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Ghaffari-Bohlouli P, Jafari H, Nie L, Kakkar A, Shavandi A. Enzymes in Addressing Hypoxia for Biomaterials Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401713. [PMID: 39183514 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen is essential for normal cellular functions. Hypoxia impacts various cellular processes, such as metabolism, growth, proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, tumorigenesis, microbial infection, and immune response, mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Hypoxia contributes to the progression and development of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, kidney diseases, and infections. The potential alleviation of hypoxia has been explored through the enzymatic in situ decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, leading to the generation of oxygen. However, challenges such as limited stability restrict the effectiveness of enzymes such as catalase in biomedical and in vivo applications. To overcome these limitations, targeted delivery of the enzymes has been proposed. This review offers a critical comparison of i) current approaches to enhance the in vivo stability of catalase; and ii) the structure, mechanism of action, and kinetics of catalase and catalase-like nanozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Ghaffari-Bohlouli
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Hafez Jafari
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Ashok Kakkar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Amin Shavandi
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
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Gao G, Zhou J, Wang H, Ke L, Zhou J, Ding Y, Ding W, Zhang S, Rao P. Fish oil nano-emulsion kills macrophage: Ferroptosis triggered by catalase-catalysed superoxide eruption. Food Chem 2023; 408:135249. [PMID: 36566546 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fish oil is increasingly utilised in the form of nano-emulsion as a nutrient and function fortifier. The nano-emulsions exceptionally high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and electron donors at the oil/water interface provide an ideal site of the redox reaction. Here we report that a vigorous superoxide production in the fish oil nano-emulsion was catalysed by mammalian catalase in acellular and cellular systems. The resulting superoxide increased cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and membrane lipid peroxidation of murine macrophage, which eventually causes fatal oxidative damages. Cell death, was significantly inhibited by a catalase-specific inhibitor 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT), was via ferroptosis and not apoptosis. The ferroptosis was independent of free iron or glutathione peroxidase suppression. Our findings discovered a hidden health risk of the widely acclaimed fish oil emulsion, suggesting a novel cellular damage mechanism caused by dietary unsaturated fats on the alimentary tract mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanzhen Gao
- Food Nutrition Science Centre, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingru Zhou
- Food Nutrition Science Centre, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- Food Nutrition Science Centre, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijing Ke
- Food Nutrition Science Centre, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jianwu Zhou
- Food Nutrition Science Centre, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanan Ding
- Food Nutrition Science Centre, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Food Nutrition Science Centre, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suyun Zhang
- Food Nutrition Science Centre, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pingfan Rao
- Food Nutrition Science Centre, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Galasso M, Gambino S, Romanelli MG, Donadelli M, Scupoli MT. Browsing the oldest antioxidant enzyme: catalase and its multiple regulation in cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:264-272. [PMID: 34129927 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic organisms possess numerous antioxidant enzymatic families, including catalases, superoxide dismutases (SODs), peroxiredoxins (PRDXs), and glutathione peroxidases (GPXs), which work cooperatively to protect cells from an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from endogenous metabolism or external microenvironment. Catalase, as well as other antioxidant enzymes, plays an important dichotomous role in cancer. Therefore, therapies aimed at either reverting the increased or further escalating catalase levels could be effective, depending on the metabolic landscape and on the redox status of cancer cells. This dichotomous role of catalase in cancers highlights the importance to deepen comprehensively the role and the regulation of this crucial antioxidant enzyme. The present review highlights the role of catalase in cancer and provides a comprehensive description of the molecular mechanisms associated with the multiple levels of catalase regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Galasso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simona Gambino
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Scupoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Research Center LURM -Interdepartmental Laboratory of Medical Research, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Targeting Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism to Induce Myeloma Cell Death. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102411. [PMID: 34067602 PMCID: PMC8156203 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a common hematological disease characterized by the accumulation of clonal malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. Over the past two decades, new therapeutic strategies have significantly improved the treatment outcome and patients survival. Nevertheless, most MM patients relapse underlying the need of new therapeutic approaches. Plasma cells are prone to produce large amounts of immunoglobulins causing the production of intracellular ROS. Although adapted to high level of ROS, MM cells die when exposed to drugs increasing ROS production either directly or by inhibiting antioxidant enzymes. In this review, we discuss the efficacy of ROS-generating drugs for inducing MM cell death and counteracting acquired drug resistance specifically toward proteasome inhibitors.
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Waldvogel S, Zutter A, Krieg AH, Trachsel D. Severe Acute Lung Injury After H2O2 Irrigation of an Aneurysmal Bone Cyst in an 8-Year-Old Girl: A Case Report. A A Pract 2021; 15:e01424. [PMID: 33710986 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000001424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An 8-year-old girl developed severe acute lung injury after irrigation of a pelvic aneurysmal bone cyst with H2O2 and filling with bone cement. Sudden profound oxygen desaturation occurred on the operating table when the patient was turned from the prone to the supine position. After a brief improvement in her oxygenation, the girl developed rapidly progressing severe respiratory failure necessitating reintubation and hour-long manual ventilation, while copious amounts of hemorrhagic frothy fluids were aspirated through the endotracheal tube. The patient started to improve after 24 hours and eventually made a full recovery. We hypothesize that the incident was caused by gas embolization and pulmonary endothelial damage by H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Zutter
- From the Division of Pediatric Intensive Care and Pulmonology.,Department of Pediatric Anesthesia
| | - Andreas H Krieg
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, University of Basel Children's Hospital UKBB, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Trachsel
- From the Division of Pediatric Intensive Care and Pulmonology
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Lee SE, Park YS. The Emerging Roles of Antioxidant Enzymes by Dietary Phytochemicals in Vascular Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030199. [PMID: 33806594 PMCID: PMC8001043 DOI: 10.3390/life11030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular diseases are major causes of death worldwide, causing pathologies including diabetes, atherosclerosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Exposure of the vascular system to a variety of stressors and inducers has been implicated in the development of various human diseases, including chronic inflammatory diseases. In the vascular wall, antioxidant enzymes form the first line of defense against oxidative stress. Recently, extensive research into the beneficial effects of phytochemicals has been conducted; phytochemicals are found in commonly used spices, fruits, and herbs, and are used to prevent various pathologic conditions, including vascular diseases. The present review aims to highlight the effects of dietary phytochemicals role on antioxidant enzymes in vascular diseases.
