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Hemker F, Ammelburger N, Jahns P. Intervening dark periods negatively affect the photosynthetic performance of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during growth under fluctuating high light. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38946377 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The acclimation of the green algae Chlamydomoas reinhardtii to high light (HL) has been studied predominantly under continuous illumination of the cells. Here, we investigated the impact of fluctuating HL in alternation with either low light (LL) or darkness on photosynthetic performance and on photoprotective responses. Compared to intervening LL phases, dark phases led to (1) more pronounced reduction of the photosystem II quantum efficiency, (2) reduced degradation of the PsbS protein, (3) lower energy dissipation capacity and (4) an increased pool size of the xanthophyll cycle pigments. These characteristics indicate increased photo-oxidative stress when HL periods are interrupted by dark phases instead of LL phases. This overall trend was similar when comparing long (8 h) and short (30 min) HL phases being interrupted by long (16 h) and short (60 min) phases of dark or low light, respectively. Only the degradation of PsbS was clearly more efficient during long (16 h) LL phases when compared to short (60 min) LL phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Hemker
- Photosynthesis and Stress Physiology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ammelburger
- Photosynthesis and Stress Physiology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Photosynthesis and Stress Physiology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Calzadilla PI, Song J, Gallois P, Johnson GN. Proximity to Photosystem II is necessary for activation of Plastid Terminal Oxidase (PTOX) for photoprotection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:287. [PMID: 38177155 PMCID: PMC10767095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The Plastid Terminal Oxidase (PTOX) is a chloroplast localized plastoquinone oxygen oxidoreductase suggested to have the potential to act as a photoprotective safety valve for photosynthesis. However, PTOX overexpression in plants has been unsuccessful at inducing photoprotection, and the factors that control its activity remain elusive. Here, we show that significant PTOX activity is induced in response to high light in the model species Eutrema salsugineum and Arabidopsis thaliana. This activation correlates with structural reorganization of the thylakoid membrane. Over-expression of PTOX in mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana perturbed in thylakoid stacking also results in such activity, in contrast to wild type plants with normal granal structure. Further, PTOX activation protects against photoinhibition of Photosystem II and reduces reactive oxygen production under stress conditions. We conclude that structural re-arrangements of the thylakoid membranes, bringing Photosystem II and PTOX into proximity, are both required and sufficient for PTOX to act as a Photosystem II sink and play a role in photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ignacio Calzadilla
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Junliang Song
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Gallois
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Nicholas Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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3
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Song G, Wang Q, Zhuang J, Jin J. Timely estimation of leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under varying light regimes by coupling light drivers to leaf traits. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14048. [PMID: 37882289 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Unveiling informative chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) parameters and leaf morphological/biochemical traits under varying light conditions is important in ecological studies but has less been investigated. In this study, the trait-ChlF relationship and regressive estimation of ChlF parameters from leaf traits under varying light conditions were investigated using a dataset of synchronous measurements of ChlF parameters and leaf morphological/biochemical traits in Mangifera indica L. The results showed that the relationships between ChlF parameters and leaf traits varied across light intensities, as indicated by different slopes and intercepts, highlighting the limitations of using leaf traits alone to capture the dynamics of ChlF parameters. Light drivers, on the other hand, showed a better predictive ability for light-dependent ChlF parameters compared to leaf traits, with light intensity having a large effect on light-dependent ChlF parameters. Furthermore, the responses of ФF and NPQ to light drivers differed between leaf types, with light intensity having an effect on ФF in shaded leaves, whereas it had a primary effect on NPQ in sunlit leaves. These results facilitate and deepen our understanding of how the light environment affects leaf structure and function and, therefore, provide the theoretical basis for understanding plant ecological strategies in response to the light environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangman Song
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Quan Wang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jie Zhuang
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jia Jin
- Institute of Geography and Oceanography, Nanning Normal University, P. R. China
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4
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Quantifying the long-term interplay between photoprotection and repair mechanisms sustaining photosystem II activity. Biochem J 2022; 479:701-717. [PMID: 35234841 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The photosystem II reaction centre (RCII) protein subunit D1 is the main target of light-induced damage in the thylakoid membrane. As such, it is constantly replaced with newly synthesised proteins, in a process dubbed the 'D1 repair cycle'. The mechanism of relief of excitation energy pressure on RCII, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), is activated to prevent damage. The contribution of the D1 repair cycle and NPQ in preserving the photochemical efficiency of RCII is currently unclear. In this work, we seek to (1) quantify the relative long-term effectiveness of photoprotection offered by NPQ and the D1 repair cycle, and (2) determine the fraction of sustained decrease in RCII activity that is due to long-term protective processes. We found that while under short-term, sunfleck-mimicking illumination, NPQ is substantially more effective in preserving RCII activity than the D1 repair cycle (Plant. Cell Environ. 41, 1098-1112, 2018). Under prolonged constant illumination, its contribution is less pronounced, accounting only for up to 30% of RCII protection, while D1 repair assumes a predominant role. Exposure to a wide range of light intensities yields comparable results, highlighting the crucial role of a constant and rapid D1 turnover for the maintenance of RCII efficiency. The interplay between NPQ and D1 repair cycle is crucial to grant complete phototolerance to plants under low and moderate light intensities, and limit damage to photosystem II under high light. Additionally, we disentangled and quantified the contribution of a slowly-reversible NPQ component that does not impair RCII activity, and is therefore protective.
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5
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Non-Photochemical Quenching: From Light Perception to Photoprotective Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020687. [PMID: 35054872 PMCID: PMC8775618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is essential for photosynthesis but light levels that exceed an organism's assimilation capacity can cause serious damage or even cell death. Plants and microalgae have developed photoprotective mechanisms collectively referred to as non-photochemical quenching to minimize such potential damage. One such mechanism is energy-dependent quenching (qE), which dissipates excess light energy as heat. Over the last 30 years, much has been learned about the molecular mechanism of qE in green algae and plants. However, the steps between light perception and qE represented a gap in our knowledge until the recent identification of light-signaling pathways that function in these processes in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In this review, we summarize the high light and UV-mediated signaling pathways for qE in Chlamydomonas. We discuss key questions remaining about the pathway from light perception to photoprotective gene expression in Chlamydomonas. We detail possible differences between green algae and plants in light-signaling mechanisms for qE and emphasize the importance of research on light-signaling mechanisms for qE in plants.
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Perera-Castro AV, Flexas J, González-Rodríguez ÁM, Fernández-Marín B. Photosynthesis on the edge: photoinhibition, desiccation and freezing tolerance of Antarctic bryophytes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 149:135-153. [PMID: 33033976 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In Antarctica, multiple stresses (low temperatures, drought and excessive irradiance) hamper photosynthesis even in summer. We hypothesize that controlled inactivation of PSII reaction centres, a mechanism widely studied by pioneer work of Fred Chow and co-workers, may effectively guarantee functional photosynthesis under these conditions. Thus, we analysed the energy partitioning through photosystems in response to temperature in 15 bryophyte species presenting different worldwide distributions but all growing in Livingston Island, under controlled and field conditions. We additionally tested their tolerance to desiccation and freezing and compared those with their capability for sexual reproduction in Antarctica (as a proxy to overall fitness). Under field conditions, when irradiance rules air temperature by the warming of shoots (up to 20 °C under sunny days), a predominance of sustained photoinhibition beyond dynamic heat dissipation was observed at low temperatures. Antarctic endemic and polar species showed the largest increases of photoinhibition at low temperatures. On the contrary, the variation of thermal dissipation with temperature was not linked to species distribution. Instead, maximum non-photochemical quenching at 20 °C was related (strongly and positively) with desiccation tolerance, which also correlated with fertility in Antarctica, but not with freezing tolerance. Although all the analysed species tolerated - 20 °C when dry, the tolerance to freezing in hydrated state ranged from the exceptional ability of Schistidium rivulare (that survived for 14 months at - 80 °C) to the susceptibility of Bryum pseudotriquetrum (that died after 1 day at - 20 °C unless being desiccated before freezing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Victoria Perera-Castro
- Department of Biology, Universitat de Les Illes Balears / INAGEA, Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Department of Biology, Universitat de Les Illes Balears / INAGEA, Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Canarias, Spain
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Hikosaka K, Tsujimoto K. Linking remote sensing parameters to CO 2 assimilation rates at a leaf scale. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:695-711. [PMID: 34019204 PMCID: PMC8245396 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) and photochemical reflectance index (PRI) are expected to be useful for remote sensing of photosynthetic activity at various spatial scales. This review discusses how chlorophyll fluorescence and PRI are related to the CO2 assimilation rate at a leaf scale. Light energy absorbed by photosystem II chlorophylls is allocated to photochemistry, fluorescence, and heat dissipation evaluated as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). PRI is correlated with NPQ because it reflects the composition of xanthophylls, which are involved in heat dissipation. Assuming that NPQ is uniquely related to the photochemical efficiency (quantum yield of photochemistry), photochemical efficiencies can be assessed from either chlorophyll fluorescence or PRI. However, this assumption may not be held under some conditions such as low temperatures and photoinhibitory environments. Even in such cases, photosynthesis may be estimated more accurately if both chlorophyll fluorescence and PRI are determined simultaneously. To convert from photochemical efficiency to CO2 assimilation, environmental responses in stomatal conductance also need to be considered. Models linking chlorophyll fluorescence and PRI with CO2 assimilation rates will contribute to understanding and future prediction of the global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Katsuto Tsujimoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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Wu G, Ma L, Yuan C, Dai J, Luo L, Poudyal RS, Sayre RT, Lee CH. Formation of light-harvesting complex II aggregates from LHCII-PSI-LHCI complexes in rice plants under high light. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4938-4948. [PMID: 33939808 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During low light- (LL) induced state transitions in dark-adapted rice (Oryza sativa) leaves, light-harvesting complex (LHC) II become phosphorylated and associate with PSI complexes to form LHCII-PSI-LHCI supercomplexes. When the leaves are subsequently transferred to high light (HL) conditions, phosphorylated LHCII complexes are no longer phosphorylated. Under the HL-induced transition in LHC phosphorylation status, we observed a new green band in the stacking gel of native green-PAGE, which was determined to be LHCII aggregates by immunoblotting and 77K chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. Knockout mutants of protein phosphatase 1 (PPH1) which dephosphorylates LHCII failed to form these LHCII aggregates. In addition, the ability to develop non-photochemical quenching in the PPH1 mutant under HL was less than for wild-type plants. As determined by immunoblotting analysis, LHCII proteins present in LHCII-PSI-LHCI supercomplexes included the Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 proteins. In this study, we provide evidence suggesting that LHCII in the LHCII-PSI-LHCI supercomplexes are dephosphorylated and subsequently form aggregates to dissipate excess light energy under HL conditions. We propose that this LHCII aggregation, involving LHCII L-trimers, is a newly observed photoprotective light-quenching process operating in the early stage of acclimation to HL in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxi Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Cai Yuan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiahao Dai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Lai Luo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Roshan Sharma Poudyal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Choon-Hwan Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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9
