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Zolfaghari
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | | | - Shabnam Rajput
- Department of Pediatrics, School of MedicineJahrom University of Medical SciencesJahromIran
| | - Abbas Karimi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Biotechnology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Mohadeseh Naghi Vishteh
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Ata Mahmoodpoor
- Department of AnesthesiologyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Sanam Dolati
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research InstituteTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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13
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Immune-Mediated Pathogenesis in Dengue Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112575. [PMID: 36423184 PMCID: PMC9699586 DOI: 10.3390/v14112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is one of the major public health concerns around the globe, especially in the tropical regions of the world that contribute to 75% percent of dengue cases. While the majority of DENV infections are mild or asymptomatic, approximately 5% of the cases develop a severe form of the disease that is mainly attributed to sequential infection with different DENV serotypes. The severity of dengue depends on many immunopathogenic mechanisms involving both viral and host factors. Emerging evidence implicates an impaired immune response as contributing to disease progression and severity by restricting viral clearance and inducing severe inflammation, subsequently leading to dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Moreover, the ability of DENV to infect a wide variety of immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and T and B cells, further dysregulates the antiviral functions of these cells, resulting in viral dissemination. Although several risk factors associated with disease progression have been proposed, gaps persist in the understanding of the disease pathogenesis and further investigations are warranted. In this review, we discuss known mechanisms of DENV-mediated immunopathogenesis and its association with disease progression and severity.
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14
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Theoretical Explanation for the Rarity of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Infection (ADE) in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911364. [PMID: 36232664 PMCID: PMC9569501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Global vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus has proved to be highly effective. However, the possibility of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE) upon vaccination remains underinvestigated. Here, we aimed to theoretically determine conditions for the occurrence of ADE in COVID-19. We developed a series of mathematical models of antibody response: model Ab—a model of antibody formation; model Cv—a model of infection spread in the body; and a complete model, which combines the two others. The models describe experimental data on SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans and cell cultures, including viral load dynamics, seroconversion times and antibody concentration kinetics. The modelling revealed that a significant proportion of macrophages can become infected only if they bind antibodies with high probability. Thus, a high probability of macrophage infection and a sufficient amount of pre-existing antibodies are necessary for the development of ADE in SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, from the point of view of the dynamics of pneumocyte infection, the two cases where the body has a high concentration of preexisting antibodies and a high probability of macrophage infection and where there is a low concentration of antibodies in the body and no macrophage infection are indistinguishable. This conclusion could explain the lack of confirmed ADE cases for COVID-19.
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15
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Lee MF, Voon GZ, Lim HX, Chua ML, Poh CL. Innate and adaptive immune evasion by dengue virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1004608. [PMID: 36189361 PMCID: PMC9523788 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1004608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease which causes significant public health concerns in tropical and subtropical countries. Dengue virus (DENV) has evolved various strategies to manipulate the innate immune responses of the host such as ‘hiding’ in the ultrastructure of the host, interfering with the signaling pathway through RNA modifications, inhibiting type 1 IFN production, as well as inhibiting STAT1 phosphorylation. DENV is also able to evade the adaptive immune responses of the host through antigenic variation, antigen-dependent enhancement (ADE), partial maturation of prM proteins, and inhibition of antigen presentation. miRNAs are important regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity and they have been shown to play important roles in DENV replication and pathogenesis. This makes them suitable candidates for the development of anti-dengue therapeutics. This review discusses the various strategies employed by DENV to evade innate and adaptive immunity. The role of miRNAs and DENV non-structural proteins (NS) are promising targets for the development of anti-dengue therapeutics.