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Zhou Y, Wei Y, Yan B, Zhao S, Zhou X. Regulation of tartary buckwheat-resistant starch on intestinal microflora in mice fed with high-fat diet. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:3243-3251. [PMID: 32724589 PMCID: PMC7382121 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) is closely related to the composition of intestinal flora. Based on many studies on the physiological functions of probiotics and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), it is possible that RS can improve the intestinal health of the host. Therefore, we speculated that tartary buckwheat-resistant starch (TBRS) can also regulate the intestinal flora disorder caused by high-fat diet. We randomly divided 36 SPF C57BL/6J mice into low-fat diet, high-fat diet (HF-CS), high-fat diet supplemented with TBRS (HF-BRS), and high-fat diet supplemented with corn-resistant starch (HF-CRS). We analyzed the diversity and richness of gut microbiota based on PCR and Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. In community abundance, the HF-BRS group was significantly higher than the other three groups (p < .05). TBRS improved the gut microbiota dysbiosis, including decreasing the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratios (F/B) and contributing to the growth of Bacteroides and Blautia as well significantly inhibiting the growth of Bifidobacterium, Faecalibaculum, and Erysipelatoclostridium. We also analyzed the production of SCFAs by GC-MS, and the concentration of total SCFAs increased in the HF-CS group. However, TBRS significantly increased the production of SCFAs, especially the propionate concentration compared with the HF-CRS group (p < .05). These results elucidated that TBRS has the potential to improve intestinal health by altering the structure of gut microbiota and increasing the production of SCFAs. Our findings have important implications for TBRS as functional food ingredient to manipulate intestinal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhou
- Department of School of Perfume and Aroma TechnologyShanghai Institute of TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Yun Wei
- Department of School of Perfume and Aroma TechnologyShanghai Institute of TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Beibei Yan
- Department of School of Perfume and Aroma TechnologyShanghai Institute of TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Shen Zhao
- Department of School of Perfume and Aroma TechnologyShanghai Institute of TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- Department of School of Perfume and Aroma TechnologyShanghai Institute of TechnologyShanghaiChina
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Implications of Oxidative Stress and Cellular Senescence in Age-Related Thymus Involution. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7986071. [PMID: 32089780 PMCID: PMC7025075 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7986071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human thymus is a primary lymphoepithelial organ which supports the production of self-tolerant T cells with competent and regulatory functions. Paradoxically, despite the crucial role that it exerts in T cell-mediated immunity and prevention of systemic autoimmunity, the thymus is the first organ of the body that exhibits age-associated degeneration/regression, termed “thymic involution.” A hallmark of this early phenomenon is a progressive decline of thymic mass as well as a decreased output of naïve T cells, thus resulting in impaired immune response. Importantly, thymic involution has been recently linked with cellular senescence which is a stress response induced by various stimuli. Accumulation of senescent cells in tissues has been implicated in aging and a plethora of age-related diseases. In addition, several lines of evidence indicate that oxidative stress, a well-established trigger of senescence, is also involved in thymic involution, thus highlighting a possible interplay between oxidative stress, senescence, and thymic involution.
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Faiq MA, Wollstein G, Schuman JS, Chan KC. Cholinergic nervous system and glaucoma: From basic science to clinical applications. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 72:100767. [PMID: 31242454 PMCID: PMC6739176 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic system has a crucial role to play in visual function. Although cholinergic drugs have been a focus of attention as glaucoma medications for reducing eye pressure, little is known about the potential modality for neuronal survival and/or enhancement in visual impairments. Citicoline, a naturally occurring compound and FDA approved dietary supplement, is a nootropic agent that is recently demonstrated to be effective in ameliorating ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular diseases, memory disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in both humans and animal models. The mechanisms of its action appear to be multifarious including (i) preservation of cardiolipin, sphingomyelin, and arachidonic acid contents of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, (ii) restoration of phosphatidylcholine, (iii) stimulation of glutathione synthesis, (iv) lowering glutamate concentrations and preventing glutamate excitotoxicity, (v) rescuing mitochondrial function thereby preventing oxidative damage and onset of neuronal apoptosis, (vi) synthesis of myelin leading to improvement in neuronal membrane integrity, (vii) improving acetylcholine synthesis and thereby reducing the effects of mental stress and (viii) preventing endothelial dysfunction. Such effects have vouched for citicoline as a neuroprotective, neurorestorative and neuroregenerative agent. Retinal ganglion cells are neurons with long myelinated axons which provide a strong rationale for citicoline use in visual pathway disorders. Since glaucoma is a form of neurodegeneration involving retinal ganglion cells, citicoline may help ameliorate glaucomatous damages in multiple facets. Additionally, trans-synaptic degeneration has been identified in humans and experimental models of glaucoma suggesting the cholinergic system as a new brain target for glaucoma management and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb A Faiq
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joel S Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kevin C Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States; Department of Radiology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States; Center for Neural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The world faces a crisis in pain management. CRPS is a multifaceted painful disorder, which is difficult to treat and resolve. Ozone therapy has unique mechanisms of actions that may directly address the emerging discoveries of factors related to pathogenesis of the disorder and other pain conditions. These include oxygenation, immune modulation, anti-infective properties, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review is to present ozone therapy as a novel approach for pain treatment, including CRPS. Recent Findings Ozone therapy has been found, in basic science studies, to ameliorate many of the mechanisms promoting chronic pain and inflammation, including hypoxia, inflammatory mediators, and infection. Direct intravenous oxygen/ozone gas was administered nearly daily to an 11-year-old girl diagnosed with reflex sympathetic dystrophy and extremely frequent pseudoseizures. She rapidly improved. After 120 sessions, all symptoms had disappeared. Summary Ozone’s novel biochemical properties may make it a unique, safe, relatively inexpensive, and effective modality for the treatment of pain. In this particular case, it resolved the chronic condition when opiates were ineffective for even pain relief. Ozone therapy should be considered for institutional study despite its lack of financial reward (lack of patentability). Perspective This manuscript presents ozone therapy as a novel, safe, and inexpensive approach for RSD/CRPS, and an alternative to drugs. It is practiced worldwide and has abundant literature on its biochemical mechanisms, effectiveness for pain (and other conditions), and overall healing usefulness, yet little is known conventionally as it is not patentable.
