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Yu J, Guo H, Xie J, Luo J, Li Y, Liu L, Ou S, Zhang G, Peng X. The Alternate Consumption of Quercetin and Alliin in the Traditional Asian Diet Reshaped Microbiota and Altered Gene Expression of Colonic Epithelial Cells in Rats. J Food Sci 2019; 84:678-686. [PMID: 30768688 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The diet of traditional Asian is similar to the Mediterranean that was considered as a healthy dietary pattern. The report was scarce on whether different plant-derived components with similar anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory function such as quercetin and alliin in traditional Asian diet consumed in an alternate style cooperatively affect health including the growth of host and the status of the gut microbiota and colonic epithelial immunity. In the present study, the effects of alternate consumption of quercetin and alliin on host health judging by the profile of gut microbiota and gene expression of colonic epithelial cells were investigated with the Illumina MiSeq sequencing (16S rRNA genes) and Illumina HiSeq (RNA-seq) technique, respectively. The results showed that the alternate consumption significantly increased the rat body weight and reshaped the gut microbiota composition. At the phylum level, it significantly increased the relative abundance of fecal Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria but decreased that of Bacteroidetes (P < 0.05) and increased the relative abundance of Candidatus Arthromitus, Lactococcus, Geobacillus, and Ruminococcus at the genus level that benefits the host's health. The alternate consumption of quercetin and alliin also altered 13 genes expression involved in the KEGG pathways of complement and coagulation cascades and hematopoietic cell lineage to improve the gut immunity. Therefore, the alternate consumption of quercetin and alliin in traditional Asian diet can contribute beneficial metabolic effects by optimizing gut microbiota and altering the immunologic function of colonic epithelial cells, resulting in its potential to improve the sub-health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntong Yu
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jinli Xie
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jianming Luo
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuetong Li
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shiyi Ou
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Guangwen Zhang
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xichun Peng
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
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2
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Stanfield RL, Haakenson J, Deiss TC, Criscitiello MF, Wilson IA, Smider VV. The Unusual Genetics and Biochemistry of Bovine Immunoglobulins. Adv Immunol 2018; 137:135-164. [PMID: 29455846 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are the key circulating molecules that have evolved to fight infection by the adaptive immune system of vertebrates. Typical antibodies of most species contain six complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), where the third CDR of the heavy chain (CDR H3) has the greatest diversity and often makes the most significant contact with antigen. Generally, the process of V(D)J recombination produces a vast repertoire of antibodies; multiple V, D, and J gene segments recombine with additional junctional diversity at the V-D and D-J joints, and additional combinatorial possibilities occur through heavy- and light-chain pairing. Despite these processes, the overall structure of the resulting antibody is largely conserved, and binding to antigen occurs predominantly through the CDR loops of the immunoglobulin V domains. Bovines have deviated from this general paradigm by having few VH regions and thus little germline combinatorial diversity, but their antibodies contain long CDR H3 regions, with substantial diversity generated through somatic hypermutation. A subset of the repertoire comprises antibodies with ultralong CDR H3s, which can reach over 70 amino acids in length. Structurally, these unusual antibodies form a β-ribbon "stalk" and disulfide-bonded "knob" that protrude far from the antibody surface. These long CDR H3s allow cows to mount a particularly robust immune response when immunized with viral antigens, particularly to broadly neutralizing epitopes on a stabilized HIV gp140 trimer, which has been a challenge for other species. The unusual genetics and structural biology of cows provide for a unique paradigm for creation of immune diversity and could enable generation of antibodies against especially challenging targets and epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thaddeus C Deiss
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ian A Wilson
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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3
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Diesterbeck US. Construction of Bovine Immunoglobulin Libraries in the Single-Chain Fragment Variable (scFv) Format. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1701:113-131. [PMID: 29116502 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7447-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant immunoglobulins are an excellent tool for diagnosis, treatment, and passive immunization. Phage display offers a robust technique for the selection of recombinant antibodies from immunoglobulin libraries. The construction of immunoglobulin libraries for veterinary purposes was restricted by the lack of knowledge about species-specific diversities.The now available data enable the construction of highly diverse libraries in livestock like cattle. Using diverse primer sets, the immunoglobulin repertoire is amplified and ligated into a phagemid. Infection of E. coli with filamentous phages allows the display of the immunoglobulin fragments on the surface as a fusion protein to the phage's minor coat protein 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike S Diesterbeck