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16
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Glab-ampai K, Kaewchim K, Thavorasak T, Saenlom T, Thepsawat W, Mahasongkram K, Thueng-In K, Sookrung N, Chaicumpa W, Chulanetra M. Targeting Emerging RNA Viruses by Engineered Human Superantibody to Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:926929. [PMID: 35935185 PMCID: PMC9355540 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.926929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a unique and highly conserved enzyme across all members of the RNA virus superfamilies. Besides, humans do not have a homolog of this protein. Therefore, the RdRp is an attractive target for a broadly effective therapeutic agent against RNA viruses. In this study, a formerly generated cell-penetrating human single-chain antibody variable fragment (superantibody) to a conformational epitope of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RdRp, which inhibited the polymerase activity leading to the HCV replication inhibition and the host innate immunity restoration, was tested against emerging/reemerging RNA viruses. The superantibody could inhibit the replication of the other members of the Flaviviridae (DENV serotypes 1−4, ZIKV, and JEV), Picornaviridae (genus Enterovirus: EV71, CVA16), and Coronaviridae (genus Alphacoronavirus: PEDV, and genus Betacoronavirus: SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan wild-type and the variants of concern), in a dose-dependent manner, as demonstrated by the reduction of intracellular viral RNAs and numbers of the released infectious particles. Computerized simulation indicated that the superantibody formed contact interfaces with many residues at the back of the thumb domain (thumb II site, T2) of DENV, ZIKV, JEV, EV71, and CVA16 and fingers and thumb domains of the HCV and coronaviruses (PEDV and SARS-CoV-2). The superantibody binding may cause allosteric change in the spatial conformation of the enzyme and disrupt the catalytic activity, leading to replication inhibition. Although the speculated molecular mechanism of the superantibody needs experimental support, existing data indicate that the superantibody has high potential as a non-chemical broadly effective anti-positive sense-RNA virus agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittirat Glab-ampai
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanasap Kaewchim
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Techit Thavorasak
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanatsaran Saenlom
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watayagorn Thepsawat
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kodchakorn Mahasongkram
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Thueng-In
- School of Pathology, Translational Medicine Program, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Biomedical Research Incubator Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Monrat Chulanetra,
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17
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Thavorasak T, Chulanetra M, Glab-ampai K, Mahasongkram K, Sae-lim N, Teeranitayatarn K, Songserm T, Yodsheewan R, Nilubol D, Chaicumpa W, Sookrung N. Enhancing epitope of PEDV spike protein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:933249. [PMID: 35935230 PMCID: PMC9355140 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.933249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious enteric disease of pigs characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and severe dehydration. PEDV infects pigs of all ages, but neonatal pigs during the first week of life are highly susceptible; the mortality rates among newborn piglets may reach 80–100%. Thus, PEDV is regarded as one of the most devastating pig viruses that cause huge economic damage to pig industries worldwide. Vaccination of sows and gilts at the pre-fertilization or pre-farrowing stage is a good strategy for the protection of suckling piglets against PEDV through the acquisition of the lactating immunity. However, vaccination of the mother pigs for inducing a high level of virus-neutralizing antibodies is complicated with unstandardized immunization protocol and unreliable outcomes. Besides, the vaccine may also induce enhancing antibodies that promote virus entry and replication, so-called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), which aggravates the disease upon new virus exposure. Recognition of the virus epitope that induces the production of the enhancing antibodies is an existential necessity for safe and effective PEDV vaccine design. In this study, the enhancing epitope of the PEDV spike (S) protein was revealed for the first time, by using phage display technology and mouse monoclonal antibody (mAbG3) that bound to the PEDV S1 subunit of the S protein and enhanced PEDV entry into permissive Vero cells that lack Fc receptor. The phages displaying mAbG3-bound peptides derived from the phage library by panning with the mAbG3 matched with several regions in the S1-0 sub-domain of the PEDV S1 subunit, indicating that the epitope is discontinuous (conformational). The mAbG3-bound phage sequence also matched with a linear sequence of the S1-BCD sub-domains. Immunological assays verified the phage mimotope results. Although the molecular mechanism of ADE caused by the mAbG3 via binding to the newly identified S1 enhancing epitope awaits investigation, the data obtained from this study are helpful and useful in designing a safe and effective PEDV protein subunit/DNA vaccine devoid of the enhancing epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Techit Thavorasak
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittirat Glab-ampai
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kodchakorn Mahasongkram
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawannaporn Sae-lim
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Thaweesak Songserm
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungrueang Yodsheewan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Biomedical Research Incubation Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Nitat Sookrung,
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18
