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Nürnberg B, Beer-Hammer S, Reisinger E, Leiss V. Non-canonical G protein signaling. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 255:108589. [PMID: 38295906 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The original paradigm of classical - also referred to as canonical - cellular signal transduction of heterotrimeric G proteins (G protein) is defined by a hierarchical, orthograde interaction of three players: the agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), which activates the transducing G protein, that in turn regulates its intracellular effectors. This receptor-transducer-effector concept was extended by the identification of regulators and adapters such as the regulators of G protein signaling (RGS), receptor kinases like βARK, or GPCR-interacting arrestin adapters that are integrated into this canonical signaling process at different levels to enable fine-tuning. Finally, the identification of atypical signaling mechanisms of classical regulators, together with the discovery of novel modulators, added a new and fascinating dimension to the cellular G protein signal transduction. This heterogeneous group of accessory G protein modulators was coined "activators of G protein signaling" (AGS) proteins and plays distinct roles in canonical and non-canonical G protein signaling pathways. AGS proteins contribute to the control of essential cellular functions such as cell development and division, intracellular transport processes, secretion, autophagy or cell movements. As such, they are involved in numerous biological processes that are crucial for diseases, like diabetes mellitus, cancer, and stroke, which represent major health burdens. Although the identification of a large number of non-canonical G protein signaling pathways has broadened the spectrum of this cellular communication system, their underlying mechanisms, functions, and biological effects are poorly understood. In this review, we highlight and discuss atypical G protein-dependent signaling mechanisms with a focus on inhibitory G proteins (Gi) involved in canonical and non-canonical signal transduction, review recent developments and open questions, address the potential of new approaches for targeted pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nürnberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, and ICePhA Mouse Clinic, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Sandra Beer-Hammer
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, and ICePhA Mouse Clinic, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Reisinger
- Gene Therapy for Hearing Impairment Group, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Veronika Leiss
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, and ICePhA Mouse Clinic, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Photoactivation of Cell-Free Expressed Archaerhodopsin-3 in a Model Cell Membrane. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111981. [PMID: 34769410 PMCID: PMC8584582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane receptor proteins are located in the plasma membranes of biological cells where they exert important functions. Archaerhodopsin (Arch) proteins belong to a class of transmembrane receptor proteins called photoreceptors that react to light. Although the light sensitivity of proteins has been intensely investigated in recent decades, the electrophysiological properties of pore-forming Archaerhodopsin (Arch), as studied in vitro, have remained largely unknown. Here, we formed unsupported bilayers between two channels of a microfluidic chip which enabled the simultaneous optical and electrical assessment of the bilayer in real time. Using a cell-free expression system, we recombinantly produced a GFP (green fluorescent protein) labelled as a variant of Arch-3. The label enabled us to follow the synthesis of Arch-3 and its incorporation into the bilayer by fluorescence microscopy when excited by blue light. Applying a green laser for excitation, we studied the electrophysiological properties of Arch-3 in the bilayer. The current signal obtained during excitation revealed distinct steps upwards and downwards, which we interpreted as the opening or closing of Arch-3 pores. From these steps, we estimated the pore radius to be 0.3 nm. In the cell-free extract, proteins can be modified simply by changing the DNA. In the future, this will enable us to study the photoelectrical properties of modified transmembrane protein constructs with ease. Our work, thus, represents a first step in studying signaling cascades in conjunction with coupled receptor proteins.
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Tennakoon M, Senarath K, Kankanamge D, Ratnayake K, Wijayaratna D, Olupothage K, Ubeysinghe S, Martins-Cannavino K, Hébert TE, Karunarathne A. Subtype-dependent regulation of Gβγ signalling. Cell Signal 2021; 82:109947. [PMID: 33582184 PMCID: PMC8026654 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit information to the cell interior by transducing external signals to heterotrimeric G protein subunits, Gα and Gβγ subunits, localized on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Though the initial focus was mainly on Gα-mediated events, Gβγ subunits were later identified as major contributors to GPCR-G protein signalling. A broad functional array of Gβγ signalling has recently been attributed to Gβ and Gγ subtype diversity, comprising 5 Gβ and 12 Gγ subtypes, respectively. In addition to displaying selectivity towards each other to form the Gβγ dimer, numerous studies have identified preferences of distinct Gβγ combinations for specific GPCRs, Gα subtypes and effector molecules. Importantly, Gβ and Gγ subtype-dependent regulation of downstream effectors, representing a diverse range of signalling pathways and physiological functions have been found. Here, we review the literature on the repercussions of Gβ and Gγ subtype diversity on direct and indirect regulation of GPCR/G protein signalling events and their physiological outcomes. Our discussion additionally provides perspective in understanding the intricacies underlying molecular regulation of subtype-specific roles of Gβγ signalling and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Tennakoon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Kanishka Senarath
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Dinesh Kankanamge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Kasun Ratnayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dhanushan Wijayaratna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Koshala Olupothage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Sithurandi Ubeysinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | | | - Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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Banerjee AA, Joseph S, Mahale SD. From cell surface to signalling and back: the life of the mammalian FSH receptor. FEBS J 2020; 288:2673-2696. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antara A. Banerjee
- Division of Structural Biology National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research) Parel India
| | - Shaini Joseph
- Genetic Research Center National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research) Parel India
| | - Smita D. Mahale
- Division of Structural Biology National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research) Parel India
- ICMR Biomedical Informatics Centre National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research) Parel India
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Wink LH, Baker DL, Cole JA, Parrill AL. A benchmark study of loop modeling methods applied to G protein-coupled receptors. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2019; 33:573-595. [PMID: 31123958 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-019-00196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are important drug discovery targets. Despite progress, many GPCR structures have not yet been solved. For these targets, comparative modeling is used in virtual ligand screening to prioritize experimental efforts. However, the structure of extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) is often poorly predicted. This is significant due to involvement of ECL2 in ligand binding for many Class A GPCR. Here we examine the performance of loop modeling protocols available in the Rosetta (cyclic coordinate descent [CCD], KIC with fragments [KICF] and next generation KIC [NGK]) and Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software suites (de novo search). ECL2 from GPCR crystal structures served as the structure prediction targets and were divided into four sets depending on loop length. Results suggest that KICF and NGK sampled and scored more loop models with sub-angstrom and near-atomic accuracy than CCD or de novo search for loops of 24 or fewer residues. None of the methods were able to sample loop conformations with near-atomic accuracy for the longest targets ranging from 25 to 32 residues based on 1000 models generated. For these long loop targets, increased conformational sampling is necessary. The strongly conserved disulfide bond between Cys3.25 and Cys45.50 in ECL2 proved an effective filter. Setting an upper limit of 5.1 Å on the S-S distance improved the lowest RMSD model included in the top 10 scored structures in Groups 1-4 on average between 0.33 and 1.27 Å. Disulfide bond formation and geometry optimization of ECL2 provided an additional incremental benefit in structure quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee H Wink
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Daniel L Baker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Judith A Cole
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Abby L Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA.
