1
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Bonisoli L, Pelicella I, Arru L. Plant ultrasound detection: a cost-effective method for identifying plant ultrasonic emissions. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2310974. [PMID: 38345027 PMCID: PMC10863351 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2310974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Plants have been observed to produce short ultrasonic emissions (UEs), and current research is focusing on developing noninvasive techniques for recording and analyzing these emissions. A standardized methodology has not been established yet; in this paper we suggest a cost-effective procedure for recording, extracting, and identifying plant UEs using only a single ultrasound microphone, a laptop computer, and open-source software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bonisoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Laura Arru
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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2
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Nardini A, Cochard H, Mayr S. Talk is cheap: rediscovering sounds made by plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:662-667. [PMID: 38218649 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
A recent study and related commentaries have raised new interest in the phenomenon of ultrasonic sound production by plants exposed to stress, especially drought. While recent technological advancements have allowed the demonstration that these sounds can propagate in the air surrounding plants, we remind readers here that research on sound production by plants is more than 100 years old. The mechanisms and patterns of sound emission from plants subjected to different stress factors are also reasonably understood, thanks to the pioneering work of John Milburn and others. By contrast, experimental evidence for a role of these sounds in plant-animal or plant-plant communication remains lacking and, at present, these ideas remain highly speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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3
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Liu L, Huang B, Lu Y, Zhao Y, Tang X, Shi Y. Interactions between electromagnetic radiation and biological systems. iScience 2024; 27:109201. [PMID: 38433903 PMCID: PMC10906530 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Even though the bioeffects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) have been extensively investigated during the past several decades, our understandings of the bioeffects of EMR and the mechanisms of the interactions between the biological systems and the EMRs are still far from satisfactory. In this article, we introduce and summarize the consensus, controversy, limitations, and unsolved issues. The published works have investigated the EMR effects on different biological systems including humans, animals, cells, and biochemical reactions. Alternative methodologies also include dielectric spectroscopy, detection of bioelectromagnetic emissions, and theoretical predictions. In many studies, the thermal effects of the EMR are not properly controlled or considered. The frequency of the EMR investigated is limited to the commonly used bands, particularly the frequencies of the power line and the wireless communications; far fewer studies were performed for other EMR frequencies. In addition, the bioeffects of the complex EM environment were rarely discussed. In summary, our understanding of the bioeffects of the EMR is quite restrictive and further investigations are needed to answer the unsolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin-Ling Road, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yingxian Lu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yanyu Zhao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaping Tang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yigong Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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4
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Son JS, Jang S, Mathevon N, Ryu CM. Is plant acoustic communication fact or fiction? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38424727 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the idea has flourished that plants emit and perceive sound and could even be capable of exchanging information through the acoustic channel. While research into plant bioacoustics is still in its infancy, with potentially fascinating discoveries awaiting ahead, here we show that the current knowledge is not conclusive. While plants do emit sounds under biotic and abiotic stresses such as drought, these sounds are high-pitched, of low intensity, and propagate only to a short distance. Most studies suggesting plant sensitivity to airborne sound actually concern the perception of substrate vibrations from the soil or plant part. In short, while low-frequency, high-intensity sounds emitted by a loudspeaker close to the plant seem to have tangible effects on various plant processes such as growth - a finding with possible applications in agriculture - it is unlikely that plants can perceive the sounds they produce, at least over long distances. So far, there is no evidence of plants communicating with each other via the acoustic channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Soo Son
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Seonghan Jang
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Nicolas Mathevon
- ENES Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, CRNL, CNRS, Inserm, University of Saint-Etienne, 42100, Saint-Etienne, France
- Institut universitaire de France, 75231, Paris, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, CHArt Lab, PSL University, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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5
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Dutta S, Bieling TJ, Verbiest GJ. Evaporation induced acoustic emissions in microfluidic vessels. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:231029. [PMID: 38094272 PMCID: PMC10716658 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Fluid flow processes such as drainage and evaporation in porous media are crucial in geological and biological systems. The motion of the displacement front of a moving fluid through multi-phase interfaces is often associated with abrupt mechanical energy release, detectable as acoustic emissions (AEs). The exact origin of these pulses and their damping mechanisms are still subjects of debate. Here, we study the characteristics of such AEs during evaporation of water from artificial microfluidic vessels, inspired by the physiology of vascular water-transport in plants. From the extracted settling times of the recorded AEs, we identify three pulse types and attribute their origins to bubble formation, snap-off events and rapid pore invasion. We also show that the resonance frequencies between 10 and 70 kHz present in specific pulse types decrease with increasing vessel radius (ranging from 0.25 to 1.0 mm) and length (ranging from 2.5 to 10.0 mm). Our findings provide insight into evaporation-induced AEs from microfluidic systems, and their potential use in non-invasive inspection or vascular health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Dutta
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of 3ME, TU Delft, Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628CD, The Netherlands
| | - T. J. Bieling
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of 3ME, TU Delft, Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628CD, The Netherlands
| | - G. J. Verbiest
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of 3ME, TU Delft, Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628CD, The Netherlands
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6
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Carluccio G, Greco D, Sabella E, Vergine M, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Xylem Embolism and Pathogens: Can the Vessel Anatomy of Woody Plants Contribute to X. fastidiosa Resistance? Pathogens 2023; 12:825. [PMID: 37375515 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of an intact water column in the xylem lumen several meters above the ground is essential for woody plant viability. In fact, abiotic and biotic factors can lead to the formation of emboli in the xylem, interrupting sap flow and causing consequences on the health status of the plant. Anyway, the tendency of plants to develop emboli depends on the intrinsic features of the xylem, while the cyto-histological structure of the xylem plays a role in resistance to vascular pathogens, as in the case of the pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. Analysis of the scientific literature suggests that on grapevine and olive, some xylem features can determine plant tolerance to vascular pathogens. However, the same trend was not reported in citrus, indicating that X. fastidiosa interactions with host plants differ by species. Unfortunately, studies in this area are still limited, with few explaining inter-cultivar insights. Thus, in a global context seriously threatened by X. fastidiosa, a deeper understanding of the relationship between the physical and mechanical characteristics of the xylem and resistance to stresses can be useful for selecting cultivars that may be more resistant to environmental changes, such as drought and vascular pathogens, as a way to preserve agricultural productions and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giambattista Carluccio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Davide Greco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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7
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Robert D. Plant bioacoustics: The sound expression of stress. Cell 2023; 186:1307-1308. [PMID: 37001497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants are not exactly known to be great conversationalists. In this issue of Cell, a new study highlights that when stressed by desiccation or cutting injury, tomato and tobacco plants can produce airborne ultrasonic emissions. These sounds are loud enough to be heard by insects and can be analytically categorized using trained neural networks, pointing to their potential informative value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Robert