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Taj Z, Challabathula D. Protection of Photosynthesis by Halotolerant Staphylococcus sciuri ET101 in Tomato ( Lycoperiscon esculentum) and Rice ( Oryza sativa) Plants During Salinity Stress: Possible Interplay Between Carboxylation and Oxygenation in Stress Mitigation. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:547750. [PMID: 33488529 PMCID: PMC7820118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.547750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Lycoperiscon esculentum) and rice (Oryza sativa) are the two most important agricultural crops whose productivity is severely impacted by salinity stress. Soil salinity causes an irreversible damage to the photosynthetic apparatus in plants at all developmental stages leading to significant reduction in agricultural productivity. Reduction in photosynthesis is the primary response that is observed in all glycophytic plants during salt stress. Employment of salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) is an economical and viable approach for the remediation of saline soils and improvement of plant growth. The current study is aimed towards investigating the growth patterns and photosynthetic responses of rice and tomato plants upon inoculation with halotolerant PGPB Staphylococcus sciuri ET101 under salt stress conditions. Tomato and rice plants inoculated with PGPB showed increased growth rate and stimulated root growth, along with higher transpiration rates (E), stomatal conductance (g s ), and intracellular CO2 accumulation (Ci). Additionally, correlation of relative water content (RWC) to electrolyte leakage (EL) in tomato and rice plants showed decreased EL in inoculated plants during salt stress conditions, along with higher proline and glycine betaine content. Energy dissipation by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and increased photorespiration of 179.47% in tomato and 264.14% in rice plants were observed in uninoculated plants subjected to salinity stress. Furthermore, reduced photorespiration with improved salinity tolerance is observed in inoculated plants. The higher rates of photosynthesis in inoculated plants during salt stress were accompanied by increased quantum efficiency (ΦPSII) and maximum quantum yield (F v /F m ) of photosystem II. Furthermore, inoculated plants showed increased carboxylation efficiency of RuBisCO, along with higher photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR) (J) during salinity stress. Although the total cellular ATP levels are drastically affected by salt stress in tomato and rice plants along with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, the restoration of cellular ATP levels in leaves of inoculated plants along with decreased ROS accumulation suggests the protective role of PGPB. Our results reveal the beneficial role of S. sciuri ET101 in protection of photosynthesis and amelioration of salinity stress responses in rice and tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dinakar Challabathula
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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da Rocha Nina Junior A, Furtunato Maia JM, Vitor Martins SC, Gonçalves JFDC. Photochemical Efficiency and Oxidative Metabolism of Tree Species during Acclimation to High and Low Irradiance. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9081047. [PMID: 32824598 PMCID: PMC7463730 DOI: 10.3390/plants9081047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The balance between efficiency of absorption and use of light energy is fundamental for plant metabolism and to avoid photoinhibition. Here, we investigated the effects of light environments on the photosynthetic apparatus of tropical tree species of three successional groups (pioneer, mid-, and late successional) subjected to different light conditions: full sunlight (FS), moderate shade (MS), and deep shade (DS). Twenty-nine ecophysiological parameters were correlated with each other. The pioneer species exhibited better photochemical performance and a more efficient antioxidant enzymatic system in comparison with the other successional groups. Plants in FS showed higher intensity of lipid peroxidation, with superoxide dismutase having a prominent role in the antioxidant system. At lower irradiance the enzymatic activity was reduced, and the photochemical efficiency was the preferred way to reduce oxidative damages. P was highly related to photochemical yield, and the N modulation amplified the light harvesting complex in DS to the detriment of the antioxidant system. Despite evidence of cell damage, most species exhibited the ability to adjust to high irradiance. Contrary to expectations, Hymenea courbaril (late-successional) exhibited higher plasticity to fluorescence, nutritional, and antioxidant parameters. Only Carapa guianensis (late-successional) displayed photoinhibitory damage in FS, and Ochroma pyramidale (pioneer) did not survive in DS, suggesting that acclimation to shade is more challenging than to high irradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamir da Rocha Nina Junior
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amazonas (IFAM)–Campus Humaitá, BR230 Highway, KM 07, Humaitá-AM 69.800-000, Brazil;
| | - Jair Max Furtunato Maia
- University of State of Amazonas (UEA), Av. Djalma Batista, 2470, Manaus-AM 69.050-010, Brazil;
| | | | - José Francisco de Carvalho Gonçalves
- National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, Manaus-AM 69.011-970, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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11
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Barbato R, Tadini L, Cannata R, Peracchio C, Jeran N, Alboresi A, Morosinotto T, Bajwa AA, Paakkarinen V, Suorsa M, Aro EM, Pesaresi P. Higher order photoprotection mutants reveal the importance of ΔpH-dependent photosynthesis-control in preventing light induced damage to both photosystem II and photosystem I. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6770. [PMID: 32317747 PMCID: PMC7174426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although light is essential for photosynthesis, when in excess, it may damage the photosynthetic apparatus, leading to a phenomenon known as photoinhibition. Photoinhibition was thought as a light-induced damage to photosystem II; however, it is now clear that even photosystem I may become very vulnerable to light. One main characteristic of light induced damage to photosystem II (PSII) is the increased turnover of the reaction center protein, D1: when rate of degradation exceeds the rate of synthesis, loss of PSII activity is observed. With respect to photosystem I (PSI), an excess of electrons, instead of an excess of light, may be very dangerous. Plants possess a number of mechanisms able to prevent, or limit, such damages by safe thermal dissipation of light energy (non-photochemical quenching, NPQ), slowing-down of electron transfer through the intersystem transport chain (photosynthesis-control, PSC) in co-operation with the Proton Gradient Regulation (PGR) proteins, PGR5 and PGRL1, collectively called as short-term photoprotection mechanisms, and the redistribution of light between photosystems, called state transitions (responsible of fluorescence quenching at PSII, qT), is superimposed to these short term photoprotective mechanisms. In this manuscript we have generated a number of higher order mutants by crossing genotypes carrying defects in each of the short-term photoprotection mechanisms, with the final aim to obtain a direct comparison of their role and efficiency in photoprotection. We found that mutants carrying a defect in the ΔpH-dependent photosynthesis-control are characterized by photoinhibition of both photosystems, irrespectively of whether PSBS-dependent NPQ or state transitions defects were present or not in the same individual, demonstrating the primary role of PSC in photoprotection. Moreover, mutants with a limited capability to develop a strong PSBS-dependent NPQ, were characterized by a high turnover of the D1 protein and high values of Y(NO), which might reflect energy quenching processes occurring within the PSII reaction center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Barbato
- Department of Sciences and Innovation Technology, University of Eastern Piedmont Amadeo Avogadro, I-15121, Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Luca Tadini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Romina Cannata
- Department of Sciences and Innovation Technology, University of Eastern Piedmont Amadeo Avogadro, I-15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | | | - Nicolaj Jeran
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Azfar Ali Bajwa
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, SF-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Virpi Paakkarinen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, SF-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjaana Suorsa
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, SF-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, SF-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Paolo Pesaresi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, I-20133, Milan, Italy
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12
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Amstutz CL, Fristedt R, Schultink A, Merchant SS, Niyogi KK, Malnoë A. An atypical short-chain dehydrogenase-reductase functions in the relaxation of photoprotective qH in Arabidopsis. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:154-166. [PMID: 32055052 PMCID: PMC7288749 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms experience wide fluctuations in light intensity and regulate light harvesting accordingly to prevent damage from excess energy. The antenna quenching component qH is a sustained form of energy dissipation that protects the photosynthetic apparatus under stress conditions. This photoprotective mechanism requires the plastid lipocalin LCNP and is prevented by SUPPRESSOR OF QUENCHING1 (SOQ1) under non-stress conditions. However, the molecular mechanism of qH relaxation has yet to be resolved. Here, we isolated and characterized RELAXATION OF QH1 (ROQH1), an atypical short-chain dehydrogenase-reductase that functions as a qH-relaxation factor in Arabidopsis. The ROQH1 gene belongs to the GreenCut2 inventory specific to photosynthetic organisms, and the ROQH1 protein localizes to the chloroplast stroma lamellae membrane. After a cold and high-light treatment, qH does not relax in roqh1 mutants and qH does not occur in leaves overexpressing ROQH1. When the soq1 and roqh1 mutations are combined, qH can neither be prevented nor relaxed and soq1 roqh1 displays constitutive qH and light-limited growth. We propose that LCNP and ROQH1 perform dosage-dependent, antagonistic functions to protect the photosynthetic apparatus and maintain light-harvesting efficiency in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Amstutz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rikard Fristedt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alex Schultink
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Alizée Malnoë
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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13
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Cho SM, Lee H, Hong SG, Lee J. Study of Ecophysiological Responses of the Antarctic Fruticose Lichen Cladonia borealis Using the PAM Fluorescence System under Natural and Laboratory Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E85. [PMID: 31936612 PMCID: PMC7020452 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antarctic lichens have been used as indicators of climate change for decades, but only a few species have been studied. We assessed the photosynthetic performance of the fruticose lichen Cladonia borealis under natural and laboratory conditions using the PAM fluorescence system. Compared to that of sun-adapted Usnea sp., the photosynthetic performance of C. borealis exhibits shade-adapted lichen features, and its chlorophyll fluorescence does not occur during dry days without rain. To understand its desiccation-rehydration responses, we measured changes in the PSII photochemistry in C. borealis under the average light intensity of dawn light and daylight and the desiccating conditions of its natural microclimate. Interestingly, samples under daylight and rapid-desiccation conditions showed a delayed reduction in Fv'/Fm' and rETRmax, and an increase in Y(II) and Y(NPQ) levels. These results suggest that the photoprotective mechanism of C. borealis depends on sunlight and becomes more efficient with improved desiccation tolerance. Amplicon sequencing revealed that the major photobiont of C. borealis was Asterochloris irregularis, which has not been reported in Antarctica before. Collectively, these results from both field and laboratory could provide a better understanding of specific ecophysiological responses of shade-adapted lichens in the Antarctic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Mi Cho
- Unit of Research for Practical Application, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea;
| | - Hyoungseok Lee
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (H.L.); (S.G.H.)
- Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Soon Gyu Hong
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (H.L.); (S.G.H.)
| | - Jungeun Lee
- Unit of Research for Practical Application, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea;
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14
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Kalmatskaya OA, Karavaev VA, Tikhonov AN. Slow induction of chlorophyll a fluorescence excited by blue and red light in Tradescantia leaves acclimated to high and low light. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 142:265-282. [PMID: 31435864 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tradescantia is a good model for assaying induction events in higher plant leaves. Chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence serves as a sensitive reporter of the functional state of photosynthetic apparatus in chloroplasts. The fluorescence time-course depends on the leaf growth conditions and actinic light quality. In this work, we investigated slow induction of Chl a fluorescence (SIF) excited by blue light (BL, λmax = 455 nm) or red light (RL, λmax = 630 nm) in dark-adapted leaves of Tradescantia fluminensis acclimated to high light (~ 1000 µmol photons m-2 s-1; HL) or low light (~ 100 µmol photons m-2 s-1; LL). Our special interest was focused on the contribution of the avoidance response to SIF kinetics. Bearing in mind that BL and RL have different impacts on photoreceptors that initiate chloroplast movements within the cell (accumulation/avoidance responses), we have compared the SIF patterns during the action of BL and RL. The time-courses of SIF and kinetics of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of Chl a fluorescence revealed a certain difference when leaves were illuminated by BL or RL. In both cases, the yield of fluorescence rose to the maximal level P and then, after the lag-phase P-S-M1, the fluorescence level decreased toward the steady state T (via the intermediate phases M1-M2 and M2-T). In LL-acclimated leaves, the duration of the P-S-M1 phase was almost two times longer that in HL-grown plants. In the case of BL, the fluorescence decay included the transient phase M1-M2. This phase was obscure during the RL illumination. Non-photochemical quenching of Chl a fluorescence has been quantified as [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] stand for the fluorescence response to saturating pulses of light applied to dark-adapted and illuminated samples, respectively. The time-courses of such a formally determined NPQ value were markedly different during the action of RL and BL. In LL-grown leaves, BL induced higher NPQ as compared to the action of RL. In HL-grown plants, the difference between the NPQ responses to BL and RL illumination was insignificant. Comparing the peculiarities of Chl a fluorescence induced by BL and RL, we conclude that the avoidance response can provide a marked contribution to SIF and NPQ generation. The dependence of NPQ on the quality of actinic light suggests that chloroplast movements within the cell have a noticeable impact on the formally determined NPQ value. Analyzing kinetics of post-illumination decay of NPQ in the context of solar stress resistance, we have found that LL-acclimated Tradescantia leaves are more vulnerable to strong light than the HL-grown leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander N Tikhonov
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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15
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Bethmann S, Melzer M, Schwarz N, Jahns P. The zeaxanthin epoxidase is degraded along with the D1 protein during photoinhibition of photosystem II. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00185. [PMID: 31819921 PMCID: PMC6885522 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The xanthophyll zeaxanthin is synthesized in chloroplasts upon high light exposure of plants and serves central photoprotective functions. The reconversion of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin is catalyzed by the zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP). ZEP shows highest activity after short and moderate high light periods, but becomes gradually down-regulated in response to increasing high light stress along with down-regulation of photosystem II (PSII) activity. ZEP activity and ZEP protein levels were studied in response to high light stress in four plant species: Arabidopsis thaliana, Pisum sativum, Nicotiana benthamiana and Spinacia oleracea. In all species, ZEP protein was degraded during photoinhibition of PSII in parallel with the D1 protein of PSII. In the presence of streptomycin, an inhibitor of chloroplast protein synthesis, photoinhibition of PSII and ZEP activity as well as degradation of D1 and ZEP protein was strongly increased, indicating a close correlation of ZEP regulation with PSII photoinhibition and repair. The concomitant high light-induced inactivation/degradation of ZEP and D1 prevents the reconversion of zeaxanthin during photoinhibition and repair of PSII. This regulation of ZEP activity supports a coordinated degradation of D1 and ZEP during photoinhibition/repair of PSII and an essential photoprotective function of zeaxanthin during the PSII repair cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Melzer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
| | - Nadine Schwarz
- Plant BiochemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Plant BiochemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
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16
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Pollastri S, Jorba I, Hawkins TJ, Llusià J, Michelozzi M, Navajas D, Peñuelas J, Hussey PJ, Knight MR, Loreto F. Leaves of isoprene-emitting tobacco plants maintain PSII stability at high temperatures. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1307-1318. [PMID: 30980545 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
At high temperatures, isoprene-emitting plants display a higher photosynthetic rate and a lower nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) compared with nonemitting plants. The mechanism of this phenomenon, which may be very important under current climate warming, is still elusive. NPQ was dissected into its components, and chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) was used to analyse the dynamics of excited chlorophyll relaxation in isoprene-emitting and nonemitting plants. Thylakoid membrane stiffness was also measured using atomic force microscope (AFM) to identify a possible mode of action of isoprene in improving photochemical efficiency and photosynthetic stability. We show that, when compared with nonemitters, isoprene-emitting tobacco plants exposed at high temperatures display a reduced increase of the NPQ energy-dependent component (qE) and stable (1) chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime; (2) amplitude of the fluorescence decay components; and (3) thylakoid membrane stiffness. Our study shows for the first time that isoprene maintains PSII stability at high temperatures by preventing the modifications of the surrounding environment, namely providing a more steady and homogeneous distribution of the light-absorbing centres and a stable thylakoid membrane stiffness. Isoprene photoprotects leaves with a mechanism alternative to NPQ, enabling plants to maintain a high photosynthetic rate at rising temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Pollastri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
| | - Ignasi Jorba
- University of Barcelona and Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia - The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Timothy J Hawkins
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
| | - Joan Llusià
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marco Michelozzi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniel Navajas
- University of Barcelona and Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia - The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Patrick J Hussey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
| | - Marc R Knight
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy, Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
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17
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Gallie DR, Chen Z. Chloroplast-localized iron superoxide dismutases FSD2 and FSD3 are functionally distinct in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220078. [PMID: 31329637 PMCID: PMC6645559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) protect against reactive oxygen species (ROS) by detoxifying superoxide. Three types of SOD are present in plants: FeSOD, CuSOD, and MnSOD. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains three FeSOD genes, in which two (FSD2, and FSD3) are targeted to chloroplast thylakoids. Loss of FSD2 or FSD3 expression impairs growth and causes leaf bleaching. FSD2 and FSD3 form heterocomplexes present in chloroplast nucleoids, raising the question of whether FSD2 and FSD3 are functionally interchangeable. In this study, we examined how loss of FSD2 or FSD3 expression affects photosynthetic processes and whether overexpression of one compensates for loss of the other. Whereas loss of the cytosolic FSD1 had little effect, an fsd2 mutant exhibited increased superoxide production, reduced chlorophyll levels, lower PSII efficiency, a lower rate of CO2 assimilation, but elevated non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). In contrast, fsd3 mutants failed to survive beyond the seedling stage and overexpression of FSD2 could not rescue the seedlings. Overexpression of FSD3 in an fsd2 mutant, however, partially reversed the fsd2 mutant phenotype resulting in improved growth characteristics. Overexpression of FSD2 or FSD3, either individually or together, had little effect. These results indicate that, despite functioning as FeSODs, FSD2 and FSD3 are functionally distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Gallie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
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18
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Ogbaga CC, Athar HUR. The need to incorporate fast and slow relaxation kinetic parameters into photosynthesis-measuring systems. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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19
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Borisova-Mubarakshina MM, Vetoshkina DV, Ivanov BN. Antioxidant and signaling functions of the plastoquinone pool in higher plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:181-198. [PMID: 30706486 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The review covers data representing the plastoquinone pool as the component integrated in plant antioxidant defense and plant signaling. The main goal of the review is to discuss the evidence describing the plastoquinone-involved biochemical reactions, which are incorporated in maintaining the sustainability of higher plants to stress conditions. In this context, the analysis of the reactions of various redox forms of plastoquinone with oxygen species is presented. The review describes how these reactions can constitute both the antioxidant and signaling functions of the pool. Special attention is paid to the reaction of superoxide anion radicals with plastohydroquinone molecules, producing hydrogen peroxide as signal molecules. Attention is also given to the processes affecting the redox state of the plastoquinone pool because the redox state of the pool is of special importance for antioxidant defense and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daria V Vetoshkina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Boris N Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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20