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Zheng X, Asico LD, Ma X, Konkalmatt PR. G protein-coupled receptor 37L1 regulates renal sodium transport and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 316:F506-F516. [PMID: 30566002 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00289.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the kidney regulate the reabsorption of essential nutrients, ions, and water from the glomerular filtrate. Abnormalities in renal epithelial ion transport play important roles in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor 37L1 (GPR37L1), also known as endothelin receptor type B-like protein (ETBR-LP2), is expressed in several regions in the brain, but its expression profile and function in peripheral tissues are poorly understood. We found that GPR37L1 mRNA expression is highest in the brain, followed by the stomach, heart, testis, and ovary, with moderate expression in the kidney, pancreas, skeletal muscle, liver, lung, and spleen. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed the expression of GPR37L1 in specific regions within some organs. In the kidney, GPR37L1 is expressed in the apical membrane of renal proximal tubule cells. In human renal proximal tubule cells, the transient expression of GPR37LI increased intracellular sodium, whereas the silencing of GPR37LI decreased intracellular sodium. Inhibition of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) activity abrogated the GPR37L1-mediated increase in intracellular sodium. Renal-selective silencing of Gpr37l1 in mice increased urine output and sodium excretion and decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The renal-selective silencing of GPR37L1 decreased the protein expression of NHE3 but not the expression of Na+-K+-ATPase or sodium-glucose cotransporter 2. Our findings show that in the kidney, GPR37L1 participates in renal proximal tubule luminal sodium transport and regulation of blood pressure by increasing the renal expression and function of NHE3 by decreasing cAMP production. The role of GPR37L1, expressed in specific cell types in organs other than the kidney, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Zheng
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Laureano D Asico
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Xiaobo Ma
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Prasad R Konkalmatt
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
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Blackburn J, Giri D, Ciolka B, Gossan N, Didi M, Kokai G, Waghorn A, Jones M, Senniappan S. A Rare Case of Heterozygous Gain of Function Thyrotropin Receptor Mutation Associated with Development of Thyroid Follicular Carcinoma. Case Rep Genet 2018; 2018:1381730. [PMID: 30416831 PMCID: PMC6207865 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1381730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) have been previously described in the context of nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism and thyroid adenomas. We describe, for the first time, a mutation in TSHR contributing to follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) in an adolescent. A 12-year-old girl presented with a right-sided neck swelling, increasing in size over the previous four weeks. Clinical examination revealed a firm, nontender thyroid nodule. Ultrasound scan of the thyroid showed a heterogeneous highly vascular mass. Thyroid function tests showed suppressed TSH [<0.03mU/L], normal FT4 [10.1pmol/L, 9-19], and raised FT3 [9.1pmol/L, 3.6-6.4]. Thyroid [TPO and TRAB] antibodies were negative. A right hemithyroidectomy was performed and the histology of the sample revealed follicular carcinoma with mild to moderate nuclear pleomorphism and evidence of capsular and vascular invasion (pT1b). Sanger sequencing of DNA extracted from the tumour tissue revealed a missense somatic mutation (c.1703T>C, p.Ile568Thr) in TSHR. Papillary thyroid carcinomas constitute the most common thyroid malignancy in childhood, while FTC is rare. FTC due to TSHR mutation suggests an underlying, yet to be explored, molecular pathway leading to the development of malignancy. The case is also unique in that the clinical presentation of FTC as a toxic thyroid nodule has not been previously reported in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Blackburn
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dinesh Giri
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Barbara Ciolka
- Department of Histopathology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nicole Gossan
- Merseyside and Cheshire Regional Genetics Laboratories, Liverpool Women's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mohammad Didi
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - George Kokai
- Department of Histopathology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alison Waghorn
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Royal Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Jones
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Senthil Senniappan
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Child Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Hashi H, Nakamura Y, Ishii J, Kondo A. Modifying Expression Modes of Human Neurotensin Receptor Type 1 Alters Sensing Capabilities for Agonists in Yeast Signaling Biosensor. Biotechnol J 2017; 13:e1700522. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hashi
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
| | - Jun Ishii
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
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9
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Fukutani Y, Ishii J, Kondo A, Ozawa T, Matsunami H, Yohda M. Split luciferase complementation assay for the analysis of G protein-coupled receptor ligand response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1354-1361. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Fukutani
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Jun Ishii
- Graduate School of Science; Technology and Innovation; Kobe university; Kobe Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science; Technology and Innovation; Kobe university; Kobe Japan
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Hongo Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
- Institute of Global Innovation Research; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Koganei Tokyo Japan
| | - Masafumi Yohda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Koganei Tokyo Japan
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are the largest family of targets for current therapeutics. The classic model of their activation was binary, where agonist binding induced an active conformation and subsequent downstream signaling. Subsequently, the revised concept of biased agonism emerged, where different ligands at the same G protein-coupled receptor selectively activate one downstream pathway versus another. Advances in understanding the mechanism of biased agonism have led to the development of novel ligands, which have the potential for improved therapeutic and safety profiles. In this review, we summarize the theory and most recent breakthroughs in understanding biased signaling, examine recent laboratory investigations concerning biased ligands across different organ systems, and discuss the promising clinical applications of biased agonism.