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Nashaat HAH, Anany M, Attia FM. Convalescent plasma in COVID-19: renewed focus on the timing and effectiveness of an old therapy. Blood Res 2022; 57:6-12. [PMID: 35197369 PMCID: PMC8958377 DOI: 10.5045/br.2021.2021151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has strained health care systems worldwide and resulted in high mortality. The current COVID-19 treatment is based on supportive and symptomatic care. Therefore, convalescent plasma (CP), which provides passive immunization against many infectious diseases, has been studied for COVID-19 management. To date, a large number of randomized and non-randomized clinical trials as well as many systematic reviews have revealed conflicting results. This article summarizes the basic principles of passive immunization, particularly addressing CP in COVID-19. It also evaluates the effectiveness of CP as a therapy in patients with COVID-19, clinical trial reports and systematic reviews, regulatory considerations and different protocols that are authorized in different countries to use it safely and effectively. An advanced search was carried out in major databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE) and Google Scholar using the following key words: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, convalescent plasma, and the applied query was “convalescent plasma” AND “COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2”. The results were filtered and duplicate data were removed. Collective evidence indicates that two cardinal players determine the effectiveness of CP use, time of infusion, and quality of CP. Early administration of CP with high neutralizing anti-spike IgG titer is hypothesized to be effective in improving clinical outcome, prevent progression, decrease the length of hospital stay, and reduce mortality. However, more reliable, high quality, well-controlled, double-blinded, randomized, international and multicenter collaborative trials are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maha Anany
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Fadia Moustafa Attia
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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19
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Ajmeriya S, Kumar A, Karmakar S, Rana S, Singh H. Neutralizing Antibodies and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement in COVID-19: A Perspective. J Indian Inst Sci 2022; 102:671-687. [PMID: 35136306 PMCID: PMC8814804 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is an alternative route of viral entry in the susceptible host cell. In this process, antiviral antibodies enhance the entry access of virus in the cells via interaction with the complement or Fc receptors leading to the worsening of infection. SARS-CoV-2 variants pose a general concern for the efficacy of neutralizing antibodies that may fail to neutralize infection, raising the possibility of a more severe form of COVID-19. Data from various studies on respiratory viruses raise the speculation that antibodies elicited against SARS-CoV-2 and during COVID-19 recovery could potentially exacerbate the infection through ADE at sub-neutralizing concentrations; this may contribute to disease pathogenesis. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to study the effectiveness of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19-infected subjects. Theoretically, ADE remains a general concern for the efficacy of antibodies elicited during infection, most notably in convalescent plasma therapy and in response to vaccines where it could be counterproductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Ajmeriya
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Subhradip Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, Room no 3020, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Shweta Rana
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
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20
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Anasir MI, Poh CL. Discovery of B-cell epitopes for development of dengue vaccines and antibody therapeutics. Med Microbiol Immunol 2022; 211:1-18. [PMID: 35059822 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-021-00726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is one of the most frequently transmitted viral infections globally which creates a serious burden to the healthcare system in many countries in the tropical and subtropical regions. To date, no vaccine has demonstrated balanced protection against the four dengue serotypes. Dengvaxia as the only vaccine that has been licensed for use in endemic areas has shown an increased risk in dengue-naïve vaccines to develop severe dengue. A crucial element in protection from dengue infection is the neutralizing antibody responses. Therefore, the identification of protective linear B-cell epitopes can guide vaccine design and facilitate the development of monoclonal antibodies as dengue therapeutics. This review summarizes the identification of dengue B-cell epitopes within the envelope (E) protein of dengue that can be incorporated into peptide vaccine constructs. These epitopes have been identified through approaches such as bioinformatics, three-dimensional structure analysis of antibody-dengue complexes, mutagenesis/alanine scanning and escape mutant studies. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies targeting the E protein of dengue is reviewed. This can provide a basis for the design of future dengue therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ishtiaq Anasir
- Virology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Setia Alam, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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21
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Shukla AK, Misra S. Antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection and disease: implications in COVID-19. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 33:13-16. [PMID: 34995021 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) can be seen in a variety of viruses. It has a deleterious impact on antibody treatment of viral infection. This effect was first discovered in the dengue virus, and it has since been discovered in the coronavirus. Over 213 million people have been affected by the rapid spread of the newly emerging coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The new coronavirus offers a significant threat and has sparked widespread concern. ADE in dengue virus and other viruses are discussed with possible effect on COVID-19 treatment and vaccine development will need to consider this phenomenon to ensure it is mitigated and avoided altogether. In these case scenarios, the role of ADE and its clinical consequences remains to be explored for this newly detected virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saurav Misra
- Department of Pharmacology, AIIMS Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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22