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Kulk G, Buist A, van de Poll WH, Rozema PD, Buma AGJ. Size scaling of photophysiology and growth in four freshly isolated diatom species from Ryder Bay, western Antarctic peninsula. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:314-328. [PMID: 30449029 PMCID: PMC6590143 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are one of the dominant groups in phytoplankton communities of the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). Although generally well-studied, little is known about size dependent photophysiological responses in diatom bloom formation and succession. To increase this understanding, four Antarctic diatom species covering two orders of magnitude in cell size were isolated in northern Marguerite Bay (WAP). Fragilariopsis sp., Pseudo-nitzschia cf. subcurvata, Thalassiosira cf. antarctica, and Proboscia cf. alata were acclimated to three different irradiances after which photophysiology, electron transport, carbon fixation, and growth were assessed. The small species Fragilariopsis sp., Pseudo-nitzschia cf. subcurvata, and large species Proboscia cf. alata showed similar photoacclimation to higher irradiances with a decrease in cellular chlorophyll a and an increase in chlorophyll a specific absorption and xanthophyll cycle pigments and activity. In contrast, pigment concentrations and absorption remained unaffected by higher irradiances in the large species Thalassiosira cf. antarctica. Overall, the small species showed significantly higher growth rates compared to the large species, which was related to relatively high light harvesting capacity and electron transport rates in the smaller species. However, photophysiological responses related to photoinhibition and photoprotection and carbon fixation showed no relationship with cell size. This study supports the dominance of small diatoms at low irradiances during winter and early spring, but does not provide photophysiological evidence for the dominance of large diatoms during the phytoplankton bloom in the WAP. This suggests that other factors such as grazing and nutrient availability are likely to play a major role in diatom bloom formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Kulk
- Department of Ocean EcosystemsEnergy and Sustainability Research Institute GroningenUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Anton Buist
- Department of Ocean EcosystemsEnergy and Sustainability Research Institute GroningenUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Willem H. van de Poll
- Department of Ocean EcosystemsEnergy and Sustainability Research Institute GroningenUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Patrick D. Rozema
- Department of Ocean EcosystemsEnergy and Sustainability Research Institute GroningenUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Anita G. J. Buma
- Department of Ocean EcosystemsEnergy and Sustainability Research Institute GroningenUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenthe Netherlands
- Arctic CentreFaculty of ArtsUniversity of GroningenAweg 309718 CWGroningenthe Netherlands
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21
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Agarwal A, Patil S, Gharat K, Pandit RA, Lali AM. Modulation in light utilization by a microalga Asteracys sp. under mixotrophic growth regimes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 139:553-567. [PMID: 29860703 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first to explore the influence of incident light intensity on the photosynthetic responses under mixotrophic growth of microalga Asteracys sp. When grown mixotrophically, there was an enhanced regulation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of the excited state of chlorophyll (Chl) a within the cells in response to white cool fluorescent high light (HL; 600 µmol photons m-2 s-1). Simultaneous measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as malondialdehyde (MDA) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), an ROS scavenger, showed improved management of stress within mixotrophic cells under HL. Despite the observed decrease in quantum yield of photosynthesis measured through the Chl a fluorescence transient, no reduction in biomass accumulation was observed under HL for mixotrophy. However, biomass loss owing to photoinhibition was observed in cells grown phototrophically under the same irradiance. The measurements of dark recovery of NPQ suggested that "state transitions" may be partly responsible for regulating overall photosynthesis in Asteracys sp. The partitioning of photochemical and non-photochemical processes to sustain HL stress was analysed. Collectively, this study proposes that mixotrophy using glucose leads to a change in the photosynthetic abilities of Asteracys sp. while enhancing the adaptability of the alga to high irradiances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Agarwal
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Smita Patil
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Krushna Gharat
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Reena A Pandit
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India.
| | - Arvind M Lali
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
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22
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Mishra KB, Mishra A, Kubásek J, Urban O, Heyer AG. Low temperature induced modulation of photosynthetic induction in non-acclimated and cold-acclimated Arabidopsis thaliana: chlorophyll a fluorescence and gas-exchange measurements. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 139:123-143. [PMID: 30306531 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cold acclimation modifies the photosynthetic machinery and enables plants to survive at sub-zero temperatures, whereas in warm habitats, many species suffer even at non-freezing temperatures. We have measured chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) and CO2 assimilation to investigate the effects of cold acclimation, and of low temperatures, on a cold-sensitive Arabidopsis thaliana accession C24. Upon excitation with low intensity (40 µmol photons m- 2 s- 1) ~ 620 nm light, slow (minute range) ChlF transients, at ~ 22 °C, showed two waves in the SMT phase (S, semi steady-state; M, maximum; T, terminal steady-state), whereas CO2 assimilation showed a linear increase with time. Low-temperature treatment (down to - 1.5 °C) strongly modulated the SMT phase and stimulated a peak in the CO2 assimilation induction curve. We show that the SMT phase, at ~ 22 °C, was abolished when measured under high actinic irradiance, or when 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1- dimethylurea (DCMU, an inhibitor of electron flow) or methyl viologen (MV, a Photosystem I (PSI) electron acceptor) was added to the system. Our data suggest that stimulation of the SMT wave, at low temperatures, has multiple reasons, which may include changes in both photochemical and biochemical reactions leading to modulations in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of the excited state of Chl, "state transitions," as well as changes in the rate of cyclic electron flow through PSI. Further, we suggest that cold acclimation, in accession C24, promotes "state transition" and protects photosystems by preventing high excitation pressure during low-temperature exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumud B Mishra
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Anamika Mishra
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kubásek
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Arnd G Heyer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70567, Stuttgart, Germany
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23
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Yarkhunova Y, Guadagno CR, Rubin MJ, Davis SJ, Ewers BE, Weinig C. Circadian rhythms are associated with variation in photosystem II function and photoprotective mechanisms. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2518-2529. [PMID: 29664141 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock regulates many aspects of leaf gas supply and biochemical demand for CO2 , and is hypothesized to improve plant performance. Yet the extent to which the clock may regulate the efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) and photoprotective mechanisms such as heat dissipation is less explored. Based on measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence, we estimated the maximum efficiency of PSII in light (Fv'/Fm') and heat dissipation by nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). We further dissected total NPQ into its main components, qE (pH-dependent quenching), qT (state-transition quenching), and qI (quenching related to photoinhibition), in clock mutant genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana, the cognate wild-type genotypes, and a panel of recombinant inbred lines expressing quantitative variation in clock period. Compared with mutants with altered clock function, we observed that wild-type genotypes with clock period lengths of approximately 24 hr had both higher levels of Fv'/Fm', indicative of improved PSII function, and reduced NPQ, suggestive of lower stress on PSII light harvesting complexes. In the recombinant inbred lines, genetic variances were significant for Fv'/Fm' and all 3 components of NPQ, with qE explaining the greatest proportion of NPQ. Bivariate tests of association and structural equation models of hierarchical trait relationships showed that quantitative clock variation was empirically associated with Fv'/Fm' and NPQ, with qE mediating the relationship with gas exchange. The results demonstrate significant segregating variation for all photoprotective components, and suggest the adaptive significance of the clock may partly derive from its regulation of the light reactions of photosynthesis and of photoprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Yarkhunova
- Department of Botany and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Carmela R Guadagno
- Department of Botany and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Matthew J Rubin
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Seth J Davis
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Brent E Ewers
- Department of Botany and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Cynthia Weinig
- Department of Botany and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
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24
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Dias AN, Siqueira-Silva AI, Souza JP, Kuki KN, Pereira EG. Acclimation responses of macaw palm seedlings to contrasting light environments. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15300. [PMID: 30333511 PMCID: PMC6192989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetic adjustments of macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata) were evaluated in 30-day-old seedlings exposed to high and low light environments, and sudden transference from low to high light and comparisons were made with the hardening protocol used in nurseries. Furthermore, we evaluated the responses to long-term exposure (265 days) to high and low light environments. Macaw palm seedlings exhibited an efficient mechanism that maximized light capture under scarce conditions, and dissipated excess energy to avoid damaging to the photosystem II under high light. The seedlings showed low saturation irradiance but no photoinhibition when exposed to excess light. When grown under low light intensities, seedlings presented higher photochemical efficiency and minimized the respiratory costs with positive carbon balance at lower irradiance than hardened seedlings did. The hardening procedure did not appear to be an advantageous method during seedling production. Long-term exposure to either low or high light did not cause significant leaf anatomical adjustments. However, the low light seedlings showed higher leaf area and chlorophyll content than those exposed to higher light intensity did, which enabled shaded seedlings to maximize the captured light. Furthermore, the high non-photochemical dissipation allowed rapid acclimation to excessive light exposure. These responses allow macaw palm cultivation and establishment in very different light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriel N Dias
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Manejo e Conservação de Ecossistemas Naturais e Agrários, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Florestal, Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Advanio I Siqueira-Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UFV, Campus Florestal, Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), Campus Universitário de Juruti, Juruti, Pará, Brazil
| | - João P Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UFV, Campus Florestal, Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kacilda N Kuki