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Wu W, Han J, Cao R, Zhang J, Li B, Liu Z, Liu K, Li Q, Pan Z, Chen J, Liu H. Sequence and regulation of the porcine FSHR gene promoter. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 154:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Paavola KJ, Sidik H, Zuchero JB, Eckart M, Talbot WS. Type IV collagen is an activating ligand for the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR126. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra76. [PMID: 25118328 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
GPR126 is an orphan heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is essential for the development of diverse organs. We found that type IV collagen, a major constituent of the basement membrane, binds to Gpr126 and activates its signaling function. Type IV collagen stimulated the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in rodent Schwann cells, which require Gpr126 activity to differentiate, and in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells expressing exogenous Gpr126. Type IV collagen specifically bound to the extracellular amino-terminal region of Gpr126 containing the CUB (complement, Uegf, Bmp1) and pentraxin domains. Gpr126 derivatives lacking the entire amino-terminal region were constitutively active, suggesting that this region inhibits signaling and that ligand binding relieves this inhibition to stimulate receptor activity. A new zebrafish mutation that truncates Gpr126 after the CUB and pentraxin domains disrupted development of peripheral nerves and the inner ear. Thus, our findings identify type IV collagen as an activating ligand for GPR126, define its mechanism of activation, and highlight a previously unrecognized signaling function of type IV collagen in basement membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Paavola
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Harwin Sidik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Eckart
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Facility, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94035, USA
| | - William S Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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14
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Nakamura Y, Ishii J, Kondo A. Bright fluorescence monitoring system utilizing Zoanthus sp. green fluorescent protein (ZsGreen) for human G-protein-coupled receptor signaling in microbial yeast cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82237. [PMID: 24340008 PMCID: PMC3855394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are currently the most important pharmaceutical targets for drug discovery because they regulate a wide variety of physiological processes. Consequently, simple and convenient detection systems for ligands that regulate the function of GPCR have attracted attention as powerful tools for new drug development. We previously developed a yeast-based fluorescence reporter ligand detection system using flow cytometry. However, using this conventional detection system, fluorescence from a cell expressing GFP and responding to a ligand is weak, making detection of these cells by fluorescence microscopy difficult. We here report improvements to the conventional yeast fluorescence reporter assay system resulting in the development of a new highly-sensitive fluorescence reporter assay system with extremely bright fluorescence and high signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. This new system allowed the easy detection of GPCR signaling in yeast using fluorescence microscopy. Somatostatin receptor and neurotensin receptor (implicated in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, respectively) were chosen as human GPCR(s). The facile detection of binding to these receptors by cognate peptide ligands was demonstrated. In addition, we established a highly sensitive ligand detection system using yeast cell surface display technology that is applicable to peptide screening, and demonstrate that the display of various peptide analogs of neurotensin can activate signaling through the neurotensin receptor in yeast cells. Our system could be useful for identifying lead peptides with agonistic activity towards targeted human GPCR(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Nakamura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jun Ishii
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Nakamura Y, Takemoto N, Ishii J, Kondo A. Simultaneous method for analyzing dimerization and signaling of G-protein-coupled receptor in yeast by dual-color reporter system. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:586-96. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Nakamura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Kobe University; 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Norika Takemoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Kobe University; 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Jun Ishii
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering; Kobe University; 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
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Abstract
Ca²⁺ plays a crucial role in connecting membrane excitability with contraction in myocardium. The hallmark features of heart failure are mechanical dysfunction and arrhythmias; defective intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis is a central cause of contractile dysfunction and arrhythmias in failing myocardium. Defective Ca²⁺ homeostasis in heart failure can result from pathological alteration in the expression and activity of an increasingly understood collection of Ca²⁺ homeostatic and structural proteins, ion channels, and enzymes. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of defective Ca²⁺ cycling in heart failure and considers how fundamental understanding of these pathways may translate into novel and innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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17
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Monroy CA, Mackie DI, Roman DL. A high throughput screen for RGS proteins using steady state monitoring of free phosphate formation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62247. [PMID: 23626793 PMCID: PMC3633906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors are a diverse group that are the target of over 50% of marketed drugs. Activation of these receptors results in the exchange of bound GDP for GTP in the Gα subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein. The Gα subunit dissociates from the β/γ subunits and both proceed to affect downstream signaling targets. The signal terminates by the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP and is temporally regulated by Regulators of G-protein Signaling (RGS) proteins that act as GTPase Activating Proteins (GAPs). This makes RGS proteins potentially desirable targets for “tuning” the effects of current therapies as well as developing novel pharmacotherapies. Current methods for evaluating RGS activity depend on laborious and/or expensive techniques. In this study we developed a simple and inexpensive assay for the steady state analysis of RGS protein GAP activity, using RGS4, RGS8 and RGS17 as models. Additionally, we report the use of RGS4 as a model for high throughput assay development. After initial setup, this assay can be conducted in a highly parallel fashion with a read time of less than 8 minutes for a 1536-well plate. The assay exhibited a robust Z-factor of 0.6 in a 1536-well plate. We conducted a pilot screen for inhibitors using a small, 2320 compound library. From this screen, 13 compounds were identified as compounds for further analysis. The successful development of this assay for high-throughput screening provides a low cost, high speed, simple method for assessing RGS protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Aaron Monroy
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Duncan I. Mackie
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - David L. Roman
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Cancer Signaling and Experimental Therapeutics Program, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sindic A. Current understanding of guanylin peptides actions. ISRN NEPHROLOGY 2013; 2013:813648. [PMID: 24967239 PMCID: PMC4045495 DOI: 10.5402/2013/813648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Guanylin peptides (GPs) family includes guanylin (GN), uroguanylin (UGN), lymphoguanylin, and recently discovered renoguanylin. This growing family is proposed to be intestinal natriuretic peptides. After ingestion of a salty meal, GN and UGN are secreted into the intestinal lumen, where they inhibit sodium absorption and induce anion and water secretion. At the same conditions, those hormones stimulate renal electrolyte excretion by inducing natriuresis, kaliuresis, and diuresis and therefore prevent hypernatremia and hypervolemia after salty meals.