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Lapenna D, Ciofani G, Calafiore AM, Cipollone F, Porreca E. Impaired glutathione-related antioxidant defenses in the arterial tissue of diabetic patients. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:525-531. [PMID: 29964170 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied the specific enzymatic activities of selenium-dependent (GSH-Px) and -independent (GST-Px) glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase (GSSG-Red), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in internal mammary arteries (IMArt) specimens obtained during coronary artery bypass surgery in 18 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as compared to 18 non-diabetic controls; vascular lipid peroxidation, namely fluorescent damage products of lipid peroxidation (FDPL) as 4-hydroxynonenal-related oxidative stress indicators, was also studied. Moreover, in other 16 diabetic patients and 16 controls, total glutathione (TGlut) was determined in IMArt specimens specifically homogenized in sulfosalycilic acid to prevent vascular GSH depletion. The activities of GSH-Px, GSSG-Red, and GST were significantly lower, and FDPL levels higher, in the arterial tissue of diabetic patients than in that of controls; GST-Px was undetectable. Such enzymatic activities were inversely correlated with vascular lipid peroxidation, highlighting their antioxidant role in the arterial tissue, as were HbA1c and FDPL levels with the enzymatic activities, suggesting that glycation, oxidant species and lipoperoxidation aldehydes may be involved in glutathione-related enzyme inactivation. Further, in the diabetic patients HbA1c was correlated directly with lipid peroxidation but inversely with TGlut of the arterial tissue. In the patients considered for vascular enzymatic activities and FDPL assay, 3/4-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) as expression of atherosclerosis severity was present in 9 diabetic patients and in 3 controls. Notably, vascular glutathione-related enzymatic activities were significantly lower, and FDPL levels higher, in the 9 diabetic patients with 3/4-vessel CAD than in the 9 without, as well as in the total of 12 patients with 3/4-vessel CAD than in the total of 24 patients without. Moreover, vascular TGlut content was significantly lower in the diabetic than in the control patients. Three/4-vessel CAD was present in 6 diabetic patients and in 2 controls considered for determination of vascular Tglut content, which was significantly lower in the diabetic patients with 3/4-vessel CAD than in those without, as well in the total of 8 patients with 3/4-vessel CAD than in the total of 24 patients without. Thus, weakened glutathione-related antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress of the arterial tissue are associated with the severity of atherosclerosis. In conclusion, impaired glutathione-related antioxidant defenses of the arterial tissue occur in diabetic patients, eventually favoring vascular oxidative stress and the severity of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Lapenna
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti Pescara, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Laboratorio di Fisiopatologia dello Stress Ossidativo, Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento-Fondazione Università G. d'Annunzio, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti Pescara, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Giuliano Ciofani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti Pescara, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Laboratorio di Fisiopatologia dello Stress Ossidativo, Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento-Fondazione Università G. d'Annunzio, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti Pescara, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Maria Calafiore
- Dipartimento di Cardiochirurgia,Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti Pescara, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Department of Adult Cardiac Surgery, Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Francesco Cipollone
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti Pescara, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Ettore Porreca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Lei XG, Zhu JH, Cheng WH, Bao Y, Ho YS, Reddi AR, Holmgren A, Arnér ESJ. Paradoxical Roles of Antioxidant Enzymes: Basic Mechanisms and Health Implications. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:307-64. [PMID: 26681794 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00010.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated from aerobic metabolism, as a result of accidental electron leakage as well as regulated enzymatic processes. Because ROS/RNS can induce oxidative injury and act in redox signaling, enzymes metabolizing them will inherently promote either health or disease, depending on the physiological context. It is thus misleading to consider conventionally called antioxidant enzymes to be largely, if not exclusively, health protective. Because such a notion is nonetheless common, we herein attempt to rationalize why this simplistic view should be avoided. First we give an updated summary of physiological phenotypes triggered in mouse models of overexpression or knockout of major antioxidant enzymes. Subsequently, we focus on a series of striking cases that demonstrate "paradoxical" outcomes, i.e., increased fitness upon deletion of antioxidant enzymes or disease triggered by their overexpression. We elaborate mechanisms by which these phenotypes are mediated via chemical, biological, and metabolic interactions of the antioxidant enzymes with their substrates, downstream events, and cellular context. Furthermore, we propose that novel treatments of antioxidant enzyme-related human diseases may be enabled by deliberate targeting of dual roles of the pertaining enzymes. We also discuss the potential of "antioxidant" nutrients and phytochemicals, via regulating the expression or function of antioxidant enzymes, in preventing, treating, or aggravating chronic diseases. We conclude that "paradoxical" roles of antioxidant enzymes in physiology, health, and disease derive from sophisticated molecular mechanisms of redox biology and metabolic homeostasis. Simply viewing antioxidant enzymes as always being beneficial is not only conceptually misleading but also clinically hazardous if such notions underpin medical treatment protocols based on modulation of redox pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gen Lei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jian-Hong Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wen-Hsing Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yongping Bao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ye-Shih Ho
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amit R Reddi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Pravda J. Metabolic theory of septic shock. World J Crit Care Med 2014; 3:45-54. [PMID: 24892019 PMCID: PMC4038812 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v3.i2.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Septic shock is a life threatening condition that can develop subsequent to infection. Mortality can reach as high as 80% with over 150000 deaths yearly in the United States alone. Septic shock causes progressive failure of vital homeostatic mechanisms culminating in immunosuppression, coagulopathy and microvascular dysfunction which can lead to refractory hypotension, organ failure and death. The hypermetabolic response that accompanies a systemic inflammatory reaction places high demands upon stored nutritional resources. A crucial element that can become depleted early during the progression to septic shock is glutathione. Glutathione is chiefly responsible for supplying reducing equivalents to neutralize hydrogen peroxide, a toxic oxidizing agent that is produced during normal metabolism. Without glutathione, hydrogen peroxide can rise to toxic levels in tissues and blood where it can cause severe oxidative injury to organs and to the microvasculature. Continued exposure can result in microvascular dysfunction, capillary leakage and septic shock. It is the aim of this paper to present evidence that elevated systemic levels of hydrogen peroxide are present in septic shock victims and that it significantly contributes to the development and progression of this frequently lethal condition.