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 33 North Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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4
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Ma L, Qin T, Chu D, Cheng X, Wang J, Wang X, Wang P, Han H, Ren L, Aitken R, Hammarström L, Li N, Zhao Y. Internal Duplications of DH, JH, and C Region Genes Create an Unusual IgH Gene Locus in Cattle. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4358-66. [PMID: 27053761 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been suspected for many years that cattle possess two functional IgH gene loci, located on Bos taurus autosome (BTA) 21 and BTA11, respectively. In this study, based on fluorescence in situ hybridization and additional experiments, we showed that all functional bovine IgH genes were located on BTA21, and only a truncated μCH2 exon was present on BTA11. By sequencing of seven bacterial artificial chromosome clones screened from a Hostein cow bacterial artificial chromosome library, we generated a 678-kb continuous genomic sequence covering the bovine IGHV, IGHD, IGHJ, and IGHC genes, which are organized as IGHVn-IGHDn-IGHJn-IGHM1-(IGHDP-IGHV3-IGHDn)3-IGHJn-IGHM2-IGHD-IGHG3-IGHG1-IGHG2-IGHE-IGHA. Although both of two functional IGHM genes, IGHM1 and IGHM2, can be expressed via independent VDJ recombinations, the IGHM2 can also be expressed through class switch recombination. Likely because more IGHD segments can be involved in the expression of IGHM2, the IGHM2 gene was shown to be dominantly expressed in most tissues throughout different developmental stages. Based on the length and identity of the coding sequence, the 23 IGHD segments identified in the locus could be divided into nine subgroups (termed IGHD1 to IGHD9). Except two members of IGHD9 (14 nt in size), all other functional IGHD segments are longer than 30 nt, with the IGHD8 gene (149 bp) to be the longest. These remarkably long germline IGHD segments play a pivotal role in generating the exceptionally great H chain CDR 3 length variability in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Qin
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert Aitken
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, York St John University, York YO31 7EX, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China;
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Walther S, Czerny CP, Diesterbeck US. Exceptionally long CDR3H are not isotype restricted in bovine immunoglobulins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64234. [PMID: 23717573 PMCID: PMC3661452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exceptionally long third complementarity determining regions of the heavy chain (CDR3H) were previously described as a specificity of bovine IgG and IgM immunoglobulins. In addition, the genomic organization of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus remains to be elucidated with a special focus on the number of variable segments (IGHV). By analyzing the variable regions according to the isotype-specific PCR using cDNA-PCR, we were able to prove the existence of exceptional long CDR3H in all bovine isotypes. The corresponding sequences of three distinct amplicons were grouped according to the length of the CDR3H. Sequences of CDR3H possessed 5 to 10, 12 to 31 or at least 48 amino acid residues. Long and mid-length CDR3H were composed of mainly hydrophilic amino acid residues, while short CDR3H also contained hydrophobic amino acid residues. All sequences with long CDR3H were related to the germline variable segment 10. Using the current genome assembly, Bos taurus NCBI build 6.1, the genomic organization of the bovine immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus was analyzed. A main locus was investigated on BTA21. Exons coding for variable, diversity, and joining segments, as well as for the constant regions of different isotypes, were also localized on BTA7, BTA8, and BTA20. Together with the information from unplaced contigs, 36 IGHV were detected of which 13 are putatively functional. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two bovine IGHV families (boVH1, boVH2). Thus, the existence of the two bovine families suggested was demonstrated, where boVH1 comprises all functional segments. This study substantially improves the understanding of the generation of immunoglobulin diversity in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Walther
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus-Peter Czerny
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike S. Diesterbeck
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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6