In the intestine, a well-known receptor for GPs is guanylate cyclase C (GC-C) whose activation increases intracellular concentration of cGMP. However, in the kidney of GC-C-deficient mice, effects of GPs are unaltered, which could be by new cGMP-independent signaling pathway (G-protein-coupled receptor). This is not unusual as atrial natriuretic peptide also activates two different types of receptors: guanylate cylcase A and clearance receptor which is also G-protein coupled receptor. Physiological role of GPs in other organs (liver, pancreas, lung, sweat glands, and male reproductive system) needs to be discovered. However, it is known that they are involved in pathological conditions like cystic fibrosis, asthma, intestinal tumors, kidney and heart failure, obesity, and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sindic
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Cang X, Du Y, Mao Y, Wang Y, Yang H, Jiang H. Mapping the Functional Binding Sites of Cholesterol in β2-Adrenergic Receptor by Long-Time Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:1085-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3118192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Cang
- Drug Discovery and
Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute
of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yun Du
- Drug Discovery and
Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute
of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanyan Mao
- Drug Discovery and
Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute
of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Drug Discovery and
Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute
of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huaiyu Yang
- Drug Discovery and
Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute
of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Drug Discovery and
Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute
of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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20
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Xie SS, Wang XB, Li JY, Kong LY. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 7-mercaptocoumarin derivatives as α(1)-adrenoceptor antagonists. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2013; 61:16-24. [PMID: 23302583 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c12-00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Study on the pharmacophore model of α(1)-adrenoceptor (α(1)-AR) antagonists led to design a series of novel 7-mercaptocoumarin derivatives as α(1)-AR antagonists. All designed compounds have been synthesized and biologically evaluated. The results showed that most of them exhibited strong antagonistic activity. Especially compound 6 showed excellent activity, which was better than that of the reference compound prazosin. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that small hydrophobic group at the terminal heterocyclic ring and ortho substituents on the phenyl ring of phenylpiperazine moiety were the essential structural factors for α(1)-AR antagonistic activity. The pharmacophore modeling studies further clarified their structural contributions to antagonistic activity and also demonstrated that 7-mercaptocoumarin moiety could be a useful scaffold for design of α(1)-AR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Sai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Thathiah A, Horré K, Snellinx A, Vandewyer E, Huang Y, Ciesielska M, De Kloe G, Munck S, De Strooper B. β-arrestin 2 regulates Aβ generation and γ-secretase activity in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Med 2012. [PMID: 23202293 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
β-arrestins are associated with numerous aspects of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling and regulation and accordingly influence diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes. Here we report that β-arrestin 2 expression is elevated in two independent cohorts of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Overexpression of β-arrestin 2 leads to an increase in amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide generation, whereas genetic silencing of Arrb2 (encoding β-arrestin 2) reduces generation of Aβ in cell cultures and in Arrb2(-/-) mice. Moreover, in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, genetic deletion of Arrb2 leads to a reduction in the production of Aβ(40) and Aβ(42). Two GPCRs implicated previously in Alzheimer's disease (GPR3 and the β(2)-adrenergic receptor) mediate their effects on Aβ generation through interaction with β-arrestin 2. β-arrestin 2 physically associates with the Aph-1a subunit of the γ-secretase complex and redistributes the complex toward detergent-resistant membranes, increasing the catalytic activity of the complex. Collectively, these studies identify β-arrestin 2 as a new therapeutic target for reducing amyloid pathology and GPCR dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amantha Thathiah
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Patel MV, Hallal DA, Jones JW, Bronner DN, Zein R, Caravas J, Husain Z, Friedrich M, Vanberkum MFA. Dramatic expansion and developmental expression diversification of the methuselah gene family during recent Drosophila evolution. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2012; 318:368-87. [PMID: 22711569 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Functional studies of the methuselah/methuselah-like (mth/mthl) gene family have focused on the founding member mth, but little is known regarding the developmental functions of this receptor or any of its paralogs. We undertook a comprehensive analysis of developmental expression and sequence divergence in the mth/mthl gene family. Using in situ hybridization techniques, we detect expression of six genes (mthl1, 5, 9, 11, 13, and 14) in the embryo during gastrulation and development of the gut, heart, and lymph glands. Four receptors (mthl3, 4, 6, and 8) are expressed in the larval central nervous system, imaginal discs, or both, and two receptors (mthl10 and mth) are expressed in both embryos and larvae. Phylogenetic analysis of all mth/mthl genes in five Drosophila species, mosquito and flour beetle structured the mth/mthl family into several subclades. mthl1, 5, and 14 are present in most species, each forming a separate clade. A newly identified Drosophila mthl gene (CG31720; herein mthl15) formed another ancient clade. The remaining Drosophila receptors, including mth, are members of a large "superclade" that diversified relatively recently during dipteran evolution, in many cases within the melanogaster subgroup. Comparing the expression patterns of the mth/mthl "superclade" paralogs to the embryonic expression of the singleton ortholog in Tribolium suggests both subfunctionalization and acquisition of novel functionalities. Taken together, our findings shed novel light on mth as a young member of an adaptively evolving developmental gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna V Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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23
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Fukutani Y, Ishii J, Noguchi K, Kondo A, Yohda M. An improved bioluminescence-based signaling assay for odor sensing with a yeast expressing a chimeric olfactory receptor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:3143-51. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Khambata RS, Panayiotou CM, Hobbs AJ. Natriuretic peptide receptor-3 underpins the disparate regulation of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by C-type natriuretic peptide. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:584-97. [PMID: 21457229 PMCID: PMC3178781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is an endothelium-derived vasorelaxant, exerting anti-atherogenic actions in the vasculature and salvaging the myocardium from ischaemic injury. The cytoprotective effects of CNP are mediated in part via the Gi-coupled natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR)3. As GPCRs are well-known to control cell proliferation, we investigated if NPR3 activation underlies effects of CNP on endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell mitogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RAoSMC) and endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells from NPR3 knockout (KO) mice was investigated in vitro. KEY RESULTS CNP (1 pM–1 µM) facilitated HUVEC proliferation and inhibited RAoSMC growth concentration-dependently. The pro- and anti-mitogenic effects of CNP were blocked by the NPR3 antagonist M372049 (10 µM) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (30 µM) and were absent in cells from NPR3 KO mice. Activation of ERK 1/2 by CNP was inhibited by Pertussis toxin (100 ng·mL−1) and M372049 (10 µM). In HUVEC, ERK 1/2 activation enhanced expression of the cell cycle promoter, cyclin D1, whereas in RAoSMC, ERK 1/2 activation increased expression of the cell cycle inhibitors p21waf1/cip1 and p27kip1. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A facet of the vasoprotective profile of CNP is mediated via NPR3-dependent ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, resulting in augmented endothelial cell proliferation and inhibition of vascular smooth muscle growth. This pathway may offer an innovative approach to reversing the endothelial damage and vascular smooth muscle hyperplasia that characterize many vascular disorders.
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25
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Nishida M. Roles of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins in the progression of heart failure. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 117:1-5. [PMID: 21821969 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11r05cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a major cause of death in developed countries, and the development of an epoch-making cure is desired from the viewpoint for improving the quality of life and reducing the medical cost of the patient. The importance of neurohumoral factors, such as angiotensin (Ang) II and catecholamine, for the progression of heart failure has been supported by a variety of evidence. These agonists stimulate seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that are coupled to heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins). Using specific pharmacological tools to assess the involvement of G protein signaling pathways, we have revealed that α subunit of G(q) (Gα(q)) activates Ca(2+)-dependent hypertrophic signaling through diacylglycerol-activated transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels (TRPC3 and TRPC6: TRPC3/6). In contrast, activation of Gα(12) family proteins in cardiomyocytes confers pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis via stimulation of purinergic P2Y(6) receptors induced by extracellular nucleotides released from cardiomyocytes. In fact, direct or indirect inhibition of TRPC3/6 or P2Y(6) receptors attenuates pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction. These findings will provide a new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Nishida
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan.