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
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8
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Lamacque L, Sabin F, Améglio T, Herbette S, Charrier G. Detection of acoustic events in lavender for measuring xylem vulnerability to embolism and cellular damage. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3699-3710. [PMID: 35176148 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic emission analysis is promising to investigate the physiological events leading to drought-induced injury and mortality. However, their nature and source are not fully understood, making this technique difficult to use as a direct measure of the loss of xylem hydraulic conductance. Acoustic emissions were recorded during severe dehydration in lavender plants (Lavandula angustifolia) and compared with the dynamics of embolism development and cell damage. The timing and characteristics of acoustic signals from two independent recording systems were compared by principal component analysis (PCA). Changes in water potential, branch diameter, loss of hydraulic conductance, and cellular damage were also measured to quantify drought-induced damages. Two distinct phases of acoustic emissions were observed during dehydration: the first one associated with a rapid loss of diameter and a significant increase in loss of xylem conductance (90%), and the second with slower changes in diameter and a significant increase in cellular damage. Based on PCA, a developed algorithm discriminated hydraulic-related acoustic signals from other sources, proposing a reconstruction of hydraulic vulnerability curves. Cellular damage preceded by hydraulic failure seems to lead to a lack of recovery. The second acoustic phase would allow detection of plant mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Lamacque
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Technique Interprofessionnel Plantes à Parfum, Médicinal, Aromatiques et Industrielles, 26740 Montboucher-sur-Jabron, France
- CNRS Aix-Marseille University, France
| | - Florian Sabin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Améglio
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Herbette
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Charrier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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9
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Allievi S, Arru L, Forti L. A tuning point in plant acoustics investigation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1919836. [PMID: 33910490 PMCID: PMC8244759 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1919836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In a very recent book called Sensory Biology of Plants, published by renowned publisher Springer Nature, the authors stated that the scientific literature gathered so far regarding knowledge around the field of Plant Acoustics allows us to divert the focus from the question "whether plants perceive sound" toward the questions "how and why they are doing it" Some phenomena are well known: roots perceive the sound of flowing water and display a sound-mediated growth toward the water source, while the buzz pollination process allows plants to minimize the pollen lost and maximize which is collected by true pollinators. But plants are far more perceptive and responsive to their environment than we generally consider them to be, and they are communicating far more information than we realize if we only took all their signals (VOCs, sound, exudates, etc.) into a greater picture. Could Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) be involved in mediating more responses than we imagine? VOC synthesis and release is known to be elicited also by electrical signals caused by mechanical stimuli, touching and wounding being among these, serving as info-chemicals in the communication between plants ("eavesdropping"), and within the organs of the same plant, in order for it to get synchronized with its surroundings. This paper is an overview of the discoveries around plant perception with a focus on the link between mechanical stimuli, as sound vibrations are, and changes in plant physiology leading to VOC emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Allievi
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena/Reggio, Emilia, Italy
| | - Laura Arru
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena/Reggio, Emilia, Italy
| | - Luca Forti
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena/Reggio, Emilia, Italy
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10
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Trabi CL, Pereira L, Guan X, Miranda MT, Bittencourt PRL, Oliveira RS, Ribeiro RV, Jansen S. A User Manual to Measure Gas Diffusion Kinetics in Plants: Pneumatron Construction, Operation, and Data Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:633595. [PMID: 34163496 PMCID: PMC8216216 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.633595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The Pneumatron device measures gas diffusion kinetics in the xylem of plants. The device provides an easy, low-cost, and powerful tool for research on plant water relations and gas exchange. Here, we describe in detail how to construct and operate this device to estimate embolism resistance of angiosperm xylem, and how to analyse pneumatic data. Simple and more elaborated ways of constructing a Pneumatron are shown, either using wires, a breadboard, or a printed circuit board. The instrument is based on an open-source hardware and software system, which allows users to operate it in an automated or semi-automated way. A step-by-step manual and a troubleshooting section are provided. An excel spreadsheet and an R-script are also presented for fast and easy data analysis. This manual aims at helping users to avoid common mistakes, such as unstable measurements of the minimum and maximum amount of gas discharged from xylem tissue, which has major consequences for estimating embolism resistance. Major advantages of the Pneumatron device include its automated and accurate measurements of gas diffusion rates, including highly precise measurements of the gas volume in intact, embolised conduits. It is currently unclear if the method can also be applied to woody monocots, gymnosperm species that possess torus-margo pit membranes, or to herbaceous species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Agronomic Institute (IAC), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Xinyi Guan
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcela T. Miranda
- Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Agronomic Institute (IAC), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael S. Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael V. Ribeiro
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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11
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Skelton RP, Anderegg LDL, Diaz J, Kling MM, Papper P, Lamarque LJ, Delzon S, Dawson TE, Ackerly DD. Evolutionary relationships between drought-related traits and climate shape large hydraulic safety margins in western North American oaks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2008987118. [PMID: 33649205 PMCID: PMC7958251 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008987118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative knowledge of xylem physical tolerance limits to dehydration is essential to understanding plant drought tolerance but is lacking in many long-vessel angiosperms. We examine the hypothesis that a fundamental association between sustained xylem water transport and downstream tissue function should select for xylem that avoids embolism in long-vessel trees by quantifying xylem capacity to withstand air entry of western North American oaks (Quercus spp.). Optical visualization showed that 50% of embolism occurs at water potentials below -2.7 MPa in all 19 species, and -6.6 MPa in the most resistant species. By mapping the evolution of xylem vulnerability to embolism onto a fossil-dated phylogeny of the western North American oaks, we found large differences between clades (sections) while closely related species within each clade vary little in their capacity to withstand air entry. Phylogenetic conservatism in xylem physical tolerance, together with a significant correlation between species distributions along rainfall gradients and their dehydration tolerance, suggests that closely related species occupy similar climatic niches and that species' geographic ranges may have shifted along aridity gradients in accordance with their physical tolerance. Such trends, coupled with evolutionary associations between capacity to withstand xylem embolism and other hydraulic-related traits, yield wide margins of safety against embolism in oaks from diverse habitats. Evolved responses of the vascular system to aridity support the embolism avoidance hypothesis and reveal the importance of quantifying plant capacity to withstand xylem embolism for understanding function and biogeography of some of the Northern Hemisphere's most ecologically and economically important plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Skelton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- Fynbos Node, South African Environmental Observation Network, Newlands 7735, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leander D L Anderegg
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
| | - Jessica Diaz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Matthew M Kling
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Prahlad Papper
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Laurent J Lamarque
- Département des Sciences de l'Environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE (Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement), UMR BIOGECO, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE (Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement), UMR BIOGECO, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - David D Ackerly
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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12