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Sun Y, Wei Z, Li N, Zhao Y. A comparative overview of immunoglobulin genes and the generation of their diversity in tetrapods. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 39:103-109. [PMID: 22366185 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the past several decades, immunoglobulin (Ig) genes have been extensively characterized in many tetrapod species. This review focuses on the expressed Ig isotypes and the diversity of Ig genes in mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. With regard to heavy chains, five Ig isotypes - IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE - have been reported in mammals. Among these isotypes, IgM, IgD, and IgA (or its analog, IgX) are also found in non-mammalian tetrapods. Birds, reptiles, and amphibians express IgY, which is considered the precursor of IgG and IgE. Some species have developed unique isotypes of Ig, such as IgO in the platypus, IgF in Xenopus, and IgY (ΔFc) in ducks and turtles. The κ and λ light chains are both utilized in tetrapods, but the usage frequencies of κ and λ chains differ greatly among species. The diversity of Ig genes depends on several factors, including the germline repertoire and recombinatorial and post-recombinatorial diversity, and different species have evolved distinct mechanisms to generate antibody diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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7
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Niku M, Liljavirta J, Durkin K, Schroderus E, Iivanainen A. The bovine genomic DNA sequence data reveal three IGHV subgroups, only one of which is functionally expressed. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:457-61. [PMID: 22369780 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of cattle shotgun sequencing data reveals 36 immunoglobulin heavy chain variable genes. The previously described bovine subgroup IGHV1 contains 10 functional genes with a conserved promoter including the consensus octamer and several other transcription factor binding sites, intact exons and matching cDNA sequences. Subgroups IGHV2 and IGHV3 consist entirely of pseudogenes. Thus, the bovine germline IGHV repertoire is very limited. The IGHV genes are distributed in mammalian clans I and II, while no clan III genes were detected. Clan-specific PCR of genomic DNA from cattle, sheep, Eurasian elk, white-tailed deer, pig and dolphin indicates highly dynamic evolution of IGHV gene usage within Cetartiodactyla. The bovine germline IGHV repertoire was probably generated by recent duplications of an IGHV1-IGHV2 homology unit. Immunoglobulin heavy chain genes are largely incorrectly assembled in the current cattle genome versions Btau_4.2 and UMD_3.1. FISH experiments confirm an IGHV locus close to terminus of BTA21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Niku
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Sun Y, Liu Z, Ren L, Wei Z, Wang P, Li N, Zhao Y. Immunoglobulin genes and diversity: what we have learned from domestic animals. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2012; 3:18. [PMID: 22958617 PMCID: PMC3487963 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-3-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the diversity of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and Ig isotypes that are expressed in domestic animals. Four livestock species—cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses—express a full range of Ig heavy chains (IgHs), including μ, δ, γ, ϵ, and α. Two poultry species (chickens and ducks) express three IgH isotypes, μ, υ, and α, but not δ. The κ and λ light chains are both utilized in the four livestock species, but only the λ chain is expressed in poultry. V(D)J recombination, somatic hypermutation (SHM), and gene conversion (GC) are three distinct mechanisms by which immunoglobulin variable region diversity is generated. Different domestic animals may use distinct means to diversify rearranged variable regions of Ig genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P, R, China.
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9
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Antigen-specific human polyclonal antibodies from hyperimmunized cattle. Nat Biotechnol 2009; 27:173-81. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Zhao Y, Jackson SM, Aitken R. The bovine antibody repertoire. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 30:175-86. [PMID: 16054212 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cattle are able to produce a full range of Ig classes including the long-elusive IgD through rearrangement of their germline genes. Several IgL groupings have been reported but as in several other livestock species (e.g. sheep, rabbits, chickens), rearrangement per se fails to generate significant IgH diversity. This is largely because of the modest number of bovine VH segments that participate in rearrangement and their conserved sequences. Perhaps in compensation, bovine Ig heavy chains carry CDR3 sequences of exceptional length. Processes that operate post-rearrangement to generate diversity remain ill defined as are the location, timing and triggers to these events. Reagents are needed to understand better the maturation of B lymphocytes, their responses to antigens and cytokines, and to provide standards for the quantitation of Ig responses in cattle; recombinant methods may help meet this need as Ab engineering technologies become more widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Zhao