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26
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Suda M, Kodama M, Oshima Y, Yamamoto K, Nakamura Y, Tanaka S, Kikuyama S, Nakamura M. Up-regulation of FSHR expression during gonadal sex determination in the frog Rana rugosa. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:475-86. [PMID: 21521644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, gonadal production of steroid hormones is regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) via their receptors designated FSHR and LHR, respectively. We have shown recently that steroid hormones are synthesized in the differentiating gonad of tadpoles during sex determination in the frog Rana rugosa. To elucidate the role of gonadotropins (GTHs) and their receptors in the production of gonadal steroid hormones during sex determination, we isolated the full-length FSHβ, LHβ, FSHR and LHR cDNAs from R. rugosa and determined gonadal expression of FSHR (FSH receptor) and LHR (LH receptor) as well as brain expression of FSHβ and LHβ during sex determination in this species. The molecular structures of these four glycoproteins are conserved among different classes of vertebrates. FSHβ expression was observed at similar levels in the whole brain (including the pituitary) of tadpoles, but it showed no sexual dimorphism during gonadal sex determination. By contrast, LHβ mRNA was undetectable in the whole brain of tadpoles. FSHβ-immunopositive cells were observed in the pituitary of female tadpoles with a differentiating gonad. Furthermore, FSHR expression was significantly higher in the gonad of female tadpoles during sex determination than in that of males, whereas LHR was expressed at similar levels in males and females. The results collectively suggest that FSHR, probably in conjunction with FSH, is involved in the steroid-hormone production during female-sex determination in R. rugosa.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Brain/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit/chemistry
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit/genetics
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit/metabolism
- Luteinizing Hormone, beta Subunit/chemistry
- Luteinizing Hormone, beta Subunit/genetics
- Luteinizing Hormone, beta Subunit/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Ranidae/genetics
- Ranidae/metabolism
- Ranidae/physiology
- Receptors, FSH/chemistry
- Receptors, FSH/genetics
- Receptors, FSH/metabolism
- Receptors, LH/chemistry
- Receptors, LH/genetics
- Receptors, LH/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sex Characteristics
- Sex Determination Processes/genetics
- Sex Factors
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Suda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new arylpiperazine derivatives bearing a flavone moiety as α1-adrenoceptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:909-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Xiao X, Wang P, Chou KC. GPCR-2L: predicting G protein-coupled receptors and their types by hybridizing two different modes of pseudo amino acid compositions. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 7:911-9. [PMID: 21180772 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00170h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the most frequent targets of therapeutic drugs. With the avalanche of newly generated protein sequences in the post genomic age, to expedite the process of drug discovery, it is highly desirable to develop an automated method to rapidly identify GPCRs and their types. A new predictor was developed by hybridizing two different modes of pseudo-amino acid composition (PseAAC): the functional domain PseAAC and the low-frequency Fourier spectrum PseAAC. The new predictor is called GPCR-2L, where "2L" means that it is a two-layer predictor: the 1st layer prediction engine is to identify a query protein as GPCR or not; if it is, the prediction will be automatically continued to further identify it as belonging to one of the following six types: (1) rhodopsin-like (Class A), (2) secretin-like (Class B), (3) metabotropic glutamate/pheromone (Class C), (4) fungal pheromone (Class D), (5) cAMP receptor (Class E), or (6) frizzled/smoothened family (Class F). The overall success rate of GPCR-2L in identifying proteins as GPCRs or non-GPCRs is over 97.2%, while identifying GPCRs among their six types is over 97.8%. Such high success rates were derived by the rigorous jackknife cross-validation on a stringent benchmark dataset, in which none of the included proteins had ≥40% pairwise sequence identity to any other protein in a same subset. As a user-friendly web-server, GPCR-2L is freely accessible to the public at http://icpr.jci.edu.cn/, by which one can obtain the 2-level results in about 20 s for a query protein sequence of 500 amino acids. The longer the sequence is, the more time it may usually need. The high success rates reported here indicate that it is a quite effective approach to identify GPCRs and their types with the functional domain information and the low-frequency Fourier spectrum analysis. It is anticipated that GPCR-2L may become a useful tool for both basic research and drug development in the areas related to GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xiao
- Computer Department, Jing-De-Zhen Ceramic Institute, Jing-De-Zhen 333403, China.
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29
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Expression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) in goat ovarian follicles and the impact of sequential culture medium on in vitro development of caprine preantral follicles. ZYGOTE 2010; 19:205-14. [PMID: 21205389 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199410000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the expression of FSH receptors (FSHR) in the different stages of goat follicle development and investigated whether the addition of increasing concentrations of FSH throughout the culture period influences the survival, growth and antral formation of in vitro-cultured caprine preantral follicles. The expression of FSHR was analysed before and after culturing follicles using real-time RT-PCR. For the culture, preantral follicles (≥150 μm) were isolated from ovarian fragments and cultured for 18 days in α-MEM+ alone or associated with recombinant FSH (rFSH: 100 or 1000 ng/ml), or in α-MEM+ supplemented with increasing concentrations of FSH throughout culture periods as follows: (a) sequential medium 1: FSH 100 ng/ml (from day 0 to 6), FSH 500 ng/ml (from day 6 to 12) and FSH 1000 ng/ml (from day 12 to 18); and (b) sequential medium 2: FSH 500 ng/ml (from day 0 to 9) and 1000 ng/ml (from day 9 to 18). Follicle development was evaluated on the basis of antral cavity formation, follicular and oocyte growth, and cumulus-oocyte complex health. The expression of FSHR in isolated caprine follicles increased from the preantral to antral phase. Regarding the culture, after 18 days, sequential medium 1 promoted follicular survival, antrum formation and a reduction in oocyte extrusion. Both sequential media promoted a higher rate of meiotic resumption compared with the other treatments. In conclusion, the addition of increased concentrations of FSH (sequential medium) has a significant impact on the in vitro development of caprine preantral follicles.