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Chen YJ, Maenpuen P, Zhang YJ, Barai K, Katabuchi M, Gao H, Kaewkamol S, Tao LB, Zhang JL. Quantifying vulnerability to embolism in tropical trees and lianas using five methods: can discrepancies be explained by xylem structural traits? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:805-819. [PMID: 32929748 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerability curves (VCs) describe the loss of hydraulic conductance against increasing xylem tension, providing valuable insights about the response of plant water transport to water stress. Techniques to construct VCs have been developed and modified continuously, but controversies continue. We compared VCs constructed using the bench-top dehydration (BD), air-injection-flow (AI), pneumatic-air-discharge (PAD), optical (OP) and X-ray-computed microtomography (MicroCT) methods for tropical trees and lianas with contrasting vessel lengths. The PAD method generated highly vulnerable VCs, the AI method intermediate VCs, whereas the BD, OP and MicroCT methods produced comparable and more resistant VCs. Vessel-length and diameter accounted for the overestimation ratio of vulnerability estimated using the AI but not the PAD method. Compared with directly measured midday embolism levels, the PAD and AI methods substantially overestimated embolism, whereas the BD, MicroCT and OP methods provided more reasonable estimations. Cut-open vessels, uncertainties in maximum air volume estimations, sample-length effects, tissue cracks and shrinkage together may impede the reliability of the PAD method. In conclusion, we validate the BD, OP and MicroCT methods for tropical plants, whereas the PAD and AI need further mechanistic testing. Therefore, applications of VCs in estimating plant responses to drought need to be cautious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, Yunnan, 653300, China
| | - Phisamai Maenpuen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Kallol Barai
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Masatoshi Katabuchi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Hui Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sasiwimol Kaewkamol
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lian-Bin Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
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Wang Y, Sperry JS, Anderegg WRL, Venturas MD, Trugman AT. A theoretical and empirical assessment of stomatal optimization modeling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:311-325. [PMID: 32248532 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Optimal stomatal control models have shown great potential in predicting stomatal behavior and improving carbon cycle modeling. Basic stomatal optimality theory posits that stomatal regulation maximizes the carbon gain relative to a penalty of stomatal opening. All models take a similar approach to calculate instantaneous carbon gain from stomatal opening (the gain function). Where the models diverge is in how they calculate the corresponding penalty (the penalty function). In this review, we compare and evaluate 10 different optimization models in how they quantify the penalty and how well they predict stomatal responses to the environment. We evaluate models in two ways. First, we compare their penalty functions against seven criteria that ensure a unique and qualitatively realistic solution. Second, we quantitatively test model against multiple leaf gas-exchange datasets. The optimization models with better predictive skills have penalty functions that meet our seven criteria and use fitting parameters that are both few in number and physiology based. The most skilled models are those with a penalty function based on stress-induced hydraulic failure. We conclude by proposing a new model that has a hydraulics-based penalty function that meets all seven criteria and demonstrates a highly predictive skill against our test datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - John S Sperry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Martin D Venturas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Anna T Trugman
- Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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14
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Khait I, Obolski U, Yovel Y, Hadany L. Sound perception in plants. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 92:134-138. [PMID: 30965110 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Can plants perceive sound? And what sounds are they likely to be "listening" to? The environment of plants includes many informative sounds, produced by biotic and abiotic sources. An ability to respond to these sounds could thus have a significant adaptive value for plants. We suggest the term phytoacoustics to describe the emerging field exploring sound emission and sound detection in plants, and review the recent studies published on these topics. We describe evidence of plant responses to sounds, varying from changes in gene expression to changes in pathogen resistance and nectar composition. The main focus of this review is the effect of airborne sounds on living plants. We also review work on sound emissions by plants, and plant morphological adaptations to sound. Finally, we discuss the ecological contexts where response to sound would be most advantageous to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Khait
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - U Obolski
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Y Yovel
- School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - L Hadany
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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15
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De Baerdemaeker NJF, Stock M, Van den Bulcke J, De Baets B, Van Hoorebeke L, Steppe K. X-ray microtomography and linear discriminant analysis enable detection of embolism-related acoustic emissions. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:153. [PMID: 31889977 PMCID: PMC6916244 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acoustic emission (AE) sensing is in use since the late 1960s in drought-induced embolism research as a non-invasive and continuous method. It is very well suited to assess a plant's vulnerability to dehydration. Over the last couple of years, AE sensing has further improved due to progress in AE sensors, data acquisition methods and analysis systems. Despite these recent advances, it is still challenging to detect drought-induced embolism events in the AE sources registered by the sensors during dehydration, which sometimes questions the quantitative potential of AE sensing. RESULTS In quest of a method to separate embolism-related AE signals from other dehydration-related signals, a 2-year-old potted Fraxinus excelsior L. tree was subjected to a drought experiment. Embolism formation was acoustically measured with two broadband point-contact AE sensors while simultaneously being visualized by X-ray computed microtomography (µCT). A machine learning method was used to link visually detected embolism formation by µCT with corresponding AE signals. Specifically, applying linear discriminant analysis (LDA) on the six AE waveform parameters amplitude, counts, duration, signal strength, absolute energy and partial power in the range 100-200 kHz resulted in an embolism-related acoustic vulnerability curve (VCAE-E) better resembling the standard µCT VC (VCCT), both in time and in absolute number of embolized vessels. Interestingly, the unfiltered acoustic vulnerability curve (VCAE) also closely resembled VCCT, indicating that VCs constructed from all registered AE signals did not compromise the quantitative interpretation of the species' vulnerability to drought-induced embolism formation. CONCLUSION Although machine learning could detect similar numbers of embolism-related AE as µCT, there still is insufficient model-based evidence to conclusively attribute these signals to embolism events. Future research should therefore focus on similar experiments with more in-depth analysis of acoustic waveforms, as well as explore the possibility of Fast Fourier transformation (FFT) to remove non-embolism-related AE signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J. F. De Baerdemaeker
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michiel Stock
- KERMIT, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- UGent-Woodlab-Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University Centre for X-Ray Tomography (UGCT), Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernard De Baets
- KERMIT, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Hoorebeke
- Ghent University Centre for X-Ray Tomography (UGCT), Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Radiation Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Scognamiglio C, Magaletti F, Izmaylov Y, Gallo M, Casciola CM, Noblin X. The detailed acoustic signature of a micro-confined cavitation bubble. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7987-7995. [PMID: 30207371 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00837j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous scenarios exist for a cavitation bubble growing in a liquid. We focus here on cavitation phenomena within water under static tension in a confined environment. Drawing inspiration from the natural materials in plants, we design a novel experimental setup where a micrometric volume of water is confined by a hydrogel-based material. We show that, submerging the sample in a hypertonic solution, the water within the cavity is placed under tension and the acoustic emission produced by the resulting bubble nucleation is precisely detected. This new experimental procedure is able to strongly reduce the acoustic reflections occurring at the hydrogel/air interface with more classical techniques. We also propose a mathematical model to characterise the pressure wave emitted in order to correctly take into account the dissipation effect induced by the visco-elastic behaviour of the confining hydrogel. Both bubble resonant frequency and damping are captured by the model and quantitatively match the values found in the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Scognamiglio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy.