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, UFV, Campus Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo G Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UFV, Campus Florestal, Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Serôdio J, Schmidt W, Frommlet JC, Christa G, Nitschke MR. An LED-based multi-actinic illumination system for the high throughput study of photosynthetic light responses. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5589. [PMID: 30202661 PMCID: PMC6128260 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The responses of photosynthetic organisms to light stress are of interest for both fundamental and applied research. Functional traits related to the photoinhibition, the light-induced loss of photosynthetic efficiency, are particularly interesting as this process is a key limiting factor of photosynthetic productivity in algae and plants. The quantitative characterization of light responses is often time-consuming and calls for cost-effective high throughput approaches that enable the fast screening of multiple samples. Here we present a novel illumination system based on the concept of ‘multi-actinic imaging’ of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence. The system is based on the combination of an array of individually addressable low power RGBW LEDs and custom-designed well plates, allowing for the independent illumination of 64 samples through the digital manipulation of both exposure duration and light intensity. The illumination system is inexpensive and easily fabricated, based on open source electronics, off-the-shelf components, and 3D-printed parts, and is optimized for imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence. The high-throughput potential of the system is illustrated by assessing the functional diversity in light responses of marine macroalgal species, through the fast and simultaneous determination of kinetic parameters characterizing the response to light stress of multiple samples. Although the presented illumination system was primarily designed for the measurement of phenotypic traits related to photosynthetic activity and photoinhibition, it can be potentially used for a number of alternative applications, including the measurement of chloroplast phototaxis and action spectra, or as the basis for microphotobioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Serôdio
- Department of Biology and CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - William Schmidt
- Department of Biology and CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jörg C Frommlet
- Department of Biology and CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gregor Christa
- Department of Biology and CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Department of Biology and CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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26
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Lou Y, Sun H, Wang S, Xu H, Li L, Zhao H, Gao Z. Expression and functional analysis of two PsbS genes in bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 163:459-471. [PMID: 29314045 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants have an array of photoprotection mechanisms alleviating the harmful effects of light. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is one of the photoprotective mechanisms, which dissipates the excess of light energy absorbed in the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) into thermal energy. The photosystem II subunit S (PsbS), a member of the LHC family thought to be present exclusively in higher plants, is supposed to activate NPQ through interactions with antenna proteins. However, the roles of PsbS in bamboo remain unclear. Here, two genes of bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), PePsbS1 and PePsbS2, are investigated and functionally analyzed. PePsbS1 and PePsbS2 have a similar gene structure with three introns separated by two exons, which encode 269 and 268 amino acid residues, respectively. Tissue-specific analysis showed that PePsbS1 and PePsbS2 are highly expressed in leaf blade. Besides, they are both upregulated in the leaf blade when plantlets are submitted to an increased and prolonged light intensity, suggesting that they are light-induced. Western blot analysis indicated that the accumulation level of total PePsbSs is consistent with what obtained by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for PePsbS1 and PePsbS2. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing PePsbS1 and PePsbS2 both displayed an enhanced photoprotection. Moreover, the expression of PePsbS1 and PePsbS2 could both rescue the NPQ of Arabidopsis npq4 mutant, indicating that the PsbSs are functionally conserved between monocots and dicots. These results indicated that both PePsbS1 and PePsbS2 could circumvent photoinhibition and enhance photoprotection, which are key factors for bamboo's adaptation to different light environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Lou
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Huayu Sun
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Sining Wang
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Lichao Li
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Hansheng Zhao
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Zhimin Gao
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
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27
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Pfündel EE, Latouche G, Meister A, Cerovic ZG. Linking chloroplast relocation to different responses of photosynthesis to blue and red radiation in low and high light-acclimated leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 137:105-128. [PMID: 29374806 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Low light (LL) and high light (HL)-acclimated plants of A. thaliana were exposed to blue (BB) or red (RR) light or to a mixture of blue and red light (BR) of incrementally increasing intensities. The light response of photosystem II was measured by pulse amplitude-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence and that of photosystem I by near infrared difference spectroscopy. The LL but not HL leaves exhibited blue light-specific responses which were assigned to relocation of chloroplasts from the dark to the light-avoidance arrangement. Blue light (BB and BR) decreased the minimum fluorescence ([Formula: see text]) more than RR light. This extra reduction of the [Formula: see text] was stronger than theoretically predicted for [Formula: see text] quenching by energy dissipation but actual measurement and theory agreed in RR treatments. The extra [Formula: see text] reduction was assigned to decreased light absorption of chloroplasts in the avoidance position. A maximum reduction of 30% was calculated. Increasing intensities of blue light affected the fluorescence parameters NPQ and qP to a lesser degree than red light. After correcting for the optical effects of chloroplast relocation, the NPQ responded similarly to blue and red light. The same correction method diminished the color-specific variations in qP but did not abolish it; thus strongly indicating the presence of another blue light effect which also moderates excitation pressure in PSII but cannot be ascribed to absorption variations. Only after RR exposure, a post-illumination overshoot of [Formula: see text] and fast oxidation of PSI electron acceptors occurred, thus, suggesting an electron flow from stromal reductants to the plastoquinone pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhard E Pfündel
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik II der Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Institut für Biowissenschaften, 97082, Würzburg, Germany.
- Heinz Walz GmbH, Eichenring 6, 91090, Effeltrich, Germany.
| | - Gwendal Latouche
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Écologie Systématique et Évolution, UMR8079, Bât. 362, 91405, Orsay, France
- CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
- AgroParisTech, 75231, Paris, France
| | - Armin Meister
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Zoran G Cerovic
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Écologie Systématique et Évolution, UMR8079, Bât. 362, 91405, Orsay, France
- CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
- AgroParisTech, 75231, Paris, France
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28
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Townsend AJ, Ware MA, Ruban AV. Dynamic interplay between photodamage and photoprotection in photosystem II. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1098-1112. [PMID: 29210070 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoinhibition is the light-induced reduction in photosynthetic efficiency and is usually associated with damage to the D1 photosystem II (PSII) reaction centre protein. This damage must either be repaired, through the PSII repair cycle, or prevented in the first place by nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Both NPQ and D1 repair contribute to light tolerance because they ensure the long-term maintenance of the highest quantum yield of PSII. However, the relative contribution of each of these processes is yet to be elucidated. The application of a pulse amplitude modulation fluorescence methodology, called protective NPQ, enabled us to evaluate of the protective effectiveness of the processes. Within this study, the contribution of NPQ and D1 repair to the photoprotective capacity of Arabidopsis thaliana was elucidated by using inhibitors and mutants known to affect each process. We conclude that NPQ contributes a greater amount to the maintenance of a high PSII yield than D1 repair under short periods of illumination. This research further supports the role of protective components of NPQ during light fluctuations and the value of protective NPQ and qPd as unambiguous fluorescence parameters, as opposed to qI and Fv /Fm , for quantifying photoinactivation of reaction centre II and light tolerance of photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Townsend
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Maxwell A Ware
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E14NS, UK
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29
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Harris D, Bar-Zvi S, Lahav A, Goldshmid I, Adir N. The Structural Basis for the Extraordinary Energy-Transfer Capabilities of the Phycobilisome. Subcell Biochem 2018; 87:57-82. [PMID: 29464557 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7757-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Light absorption is the initial step in the photosynthetic process. In all species, most of the light is absorbed by dedicated pigment-protein complexes called light harvesting complexes or antenna complexes. In the case of cyanobacteria and red-algae, photosynthetic organisms found in a wide variety of ecological niches, the major antenna is called the Phycobilisome (PBS). The PBS has many unique characteristics that sets it apart from the antenna complexes of other organisms (bacteria, algae and plants). These differences include the type of light absorbing chromophores, the protein environment of the chromophores, the method of assembly and association and the intercellular location with respect to the photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs). Since the final goal of all antenna complexes is the same - controlled absorption and transfer of the energy of the sun to the RCs, the unique structural and chemical differences of the PBS also require unique energy transfer mechanisms and pathways. In this review we will describe in detail the structural facets that lead to a mature PBS, followed by an attempt to understand the energy transfer properties of the PBS as they have been measured experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dvir Harris
- The Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shira Bar-Zvi
- The Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avital Lahav
- The Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Itay Goldshmid
- The Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noam Adir
- The Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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30
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Christa G, Cruz S, Jahns P, de Vries J, Cartaxana P, Esteves AC, Serôdio J, Gould SB. Photoprotection in a monophyletic branch of chlorophyte algae is independent of energy-dependent quenching (qE). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1132-1144. [PMID: 28152190 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phototrophic organisms need to ensure high photosynthetic performance whilst suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced stress occurring under excess light conditions. The xanthophyll cycle (XC), related to the high-energy quenching component (qE) of the nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) of excitation energy, is considered to be an obligatory component of photoprotective mechanisms. The pigment composition of at least one representative of each major clade of Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta) was investigated. We searched for a light-dependent conversion of pigments and investigated the NPQ capacity with regard to the contribution of XC and the qE component when grown under different light conditions. A XC was found to be absent in a monophyletic group of Ulvophyceae, the Bryopsidales, when cultivated under low light, but was triggered in one of the 10 investigated bryopsidalean species, Caulerpa cf. taxifolia, when cultivated under high light. Although Bryopsidales accumulate zeaxanthin (Zea) under high-light (HL) conditions, NPQ formation is independent of a XC and not related to qE. qE- and XC-independent NPQ in the Bryopsidales contradicts the common perception regarding its ubiquitous occurrence in Chloroplastida. Zea accumulation in HL-acclimated Bryopsidales most probably represents a remnant of a functional XC. The existence of a monophyletic algal taxon that lacks qE highlights the need for broad biodiversity studies on photoprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Christa
- Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Cruz
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Peter Jahns
- Plant Biochemistry and Stress Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Paulo Cartaxana
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Esteves
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Serôdio
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sven B Gould
- Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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31
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Atkinson N, Leitão N, Orr DJ, Meyer MT, Carmo‐Silva E, Griffiths H, Smith AM, McCormick AJ. Rubisco small subunits from the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas complement Rubisco-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:655-667. [PMID: 28084636 PMCID: PMC5363358 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Introducing components of algal carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) into higher plant chloroplasts could increase photosynthetic productivity. A key component is the Rubisco-containing pyrenoid that is needed to minimise CO2 retro-diffusion for CCM operating efficiency. Rubisco in Arabidopsis was re-engineered to incorporate sequence elements that are thought to be essential for recruitment of Rubisco to the pyrenoid, namely the algal Rubisco small subunit (SSU, encoded by rbcS) or only the surface-exposed algal SSU α-helices. Leaves of Arabidopsis rbcs mutants expressing 'pyrenoid-competent' chimeric Arabidopsis SSUs containing the SSU α-helices from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can form hybrid Rubisco complexes with catalytic properties similar to those of native Rubisco, suggesting that the α-helices are catalytically neutral. The growth and photosynthetic performance of complemented Arabidopsis rbcs mutants producing near wild-type levels of the hybrid Rubisco were similar to those of wild-type controls. Arabidopsis rbcs mutants expressing a Chlamydomonas SSU differed from wild-type plants with respect to Rubisco catalysis, photosynthesis and growth. This confirms a role for the SSU in influencing Rubisco catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Atkinson
- SynthSys & Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
| | - Nuno Leitão
- Department of Metabolic BiologyJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Douglas J. Orr
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YQUK
| | - Moritz T. Meyer
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | | | - Howard Griffiths
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Alison M. Smith
- Department of Metabolic BiologyJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Alistair J. McCormick
- SynthSys & Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
- Department of Metabolic BiologyJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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32
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Serôdio J, Schmidt W, Frankenbach S. A chlorophyll fluorescence-based method for the integrated characterization of the photophysiological response to light stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1123-1135. [PMID: 28069780 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work introduces a new experimental method for the comprehensive description of the physiological responses to light of photosynthetic organisms. It allows the integration in a single experiment of the main established manipulative chlorophyll fluorescence-based protocols. It enables the integrated characterization of the photophysiology of samples regarding photoacclimation state (generating non-sequential light-response curves of effective PSII quantum yield, electron transport rate or non-photochemical quenching), photoprotection capacity (running light stress-recovery experiments, quantifying non-photochemical quenching components) and the operation of photoinactivation and photorepair processes (measuring rate constants of photoinactivation and repair for different light levels and the relative quantum yield of photoinactivation). The new method is based on a previously introduced technique, combining the illumination of a set of replicated samples with spatially separated actinic light beams of different intensity, and the simultaneous measurement of the fluorescence emitted by all samples using an imaging fluorometer. The main novelty described here is the independent manipulation of light intensity and duration of exposure for each sample, and the control of the cumulative light dose applied. The results demonstrate the proof of concept for the method, by comparing the responses of cultures of Chlorella vulgaris acclimated to low and high light regimes, highlighting the mapping of light stress responses over a wide range of light intensity and exposure conditions, and the rapid generation of paired light-response curves of photoinactivation and repair rate constants. This approach represents a chlorophyll fluorescence 'protocol of everything', contributing towards the high throughput characterization of the photophysiology of photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Serôdio
- Departamento de Biologia andCentro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - William Schmidt
- Departamento de Biologia andCentro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Silja Frankenbach
- Departamento de Biologia andCentro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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33
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Schumann T, Paul S, Melzer M, Dörmann P, Jahns P. Plant Growth under Natural Light Conditions Provides Highly Flexible Short-Term Acclimation Properties toward High Light Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:681. [PMID: 28515734 PMCID: PMC5413563 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Efficient acclimation to different growth light intensities is essential for plant fitness. So far, most studies on light acclimation have been conducted with plants grown under different constant light regimes, but more recent work indicated that acclimation to fluctuating light or field conditions may result in different physiological properties of plants. Thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) was grown under three different constant light intensities (LL: 25 μmol photons m-2 s-1; NL: 100 μmol photons m-2 s-1; HL: 500 μmol photons m-2 s-1) and under natural fluctuating light (NatL) conditions. We performed a thorough characterization of the morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties focusing on photo-protective mechanisms. Our analyses corroborated the known properties of LL, NL, and HL plants. NatL plants, however, were found to combine characteristics of both LL and HL grown plants, leading to efficient and unique light utilization capacities. Strikingly, the high energy dissipation capacity of NatL plants correlated with increased dynamics of thylakoid membrane reorganization upon short-term acclimation to excess light. We conclude that the thylakoid membrane organization and particularly the light-dependent and reversible unstacking of grana membranes likely represent key factors that provide the basis for the high acclimation capacity of NatL grown plants to rapidly changing light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schumann
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Suman Paul
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Michael Melzer
- Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Seeland, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Molecular Biotechnology/Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Peter Jahns
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Matuszyńska A, Heidari S, Jahns P, Ebenhöh O. A mathematical model of non-photochemical quenching to study short-term light memory in plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1860-1869. [PMID: 27620066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plants are permanently exposed to rapidly changing environments, therefore it is evident that they had to evolve mechanisms enabling them to dynamically adapt to such fluctuations. Here we study how plants can be trained to enhance their photoprotection and elaborate on the concept of the short-term illumination memory in Arabidopsis thaliana. By monitoring fluorescence emission dynamics we systematically observe the extent of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) after previous light exposure to recognise and quantify the memory effect. We propose a simplified mathematical model of photosynthesis that includes the key components required for NPQ activation, which allows us to quantify the contribution to photoprotection by those components. Due to its reduced complexity, our model can be easily applied to study similar behavioural changes in other species, which we demonstrate by adapting it to the shadow-tolerant plant Epipremnum aureum. Our results indicate that a basic mechanism of short-term light memory is preserved. The slow component, accumulation of zeaxanthin, accounts for the amount of memory remaining after relaxation in darkness, while the fast one, antenna protonation, increases quenching efficiency. With our combined theoretical and experimental approach we provide a unifying framework describing common principles of key photoprotective mechanisms across species in general, mathematical terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Matuszyńska
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Institute for Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Somayyeh Heidari
- Department of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad, 9177948974 Mashhad, Iran
| | - Peter Jahns
- Plant Biochemistry and Stress Physiology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Oliver Ebenhöh
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Institute for Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
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35
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Ikeuchi M, Sato F, Endo T. Allocation of Absorbed Light Energy in Photosystem II in NPQ Mutants of Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1484-1494. [PMID: 27076397 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To analyze changes of energy allocation in PSII at non-steady state photosynthesis, the induction and relaxation of non-photochemical quenching of Chl fluorescence was re-evaluated with the use of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants in which the ability to induce non-photochemical quenching was either enhanced (npq2) or suppressed (npq1 and npq4). When dark-treated leaves of the wild type (WT) were illuminated, very high Φf,D, which represents the loss of excitation energy via non-regulated dissipation, at the beginning of light illumination was gradually decreased to the steady-state level. In contrast, ΦNPQ, representing regulated energy dissipation in PSII, was relatively constant after a significant change in the first 10 min. In npq1 and npq4 mutants, lower ΦNPQ resulted in much higher Φf,D than in the WT. Comparison of npq1 and npq4 mutants showed a kinetic difference of two types of non-photochemical quenching. Because non-photochemical quenching calculated as NPQ = Fm - Fm')/Fm' was determined by the interplay between ΦNPQ and Φf,D, NPQ and ΦNPQ, both of which represent regulatory heat dissipation, were not linearly correlated. We showed that the kinetics of NPQ formation in the light and relaxation in the dark were affected by drastic changes in Φf,D We discuss the nature of a high level of Φf,D at the dark-light transition. We also point out an unavoidable problem of applying the energy allocation model when the Fv/Fm value changes during a photoinhibiotry illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ikeuchi
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Fumihiko Sato
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Endo