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14
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Golub AS, Pittman RN. Bang-bang model for regulation of local blood flow. Microcirculation 2014; 20:455-83. [PMID: 23441827 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The classical model of metabolic regulation of blood flow in muscle tissue implies the maintenance of basal tone in arterioles of resting muscle and their dilation in response to exercise and/or tissue hypoxia via the evoked production of vasodilator metabolites by myocytes. A century-long effort to identify specific metabolites responsible for explaining active and reactive hyperemia has not been successful. Furthermore, the metabolic theory is not compatible with new knowledge on the role of physiological radicals (e.g., nitric oxide, NO, and superoxide anion, O2 (-) ) in the regulation of microvascular tone. We propose a model of regulation in which muscle contraction and active hyperemia are considered the physiologically normal state. We employ the "bang-bang" or "on/off" regulatory model which makes use of a threshold and hysteresis; a float valve to control the water level in a tank is a common example of this type of regulation. Active bang-bang regulation comes into effect when the supply of oxygen and glucose exceeds the demand, leading to activation of membrane NADPH oxidase, release of O2 (-) into the interstitial space and subsequent neutralization of the interstitial NO. Switching arterioles on/off when local blood flow crosses the threshold is realized by a local cell circuit with the properties of a bang-bang controller, determined by its threshold, hysteresis, and dead-band. This model provides a clear and unambiguous interpretation of the mechanism to balance tissue demand with a sufficient supply of nutrients and oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander S Golub
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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15
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Liu Y, Sakai S, Taya M. Production of endothelial cell-enclosing alginate-based hydrogel fibers with a cell adhesive surface through simultaneous cross-linking by horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed reaction in a hydrodynamic spinning process. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 114:353-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Barnes TC, Anderson ME, Edwards SW, Moots RJ. Neutrophil-derived reactive oxygen species in SSc. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51:1166-9. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Giliano NY, Konevega LV, Noskin LA. Modification of intracellular level of free radicals and apoptosis in cultured human endotheliocytes and carcinoma cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 150:645-8. [PMID: 22235406 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-011-1212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular levels of superoxide O(2)(-)and nitric oxide NO were directly measured under intravital conditions in cultured human endotheliocytes ECV 304 and carcinoma cells HeLa G-63. Comparative analysis of changes in the intracellular levels of superoxide and NO induced by ascorbic acid revealed a negative correlation between NO and O(2)(-)levels, whose strength depended on concentration of the acid. In pharmacological concentrations, ascorbic acid induced apoptotic death of carcinoma cells, but did not trigger apoptosis of endotheliocytes. The study demonstrated a possible way of cytotoxic action of ascorbic acid in pharmacological concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ya Giliano
- B. P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina, Russia.
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18
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Goyal MM, Basak A. Human catalase: looking for complete identity. Protein Cell 2010; 1:888-97. [PMID: 21204015 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalases are well studied enzymes that play critical roles in protecting cells against the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide. The ubiquity of the enzyme and the availability of substrates made heme catalases the focus of many biochemical and molecular biology studies over 100 years. In human, this has been implicated in various physiological and pathological conditions. Advancement in proteomics revealed many of novel and previously unknown features of this mysterious enzyme, but some functional aspects are yet to be explained. Along with discussion on future research area, this mini-review compile the information available on the structure, function and mechanism of action of human catalase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur M Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry, J. N. Medical College, Datta Meghe Insatitute of Medical Sciences (Deemed University), Wardha 442004, India.