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Marasini B, Vyas HK, Lakhashe SK, Hariraju D, Akhtar A, Ratcliffe SJ, Ruprecht RM. Mucosal AIDS virus transmission is enhanced by antiviral IgG isolated early in infection. AIDS 2021; 35:2423-2432. [PMID: 34402452 PMCID: PMC8631165 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) affects host-virus dynamics in fundamentally different ways: i) enhancement of initial virus acquisition, and/or ii) increased disease progression/severity. Here we address the question whether anti-HIV-1 antibodies can enhance initial infection. While cell-culture experiments hinted at this possibility, in-vivo proof remained elusive. DESIGN We used passive immunization in nonhuman primates challenged with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), a chimera expressing HIV-1 envelope. We purified IgG from rhesus monkeys with early-stage SHIV infection - before cross-neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies had developed - and screened for maximal complement-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement (C'-ADE) of viral replication with a SHIV strain phylogenetically distinct from that harbored by IgG donor macaques. IgG fractions with maximal C'-ADE but lacking neutralization were combined to yield enhancing anti-SHIV IgG (enSHIVIG). RESULTS We serially enrolled naive macaques (Group 1) to determine the minimal and 50% animal infectious doses required to establish persistent infection after intrarectal SHIV challenge. The first animal was inoculated with a 1 : 10 virus-stock dilution; after this animal's viral RNA load was >104copies/ml, the next macaque was challenged with 10x less virus, a process repeated until viremia no longer ensued. Group 2 was pretreated intravenously with enSHIVIG 24 h before SHIV challenge. Overall, Group 2 macaques required 3.4-fold less virus compared to controls (P = 0.002). This finding is consistent with enhanced susceptibility of the passively immunized animals to mucosal SHIV challenge. CONCLUSION These passive immunization data give proof of IgG-mediated enhanced virus acquisition after mucosal exposure - a potential concern for antibody-based AIDS vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Marasini
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia Research Center, New Iberia
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | | | - Dinesh Hariraju
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia Research Center, New Iberia
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Akil Akhtar
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia Research Center, New Iberia
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
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23
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Paramsothy A, Lartey Jalloh S, Davies RA, Guttormsen AB, Cox RJ, Mohn KGI. Humoral and cellular immune responses in critically ill influenza A/H1N1-infected patients. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13045. [PMID: 33891354 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is limited knowledge of influenza-specific immune responses and their kinetics in critically ill patients. We investigated humoral and cellular immune responses after critical influenza A/H1N1 infection and hypothesized that dysfunctionality or absence of immune responses could contribute to more severe illness. We followed 12 patients hospitalized with severe influenza infection; the majority admitted to intensive care unit (ICU). Blood samples were collected at days 10 and 19 and at 5 months. Antibody responses to surface glycoproteins haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of A/H1N1pdm09 were quantified by haemagglutination inhibition (HAI), microneutralization (MN), Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA). Influenza-specific antibody levels and avidity were measured separately for head and stalk domains of H1. Cytokine secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to conserved influenza epitopes (M1, NP and PB1) were analysed by FluoroSpot. Overall, the patients retained a high level of functional HA- and NA-specific antibodies over the study period. During the acute phase (up to 3 weeks from symptom onset), antibodies specific to H1 stalk increased earlier and were present in higher amount compared with H1 head-specific antibodies. The NA-specific antibodies and the non-neutralizing HA-specific antibody response for H1 head and H1 full-length showed a significant decline from acute to convalescent phase. Despite high total IgG concentrations, avidity to H1 head and H1 full-length protein remained low at all time points. Similarly, CD8+ T cell responses were continuously measured at low levels. In conclusion, our study found that critically ill patients were characterized by low HA-specific antibody avidity and CD8+ T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abira Paramsothy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Sarah Lartey Jalloh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Richard A Davies
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne-Berit Guttormsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristin G-I Mohn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Norway.,Emergency Care Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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24
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Chvatal-Medina M, Mendez-Cortina Y, Patiño PJ, Velilla PA, Rugeles MT. Antibody Responses in COVID-19: A Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633184. [PMID: 33936045 PMCID: PMC8081880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread worldwide as a severe pandemic. Although its seroprevalence is highly variable among territories, it has been reported at around 10%, but higher in health workers. Evidence regarding cross-neutralizing response between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 is still controversial. However, other previous coronaviruses may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 infection, since they are phylogenetically related and share the same target receptor. Further, the seroconversion of IgM and IgG occurs at around 12 days post onset of symptoms and most patients have neutralizing titers on days 14-20, with great titer variability. Neutralizing antibodies correlate positively with age, male sex, and severity of the disease. Moreover, the use of convalescent plasma has shown controversial results in terms of safety and efficacy, and due to the variable immune response among individuals, measuring antibody titers before transfusion is mostly required. Similarly, cellular immunity seems to be crucial in the resolution of the infection, as SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells circulate to some extent in recovered patients. Of note, the duration of the antibody response has not been well established yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Chvatal-Medina
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Pablo J. Patiño
- Grupo Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Paula A. Velilla
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria T. Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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25