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Tehan BG, Lloyd EJ, Wong MG, Chalmers DK. Analysis of agonism by dopamine at the dopaminergic D 2 G-protein coupled receptor based on comparative modelling of rhodopsin. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/0892702021000002548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Melanoma remains one of the cancers for which a decline in morbidity has not been achieved with current scientific and medical advances. Mono-therapies targeting melanoma have been largely ineffective, increasing the need for identification of new drugable targets. Multiple tumor suppressors and oncogenes that impart genetic predisposition to melanoma have been identified and are being studied in an attempt to provide insight on the development of anti-melanoma therapies. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor I (GRM1) has recently been implicated as a novel oncogene involved in melanomagenesis. GRM1 (mGlu1, protein) belongs to the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) super family and is normally functional in the central nervous system. Our group showed in a transgenic mouse model system that ectopic expression of Grm1 in melanocytes is sufficient to induce spontaneous melanoma development in vivo. GPCRs are some of the most important therapeutic drug targets discovered to date and they make up a significant proportion of existing therapies. This super family of transmembrane receptors has wide spread expression and interacts with a diverse array of ligands. Diverse physiological responses can be induced by stimulator(s) or suppressor(s) of GPCRs, which contributes to their attractiveness in existing and emerging therapies. GPCR targeting therapies are employed against a variety of human disorders including those of the central nervous system, cardiovascular, metabolic, urogenital and respiratory systems. In the current review, we will discuss how the identification of the oncogenic properties of GRM1 opens up new strategies for the design of potential novel therapies for the treatment of melanoma.
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32
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Wang HQ, Chen WZ, Chen WH, Xi BM. 2-(5-Bromo-pent-yl)-4-chloro-5-[2-(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)ethyl-amino]-pyridazin-3(2H)-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o2215. [PMID: 21588586 PMCID: PMC3008024 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C18H23BrClN3O2, consists of two molecules which exhibit different conformations of the pentyl chains [C—C—C—C torsion angles of −60.4 (4) and 175.8 (3)°]. The crysal packing exhibits a chain structure, generated through the O atom of the pyridazinone forming a hydrogen bond with the N—H group of an adjacent molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Quan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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33
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Simms J, Hall NE, Lam PHC, Miller LJ, Christopoulos A, Abagyan R, Sexton PM. Homology modeling of GPCRs. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 552:97-113. [PMID: 19513644 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-317-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Over 1,000 sequences likely to encode G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are currently available in publicly accessible and proprietary databases and this number may grow with the refinement of a number of different genomes. However, despite recent efforts in the crystallization of these proteins, homology modeling approaches are becoming widely used as a method for obtaining quantitative and qualitative information for structure-based drug design as well as the interpretation of experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Simms
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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34
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Abstract
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that, together with luteinizing hormone (LH), controls development, maturation and function of the gonad. Like the related hormones, LH, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), FSH consists of two polypeptide chains, α and β, bearing carbohydrate moietiesN-linked to asparagine (Asn) residues. The α subunit is common to all members of the glycoprotein hormone family, whereas the β subunit, although structurally very similar, differs in each hormone and confers specificity of action.
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35
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Chitnis SS, Selvaakumar C, Jagtap DD, Barnwal RP, Chary KVR, Mahale SD, Nandedkar TD. Interaction of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Receptor Binding Inhibitor-8: A Novel FSH-Binding Inhibitor, with FSH and its Receptor. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 73:637-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Lu C, Yang W, Chen M, Liu T, Yang J, Tan P, Li L, Hu X, Fan C, Hu Z, Liu Y. Inhibin A inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) action by suppressing its receptor expression in cultured rat granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 298:48-56. [PMID: 18992787 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhibin has long been considered as a suppresser of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion from anterior pituitary through pituitary-gonad negative feedback to regulate follicle development. We demonstrated that addition of inhibin A could significantly suppress FSH-induced FSHR mRNA level in cultured rat granulosa cells (GCs) measured by real-time PCR. The inhibin A exerted its action mainly by inhibiting FSHR promoter activity. Furthermore, exogenous inhibin A could dramatically decrease FSH-induced P450arom and P450scc level and suppress progesterone and estradiol production in the cultured GCs, but it did not decrease forskolin-induced steroidogenesis, indicating that the inhibitory effect of inhibin A on FSH action may be upstream of cAMP signaling. Inhibin A was also capable of suppressing FSH-induced expression of steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) and androgen receptor, but stimulating DAX-1 expression in the culture. Our study has provided new evidence to show that inhibin A is capable of feedback antagonizing FSH action on GCs by reducing FSHR expression at ovarian level via a short feedback loop. Transcriptional factor receptors, such as SF-1, AR and DAX-1 were involved in this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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37
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Mittelholzer C, Andersson E, Taranger GL, Consten D, Hirai T, Senthilkumaran B, Nagahama Y, Norberg B. Molecular characterization and quantification of the gonadotropin receptors FSH-R and LH-R from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 160:47-58. [PMID: 18992749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to elucidate regulatory mechanisms during puberty final oocyte maturation and spawning, full-length sequences coding for the receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH-R) and luteinizing hormone (LH-R) were isolated from female Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) by a RACE-PCR based strategy. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed high homologies with the corresponding sequences of other fish species but contained some distinct differences. Conserved features important for functionality, such as a long N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD), seven transmembrane domains and a short C-terminal intracellular domain, were identified in both predicted proteins. Partial genomic sequences for these genes were also determined, allowing the design of mRNA-specific quantitative PCR assays. Due to suspected alternative splicing during expression of these genes, additional real-time PCR assays detecting variants containing the membrane-anchoring domain were established. Besides the expected expression of FSH-R and LH-R mRNA in the gonads similarly strong signals for LH-R were also obtained in male gill, and in female and male brain. When relative expression was analysed at different stages of sexual maturation, levels for FSH-R increased moderately during gonadal growth whereas those of LH-R showed a high peak at spawning.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mittelholzer
- Institute of Marine Research Austevoll, Storebø, Norway.
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Chapter 11 Identification of Ligands Targeting RGS Proteins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 86:335-56. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)86011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Büch TR, Biebermann H, Kalwa H, Pinkenburg O, Hager D, Barth H, Aktories K, Breit A, Gudermann T. G13-dependent Activation of MAPK by Thyrotropin. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:20330-41. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800211200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Wu DQ, Zhang HB, Xi BM. 4-[2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamino)propoxy]-2-methoxybenzamide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 64:o1155. [PMID: 21202663 PMCID: PMC2961427 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808015134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C21H28N2O5, has two intramolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds [graph-set motif R22(8)] give rise to a dimer. Weak N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds between neighboring dimers further extend the crystal structure, which exhibits an infinite chain motif.