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17
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Shelden MC, Vandeleur R, Kaiser BN, Tyerman SD. A Comparison of Petiole Hydraulics and Aquaporin Expression in an Anisohydric and Isohydric Cultivar of Grapevine in Response to Water-Stress Induced Cavitation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1893. [PMID: 29163613 PMCID: PMC5681967 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We report physiological, anatomical and molecular differences in two economically important grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars cv. Grenache (near-isohydric) and Chardonnay (anisohydric) in their response to water-stress induced cavitation. The aim of the study was to compare organ vulnerability (petiole and stem) to cavitation by measuring ultrasonic acoustic emissions (UAE) and percent loss of conductance of potted grapevines subject to the onset of water-stress. Leaf (ψL) and stem water potential (ψS), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), petiole hydraulics (KPet), and xylem diameter were also measured. Chardonnay displayed hydraulic segmentation based on UAE, with cavitation occurring at a less negative ψL in the petiole than in the stem. Vulnerability segmentation was not observed in Grenache, with both petioles and stems equally vulnerable to cavitation. Leaf water potential that induced 50% of maximum UAE was significantly different between petioles and stems in Chardonnay (ψ50Petiole = -1.14 and ψ50Stem = -2.24 MPa) but not in Grenache (ψ50Petiole = -0.73 and ψ50Stem = -0.78 MPa). Grenache stems appeared more susceptible to water-stress induced cavitation than Chardonnay stems. Grenache displayed (on average) a higher KPet likely due to the presence of larger xylem vessels. A close relationship between petiole hydraulic properties and vine water status was observed in Chardonnay but not in Grenache. Transcriptional analysis of aquaporins in the petioles and leaves (VvPIP1;1, VvPIP2;1, VvPIP2;2 VvPIP2;3, VvTIP1;1, and VvTIP2;1) showed differential regulation diurnally and in response to water-stress. VvPIP2;1 showed strong diurnal regulation in the petioles and leaves of both cultivars with expression highest predawn. Expression of VvPIP2;1 and VvPIP2;2 responded to ψL and ψS in both cultivars indicating the expression of these two genes are closely linked to vine water status. Expression of several aquaporin genes correlated with gas exchange measurements, however, these genes differed between cultivars. In summary, the data shows two contrasting responses in petiole hydraulics and aquaporin expression between the near-isohydric cultivar, Grenache and anisohydric cultivar, Chardonnay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C. Shelden
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rebecca Vandeleur
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Brent N. Kaiser
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Tyerman
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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18
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De Baerdemaeker NJF, Salomón RL, De Roo L, Steppe K. Sugars from woody tissue photosynthesis reduce xylem vulnerability to cavitation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:720-727. [PMID: 28921550 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reassimilation of internal CO2 via woody tissue photosynthesis has a substantial effect on tree carbon income and wood production. However, little is known about its role in xylem vulnerability to cavitation and its implications in drought-driven tree mortality. Young trees of Populus nigra were subjected to light exclusion at the branch and stem levels. After 40 d, measurements of xylem water potential, diameter variation and acoustic emission (AE) were performed in detached branches to obtain acoustic vulnerability curves to cavitation following bench-top dehydration. Acoustic vulnerability curves and derived AE50 values (i.e. water potential at which 50% of cavitation-related acoustic emissions occur) differed significantly between light-excluded and control branches (AE50,light-excluded = -1.00 ± 0.13 MPa; AE50,control = -1.45 ± 0.09 MPa; P = 0.007) denoting higher vulnerability to cavitation in light-excluded trees. Woody tissue photosynthesis represents an alternative and immediate source of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) that confers lower xylem vulnerability to cavitation via sugar-mediated mechanisms. Embolism repair and xylem structural changes could not explain this observation as the amount of cumulative AE and basic wood density did not differ between treatments. We suggest that woody tissue assimilates might play a role in the synthesis of xylem surfactants for nanobubble stabilization under tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J F De Baerdemaeker
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roberto Luis Salomón
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Linus De Roo
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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19
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Drysdale C, Doinikov AA, Marmottant P. Radiation dynamics of a cavitation bubble in a liquid-filled cavity surrounded by an elastic solid. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:053104. [PMID: 28618494 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.053104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A specific cavitation phenomenon occurs inside the stems of trees. The internal pressure in tree conduits can drop down to significant negative values, which causes the nucleation of bubbles. The bubbles exhibit high-frequency oscillations just after their nucleation. In the present study, this phenomenon is modeled by taking into account acoustic waves produced by bubble oscillations. A dispersion equation is derived, which is then used to calculate the resonance frequency and the attenuation coefficient of the bubble oscillations. Radiation damping is found to be predominant in comparison with viscous damping, except for very small bubbles. A typical number of oscillation cycles before the complete damping of the oscillation is found to be of the order of 10, as observed for cavitation bubbles in biomimetic synthetic trees.
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20
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Hochberg U, Herrera JC, Cochard H, Badel E. Short-time xylem relaxation results in reliable quantification of embolism in grapevine petioles and sheds new light on their hydraulic strategy. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:748-55. [PMID: 26843208 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the validity of embolism quantification methods has been questioned, especially for long-vesseled plants. Some studies have suggested that cutting xylem while under tension, even under water, might generate artificial cavitation. Accordingly, a rehydration procedure prior to hydraulic measurements has been recommended to avoid this artefact. On the other hand, concerns have been raised that xylem refilling might occur when samples are rehydrated. Here, we explore the potential biases affecting embolism quantification for grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) petioles harvested under tension or after xylem relaxation. We employ direct visualization of embolism through X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) to test for the occurrence of fast refilling (artifactually low per cent loss of conductivity (PLC) due to rehydration prior to sample harvest) as well as excision-induced embolism (artifactually high embolism due to air introduction during harvest). Additionally, we compared the response functions of both stomatal regulation and xylem embolism to xylem pressure (Ψx). Short-time (20 min) xylem tension relaxation prior to the hydraulic measurement resulted in a lower degree of embolism than found in samples harvested under native tensions, and yielded xylem vulnerability curves similar to the ones obtained using direct microCT visualization. Much longer periods of hydration (overnight) were required before xylem refilling was observed to occur. In field-grown vines, over 85% of stomatal closure occurred at less negative Ψx than that required to induce 12% PLC. Our results demonstrate that relaxation of xylem tension prior to hydraulic measurement allows for the reliable quantification of native embolism in grapevine petioles. Furthermore, we find that stomatal regulation is sufficiently conservative to avoid transpiration-induced cavitation. These results suggest that grapevines have evolved a strategy of cavitation resistance, rather than one of cavitation tolerance (diurnal cycles of embolism and repair).