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Ogunlade ST, Meehan MT, Adekunle AI, Rojas DP, Adegboye OA, McBryde ES. A Review: Aedes-Borne Arboviral Infections, Controls and Wolbachia-Based Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:32. [PMID: 33435566 PMCID: PMC7827552 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (Arboviruses) continue to generate significant health and economic burdens for people living in endemic regions. Of these viruses, some of the most important (e.g., dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever virus), are transmitted mainly by Aedes mosquitoes. Over the years, viral infection control has targeted vector population reduction and inhibition of arboviral replication and transmission. This control includes the vector control methods which are classified into chemical, environmental, and biological methods. Some of these control methods may be largely experimental (both field and laboratory investigations) or widely practised. Perceptively, one of the biological methods of vector control, in particular, Wolbachia-based control, shows a promising control strategy for eradicating Aedes-borne arboviruses. This can either be through the artificial introduction of Wolbachia, a naturally present bacterium that impedes viral growth in mosquitoes into heterologous Aedes aegypti mosquito vectors (vectors that are not natural hosts of Wolbachia) thereby limiting arboviral transmission or via Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which naturally harbour Wolbachia infection. These strategies are potentially undermined by the tendency of mosquitoes to lose Wolbachia infection in unfavourable weather conditions (e.g., high temperature) and the inhibitory competitive dynamics among co-circulating Wolbachia strains. The main objective of this review was to critically appraise published articles on vector control strategies and specifically highlight the use of Wolbachia-based control to suppress vector population growth or disrupt viral transmission. We retrieved studies on the control strategies for arboviral transmissions via arthropod vectors and discussed the use of Wolbachia control strategies for eradicating arboviral diseases to identify literature gaps that will be instrumental in developing models to estimate the impact of these control strategies and, in essence, the use of different Wolbachia strains and features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson T. Ogunlade
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.T.M.); (A.I.A.); (O.A.A.); (E.S.M.)
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Michael T. Meehan
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.T.M.); (A.I.A.); (O.A.A.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Adeshina I. Adekunle
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.T.M.); (A.I.A.); (O.A.A.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Diana P. Rojas
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;
| | - Oyelola A. Adegboye
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.T.M.); (A.I.A.); (O.A.A.); (E.S.M.)
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;
| | - Emma S. McBryde
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.T.M.); (A.I.A.); (O.A.A.); (E.S.M.)
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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26
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Neto MLR, da Silva CGL, do Socorro Vieira dos Santos M, Cândido EL, de Lima MAP, de França Lacerda Pinheiro S, Junior RFFP, Teixeira CS, Machado SSF, Pinheiro LFG, de Sousa GO, Galvão LMA, Gomes KGS, Medeiros KA, Diniz LA, de Oliveira ÍGP, Santana JRP, Rocha MAB, Damasceno IA, Cordeiro TL, da Silva Sales W. Epidemiology and Etiopathogeny of COVID-19. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1352:45-71. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85109-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Sánchez-Zuno GA, Matuz-Flores MG, González-Estevez G, Nicoletti F, Turrubiates-Hernández FJ, Mangano K, Muñoz-Valle JF. A review: Antibody-dependent enhancement in COVID-19: The not so friendly side of antibodies. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 35:20587384211050199. [PMID: 34632844 PMCID: PMC8512237 DOI: 10.1177/20587384211050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), represents an unprecedented global public health emergency with economic and social consequences. One of the main concerns in the development of vaccines is the antibody-dependent enhancement phenomenon, better known as ADE. In this review, we provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the immune response generated by the host. On the bases of this principle, we also describe what is known about the ADE phenomenon in various viral infections and its possible role as a limiting factor in the development of new vaccines and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Athziri Sánchez-Zuno
- Instituto de Investigación en
Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de
Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Mónica Guadalupe Matuz-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación en
Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de
Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Guillermo González-Estevez
- Instituto de Investigación en
Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de
Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and
Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Katia Mangano
- Department of Biomedical and
Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en
Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de
Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
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28
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Salvamani S, Tan HZ, Thang WJ, Ter HC, Wan MS, Gunasekaran B, Rhodes A. Understanding the dynamics of COVID-19; implications for therapeutic intervention, vaccine development and movement control. Br J Biomed Sci 2020; 77:168-184. [PMID: 32942955 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2020.1826136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 disease is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is highly infective within the human population. The virus is widely disseminated to almost every continent with over twenty-seven million infections and over ninety-thousand reported deaths attributed to COVID-19 disease. SARS-CoV-2 is a single stranded RNA virus, comprising three main viral proteins; membrane, spike and envelope. The clinical features of COVID-19 disease can be classified according to different degrees of severity, with some patients progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome, which can be fatal. In addition, many infections are asymptomatic or only cause mild symptoms. As there is no specific treatment for COVID-19 there