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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Parra MJ, Acuña KI, Sierra-Almeida A, Sanfuentes C, Saldaña A, Corcuera LJ, Bravo LA. Photosynthetic Light Responses May Explain Vertical Distribution of Hymenophyllaceae Species in a Temperate Rainforest of Southern Chile. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145475. [PMID: 26699612 PMCID: PMC4699196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some epiphytic Hymenophyllaceae are restricted to lower parts of the host (< 60 cm; 10-100 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)) in a secondary forest of Southern Chile; other species occupy the whole host height (≥ 10 m; max PPFD > 1000 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)). Our aim was to study the photosynthetic light responses of two Hymenophyllaceae species in relation to their contrasting distribution. We determined light tolerance of Hymenoglossum cruentum and Hymenophyllum dentatum by measuring gas exchange, PSI and PSII light energy partitioning, NPQ components, and pigment contents. H. dentatum showed lower maximum photosynthesis rates (A max) than H. cruentum, but the former species kept its net rates (An) near Amax across a wide light range. In contrast, in the latter one, An declined at PPFDs > 60 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1). H. cruentum, the shadiest plant, showed higher chlorophyll contents than H. dentatum. Differences in energy partitioning at PSI and PSII were consistent with gas exchange results. H. dentatum exhibited a higher light compensation point of the partitioning of absorbed energy between photochemical Y(PSII) and non-photochemical Y(NPQ) processes. Hence, both species allocated energy mainly toward photochemistry instead of heat dissipation at their light saturation points. Above saturation, H. cruentum had higher heat dissipation than H. dentatum. PSI yield (YPSI) remained higher in H. dentatum than H. cruentum in a wider light range. In both species, the main cause of heat dissipation at PSI was a donor side limitation. An early dynamic photo-inhibition of PSII may have caused an over reduction of the Qa+ pool decreasing the efficiency of electron donation to PSI. In H. dentatum, a slight increase in heat dissipation due to acceptor side limitation of PSI was observed above 300 μmol photons m(-2)s(-1). Differences in photosynthetic responses to light suggest that light tolerance and species plasticity could explain their contrasting vertical distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Parra
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Cruz 1577, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karina I. Acuña
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales & Center of Plant, Soil Interactions and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Angela Sierra-Almeida
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Sanfuentes
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Chile
| | - Alfredo Saldaña
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Luis J. Corcuera
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - León A. Bravo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales & Center of Plant, Soil Interactions and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
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Chen Z, Gallie DR. Ethylene Regulates Energy-Dependent Non-Photochemical Quenching in Arabidopsis through Repression of the Xanthophyll Cycle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144209. [PMID: 26630486 PMCID: PMC4667945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy-dependent (qE) non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) thermally dissipates excess absorbed light energy as a protective mechanism to prevent the over reduction of photosystem II and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The xanthophyll cycle, induced when the level of absorbed light energy exceeds the capacity of photochemistry, contributes to qE. In this work, we show that ethylene regulates the xanthophyll cycle in Arabidopsis. Analysis of eto1-1, exhibiting increased ethylene production, and ctr1-3, exhibiting constitutive ethylene response, revealed defects in NPQ resulting from impaired de-epoxidation of violaxanthin by violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) encoded by NPQ1. Elevated ethylene signaling reduced the level of active VDE through decreased NPQ1 promoter activity and impaired VDE activation resulting from a lower transthylakoid membrane pH gradient. Increasing the concentration of CO2 partially corrected the ethylene-mediated defects in NPQ and photosynthesis, indicating that changes in ethylene signaling affect stromal CO2 solubility. Increasing VDE expression in eto1-1 and ctr1-3 restored light-activated de-epoxidation and qE, reduced superoxide production and reduced photoinhibition. Restoring VDE activity significantly reversed the small growth phenotype of eto1-1 and ctr1-3 without altering ethylene production or ethylene responses. Our results demonstrate that ethylene increases ROS production and photosensitivity in response to high light and the associated reduced plant stature is partially reversed by increasing VDE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Gallie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lysenko EA, Klaus AA, Pshybytko NL, Kusnetsov VV. Cadmium accumulation in chloroplasts and its impact on chloroplastic processes in barley and maize. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 125:291-303. [PMID: 25315190 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Data on cadmium accumulation in chloroplasts of terrestrial plants are scarce and contradictory. We introduced CdSO4 in hydroponic media to the final concentrations 80 and 250 μM and studied the accumulation of Cd in chloroplasts of Hordeum vulgare and Zea mays. Barley accumulated more Cd in the chloroplasts as compared to maize, whereas in the leaves cadmium accumulation was higher in maize. The cadmium content in the chloroplasts of two species varied from 49 to 171 ng Cd/mg chlorophyll, which corresponds to one Cd atom per 728-2,540 chlorophyll molecules. Therefore, Mg(2+) can be substituted by Cd(2+) in a negligible amount of antenna chlorophylls only. The percentage of chloroplastic cadmium can be estimated as 0.21-1.32 % of all the Cd in a leaf. Photochemistry (F v/F m, ΦPSII, qP) was not influenced by Cd. Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll-excited state (NPQ) was greatly reduced in barley but not in maize. The decrease in NPQ was due to its fast relaxing component; the slow relaxing component rose slightly. In chloroplasts, Cd did not affect mRNA levels, but content of some photosynthetic proteins was reduced: slightly in the leaves of barley and heavily in the leaves of maize. In all analyzed C3-species, the effect of Cd on the content of photosynthetic proteins was mild or absent. This is most likely the first evidence of severe reduction of photosynthetic proteins in leaves of a Cd-treated C4-plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene A Lysenko
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, RAS, ul. Botanicheskaya 35, 127276, Moscow, Russia,
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Kaiser E, Morales A, Harbinson J, Kromdijk J, Heuvelink E, Marcelis LFM. Dynamic photosynthesis in different environmental conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2415-26. [PMID: 25324402 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Incident irradiance on plant leaves often fluctuates, causing dynamic photosynthesis. Whereas steady-state photosynthetic responses to environmental factors have been extensively studied, knowledge of dynamic modulation of photosynthesis remains scarce and scattered. This review addresses this discrepancy by summarizing available data and identifying the research questions necessary to advance our understanding of interactions between environmental factors and dynamic behaviour of photosynthesis using a mechanistic framework. Firstly, dynamic photosynthesis is separated into sub-processes related to proton and electron transport, non-photochemical quenching, control of metabolite flux through the Calvin cycle (activation states of Rubisco and RuBP regeneration, and post-illumination metabolite turnover), and control of CO₂ supply to Rubisco (stomatal and mesophyll conductance changes). Secondly, the modulation of dynamic photosynthesis and its sub-processes by environmental factors is described. Increases in ambient CO₂ concentration and temperature (up to ~35°C) enhance rates of photosynthetic induction and decrease its loss, facilitating more efficient dynamic photosynthesis. Depending on the sensitivity of stomatal conductance, dynamic photosynthesis may additionally be modulated by air humidity. Major knowledge gaps exist regarding environmental modulation of loss of photosynthetic induction, dynamic changes in mesophyll conductance, and the extent of limitations imposed by stomatal conductance for different species and environmental conditions. The study of mutants or genetic transformants for specific processes under various environmental conditions could provide significant progress in understanding the control of dynamic photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kaiser
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Morales
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 West Gregory Drive Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ep Heuvelink
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo F M Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Lazár D. Parameters of photosynthetic energy partitioning. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 175:131-47. [PMID: 25569797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Almost every laboratory dealing with plant physiology, photosynthesis research, remote sensing, and plant phenotyping possesses a fluorometer to measure a kind of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence induction (FLI). When the slow Chl FLI is measured with addition of saturating pulses and far-red illumination, the so-called quenching analysis followed by the so-called relaxation analysis in darkness can be realized. These measurements then serve for evaluation of the so-called energy partitioning, that is, calculation of quantum yields of photochemical and of different types of non-photochemical processes. Several theories have been suggested for photosynthetic energy partitioning. The current work aims to summarize all the existing theories, namely their equations for the quantum yields, their meaning and their assumptions. In the framework of these theories it is also found here that the well-known NPQ parameter ( [Formula: see text] ; Bilger and Björkman, 1990) equals the ratio of the quantum yield of regulatory light-induced non-photochemical quenching to the quantum yield of constitutive non-regulatory non-photochemical quenching (ΦNPQ/Φf,D). A similar relationship is also found here for the PQ parameter (ΦP/Φf,D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Lazár
- Department of Biophysics, Center of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Hoffmann AM, Noga G, Hunsche M. Acclimations to light quality on plant and leaf level affect the vulnerability of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to water deficit. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:295-306. [PMID: 25626402 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of light quality on the vulnerability of pepper plants to water deficit. For this purpose plants were cultivated either under compact fluorescence lamps (CFL) or light-emitting diodes (LED) providing similar photon fluence rates (95 µmol m(-2) s(-1)) but distinct light quality. CFL emit a wide-band spectrum with dominant peaks in the green and red spectral region, whereas LEDs offer narrow band spectra with dominant peaks at blue (445 nm) and red (665 nm) regions. After one-week acclimation to light conditions plants were exposed to water deficit by withholding irrigation; this period was followed by a one-week regeneration period and a second water deficit cycle. In general, plants grown under CFL suffered more from water deficit than plants grown under LED modules, as indicated by the impairment of the photosynthetic efficiency of PSII, resulting in less biomass accumulation compared to respective control plants. As affected by water shortage, plants grown under CFL had a stronger decrease in the electron transport rate (ETR) and more pronounced increase in heat dissipation (NPQ). The higher amount of blue light suppressed plant growth and biomass formation, and consequently reduced the water demand of plants grown under LEDs. Moreover, pepper plants exposed to high blue light underwent adjustments at chloroplast level (e.g., higher Chl a/Chl b ratio), increasing the photosynthetic performance under the LED spectrum. Differently than expected, stomatal conductance was comparable for water-deficit and control plants in both light conditions during the stress and recovery phases, indicating only minor adjustments at the stomatal level. Our results highlight the potential of the target-use of light quality to induce structural and functional acclimations improving plant performance under stress situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Hoffmann
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, 53121, Bonn, Germany,