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Hochberg
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jose Carlos Herrera
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Badel
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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21
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Ryu J, Hwang BG, Kim YX, Lee SJ. Direct observation of local xylem embolisms induced by soil drying in intact Zea mays leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2617-26. [PMID: 26946123 PMCID: PMC4861012 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The vulnerability of vascular plants to xylem embolism is closely related to their stable long-distance water transport, growth, and survival. Direct measurements of xylem embolism are required to understand what causes embolism and what strategies plants employ against it. In this study, synchrotron X-ray microscopy was used to non-destructively investigate both the anatomical structures of xylem vessels and embolism occurrence in the leaves of intact Zea mays (maize) plants. Xylem embolism was induced by water stress at various soil drying periods and soil water contents. X-ray images of dehydrated maize leaves showed that the ratio of gas-filled vessels to all xylem vessels increased with decreased soil water content and reached approximately 30% under severe water stress. Embolism occurred in some but not all vessels. Embolism in maize leaves was not strongly correlated with xylem diameter but was more likely to occur in the peripheral veins. The rate of embolism formation in metaxylem vessels was higher than in protoxylem vessels. This work has demonstrated that xylem embolism remains low in maize leaves under water stress and that there xylem has characteristic spatial traits of vulnerability to embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongeun Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae Geun Hwang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangmin X Kim
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
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22
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Acoustic Emissions to Measure Drought-Induced Cavitation in Plants. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/app6030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Nolf M, Creek D, Duursma R, Holtum J, Mayr S, Choat B. Stem and leaf hydraulic properties are finely coordinated in three tropical rain forest tree species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2652-61. [PMID: 26032606 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Coordination of stem and leaf hydraulic traits allows terrestrial plants to maintain safe water status under limited water supply. Tropical rain forests, one of the world's most productive biomes, are vulnerable to drought and potentially threatened by increased aridity due to global climate change. However, the relationship of stem and leaf traits within the plant hydraulic continuum remains understudied, particularly in tropical species. We studied within-plant hydraulic coordination between stems and leaves in three tropical lowland rain forest tree species by analyses of hydraulic vulnerability [hydraulic methods and ultrasonic emission (UE) analysis], pressure-volume relations and in situ pre-dawn and midday water potentials (Ψ). We found finely coordinated stem and leaf hydraulic features, with a strategy of sacrificing leaves in favour of stems. Fifty percent of hydraulic conductivity (P50 ) was lost at -2.1 to -3.1 MPa in stems and at -1.7 to -2.2 MPa in leaves. UE analysis corresponded to hydraulic measurements. Safety margins (leaf P50 - stem P50 ) were very narrow at -0.4 to -1.4 MPa. Pressure-volume analysis and in situ Ψ indicated safe water status in stems but risk of hydraulic failure in leaves. Our study shows that stem and leaf hydraulics were finely tuned to avoid embolism formation in the xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Nolf
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales, 2753, Australia
| | - Danielle Creek
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales, 2753, Australia
| | - Remko Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales, 2753, Australia
| | - Joseph Holtum
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales, 2753, Australia
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24
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Shen F, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Gao R, Shao X. Experimental study of the types of cavitation by air seeding using light microscopy. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1325-1332. [PMID: 26338303 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, three types of cavitation: (i) expanding gradually; (ii) expanding-exploding, becoming a long-shaped bubble-lengthening by degrees; (iii) suddenly exploding and fully filling the conduit instantly, were proposed. Directed by this theory, experiments were performed using light microscopy to study the natural drying processes of xylem sections of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco. Three different phenomena of gas filling process in conduits were captured by replaying recorded videos. The first phenomenon is that a bubble emerging in a conduit expands and elongates gradually to fill the conduit. The second phenomenon is that a bubble emerging in a conduit expands gradually, and then suddenly becomes long-shaped, and extends continuously. The third phenomenon is that a bubble instantly fully fills a conduit. This paper suggests in these experiments that after losing the bulk water of a section, as the water stress of that section became more severe, the water pressures of different conduits of the section were not necessarily the same, and as time went on, the water pressures decreased constantly. Considering some practical factors, the three phenomena captured in our experiment are explained by our theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyi Shen
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yanxia Cheng
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Rongfu Gao
- College of Biology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xuemeng Shao
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
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25
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Ponomarenko A, Vincent O, Pietriga A, Cochard H, Badel É, Marmottant P. Ultrasonic emissions reveal individual cavitation bubbles in water-stressed wood. J R Soc Interface 2015; 11:rsif.2014.0480. [PMID: 25056212 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Under drought conditions, the xylem of trees that conducts ascending sap produces ultrasonic emissions whose exact origin is not clear. We introduce a new method to record simultaneously both acoustic events and optical observation of the xylem conduits within slices of wood that were embedded in a transparent material setting a hydric stress. In this article, we resolved the rapid development of all cavitation bubbles and demonstrated that each ultrasound emission was linked to the nucleation of one single bubble, whose acoustic energy is an increasing function of the size of the conduit where nucleation occurred and also of the hydric stress. We modelled these observations by the fact that water columns in conduits store elastic energy and release it into acoustic waves when they are broken by cavitation bubbles. Water columns are thus elastic, and not rigid, 'wires of water' set under tension by hydric stresses. Cavitation bubbles are at the origin of an embolism, whose development was followed in our experiments. Such an embolism of sap circulation can result in a fatal condition for living trees. These findings provide new insights for the non-destructive monitoring of embolisms within trees, and suggest a new approach to study porous media under hydric stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ponomarenko
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, LIPhy, CNRS et Université de Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - O Vincent
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, LIPhy, CNRS et Université de Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - A Pietriga
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, LIPhy, CNRS et Université de Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - H Cochard
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, 63177, Aubière, France
| | - É Badel
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, 63177, Aubière, France
| | - P Marmottant
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, LIPhy, CNRS et Université de Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex, France
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Nolf M, Beikircher B, Rosner S, Nolf A, Mayr S. Xylem cavitation resistance can be estimated based on time-dependent rate of acoustic emissions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:625-32. [PMID: 26010417 PMCID: PMC4744691 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic emission (AE) analysis allows nondestructive monitoring of embolism formation in plant xylem, but signal interpretation and agreement of acoustically measured hydraulic vulnerability with reference hydraulic techniques remain under debate. We compared the hydraulic vulnerability of 16 species and three crop tree cultivars using hydraulic flow measurements and acoustic emission monitoring, proposing the use of time-dependent AE rates as a novel parameter for AE analysis. There was a linear correlation between the water potential (Ψ) at 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (P50 ) and the Ψ at maximum AE activity (Pmaxrate ), where species with lower P50 also had lower Pmaxrate (P < 0.001, R(2) = 0.76). Using AE rates instead of cumulative counts for AE analysis allows more efficient estimation of P50 , while excluding problematic AE at late stages of dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Nolf