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Zhao Y, Kacskovics I, Rabbani H, Hammarstrom L. Physical mapping of the bovine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region gene locus. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:35024-32. [PMID: 12829708 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301337200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine antibodies have recently attracted increasing attention, as they have been shown to exhibit prophylactic and therapeutic properties in selected infectious diseases in humans. In the present study, we have isolated bacterial artificial chromosomes and cosmid clones containing the bovine JH, mu, delta, gamma 1, gamma 2, gamma 3, epsilon, and alpha genes, which allowed us to make a contig of the genes within the bovine IGHC locus. The genes are arranged in a 5'-JH-7 kb-mu-5 kb-delta-33 kb-gamma 3-20 kb-gamma 1-34 kb-gamma 2-20 kb-epsilon- 13 kb-alpha-3' order, spanning approximately 150 kb DNA. Examination of the bovine germline JH locus revealed six JH segments, two of which, JH1 and JH2, were shown to be functional although there was a strong preference for expression of the former. Sequence alignment of the bovine 5' E mu enhancer core region with those of other mammals, demonstrated an absence of the mu E3 motif and a shortened spacer between the mu A and mu B sites within the bovine E mu enhancer core region. Furthermore, the essential sequence element for class switching, switch mu, spanning approximately 3-kb repetitive sequence and abundant in the switch region motifs CTGGG (187 repeats) and CTGAG (127 repeats), was identified immediately upstream of the mu gene. A further sequence comparison revealed that the bovine IGHC genes display an extensive polymorphism leading to expression of multiple antibody allotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Zhao
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience at Novum, Karolinska, Institutet, SE-14157, Huddinge, Sweden
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12
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Abstract
The structure of IgM determined from two cDNAs isolated from a Holstein (BLV7G1) and an Angus x Hereford cross-bred (B5D8) cow reveals high sequence similarity both at nucleotide (98.7%) and amino acid (97.9%) level and is closest to sheep (89.4%). Three bovine IgM allotypes, designated as IgMa, IgMb and IgMc, are classified based on nucleotide substitutions in all the Cmu exons resulting in amino acid replacements. Further, insertion of three in-frame codons at Cmu1 and Cmu2 junction of B5D8 IgM from the intervening intron, via cleavage of pre-mRNA at an alternate cryptic 5' splice donor site, leads to generation of additional bovine IgM variants. The C1q-binding site, involved in classical complement pathway, is identified in bovine IgM where ten amino acids are conserved across species. Interestingly, bovine IgM has the lowest number of proline residues (5) in the Cmu2 domain in comparison to other species (7-9) and this is likely to impose structural constraints on mobility of Fab arms of the bovine IgM during antigen recognition. The rigidity in the bovine IgM Cmu2 domain may, however, facilitate exposure of C1q-binding site subsequent to antigen binding and enhance its complement fixing ability. The restricted mobility of bovine IgM Fab arms may possibly favor generation of an antigen-combining site requiring an unusually long third complementarity determining region of the heavy chain (CDR3H), apart from antigen selection of variable domains. This is consistent with the fact that an exceptionally long CDR3H has not been observed in bovine IgG which bears a long and more flexible hinge region. Additional hydrophilic threonine and serine residues in the Cmu2 domain of bovine IgM, as compared to other species, however, enhance its ability to extend into the solvent. Finally, restricted fragment length polymorphism analysis of genomic DNA from four cattle breeds reveals the presence of; at least, four allelic variants of bovine Cmu gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Saini
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Ont., N1G 2W1, Guelph, Canada
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13
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Aitken R, Hosseini A, MacDuff R. Structure and diversification of the bovine immunoglobulin repertoire. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1999; 72:21-9. [PMID: 10614489 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the basis to immunoglobulin formation in cattle has benefited substantially from the application of molecular biology over the past decade. It is now established that both the lambda light chain and heavy chain repertoires are founded upon the frequent expression of single gene families and subgroups of segments which are of conserved sequence. It is likely that a functional kappa locus exists in the bovine genome but this isotype comprises as few as 5% of bovine light chains. Similarly, alternative but non-expressed V(H) gene families are present posing intriguing but unresolved questions about the regulation of immunoglobulin synthesis. The heavy chain frequently bears a third complementarity-determining region which is atypically long but the processes which expand this region of the reading frame and its contribution to the interaction with antigen remain matters of speculation. Opportunities exist to map the major immunoglobulin loci and to define the membership and sequence diversity of the gene families which dominate each repertoire. However, it is already evident that cattle cannot generate significant diversity from rearrangement and junctional imprecision alone. Elucidation of the mechanism(s), dynamics and tissue distribution of immunoglobulin diversification in cattle, thus, remain key challenges in this branch of veterinary immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aitken
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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14