is considerable endeavour to raise a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, in addition to engineering neutralizing antibody interventions. In the absence of an effective vaccine, movement controls of varying stringencies have been imposed. Whilst enforced lockdown measures have been effective, they may be less effective against the current strain of SARS-CoV-2, the G614 clade. Conversely, other mutations of the virus, such as the Δ382 variant could reduce the clinical relevance of infection. The front runners in the race to develop an effective vaccine focus on the SARS-Co-V-2 Spike protein. However, vaccines that produce a T-cell response to a wider range of SARS-Co-V-2 viral proteins, may be more effective. Population based studies that determine the level of innate immunity to SARS-CoV-2, from prior exposure to the virus or to other coronaviruses, will have important implications for government imposed movement control and the strategic delivery of vaccination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Salvamani
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H Z Tan
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - W J Thang
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H C Ter
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M S Wan
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - B Gunasekaran
- Dept of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A Rhodes
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Dept of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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29
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Ahmad T, Chaudhuri R, Joshi MC, Almatroudi A, Rahmani AH, Ali SM. COVID-19: The Emerging Immunopathological Determinants for Recovery or Death. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:588409. [PMID: 33335518 PMCID: PMC7736111 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.588409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of the host immune system during infection by SARS-CoV-2 is the leading cause of death in COVID-19 patients. It is also evident that patients who develop mild/moderate symptoms and successfully recover display functional and well-regulated immune response. Whereas a delayed initial interferon response is associated with severe disease outcome and can be the tipping point towards immunopathological deterioration, often preceding death in COVID-19 patients. Further, adaptive immune response during COVID-19 is heterogeneous and poorly understood. At the same time, some studies suggest activated T and B cell response in severe and critically ill patients and the presence of SARS-CoV2-specific antibodies. Thus, understanding this problem and the underlying molecular pathways implicated in host immune function/dysfunction is imperative to devise effective therapeutic interventions. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the emerging immunopathological determinants and the mechanism of virus evasion by the host cell immune system. Using the knowledge gained from previous respiratory viruses and the emerging clinical and molecular findings on SARS-CoV-2, we have tried to provide a holistic understanding of the host innate and adaptive immune response that may determine disease outcome. Considering the critical role of the adaptive immune system during the viral clearance, we have presented the molecular insights of the plausible mechanisms involved in impaired T cell function/dysfunction during various stages of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Ahmad
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Rituparna Chaudhuri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Haryana, India
| | - Mohan C. Joshi
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mansoor Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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30
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Butler DL, Gildersleeve JC. Abnormal antibodies to self-carbohydrates in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.10.15.341479. [PMID: 33083799 PMCID: PMC7574254 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.15.341479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a deadly virus that is causing the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our immune system plays a critical role in preventing, clearing, and treating the virus, but aberrant immune responses can contribute to deleterious symptoms and mortality. Many aspects of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are being investigated, but little is known about immune responses to carbohydrates. Since the surface of the virus is heavily glycosylated, pre-existing antibodies to glycans could potentially recognize the virus and influence disease progression. Furthermore, antibody responses to carbohydrates could be induced, affecting disease severity and clinical outcome. In this study, we used a carbohydrate antigen microarray with over 800 individual components to profile serum anti-glycan antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy control subjects. In COVID-19 patients, we observed abnormally high IgG and IgM antibodies to numerous self-glycans, including gangliosides, N -linked glycans, LacNAc-containing glycans, blood group H, and sialyl Lewis X. Some of these anti-glycan antibodies are known to play roles in autoimmune diseases and neurological disorders, which may help explain some of the unusual and prolonged symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients. The detection of antibodies to self-glycans has important implications for using convalescent serum to treat patients, developing safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and understanding the risks of infection. In addition, this study provides new insight into the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and illustrates the importance of including host and viral carbohydrate antigens when studying immune responses to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy L. Butler
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702
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31