- Institute of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwartestr. 15Innsbruck6020Austria
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentUniversity of Western SydneyRichmondNSW2753Australia
| | - Barbara Beikircher
- Institute of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwartestr. 15Innsbruck6020Austria
| | - Sabine Rosner
- Institute of BotanyBOKU ViennaGregor Mendel Str. 33Vienna1180Austria
| | - Anton Nolf
- Institute for Experimental PhysicsUniversity of InnsbruckTechnikerstr. 25Innsbruck6020Austria
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Institute of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwartestr. 15Innsbruck6020Austria
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Rosner S. A new type of vulnerability curve: is there truth in vine? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:410-4. [PMID: 25240728 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Rosner
- Institute of Botany, BOKU Vienna, Gregor Mendel Str. 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
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The watering of tall trees – Embolization and recovery. J Theor Biol 2015; 369:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Vergeynst LL, Sause MGR, Hamstad MA, Steppe K. Deciphering acoustic emission signals in drought stressed branches: the missing link between source and sensor. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:494. [PMID: 26191070 PMCID: PMC4488601 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
When drought occurs in plants, acoustic emission (AE) signals can be detected, but the actual causes of these signals are still unknown. By analyzing the waveforms of the measured signals, it should, however, be possible to trace the characteristics of the AE source and get information about the underlying physiological processes. A problem encountered during this analysis is that the waveform changes significantly from source to sensor and lack of knowledge on wave propagation impedes research progress made in this field. We used finite element modeling and the well-known pencil lead break source to investigate wave propagation in a branch. A cylindrical rod of polyvinyl chloride was first used to identify the theoretical propagation modes. Two wave propagation modes could be distinguished and we used the finite element model to interpret their behavior in terms of source position for both the PVC rod and a wooden rod. Both wave propagation modes were also identified in drying-induced signals from woody branches, and we used the obtained insights to provide recommendations for further AE research in plant science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidewei L. Vergeynst
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Markus G. R. Sause
- Experimental Physics II, Institute of Physics, University of AugsburgAugsburg, Germany
| | - Marvin A. Hamstad
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of DenverDenver, CO, USA
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Kathy Steppe, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium,
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Cochard H, Delzon S, Badel E. X-ray microtomography (micro-CT): a reference technology for high-resolution quantification of xylem embolism in trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:201-6. [PMID: 24942003 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As current methods for measuring xylem embolism in trees are indirect and prone to artefacts, there is an ongoing controversy over the capacity of trees to resist or recover from embolism. The debate will not end until we get direct visualization of the vessel content. Here, we propose desktop X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) as a reference direct technique to quantify xylem embolism and thus validate more widespread measurements based upon either hydraulic or acoustic methods. We used desktop micro-CT to measure embolism levels in dehydrated or centrifuged shoots of laurel - a long-vesseled species thought to display daily cycles of embolism formation and refilling. Our direct observations demonstrate that this Mediterranean species is highly resistant to embolism and is not vulnerable to drought-induced embolism in a normal range of xylem tensions. We therefore recommend that embolism studies in long-vesseled species should be validated by direct methods such as micro-CT to clear up any misunderstandings on their physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cochard
- UMR 547 PIAF, INRA, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France; UMR 547 PIAF, Clermont Université, Université Blaise-Pascal, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Černý M, Mazal P, Čermák J, Nohal L. Potencials of sap flow evaluation by means of acoustic emission measurements. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201159060105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Cochard H, Badel E, Herbette S, Delzon S, Choat B, Jansen S. Methods for measuring plant vulnerability to cavitation: a critical review. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4779-91. [PMID: 23888067 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Xylem cavitation resistance has profound implications for plant physiology and ecology. This process is characterized by a 'vulnerability curve' (VC) showing the variation of the percentage of cavitation as a function of xylem pressure potential. The shape of this VC varies from 'sigmoidal' to 'exponential'. This review provides a panorama of the techniques that have been used to generate such a curve. The techniques differ by (i) the way cavitation is induced (e.g. bench dehydration, centrifugation, or air injection), and (ii) the way cavitation is measured (e.g. percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) or acoustic emission), and a nomenclature is proposed based on these two methods. A survey of the literature of more than 1200 VCs was used to draw statistics on the usage of these methods and on their reliability and validity. Four methods accounted for more than 96% of all curves produced so far: bench dehydration-PLC, centrifugation-PLC, pressure sleeve-PLC, and Cavitron. How the shape of VCs varies across techniques and species xylem anatomy was also analysed. Strikingly, it was found that the vast majority of curves obtained with the reference bench dehydration-PLC method are 'sigmoidal'. 'Exponential' curves were more typical of the three other methods and were remarkably frequent for species having large xylem conduits (ring-porous), leading to a substantial overestimation of the vulnerability of cavitation for this functional group. We suspect that 'exponential' curves may reflect an open-vessel artefact and call for more precautions with the usage of the pressure sleeve and centrifugation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Gagliano M. Green symphonies: a call for studies on acoustic communication in plants. Behav Ecol 2013; 24:789-796. [PMID: 23754865 PMCID: PMC3677178 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ars206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sound and its use in communication have significantly contributed to shaping the ecology, evolution, behavior, and ultimately the success of many animal species. Yet, the ability to use sound is not a prerogative of animals. Plants may also use sound, but we have been unable to effectively research what the ecological and evolutionary implications might be in a plant's life. Why should plants emit and receive sound and is there information contained in those sounds? I hypothesize that it would be particularly advantageous for plants to learn about the surrounding environment using sound, as acoustic signals propagate rapidly and with minimal energetic or fitness costs. In fact, both emission and detection of sound may have adaptive value in plants by affecting responses in other organisms, plants, and animals alike. The systematic exploration of the functional, ecological, and evolutionary significance of sound in the life of plants is expected to prompt a reinterpretation of our understanding of these organisms and galvanize the emergence of novel concepts and perspectives on their communicative complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gagliano
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Australia and ; Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia , Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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Wolkerstorfer SV, Rosner S, Hietz P. An improved method and data analysis for ultrasound acoustic emissions and xylem vulnerability in conifer wood. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 146:184-91. [PMID: 22380570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The vulnerability of the xylem to cavitation is an important trait in plant drought resistance and has been quantified by several methods. We present a modified method for the simultaneous measurement of cavitations, recorded as ultrasound acoustic emissions (UAEs), and the water potential, measured with a thermocouple psychrometer, in small samples of conifer wood. Analyzing the amplitude of the individual signals showed that a first phase, during which the mean amplitude increased, was followed by a second phase with distinctly lower signal amplitudes. We provide a method to separate the two groups of signals and show that for many samples plausible vulnerability curves require rejecting late low-energy UAEs. These very likely do not result from cavitations. This method was used to analyze the differences between juvenile wood, and early and late mature wood in Picea abies (L.) Karst. Juvenile earlywood was more resistant to cavitation than mature earlywood or latewood, which we relate to the tracheid anatomy of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviya V Wolkerstorfer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU, A-1180 Vienna, Austria.