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Yang JY, Yang MQ, Dunker AK, Deng Y, Huang X. Investigation of transmembrane proteins using a computational approach. BMC Genomics 2008; 9 Suppl 1:S7. [PMID: 18366620 PMCID: PMC2386072 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-s1-s7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important subfamily of membrane proteins are the transmembrane alpha-helical proteins, in which the membrane-spanning regions are made up of alpha-helices. Given the obvious biological and medical significance of these proteins, it is of tremendous practical importance to identify the location of transmembrane segments. The difficulty of inferring the secondary or tertiary structure of transmembrane proteins using experimental techniques has led to a surge of interest in applying techniques from machine learning and bioinformatics to infer secondary structure from primary structure in these proteins. We are therefore interested in determining which physicochemical properties are most useful for discriminating transmembrane segments from non-transmembrane segments in transmembrane proteins, and for discriminating intrinsically unstructured segments from intrinsically structured segments in transmembrane proteins, and in using the results of these investigations to develop classifiers to identify transmembrane segments in transmembrane proteins. RESULTS We determined that the most useful properties for discriminating transmembrane segments from non-transmembrane segments and for discriminating intrinsically unstructured segments from intrinsically structured segments in transmembrane proteins were hydropathy, polarity, and flexibility, and used the results of this analysis to construct classifiers to discriminate transmembrane segments from non-transmembrane segments using four classification techniques: two variants of the Self-Organizing Global Ranking algorithm, a decision tree algorithm, and a support vector machine algorithm. All four techniques exhibited good performance, with out-of-sample accuracies of approximately 75%. CONCLUSIONS Several interesting observations emerged from our study: intrinsically unstructured segments and transmembrane segments tend to have opposite properties; transmembrane proteins appear to be much richer in intrinsically unstructured segments than other proteins; and, in approximately 70% of transmembrane proteins that contain intrinsically unstructured segments, the intrinsically unstructured segments are close to transmembrane segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Y Yang
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mary Qu Yang
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Keith Dunker
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University Schools of Medicine and Informatics, 410 W. 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Youping Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, 39406, USA
| | - Xudong Huang
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Aksimentiev A, Brunner R, Cohen J, Comer J, Cruz-Chu E, Hardy D, Rajan A, Shih A, Sigalov G, Yin Y, Schulten K. Computer modeling in biotechnology: a partner in development. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 474:181-234. [PMID: 19031067 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-480-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Computational modeling can be a useful partner in biotechnology, in particular, in nanodevice engineering. Such modeling guides development through nanoscale views of biomolecules and devices not available through experimental imaging methods. We illustrate the role of computational modeling, mainly of molecular dynamics, through four case studies: development of silicon bionanodevices for single molecule electrical recording, development of carbon nano-tube-biomolecular systems as in vivo sensors, development of lipoprotein nanodiscs for assays of single membrane proteins, and engineering of oxygen tolerance into the enzyme hydrogenase for photosynthetic hydrogen gas production. The four case studies show how molecular dynamics approaches were adapted to the specific technical uses through (i) multi-scale extensions, (ii) fast quantum chemical force field evaluation, (iii) coarse graining, and (iv) novel sampling methods. The adapted molecular dynamics simulations provided key information on device behavior and revealed development opportunities, arguing that the "computational microscope" is an indispensable nanoengineering tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Alewijnse AE. From the H(2) receptor gene to reclassification of the H(2) receptor antagonists. Inflammopharmacology 2007; 6:179-92. [PMID: 17694373 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-998-0033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/1998] [Accepted: 03/05/1998] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
From previous studies it is known that long-term stimulation of the histamine H(2) receptor results in receptor downregulation. Two different pathways are involved in the downregulation process of the H(2) receptor: a cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent agonist-dependent pathway. Recently, it became evident that in the absence of an agonist the H(2) receptor expressed in CHO cells already stimulate cAMP production, also referred to as spontaneous activity. The spontaneous activity can be inhibited by several H(2) antagonists, previously thought to act as competitive antagonists, and these antagonists are referred to as inverse agonists. Some antagonists, e.g. burimamide, are not able to inhibit the spontaneous activity and are referred to as neutral antagonists. Inverse agonism appears to be the mechanistic basis of upregulation. Only inverse agonists and not neutral antagonists induce receptor upregulation after long-term treatment as these compounds inhibit the spontaneous receptor activity and thus the basal receptor downregulation. Moreover it might also explain previously reported observations after long-term treatment of gastric ulcers, such as intragastric hyperacidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Alewijnse
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ong SAK, Lin HH, Chen YZ, Li ZR, Cao Z. Efficacy of different protein descriptors in predicting protein functional families. BMC Bioinformatics 2007; 8:300. [PMID: 17705863 PMCID: PMC1997217 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-8-300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sequence-derived structural and physicochemical descriptors have frequently been used in machine learning prediction of protein functional families, thus there is a need to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of these descriptor-sets by using the same method and parameter optimization algorithm, and to examine whether the combined use of these descriptor-sets help to improve predictive performance. Six individual descriptor-sets and four combination-sets were evaluated in support vector machines (SVM) prediction of six protein functional families. Results The performance of these descriptor-sets were ranked by Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), and categorized into two groups based on their performance. While there is no overwhelmingly favourable choice of descriptor-sets, certain trends were found. The combination-sets tend to give slightly but consistently higher MCC values and thus overall best performance such that three out of four combination-sets show slightly better performance compared to one out of six individual descriptor-sets. Conclusion Our study suggests that currently used descriptor-sets are generally useful for classifying proteins and the prediction performance may be enhanced by exploring combinations of descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene AK Ong
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 08-14, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hong Huang Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 08-14, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yu Zong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 08-14, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ze Rong Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformatics Technology, 100, Qinzhou Road, Shanghai 200235 P.R. China