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19
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Schuppe-Koistinen I, Moldéus P, Bergman T, Cotgreave IA. Reversible S-thiolation of Human Endothelial Cell Actin Accompanies a Structural Reorganisation of the Cytoskeleton. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10623329509024672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Modrick ML, Didion SP, Lynch CM, Dayal S, Lentz SR, Faraci FM. Role of hydrogen peroxide and the impact of glutathione peroxidase-1 in regulation of cerebral vascular tone. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29:1130-7. [PMID: 19352401 PMCID: PMC2852621 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although arachidonic acid (AA) has diverse vascular effects, the mechanisms that mediate these effects are incompletely defined. The goal of our study was to use genetic approaches to examine the role of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx1, which degrades H2O2), and CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1, which produces H2O2 from superoxide) in mediating and in determining vascular responses to AA. In basilar arteries in vitro, AA produced dilation in nontransgenic mice, and this response was reduced markedly in transgenic mice overexpressing Gpx1 (Gpx1 Tg) or in those genetically deficient in SOD1. For example, AA (1 nmol/L to 1 mumol/L) dilated the basilar artery and this response was reduced by approximately 90% in Gpx1 Tg mice (P<0.01), although responses to acetylcholine were not altered. Dilation of cerebral arterioles in vivo in response to AA was inhibited by approximately 50% by treatment with catalase (300 U/mL) (P<0.05) and reduced by as much as 90% in Gpx1 Tg mice compared with that in controls (P<0.05). These results provide the first evidence that Gpx1 has functional effects in the cerebral circulation, and that AA-induced vascular effects are mediated by H2O2 produced by SOD1. In contrast, cerebral vascular responses to the endothelium-dependent agonist acetylcholine are not mediated by H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Modrick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1081, USA
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21
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22
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Maksimenko AV. Extracellular oxidative damage of vascular walls and their protection using antioxidant enzymes. Pharm Chem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-007-0053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Lin SJ, Shyue SK, Shih MC, Chu TH, Chen YH, Ku HH, Chen JW, Tam KB, Chen YL. Superoxide dismutase and catalase inhibit oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation: Role of cell-cycle regulation, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and transcription factors. Atherosclerosis 2007; 190:124-34. [PMID: 16600249 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several antioxidant enzymes, including copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD) and catalase, have been suggested to be protective against the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells exposed to oxidative stress. In the present study, we investigated effects of Cu, Zn-SOD and/or catalase on oxLDL-induced proliferation of, and intracellular signaling in, human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). HASMCs were transfected with adenovirus carrying the human Cu, Zn-SOD gene and/or the human catalase gene. This resulted in a high level of Cu, Zn-SOD and/or catalase overexpression and decreased oxLDL-induced proliferation. Cu, Zn-SOD and/or catalase also arrested cell cycle progression, which was associated with decreased expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK2, and CDK4 and upregulation of p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1). Phosphorylation studies on ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, three major subgroups of mitogen activator protein kinases, demonstrated that Cu, Zn-SOD and/or catalase overexpression suppressed ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation. Gel-mobility shift analysis showed that oxLDL caused an increase in the DNA binding activity of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), which was inhibited by Cu, Zn-SOD and/or catalase overexpression. These results provide the first evidence that overexpression of Cu, Zn-SOD and/or catalase in HASMCs attenuates the cell proliferation caused by oxLDL stimulation and that this inhibitory effect is mediated via downregulation of ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation and AP-1 and NF-kappaB inactivation. These observations support the feasibility of the increase of Cu, Zn-SOD and/or catalase expression in human smooth muscle cells as a means of protection against oxidant injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Jong Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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24
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de Haan JB, Witting PK, Stefanovic N, Pete J, Daskalakis M, Kola I, Stocker R, Smolich JJ. Lack of the antioxidant glutathione peroxidase-1 does not increase atherosclerosis in C57BL/J6 mice fed a high-fat diet. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1157-67. [PMID: 16508038 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500377-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is thought to contribute to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. As glutathione peroxidase-1 (Gpx1) is an antioxidant enzyme that detoxifies lipid hydroperoxides, we tested the impact of Gpx1 deficiency on atherosclerotic processes and antioxidant enzyme expression in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). After 12 weeks of HFD, atherosclerotic lesions at the aortic sinus were of similar size in control and Gpx1-deficient mice. However, after 20 weeks of HFD, lesion size increased further in control but not in Gpx1-deficient mice, even though plasma and aortic wall markers of oxidative damage did not differ between groups. In control mice, the expression of Gpx1 increased and that of Gpx3 decreased at the aortic sinus after 20 weeks of HFD, with no change in the expression of Gpx2, Gpx4, catalase, peroxiredoxin-6, glutaredoxin-1 and -2, or thioredoxin-1 and -2. By comparison, in Gpx1-deficient mice, the expression of antioxidant genes was unaltered except for a decrease in glutaredoxin-1 and an increase in glutaredoxin-2. These changes were associated with increased expression of the proinflammatory marker monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in control mice but not in Gpx1-deficient mice. In summary, a specific deficiency in Gpx1 was not accompanied by an increase in markers of oxidative damage or increased atherosclerosis in a murine model of HFD-induced atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy B de Haan
- Oxidative Stress Group, Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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25
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Zhang Y, Handy DE, Loscalzo J. Adenosine-Dependent Induction of Glutathione Peroxidase 1 in Human Primary Endothelial Cells and Protection Against Oxidative Stress. Circ Res 2005; 96:831-7. [PMID: 15802613 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000164401.21929.cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellular glutathione peroxidase (GPx-1), a selenocysteine-containing enzyme, plays a central role in protecting cells from oxidative injury. GPx-1 is ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells where it reduces hydrogen and lipid peroxides to alcohols. Adenosine, which is released from stressed or injured cells, protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury and apoptosis. In this study, we hypothesize that the cytoprotective effect of adenosine involves an increase in the activity of GPx-1. Treatment of human primary pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) with 50 μmol/L adenosine in the presence of 10 μmol/L erytho-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA), an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, for 48 hours increased GPx-1 mRNA levels 2-fold. GPx-1 protein and enzyme activity also increased ≈2-fold after treatment. The induction of GPx-1 expression was found to be a consequence of increased mRNA stability and not an increase in transcription. Bisindolylmaleimide I (BIM), a protein kinase C signaling pathway inhibitor, significantly attenuated the induction of GPx-1 mRNA by ≈36%. The adenosine/EHNA-treated cells were more resistant to hydrogen peroxide stress. Both pharmacological inhibition and siRNA knockdown of GPx-1 attenuated the protective affect of adenosine/EHNA treatment, indicating that the adenosine-induced increase in GPx-1 contributes to an increase in cellular protection against oxidative stress. These data suggest that adenosine may protect the cardiovascular system from ischemia/reperfusion injury, in part, by enhancing the expression of the central intracellular antioxidant enzyme, GPx-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute and Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass 02118, USA
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26
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Zhu Z, Mukhina S, Zhu T, Mertani HC, Lee KO, Lobie PE. p44/42 MAP kinase-dependent regulation of catalase by autocrine human growth hormone protects human mammary carcinoma cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 2005; 24:3774-85. [PMID: 15782123 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous microarray expression analyses have indicated autocrine human growth hormone (hGH) regulation of genes involved in the oxidative stress response. Expression analysis of antioxidant enzymes revealed that autocrine hGH increased both the mRNA and protein levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase and glutamylcysteine synthetase but not that of SOD2. As a consequence, autocrine hGH increased the antioxidant capacity of mammary carcinoma cells and protected against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Catalase activity was increased by autocrine production of hGH in mammary carcinoma cells and a catalase inhibitor abrogated protection from oxidative stress afforded by autocrine hGH. Autocrine hGH transcriptionally regulated catalase gene expression in a p44/42 MAP kinase-dependent manner and inhibition of MEK concordantly abrogated the protective effect of autocrine hGH against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Given that increased cellular oxidative stress is a key effector mechanism of specific chemotherapeutic agents, we propose that antagonism of autocrine hGH will improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutic regimes utilized for human mammary carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhu
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 30 Medical Dr., Singapore 117609, Republic of Singapore.