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Fernandéz E, Fernández RJ, Bilmes GM. Natural and laser-induced cavitation in corn stems: On the mechanisms of acoustic emissions. PAPERS IN PHYSICS 2012. [DOI: 10.4279/pip.040003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Duan C, Karnik R, Lu MC, Majumdar A. Evaporation-induced cavitation in nanofluidic channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:3688-93. [PMID: 22343530 PMCID: PMC3309726 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1014075109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavitation, known as the formation of vapor bubbles when liquids are under tension, is of great interest both in condensed matter science as well as in diverse applications such as botany, hydraulic engineering, and medicine. Although widely studied in bulk and microscale-confined liquids, cavitation in the nanoscale is generally believed to be energetically unfavorable and has never been experimentally demonstrated. Here we report evaporation-induced cavitation in water-filled hydrophilic nanochannels under enormous negative pressures up to -7 MPa. As opposed to receding menisci observed in microchannel evaporation, the menisci in nanochannels are pinned at the entrance while vapor bubbles form and expand inside. Evaporation in the channels is found to be aided by advective liquid transport, which leads to an evaporation rate that is an order of magnitude higher than that governed by Fickian vapor diffusion in macro- and microscale evaporation. The vapor bubbles also exhibit unusual motion as well as translational stability and symmetry, which occur because of a balance between two competing mass fluxes driven by thermocapillarity and evaporation. Our studies expand our understanding of cavitation and provide new insights for phase-change phenomena at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhua Duan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Rohit Karnik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ming-Chang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Arun Majumdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
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38
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Scoffoni C, McKown AD, Rawls M, Sack L. Dynamics of leaf hydraulic conductance with water status: quantification and analysis of species differences under steady state. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:643-58. [PMID: 22016424 PMCID: PMC3254676 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Leaf hydraulic conductance (K(leaf)) is a major determinant of photosynthetic rate in well-watered and drought-stressed plants. Previous work assessed the decline of K(leaf) with decreasing leaf water potential (Ψ(leaf)), most typically using rehydration kinetics methods, and found that species varied in the shape of their vulnerability curve, and that hydraulic vulnerability correlated with other leaf functional traits and with drought sensitivity. These findings were tested and extended, using a new steady-state evaporative flux method under high irradiance, and the function for the vulnerability curve of each species was determined individually using maximum likelihood for 10 species varying strongly in drought tolerance. Additionally, the ability of excised leaves to recover in K(leaf) with rehydration was assessed, and a new theoretical framework was developed to estimate how rehydration of measured leaves may affect estimation of hydraulic parameters. As hypothesized, species differed in their vulnerability function. Drought-tolerant species showed shallow linear declines and more negative Ψ(leaf) at 80% loss of K(leaf) (P(80)), whereas drought-sensitive species showed steeper, non-linear declines, and less negative P(80). Across species, the maximum K(leaf) was independent of hydraulic vulnerability. Recovery of K(leaf) after 1 h rehydration of leaves dehydrated below their turgor loss point occurred only for four of 10 species. Across species without recovery, a more negative P(80) correlated with the ability to maintain K(leaf) through both dehydration and rehydration. These findings indicate that resistance to K(leaf) decline is important not only in maintaining open stomata during the onset of drought, but also in enabling sustained function during drought recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.
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Steppe K, Zeugin F, Zweifel R. Low-decibel ultrasonic acoustic emissions are temperature-induced and probably have no biotic origin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:928-931. [PMID: 19674330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Steppe
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Zeugin
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Plant Sciences, Universitätsstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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41
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Salleo S, Trifilò P, Lo Gullo MA. Vessel wall vibrations: trigger for embolism repair? FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:289-297. [PMID: 32688784 DOI: 10.1071/fp07239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Xylem embolism repair is preceded by starch depolymerisation in vessel-associated cells (VAC) of Laurus nobilis L. (laurel) twigs, but the primary signal triggering such a process is still unknown. We tested the hypothesis that conduit wall vibrations during cavitation may be sensed by VAC inducing starch-to-sugar conversion. Twigs of laurel from watered or stressed plants were exposed to ultrasound for 60 min to simulate acoustic waves emitted by cavitating conduits. Preliminary tests showed that ultrasound caused no damage to cell membrane integrity nor did they cause xylem embolism. The number of VAC with high starch content (HSC-cells) was estimated microscopically by counting the cells with more than 50% of their lumen filled with starch granules. Sonication had no effect on HSC-cells in twigs from watered plants while it induced a drop in the percentage HSC-cells from 80 to 40% in twigs from stressed plants, at the ultrasound source location. No effect was recorded in these twigs 20 mm from the ultrasound source. Sonication was a good simulator of cavitation in inducing starch depolymerisation which suggests a possible bio- physical nature for the signal initiating embolism repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Salleo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Patrizia Trifilò
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita 'M. Malpigli', Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Messina S. Agata, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Lo Gullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita 'M. Malpigli', Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Messina S. Agata, Italy
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Hölttä T, Vesala T, Nikinmaa E. A model of bubble growth leading to xylem conduit embolism. J Theor Biol 2007; 249:111-23. [PMID: 17706683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of a gas bubble inside a water conduit after a cavitation event was modeled. A distinction was made between a typical angiosperm conduit with a homogeneous pit membrane and a typical gymnosperm conduit with a torus-margo pit membrane structure. For conduits with torus-margo type pits pit membrane deflection was also modeled and pit aspiration, the displacement of the pit membrane to the low pressure side of the pit chamber, was found to be possible while the emboli was still small. Concurrent with pit aspiration, the high resistance to water flow out of the conduit through the cell walls or aspirated pits will make the embolism process slow. In case of no pit aspiration and always for conduits with homogeneous pit membranes, embolism growth is more rapid but still much slower than bubble growth in bulk water under similar water tension. The time needed for the embolism to fill a whole conduit was found to be dependent on pit and cell wall conductance, conduit radius, xylem water tension, pressure rise in adjacent conduits due to water freed from the embolising conduit, and the rigidity and structure of the pits in the case of margo-torus type pit membrane. The water pressure in the conduit hosting the bubble was found to occur almost immediately after bubble induction inside a conduit, creating a sudden tension release in the conduit, which can be detected by acoustic and ultra-acoustic monitoring of xylem cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hölttä
- School of GeoSciences, Crew Building, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3JN Edinburgh, UK.