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Jiang S, Fu Y, Williams J, Wood J, Pandarinathan L, Avraham S, Makriyannis A, Avraham S, Avraham HK. Expression and function of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and their cognate cannabinoid ligands in murine embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2007; 2:e641. [PMID: 17653268 PMCID: PMC1919431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterization of intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulating the self-renewal/division and differentiation of stem cells is crucial in determining embryonic stem (ES) cell fate. ES cells differentiate into multiple hematopoietic lineages during embryoid body (EB) formation in vitro, which provides an experimental platform to define the molecular mechanisms controlling germ layer fate determination and tissue formation. METHODS AND FINDINGS The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family, that are activated by endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids. CB1 receptor expression is abundant in brain while CB2 receptors are mostly expressed in hematopoietic cells. However, the expression and the precise roles of CB1 and CB2 and their cognate ligands in ES cells are not known. We observed significant induction of CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors during the hematopoietic differentiation of murine ES (mES)-derived embryoid bodies. Furthermore, mES cells as well as ES-derived embryoid bodies at days 7 and 14, expressed endocannabinoids, the ligands for both CB1 and CB2. The CB1 and CB2 antagonists (AM251 and AM630, respectively) induced mES cell death, strongly suggesting that endocannabinoids are involved in the survival of mES cells. Treatment of mES cells with the exogenous cannabinoid ligand Delta(9)-THC resulted in the increased hematopoietic differentiation of mES cells, while addition of AM251 or AM630 blocked embryoid body formation derived from the mES cells. In addition, cannabinoid agonists induced the chemotaxis of ES-derived embryoid bodies, which was specifically inhibited by the CB1 and CB2 antagonists. CONCLUSIONS This work has not been addressed previously and yields new information on the function of cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, as components of a novel pathway regulating murine ES cell differentiation. This study provides insights into cannabinoid system involvement in ES cell survival and hematopoietic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Jiang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yigong Fu
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John Williams
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - JodiAnne Wood
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Shiri Avraham
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shalom Avraham
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hava Karsenty Avraham
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Rocha A, Gómez A, Zanuy S, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Carrillo M. Molecular characterization of two sea bass gonadotropin receptors: cDNA cloning, expression analysis, and functional activity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 272:63-76. [PMID: 17543442 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the luteinizing hormone (LH) play central roles in vertebrate reproduction. They act through their cognate receptors to stimulate testicular and ovarian functions. The present study reports the cloning and characterization of two sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) cDNAs encoding a FSH receptor (sbsFSHR) and a LH receptor (sbsLHR). The mature proteins display typical features of the glycoprotein hormone receptor family members, but the sbsFSHR also contains some remarkable differences when compared with other fish or mammalian FSHRs. Among them, a distinct extracellular N-terminal cysteine domain as regards to its length and cysteine number, and the presence of an extra leucine-rich repeat. Expression analysis revealed that the sbsFSHR is exclusively expressed in gonadal tissues, specifically in the follicular wall of previtellogenic and early-vitellogenic follicles. On the contrary, sbsLHR mRNA was found to be widely distributed in sea bass somatic tissues. When stably expressed in mammalian cell lines, sbsFSHR was specifically stimulated by bovine FSH, while sbsLHR was activated by both bovine LH and FSH. Nevertheless, specific stimulation of the sbsLHR was observed when recombinant sea bass gonadotropins were used. The isolation of a FSHR and a LHR in sea bass opens new ways to study gonadotropin action in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rocha
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 12595 Torre la Sal, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
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Bazylak G, Aboul-Enein HY. DIRECT SEPARATION OF LABETALOL STEREOISOMERS IN A HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY SYSTEM USING HELICALLY SELF-ASSEMBLED CHELATE AS CHIRAL SELECTOR IN THE MOBILE PHASE†. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Bazylak
- a Department of General Chemistry , Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz , Lindleya 6, Lodz , PL-90-131 , Poland
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- b Bioanalytical and Drug Development Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Department , King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , MBC-03, Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Domínguez M, Alvarez R, Pérez M, Palczewski K, de Lera AR. The role of the 11-cis-retinal ring methyl substituents in visual pigment formation. Chembiochem 2007; 7:1815-25. [PMID: 16941510 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Artificial visual pigment formation from ring-demethylated retinals was studied in an effort to understand the effect that methyl groups on the chromophore cyclohexenyl ring have on the visual cycle. The stereoselective synthesis of the 11-cis-ring-demethylated analogues involves thallium-accelerated Suzuki cross-coupling reactions and highly stereocontrolled Wittig reactions to form key bonds. Only 11-cis-1,1,5-trisdemethylretinal (2) failed to form an artificial pigment, whilst variable pigment-formation yields were determined for the remaining analogues, increasing with the number (and location) of the chromophore hydrophobic ring methyl groups. Our results with the monodemethylated analogues 11-cis-5-demethylretinal (4) and 11-cis-1-demethylretinal (5) show that the C1-2-CH(3) groups are more important for pigment formation than the C5-CH(3) substituent. This is reflected in the absorption maxima of the artificial pigments, with values closer to that of native rhodopsin for 4. Docking studies based on a rhodopsin crystal structure, however, predict a lower pigment stability for 4 than for 5. Gas-phase DFT (B3LYP/6-31G*) computations of the free-ligand geometries, conformational searches about the C6--C7 bond, and docking studies revealed that, although the conformation of bound 5 is close to that of the native chromophore, the ligand needs to overcome the energy cost of shifting the unbound favored 6-s-trans conformation to the bound 6-s-cis form. In addition, the presence of an extra methyl group at C18 (11-cis-18-methylretinal, 7) is tolerated well and adds further stability to the complex, most probably due to increased hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Domínguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Significance of Ectodomain Cysteine Boxes 2 and 3 for the Activation Mechanism of the Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Receptor. J Biol Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Claus M, Neumann S, Kleinau G, Krause G, Paschke R. Structural determinants for G-protein activation and specificity in the third intracellular loop of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:943-54. [PMID: 16955277 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The selectivity of G-protein recognition is determined by the intracellular loops (ICLs) of seven-transmembrane-spanning receptors. In a previous study, we have shown that the N-terminal and central portions of ICL2 from F525 to D530 participate in dual Galphas-/Galphaq-protein activation by the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). ICL3 is another major determinant for G-protein activation. Therefore, the aim of our study was to identify important amino acids within ICL3 of the TSHR to gain insight in more detail about its specific function for Galphas- and Galphaq-protein activation and selectivity. Single-alanine substitutions of residues in the N-terminal, middle, and C-terminal region of ICL3 were generated. N-terminal residues Y605 and V608 and C-terminal positions K618, K621, and I622 were identified as selectively important for Galphaq activation, whereas mutations in the center of ICL3 had no effect on TSHR signaling. Our findings provide evidence for an amino acid pattern in the N- and C-terminal part of ICL3, which is involved in Galphaq-mediated signaling. Furthermore, molecular modeling of interaction of TSHR ICL2 and 3 with Galphaq suggests three potential contact sites: TSHR C-terminal ICL3 with beta5-6 loop of Galphaq, TSHR ICL2 residues I523-R531 with beta2-3 loop and N-terminal helix of Galphaq, and TSHR ICL2/transmembrane helix (TMH) 3+ICL3/TMH6 with C-terminal tail of Galphaq.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- COS Cells
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/agonists
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/chemistry
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Thyrotropin/metabolism
- Thyrotropin/pharmacology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Claus
- III. Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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