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Brouwer PJM, Caniels TG, van der Straten K, Snitselaar JL, Aldon Y, Bangaru S, Torres JL, Okba NMA, Claireaux M, Kerster G, Bentlage AEH, van Haaren MM, Guerra D, Burger JA, Schermer EE, Verheul KD, van der Velde N, van der Kooi A, van Schooten J, van Breemen MJ, Bijl TPL, Sliepen K, Aartse A, Derking R, Bontjer I, Kootstra NA, Wiersinga WJ, Vidarsson G, Haagmans BL, Ward AB, de Bree GJ, Sanders RW, van Gils MJ. Potent neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients define multiple targets of vulnerability. Science 2020; 369:643-650. [PMID: 32540902 PMCID: PMC7299281 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc5902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 894] [Impact Index Per Article: 223.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had a large impact on global health, travel, and economy. Therefore, preventative and therapeutic measures are urgently needed. Here, we isolated monoclonal antibodies from three convalescent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients using a SARS-CoV-2 stabilized prefusion spike protein. These antibodies had low levels of somatic hypermutation and showed a strong enrichment in VH1-69, VH3-30-3, and VH1-24 gene usage. A subset of the antibodies was able to potently inhibit authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection at a concentration as low as 0.007 micrograms per milliliter. Competition and electron microscopy studies illustrate that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contains multiple distinct antigenic sites, including several receptor-binding domain (RBD) epitopes as well as non-RBD epitopes. In addition to providing guidance for vaccine design, the antibodies described here are promising candidates for COVID-19 treatment and prevention.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Affinity
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/immunology
- COVID-19
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/therapy
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunophenotyping
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/therapy
- Protein Domains
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs/immunology
- Receptors, Coronavirus
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J M Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom G Caniels
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karlijn van der Straten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jonne L Snitselaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yoann Aldon
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan L Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Claireaux
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gius Kerster
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, Netherlands and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1006AD Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marlies M van Haaren
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Denise Guerra
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Edith E Schermer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kirsten D Verheul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jelle van Schooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle J van Breemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom P L Bijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aafke Aartse
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288GJ Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Ronald Derking
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ilja Bontjer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, Netherlands and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1006AD Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, Netherlands
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Godelieve J de Bree
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Shyr ZA, Gorshkov K, Chen CZ, Zheng W. Drug Discovery Strategies for SARS-CoV-2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:127-138. [PMID: 32723801 PMCID: PMC7569306 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 virus that was first detected in December of 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has rapidly spread worldwide. The search for a suitable vaccine as well as effective therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 is underway. Drug repurposing screens provide a useful and effective solution for identifying potential therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. For example, the experimental drug remdesivir, originally developed for Ebola virus infections, has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as an emergency use treatment of COVID-19. However, the efficacy and toxicity of this drug need further improvements. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the pathology of coronaviruses and the drug targets for the treatment of COVID-19. Both SARS-CoV-2–specific inhibitors and broad-spectrum anticoronavirus drugs against SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and SARS-CoV-2 will be valuable additions to the anti–SARS-CoV-2 armament. A multitarget treatment approach with synergistic drug combinations containing different mechanisms of action may be a practical therapeutic strategy for the treatment of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeenat A Shyr
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kirill Gorshkov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Catherine Z Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Wei Y, Shah R. Substance Use Disorder in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Vulnerabilities and Complications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E155. [PMID: 32708495 PMCID: PMC7407364 DOI: 10.3390/ph13070155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As the world endures the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the conditions of 35 million vulnerable individuals struggling with substance use disorders (SUDs) worldwide have not received sufficient attention for their special health and medical needs. Many of these individuals are complicated by underlying health conditions, such as cardiovascular and lung diseases and undermined immune systems. During the pandemic, access to the healthcare systems and support groups is greatly diminished. Current research on COVID-19 has not addressed the unique challenges facing individuals with SUDs, including the heightened vulnerability and susceptibility to the disease. In this systematic review, we will discuss the pathogenesis and pathology of COVID-19, and highlight potential risk factors and complications to these individuals. We will also provide insights and considerations for COVID-19 treatment and prevention in patients with SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, New Jersey City University, Jersey City, NJ 07305, USA;