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Kasajima I, Suetsugu N, Wada M, Takahara K. Collective Calculation of Actual Values of Non-Photochemical Quenching from Their Apparent Values after Chloroplast Movement and Photoinhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2015.611180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Kalaji HM, Schansker G, Ladle RJ, Goltsev V, Bosa K, Allakhverdiev SI, Brestic M, Bussotti F, Calatayud A, Dąbrowski P, Elsheery NI, Ferroni L, Guidi L, Hogewoning SW, Jajoo A, Misra AN, Nebauer SG, Pancaldi S, Penella C, Poli D, Pollastrini M, Romanowska-Duda ZB, Rutkowska B, Serôdio J, Suresh K, Szulc W, Tambussi E, Yanniccari M, Zivcak M. Frequently asked questions about in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence: practical issues. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 122:121-58. [PMID: 25119687 PMCID: PMC4210649 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this educational review is to provide practical information on the hardware, methodology, and the hands on application of chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence technology. We present the paper in a question and answer format like frequently asked questions. Although nearly all information on the application of Chl a fluorescence can be found in the literature, it is not always easily accessible. This paper is primarily aimed at scientists who have some experience with the application of Chl a fluorescence but are still in the process of discovering what it all means and how it can be used. Topics discussed are (among other things) the kind of information that can be obtained using different fluorescence techniques, the interpretation of Chl a fluorescence signals, specific applications of these techniques, and practical advice on different subjects, such as on the length of dark adaptation before measurement of the Chl a fluorescence transient. The paper also provides the physiological background for some of the applied procedures. It also serves as a source of reference for experienced scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem M. Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gert Schansker
- Avenue des Amazones 2, 1226 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland
| | - Richard J. Ladle
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Praça Afrânio Jorge, s/n, Prado, Maceió, AL Brazil
| | - Vasilij Goltsev
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 8 Dr. Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Karolina Bosa
- Department of Pomology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276 Russia
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Filippo Bussotti
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DISPAA), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Angeles Calatayud
- Departamento de Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km 4.5, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Piotr Dąbrowski
- Department of Environmental Improvement, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nabil I. Elsheery
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Lorenzo Ferroni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Anjana Jajoo
- School of Life Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, 452 001 M.P India
| | - Amarendra N. Misra
- Centre for Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Ranchi, 835205 India
| | - Sergio G. Nebauer
- Departamento de Producción vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València, C de Vera sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Simonetta Pancaldi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Consuelo Penella
- Departamento de Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km 4.5, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - DorothyBelle Poli
- Department of Biology, Roanoke College, 221 College Lane, Salem, VA 24153 USA
| | - Martina Pollastrini
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DISPAA), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Beata Rutkowska
- Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - João Serôdio
- Departamento de Biologia, CESAM – Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Kancherla Suresh
- Directorate of Oil Palm Research, West Godavari Dt., Pedavegi, 534 450 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Wiesław Szulc
- Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eduardo Tambussi
- Institute of Plant Physiology, INFIVE (Universidad Nacional de La Plata – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Diagonal 113 N°495, 327 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcos Yanniccari
- Institute of Plant Physiology, INFIVE (Universidad Nacional de La Plata – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Diagonal 113 N°495, 327 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marek Zivcak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
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Ikeuchi M, Uebayashi N, Sato F, Endo T. Physiological functions of PsbS-dependent and PsbS-independent NPQ under naturally fluctuating light conditions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1286-95. [PMID: 24850835 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The PsbS protein plays an important role in dissipating excess light energy as heat in photosystem II (PSII). However, the physiological importance of PsbS under naturally fluctuating light has not been quantitatively estimated. Here we investigated energy allocation in PSII in PsbS-suppressed rice transformants (ΔpsbS) under both naturally fluctuating and constant light conditions. Under constant light, PsbS was essential for inducing the rapid formation of light-inducible thermal dissipation (Φ(NPQ)), which consequently suppressed the rapid formation of basal intrinsic decay (Φ(f,D)), while the quantum yield of electron transport (Φ(II)) did not change. In the steady state phase, the difference between the wild type (WT) and ΔpsbS was minimized. Under regularly fluctuating light, the reduced PsbS resulted in higher Φ(II) upon the transition from high light to low light and in lower Φ(II) upon the transition from low light to high light, indicating that Φ(II) was, to some extent, controlled by PsbS. Under naturally fluctuating light in a greenhouse, rapid changes in Φ(II) were compensated by Φ(NPQ) in the WT, but by Φ(f,D) in ΔpsbS. As a consequence, a significantly lower ΣNPQ integrated Φ(NPQ) over a whole day) and higher Σf,D were found in ΔpsbS. Furthermore, thermal dissipation associated with photoinhibtion was enhanced in ΔpsbS. These results suggest that PsbS plays an important role in photoprotective process at the induction phase of photosynthesis as well as under field conditions. The physiological relevance of PsbS as a photoprotection mechanism and the identities of Φ(NPQ) and Φ(f,D) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ikeuchi
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nozomu Uebayashi
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Sato
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Endo
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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45
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Kono M, Noguchi K, Terashima I. Roles of the Cyclic Electron Flow Around PSI (CEF-PSI) and O2-Dependent Alternative Pathways in Regulation of the Photosynthetic Electron Flow in Short-Term Fluctuating Light in Arabidopsis thaliana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:990-1004. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Dall'Osto L, Cazzaniga S, Wada M, Bassi R. On the origin of a slowly reversible fluorescence decay component in the Arabidopsis npq4 mutant. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130221. [PMID: 24591708 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-excitation of photosynthetic apparatus causing photoinhibition is counteracted by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence, dissipating excess absorbed energy into heat. The PsbS protein plays a key role in this process, thus making the PsbS-less npq4 mutant unable to carry out qE, the major and most rapid component of NPQ. It was proposed that npq4 does perform qE-type quenching, although at lower rate than WT Arabidopsis. Here, we investigated the kinetics of NPQ in PsbS-depleted mutants of Arabidopsis. We show that red light was less effective than white light in decreasing maximal fluorescence in npq4 mutants. Also, the kinetics of fluorescence dark recovery included a decay component, qM, exhibiting the same amplitude and half-life in both WT and npq4 mutants. This component was uncoupler-sensitive and unaffected by photosystem II repair or mitochondrial ATP synthesis inhibitors. Targeted reverse genetic analysis showed that traits affecting composition of the photosynthetic apparatus, carotenoid biosynthesis and state transitions did not affect qM. This was depleted in the npq4phot2 mutant which is impaired in chloroplast photorelocation, implying that fluorescence decay, previously described as a quenching component in npq4 is, in fact, the result of decreased photon absorption caused by chloroplast relocation rather than a change in the activity of quenching reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dall'Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, , Verona 37134, Italy
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47
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Ferroni L, Angeleri M, Pantaleoni L, Pagliano C, Longoni P, Marsano F, Aro EM, Suorsa M, Baldisserotto C, Giovanardi M, Cella R, Pancaldi S. Light-dependent reversible phosphorylation of the minor photosystem II antenna Lhcb6 (CP24) occurs in lycophytes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:893-905. [PMID: 24450769 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of vascular plants required compromise between photosynthesis and photodamage. We analyzed representative species from two divergent lineages of vascular plants, lycophytes and euphyllophytes, with respect to the response of their photosynthesis and light-harvesting properties to increasing light intensity. In the two analyzed lycophytes, Selaginella martensii and Lycopodium squarrosum, the medium phase of non-photochemical quenching relaxation increased under high light compared to euphyllophytes. This was thought to be associated with the occurrence of a further thylakoid phosphoprotein in both lycophytes, in addition to D2, CP43 and Lhcb1-2. This protein, which showed light intensity-dependent reversible phosphorylation, was identified in S. martensii as Lhcb6, a minor LHCII antenna subunit of PSII. Lhcb6 is known to have evolved in the context of land colonization. In S. martensii, Lhcb6 was detected as a component of the free LHCII assemblies, but also associated with PSI. Most of the light-induced changes affected the amount and phosphorylation of the LHCII assemblies, which possibly mediate PSI-PSII connectivity. We propose that Lhcb6 is involved in light energy management in lycophytes, participating in energy balance between PSI and PSII through a unique reversible phosphorylation, not yet observed in other land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ferroni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
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Zivcak M, Brestic M, Kalaji HM. Photosynthetic responses of sun- and shade-grown barley leaves to high light: is the lower PSII connectivity in shade leaves associated with protection against excess of light? PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 119:339-54. [PMID: 24445618 PMCID: PMC3923118 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-9969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have compared photosynthetic performance of barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown under sun and shade light regimes during their entire growth period, under field conditions. Analyses were based on measurements of both slow and fast chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence kinetics, gas exchange, pigment composition; and of light incident on leaves during their growth. Both the shade and the sun barley leaves had similar Chl a/b and Chl/carotenoid ratios. The fluorescence induction analyses uncovered major functional differences between the sun and the shade leaves: lower connectivity among Photosystem II (PSII), decreased number of electron carriers, and limitations in electron transport between PSII and PSI in the shade leaves; but only low differences in the size of PSII antenna. We discuss the possible protective role of low connectivity between PSII units in shade leaves in keeping the excitation pressure at a lower, physiologically more acceptable level under high light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Zivcak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Hazem M. Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw Agricultural University SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Non-Photochemical Quenching Mechanisms in Intact Organisms as Derived from Ultrafast-Fluorescence Kinetic Studies. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Murchie EH, Harbinson J. Non-Photochemical Fluorescence Quenching Across Scales: From Chloroplasts to Plants to Communities. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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