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27
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Bazzichi L, Trincavelli L, Rossi A, De Feo F, Lucacchini A, Bombardieri S, Martini C. A2B adenosine receptor activity is reduced in neutrophils from patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2004; 7:R189-95. [PMID: 15743465 PMCID: PMC1065314 DOI: 10.1186/ar1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Revised: 10/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted the present study to investigate protein expression and functioning of A2A and A2B adenosine receptors (ARs) in neutrophils of patients affected by systemic sclerosis (SSc). The presence of A2A and A2B ARs was assessed by immunoblotting using specific antibodies. Equilibrium A2A and A2B ARs binding parameters were evaluated by radioligand binding assay. Functional studies were conducted to investigate coupling of the A2B AR to the adenylyl cyclase pathway. This is the first report of the use of Western blot analysis to confirm the presence of A2A and A2B ARs in human neutrophils. No significant changes in A2A AR binding parameters or expression levels were detected between SSc patients and healthy control individuals. A significant decrease (65%) in the maximum density of A2B AR binding sites occurred in SSc neutrophils, whereas no changes in the affinity constant values were found. Moreover, a decrease in A2B AR mediated adenylyl cyclase activity was observed in patients with SSc. Our findings demonstrate the occurrence of selective alterations in A2B AR density and signalling in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bazzichi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Letizia Trincavelli
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rossi
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca De Feo
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Lucacchini
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Bombardieri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Lapenna D, Ciofani G, Pierdomenico SD, Giamberardino MA, Cuccurullo F. Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase plus hydrogen peroxide: a catalytic system for human lipoprotein oxidation. FEBS Lett 2004; 579:245-50. [PMID: 15620721 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time that bovine or human CuZnSOD plus H2O2 can catalyze human lipoprotein oxidation, inducing like free copper ions a typical oxidative kinetics with lag and propagation phases. Free copper released from CuZnSOD by H2O2, but not enzyme peroxidase activity and carbonate radical anion, is responsible for lipoprotein oxidation, which is indeed totally inhibited by copper chelators and BHT but unaffected by bicarbonate. Moreover, lipoprotein oxidation is significantly counteracted by the OH* scavengers formate and azide, which can enter the active site of CuZnSOD and decrease copper release through scavenging of copper-bound OH*; benzoate and ethanol, which cannot enter, are instead ineffective, indicating no oxidative involvement of free OH* escaped from the enzyme active site. The possibility of CuZnSOD/H2O2-catalyzed lipoprotein oxidation in vivo is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Lapenna
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, and Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento-Fondazione Università G. d'Annunzio, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università G. d'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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29
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Blankenberg S, Rupprecht HJ, Bickel C, Torzewski M, Hafner G, Tiret L, Smieja M, Cambien F, Meyer J, Lackner KJ. Glutathione peroxidase 1 activity and cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1605-13. [PMID: 14573732 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase 1 and superoxide dismutase have a central role in the control of reactive oxygen species. In vitro data and studies in animal models suggest that these enzymes may protect against atherosclerosis, but little is known about their relevance to human disease. METHODS We conducted a prospective study among 636 patients with suspected coronary artery disease, with a median follow-up period of 4.7 years (maximum, 5.4) to assess the risk of cardiovascular events associated with base-line erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase 1 and superoxide dismutase activity. RESULTS Glutathione peroxidase 1 activity was among the strongest univariate predictors of the risk of cardiovascular events, whereas superoxide dismutase activity had no association with risk. The risk of cardiovascular events was inversely associated with increasing quartiles of glutathione peroxidase 1 activity (P for trend <0.001); patients in the highest quartile of glutathione peroxidase 1 activity had a hazard ratio of 0.29 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.15 to 0.58; P<0.001), as compared with those in the lowest quartile. Glutathione peroxidase 1 activity was affected by sex and smoking status but retained its predictive power in these subgroups. After adjustment for these and other cardiovascular risk factors, the inverse association between glutathione peroxidase 1 activity and cardiovascular events remained nearly unchanged. CONCLUSIONS In patients with coronary artery disease, a low level of activity of red-cell glutathione peroxidase 1 is independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Glutathione peroxidase 1 activity may have prognostic value in addition to that of traditional risk factors. Furthermore, increasing glutathione peroxidase 1 activity might lower the risk of cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of Medicine II, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Abstract
As a neutrophilic vascular reaction of small vessels in the subcutaneous tissue and a neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate are common histopathological features found in initial erythema nodosum (EN) lesions, we asked the question whether activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) might play a role in the pathogenesis of EN. We analysed the production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) as a marker for activated neutrophils in the peripheral blood of patients suffering from EN (n = 10) and healthy volunteers (n = 10). FACS analysis of dihydrorhodamine 123-stained PMN was used to detect ROI production due to respiratory burst activity. Patients suffering from EN had a fourfold higher percentage of preactivated ('primed') ROI-producing PMN compared with healthy volunteers. Activation of PMN with formylated methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate led to an increase of ROI production per cell but had no influence on the percentage of activated cells. The percentage of ROI-producing cells in patients with EN correlated with the clinical severity. From these data, we conclude that ROI might play a role in the pathogenesis of EN. ROI might exert their effects by oxidative tissue damage and by promoting tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kunz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Santanam N, Aug N, Zhou M, Keshava C, Parthasarathy