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Mellors J, Tipton T, Longet S, Carroll M. Viral Evasion of the Complement System and Its Importance for Vaccines and Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1450. [PMID: 32733480 PMCID: PMC7363932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a key component of innate immunity which readily responds to invading microorganisms. Activation of the complement system typically occurs via three main pathways and can induce various antimicrobial effects, including: neutralization of pathogens, regulation of inflammatory responses, promotion of chemotaxis, and enhancement of the adaptive immune response. These can be vital host responses to protect against acute, chronic, and recurrent viral infections. Consequently, many viruses (including dengue virus, West Nile virus and Nipah virus) have evolved mechanisms for evasion or dysregulation of the complement system to enhance viral infectivity and even exacerbate disease symptoms. The complement system has multifaceted roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, with both intracellular and extracellular functions, that can be relevant to all stages of viral infection. A better understanding of this virus-host interplay and its contribution to pathogenesis has previously led to: the identification of genetic factors which influence viral infection and disease outcome, the development of novel antivirals, and the production of safer, more effective vaccines. This review will discuss the antiviral effects of the complement system against numerous viruses, the mechanisms employed by these viruses to then evade or manipulate this system, and how these interactions have informed vaccine/therapeutic development. Where relevant, conflicting findings and current research gaps are highlighted to aid future developments in virology and immunology, with potential applications to the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Mellors
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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Dehelean CA, Lazureanu V, Coricovac D, Mioc M, Oancea R, Marcovici I, Pinzaru I, Soica C, Tsatsakis AM, Cretu O. SARS-CoV-2: Repurposed Drugs and Novel Therapeutic Approaches-Insights into Chemical Structure-Biological Activity and Toxicological Screening. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2084. [PMID: 32630746 PMCID: PMC7409030 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic represents the primary public health concern nowadays, and great efforts are made worldwide for efficient management of this crisis. Considerable scientific progress was recorded regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection in terms of genomic structure, diagnostic tools, viral transmission, mechanism of viral infection, symptomatology, clinical impact, and complications, but these data evolve constantly. Up to date, neither an effective vaccine nor SARS-CoV-2 specific antiviral agents have been approved, but significant advances were enlisted in this direction by investigating repurposed approved drugs (ongoing clinical trials) or developing innovative antiviral drugs (preclinical and clinical studies). This review presents a thorough analysis of repurposed drug admitted for compassionate use from a chemical structure-biological activity perspective highlighting the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties and the toxicophore groups linked to potential adverse effects. A detailed pharmacological description of the novel potential anti-COVID-19 therapeutics was also included. In addition, a comprehensible overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection in terms of general description and structure, mechanism of viral infection, and clinical impact was portrayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Adriana Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.A.D.); (I.M.); (I.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Voichita Lazureanu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.L.); (O.C.)
- “Dr. Victor Babes” Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases and Pneumophthisiology, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dorina Coricovac
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.A.D.); (I.M.); (I.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Marius Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.A.D.); (I.M.); (I.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Roxana Oancea
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Iasmina Marcovici
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.A.D.); (I.M.); (I.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Iulia Pinzaru
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.A.D.); (I.M.); (I.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Codruta Soica
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.A.D.); (I.M.); (I.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Aristidis M. Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece;
| | - Octavian Cretu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.L.); (O.C.)
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Joly E. Confronting Covid-19 by exploring the possibility of vaccinating with live SARS-CoV-2 virus itself, via a route that would reduce the incidence of pulmonary complications. F1000Res 2020; 9:309. [PMID: 34035902 PMCID: PMC8108705 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.23480.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This article proposes that one should explore whether the pulmonary complications of Covid-19 can be reduced or avoided by bypassing the airway entry of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This could possibly be achieved by injecting live SARS-CoV-2 virus intradermal (ID), subcutaneous, intra-muscular (IM) or intra-peritoneal (IP), or by targeting the virus to the digestive tract. The effectiveness and innocuity of using those various routes could be tested very rapidly in animal models, such as Macaques, Hamsters, Ferrets or Cats. The hope is that these experiments will reveal a route of inoculation that can reliably lead to bona-fide infections, resulting in strong immune responses, with both cellular and serological components, but with much less viral replication in the lungs. This would not only hopefully reduce the incidence of pulmonary complications in the infected subjects, but would also probably reduce the amount of virus released by them via aerosols, and thus reduce the vector of contagiosity that is hardest to control, and that probably leads most effectively to viral replication in the lungs. If those experiments in animal models reveal that one or several routes can be used effectively to reduce pulmonary pathology, a clinical trial could be conducted in human volunteers with very low risk profiles. The ID route should probably be considered as a priority, since it could double-up as a skin test to reveal the immune status of the recipients towards the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The course of action proposed here may possibly provide a way of taking a step ahead of the virus, and if it works as hoped, could help to end the need for confinement within a matter of months, if not weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Joly
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS), University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, 31000, France
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