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Mousavi M, Rabbani H, Pilström L, Hammarström L. Characterization of the gene for the membrane and secretory form of the IgM heavy-chain constant region gene (C mu) of the cow (Bos taurus). Immunology 1998; 93:581-8. [PMID: 9659232 PMCID: PMC1364138 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our present understanding of the evolution of immunoglobulins is derived from a few vertebrate species. In order to obtain additional information on the development of the humoral immune system, we cloned and determined the nucleotide sequence of the bovine cDNA and genomic IgM heavy-chain constant region gene (C mu). The gene contains four constant region domain-encoding exons (CH1 to CH4) and two exons encoding the transmembrane domain (TM1, TM2), expressed in the membrane-bound receptor form of the IgM. The sequence of a cDNA clone encoding the 3' portion of the membrane form of the mu-chain revealed that the TM1 exon is spliced to the CH4 exon, as occurs in other mammals. Comparison of deduced amino acid sequence data from different vertebrates revealed a high similarity to sheep C mu (88%) and a lower degree of similarity to pig (62%), rat (62%), rabbit (58%) human (56%), hamster (55%), mouse (54%), chicken (28%) and horned shark (22%) C mu.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mousavi
- Department of Biosciences, NOVUM, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
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15
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Lopez O, Perez C, Wylie D. A single VH family and long CDR3s are the targets for hypermutation in bovine immunoglobulin heavy chains. Immunol Rev 1998; 162:55-66. [PMID: 9602352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine immunoglobulins are made from genes belonging to a small family of closely related VH genes. In this respect cattle resemble all species of domesticated mammals, which also use one VH family. The family, named BoVH1, is homologous to the mouse Q52 family, and there are no more than 20 genes of this family in the bovine genome. Another feature of bovine heavy chains is the use of long CDR3s, which have an average of 21 codons. It seems that there are several families of long, closely related D genes rich in glycine and tyrosine responsible for this length. Sequences described as targets for mutations in other species can be found in CDR1, CDR2, and the putative D genes. The mutation mechanism starts at some point between late fetal stage and birth and seems to be antigen independent. Diversity seems to be generated by hypermutation, although other mechanisms cannot be discounted at this time. Contrary to humans and mice, which have several VH gene families comprising more than 100 genes, cattle use only a few genes and long CDR3s followed by somatic mutation to generate the necessary diversity to recognize the universe of antigens they will encounter during their life.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lopez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Womack
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
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17
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Tobin‐Janzen TC, Womack JE. The immunoglobulin lambda light chain constant region maps tobos tauruschromosome 17. Anim Biotechnol 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/10495399609525857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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O'Brien SJ, Womack JE, Lyons LA, Moore KJ, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG. Anchored reference loci for comparative genome mapping in mammals. Nat Genet 1993; 3:103-12. [PMID: 8499943 DOI: 10.1038/ng0293-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in gene mapping technologies have led to increased emphasis in developing representative genetic maps for several species, particularly domestic plants and animals. These maps are being compiled with two distinct goals: to provide a resource for genetic analysis, and to help dissect the evolution of genome organization by comparing linkage relationships of homologous genes. We propose here a list of 321 reference anchor loci suitable for comparative gene mapping in mammals and other vertebrate classes. We selected cloned mouse and human functional genes spaced an average of 5-10 centiMorgans throughout their respective genomes. We also attempted to include loci that are evolutionarily conserved and represented in comparative gene maps in other mammalian orders, particularly cattle and the domestic cat. We believe that the map may provide the basis for a unified approach to comparative analysis of mammalian species genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J O'Brien
- Laboratory of Viral Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fries
- Department of Animal Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich
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Hayes HC, Petit EJ. Mapping of the beta-lactoglobulin gene and of an immunoglobulin M heavy chain-like sequence to homoeologous cattle, sheep, and goat chromosomes. Mamm Genome 1993; 4:207-10. [PMID: 8499654 DOI: 10.1007/bf00417564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
With a combination of non-isotopic in situ hybridization and simultaneous fluorescent R-banding, this study presents the first map of the short arm of sheep Chromosome (Chr) 3 and of the homoeologous cattle and goat Chrs 11 with two DNA sequences: the beta lactoglobulin gene (LGB) and an immunoglobulin M heavy chain-like sequence (IGHML). The results are in agreement with the high degree of banding pattern similarity, previously reported, among cattle, sheep, and goat karyotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Hayes
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, INRA-CRJ, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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