S. Overexpression of human catalase gene decreases oxidized lipid-induced cytotoxicity in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:1912-7. [PMID: 10446070 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.19.8.1912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen metabolites such as hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and oxidized fatty acids are proinflammatory and are involved in the pathophysiology of various diseases including atherosclerosis. The effects of these oxidants could be inhibited by the external addition of an antioxidant, suggesting the promotion or propagation of further oxidation. In this study, we describe the stable overexpression of human catalase in smooth muscle cells and the resistance of these cells to cytotoxicity induced not only by the addition of H(2)O(2) but also by the addition of 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HPODE). The results pose an intriguing possibility of the generation of H(2)O(2) from a peroxidized fatty acid. Accordingly, incubation of cells with both 13-HPODE and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid resulted in the generation of intracellular H(2)O(2). To explain the observed results by which catalase could overcome the effects of 13-HPODE, we propose that oxidized fatty acids are degraded in the cellular peroxisomes, resulting in the generation of H(2)O(2). In other words, the cellular effects of peroxidized fatty acids could be attributed to the generation of H(2)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Santanam
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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32
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Sambo P, Jannino L, Candela M, Salvi A, Donini M, Dusi S, Luchetti MM, Gabrielli A. Monocytes of patients wiht systemic sclerosis (scleroderma spontaneously release in vitro increased amounts of superoxide anion. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 112:78-84. [PMID: 9886268 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that toxic oxygen free radicals can be involved in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) (SSc). Because the cells that contribute to the generation of free radicals are not known, our aim was (i) to evaluate the ability of unmanipulated and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated monocytes and polymorphonucleate neutrophils of SSc patients to generate superoxide anion (O2*-); and (ii) to investigate whether the O2*- produced by these cells involved the activation of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide diphosphate oxidase biochemical pathway. Employing the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome c to evaluate the generation of O2*-, unmanipulated monocytes of SSc patients generated more O2*- than primary Raynaud's phenomenon patients and normal control monocytes (p = 0.0001), and the release was higher in patients with diffuse cutaneous involvement and 5 y or less disease duration (p = 0.02). The involvement of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide diphosphate oxidase in the enhanced 02*- production was demonstrated by the finding that the cytosolic components of the enzyme, p47phox and p67phox, were both translocated to the plasma membrane of enriched but otherwise unmanipulated monocytes of SSc patients. The involvement of mitochondrial oxidases was excluded by the lack of inhibition of O2*- production when monocytes were incubated in the presence of rotenone, a mitochondrial oxidase inhibitor. Upon stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, monocytes of SSc patients produced more O2*- than controls. In SSc patients untreated polymorphonucleate neutrophils generated significantly less O2*- than monocytes (p = 0.0001) and only slightly more than polymorphonucleate neutrophils of primary Raynaud's phenomenon patients and normal controls (p = 0.03). In conclusion, we demonstrate that in patients with scleroderma, unmanipulated and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated monocytes release in vitro increased amounts of superoxide anion through the activation of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide diphosphate oxidase and, thus, contribute to the oxidative stress found in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sambo
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University of Ancona, Italy
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Eremeeva ME, Silverman DJ. Rickettsia rickettsii infection of the EA.hy 926 endothelial cell line: morphological response to infection and evidence for oxidative injury. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1998; 144 ( Pt 8):2037-2048. [PMID: 9720025 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-144-8-2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
EA.hy 926 is a permanent human cell line that expresses highly differentiated functions characteristic of human vascular endothelium. Rickettsia rickettsii can efficiently infect and cause a cytopathic effect in EA.hy 926 cells. R. rickettsii produced visible lytic plaques in EA.hy 926 cells at 10 d post-infection (p.i.) following application of a secondary agarose overlay containing 2 micrograms emetine ml-1 and 40 micrograms NaF ml-1 on day 2. Rickettsial growth in EA.hy 926 cells had a similar profile to that occurring in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and rickettsiae catalysed polymerization of actin tails. Intracellular multiplication of R. rickettsii resulted in significant changes in the internal morphology of EA.hy 926 cells, most notably extensive dilatation of the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and outer nuclear envelope by 72 h p.i. These events correlated with significant alterations in the host-cell antioxidant system, including decreased levels of intracellular reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activity and increased amounts of intracellular peroxide through to 96 h of infection. These findings are similar to the changes described previously for R. rickettsii-infected HUVEC and suggest that common mechanisms associated with rickettsia-induced oxidative injury occur in the two cell lines. EA.hy 926 cells were also used to investigate the influence of the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid on rickettsial infection. Overnight pretreatment with 1-500 microM alpha-lipoic acid did not prevent cells from being destroyed following infection with rickettsiae. Supplementation of the culture medium with 1 and 10 microM alpha-lipoic acid 2 h after rickettsial inoculation also did not provide any protective effect. However, 100, 200 and 500 microM alpha-lipoic acid increased the viability of infected cells at 96 h to 45, 51 and 70%, respectively compared with 26% for untreated, infected samples. Thiol levels and glutathione peroxidase activity in treated, infected cells increased and peroxide content decreased proportionally to increasing alpha-lipoic acid concentrations. Furthermore, treatment with 500 microM alpha-lipoic acid for 72 h p.i. completely prevented ultrastructural changes in infected cells. In conclusion, the permanent endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 is susceptible to injury induced by R. rickettsii infection. Although the cellular changes resulting from infection are not identical in all aspects to that demonstrated previously in HUVEC, the increased reproducibility and convenience of EA.hy 926 cells make them suitable for biochemical and morphological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E Eremeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Medicine655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore MD 21201USA