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Salleo S, Trifilò P, Lo Gullo MA. Phloem as a possible major determinant of rapid cavitation reversal in stems of Laurus nobilis (laurel). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:1063-1074. [PMID: 32689317 DOI: 10.1071/fp06149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Xylem recovery from embolism was studied in stems of Laurus nobilis L. that were induced to cavitate by combining negative xylem pressures with positive air pressures applied with a pressure collar. Xylem refilling was measured 2 and 20 min and 15 h after air pressure release in January, March and June when increasing percentages of wood parenchyma cells with high starch content (HSC-VAC) were counted (from 0% in January to 87.3% in June). In January, no xylem repair was measured. In June, stems refilled by 75% of previous conductivity loss with a parallel decrease of HSC-VAC. Xylem refilling was tested for stems with phloem either intact or excised by 20 and 50% and with phloem inactivated by girdling stems at both sides of the embolised segment. Stems with 50% of the cortex removed showed some recovery 15 h after embolism. Girdled stems did not recover from embolism and no starch depolymerisation was measured. Girdled stems where a radial mechanical pressure was applied for 20 min after embolism refilled in the same way as stems with intact phloem. Our conclusion is that phloem may export some signal for starch depolymerisation and this, in turn, would drive sugar efflux into embolised conduits with consequent osmotic water flows and refilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Salleo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Patrizia Trifilò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Messina S. Agata, Italy
| | - Maria A Lo Gullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Messina S. Agata, Italy
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Meinzer FC, Clearwater MJ, Goldstein G. Water transport in trees: current perspectives, new insights and some controversies. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2001; 45:239-262. [PMID: 11323032 DOI: 10.1016/s0098-8472(01)00074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This review emphasizes recent developments and controversies related to the uptake, transport and loss of water by trees. Comparisons of the stable isotope composition of soil and xylem water have provided new and sometimes unexpected insights concerning spatial and temporal partitioning of soil water by roots. Passive, hydraulic redistribution of water from moister to drier portions of the soil profile via plant root systems may have a substantial impact on vertical profiles of soil water distribution, partitioning of water within and among species, and on ecosystem water balance. The recent development of a technique for direct measurement of pressure in individual xylem elements of intact, transpiring plants elicited a number of challenges to the century-old cohesion-tension theory. The ongoing debate over mechanisms of long-distance water transport has stimulated an intense interest in the phenomenon and mechanisms of embolism repair. Rather than embolism being essentially irreversible, it now appears that there is a dynamic balance between embolism formation and repair throughout the day and that daily release of water from the xylem via cavitation may serve to stabilize leaf water balance by minimizing the temporal imbalance between water supply and demand. Leaf physiology is closely linked to hydraulic architecture and hydraulic perturbations, but the precise nature of the signals to which stomata respond remains to be elucidated. When water transport in trees is studied at multiple scales from single leaves to the whole organism, considerable functional convergence in regulation of water use among phylogenetically diverse species is revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C. Meinzer
- Forestry Sciences Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, 97331, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Hsiao TC, Xu LK. Sensitivity of growth of roots versus leaves to water stress: biophysical analysis and relation to water transport. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2000; 51:1595-616. [PMID: 11006310 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/51.350.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Water transport is an integral part of the process of growth by cell expansion and accounts for most of the increase in cell volume characterizing growth. Under water deficiency, growth is readily inhibited and growth of roots is favoured over that of leaves. The mechanisms underlying this differential response are examined in terms of Lockhart's equations and water transport. For roots, when water potential (psi) is suddenly reduced, osmotic adjustment occurs rapidly to allow partial turgor recovery and re-establishment of psi gradient for water uptake, and the loosening ability of the cell wall increases as indicated by a rapid decline in yield-threshold turgor. These adjustments permit roots to resume growth under low psi. In contrast, in leaves under reductions in psi of similar magnitude, osmotic adjustment occurs slowly and wall loosening ability either does not increase substantially or actually decreases, leading to marked growth inhibition. The growth region of both roots and leaves are hydraulically isolated from the vascular system. This isolation protects the root from low psi in the mature xylem and facilitates the continued growth into new moist soil volume. Simulations with a leaky cable model that includes a sink term for growth water uptake show that growth zone psi is barely affected by soil water removal through transpiration. On the other hand, hydraulic isolation dictates that psi of the leaf growth region would be low and subjected to further reduction by high evaporative demand. Thus, a combination of transport and changes in growth parameters is proposed as the mechanism co-ordinating the growth of the two organs under conditions of soil moisture depletion. The model simulation also showed that roots behave as reversibly leaky cable in water uptake. Some field data on root water extraction and vertical profiles of psi in shoots are viewed as manifestations of these basic phenomena. Also discussed is the trade-off between high xylem conductance and strong osmotic adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Hsiao
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Marshall JG, Dumbroff EB. Turgor regulation via cell wall adjustment in white spruce. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 119:313-20. [PMID: 9880374 PMCID: PMC32235 DOI: 10.1104/pp.119.1.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/1998] [Accepted: 10/07/1998] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Turgor regulation at reduced water contents was closely associated with changes in the elastic quality of the cell walls of individual needles and shoots of naturally drought-resistant seedlings of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss.) and of seedlings of intermediate resistance that had been pretreated with paclobutrazol, a stress-protecting, synthetic plant-growth regulator. Paclobutrazol-treated seedlings showed marked increases in drought resistance, and pressure-volume analysis combined with Chardakov measurements confirmed observations that water stress was ameliorated during prolonged drought. Turgor was maintained in the paclobutrazol-treated and in the naturally resistant drought-stressed seedlings despite water contents near or below the turgor-loss volumes of well-watered controls. The maintenance of turgor in these seedlings was in large part a function of the dynamic process of cell wall adjustment, as reflected by marked reductions in both the saturated and turgor-loss volumes and by large increases in the elastic coefficients of the tissues. Shear and Young's moduli, calculated from pressure-volume curves and the radii and wall thicknesses of mesophyll cells, also confirmed observed changes in the elastic qualities of the cell walls. Elastic coefficients of well-watered, paclobutrazol-treated seedlings were consistently larger than those in well-watered controls and several times larger than the values in untreated plants, which succumbed rapidly to drought. In contrast, untreated seedlings that withstood prolonged drought without wilting displayed elastic coefficients similar to those in seedlings that had been treated with paclobutrazol but that had not been exposed to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- JG Marshall
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Abstract
The root system provides a considerable resistance to water flow through it. This resistance is important because it influences the water deficits which can build up in the above-ground parts of the plant even when the roots are in moist soil. The permeability of roots per unit surface area varies between species, and between different parts of the same root (depending on age). It is sensitive to environmental conditions such as temperature, oxygen and salinity; this suggests that a major part of the resistance lies in living material in the ‘radial-flow pathway’, i.e. between the root surface and entry to the xylem. It is uncertain which is the main pathway of radial flow. Possible alternatives are: (1) the vacuolar pathway, crossing the cortex and other tissues by passing from vacuole to vacuole; (2) the free-space/endodermis pathway, water moving in the cell walls except at the endodermis where it enters the protoplasm; or (3) the symplasm pathway, water moving in the protoplasm and passing from cell to cell by plasmodesmata. Calculations are presented, based on the primary root of maize whose cell dimensions and root permeability are known, to show what permeabilities of membranes, wall material and plasmodesmata would be necessary to allow each of the three pathways to predominate. These calculations predict the symplasm as the most likely pathway. The free-space/endodermis pathway is unlikely because the permeability of cell wall material is too low. Several pieces of experimental evidence also favour the symplasm pathway. There are large variations between species in the permeability of roots for longitudinal flow in the xylem. Usually this xylem flow will present much less resistance than the radial flow pathway. However, there is no adequate evidence on whether the resistance may be greatly increased by bubble formation in vessels under water stress.
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Baker JM, Wraith JM, Dalton FN. Root Function in Water Transport. ADVANCES IN SOIL SCIENCE 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-2894-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Crombie DS, Milburn JA, Hipkins MF. Maximum sustainable xylem sap tensions in Rhododendron and other species. PLANTA 1985; 163:27-33. [PMID: 24249264 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/1983] [Accepted: 07/10/1984] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The acoustic technique was used in conjunction with the pressure chamber to determine the tensions causing cavitation of xylem sap in leaves of five woody angiosperms (Acer pseudoplatanus L., Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertn., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Fraxinus excelsior L. and Rhododendron ponticum L.) and three species of herbs (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill., Plantago major L. and Ricinus communis L.). The results showed leaves of most species to suffer considerably from cavitation at sap tensions of 1.6-3 MPa. Two of the herbs, Lycopersicum and Ricinus, cavitated extensively at sap tensions below 1 MPa. Additional evidence is presented that clicks, detected by acoustic amplification, are caused by cavitation of sap in the xylem conduits. A rapid method is suggested for the determination of sap tensions in cavitating leaves and which is suitable for surveys of the critical sap tension in a large number of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Crombie
- Department of Botany, The University, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
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