| | - David J Silverman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Medicine655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore MD 21201USA
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Lapenna D, de Gioia S, Ciofani G, Mezzetti A, Ucchino S, Calafiore AM, Napolitano AM, Di Ilio C, Cuccurullo F. Glutathione-related antioxidant defenses in human atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 1998; 97:1930-4. [PMID: 9609086 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.97.19.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, resulting from an antioxidant/prooxidant imbalance, seems to be crucial in atherogenesis. Recent evidence has emerged, however, of a surprisingly high content of low-molecular-weight antioxidants in human atherosclerotic plaques, although other antioxidant systems have not been investigated in these lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied glutathione-related antioxidant defenses (which play a key role in tissue antioxidant protection) in carotid atherosclerotic plaques of 13 patients subjected to endarterectomy and in normal internal mammary arteries of 13 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity was undetectable in the plaques of 7 patients; the other 6 patients with plaques showed a mean enzymatic activity approximately 3.5-fold lower than that of mammary arteries. Glutathione reductase activity was also markedly lower in the plaques than in the arteries. Glutathione transferase instead had comparable activity in the two tissues. Remarkably, 5 of the 7 patients with an undetectable selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity but none of the 6 with a detectable one were characterized by multivascular atherosclerotic involvement (3 patients) or stenosis of the contralateral carotid artery (2 patients). CONCLUSIONS A weak glutathione-related enzymatic antioxidant shield is present in human atherosclerotic lesions. Although the cause of this phenomenon remains to be determined, the present data suggest that a specific antioxidant/prooxidant imbalance operative in the vascular wall may be involved in atherogenic processes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lapenna
- Istituto di Fisiopatologia Medica, Universitá degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Facoltá di Medicina e Chirurgia, Chieti, Italy
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35
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Degnim AC, Morrow SE, Ku J, Zar HA, Nakayama DK. Nitric oxide inhibits peroxide-mediated endothelial toxicity. J Surg Res 1998; 75:127-34. [PMID: 9655085 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1998.5270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidant molecules and nitric oxide (NO) have each been implicated as mediators of endothelial cell damage, but the biologic effect of these molecules acting in concert is incompletely understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the effects of an NO donor, S-nitroso-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP), in combination with the peroxidants tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on rabbit aortic endothelial cells in culture. Cell viability was assessed using Alamar blue, a nontoxic dye indicator of cell metabolism. Lipid peroxidation was assessed using a chemiluminescent single-photon counting technique. RESULTS After 90 min exposure to test reagents, there was concentration-dependent cytotoxicity for both TBH and H2O2. Peroxidant-induced cytotoxicity was significantly ameliorated by SNAP (10(-4)-10(-3)M). N-Acetylpenicillamine and NO-depleted SNAP failed to demonstrate a cytoprotective effect against peroxidant cellular injury, thus implicating NO as the agent responsible for the protective effect. SNAP reduced lipid peroxidation caused by 10(-3) M TBH in a dose-dependent manner. Preincubation of cells with SNAP before exposure to peroxidants alone had no effect on toxicity. CONCLUSIONS NO is cytoprotective to the endothelium in the presence of peroxidants through a reduction of lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Degnim
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amer
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Zagazig University, Egypt
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37
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Ek A, Ström K, Cotgreave IA. The uptake of ascorbic acid into human umbilical vein endothelial cells and its effect on oxidant insult. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 50:1339-46. [PMID: 7503781 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(95)02024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular reduced ascorbate (AA) levels in confluent cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cells, grown under conventional conditions, were shown to be very low, ranging between undetectable, < 0.1 nmol/mg protein, and 0.3 nmol/mg protein. Reduced ascorbate was accumulated into the endothelial cells from M199 culture medium in time- and concentration-dependent manners, and was saturated at medium concentrations related to the normal plasma concentrations of the antioxidant (i.e. between 50 microM and 100 microM). Cells derived from different individuals demonstrated considerable inter-individual variation in these AA uptake parameters. The uptake of AA was sensitive to temperature and the presence of the structural analogue isoascorbate in the medium, indicating the involvement of an active transport mechanism. A role for the glucose transporter is, however, not indicated, as AA uptake was not sensitive to phloretin, an inhibitor of the cellular glucose transporter, nor greatly enhanced by depletion of glucose from the medium. Incubation of HUVE cells with dehydroascorbate (DHAA) caused a dose-dependent, but transient increase in intracellular AA. This indicates that HUVE cells are both competent in the uptake and intracellular reduction of oxidised ascorbate, and may resecrete AA into the medium. Indeed, reduced ascorbate in the medium was shown to be preferentially maintained in the presence of cells. The uptake of AA was not sensitive to the presence of DHAA in the medium, perhaps indicating different transporters for reduced and oxidised forms of ascorbate in these human cells. Pre-loading HUVE cells with AA was shown to protect control cells only weakly from the acute, sub-lethal toxicity of H2O2 generated by xanthine oxidase (1 U/mL or 10 U/mL). Protection was optimal at intracellular levels of 3-4 nmol AA/mg protein, with higher concentrations lacking a protective effect. Additionally, the presence of the iron chelator, desferoxamine, significantly protected GSH-depleted HUVE cells only in response to the peroxide, but did not potentiate the protective action of intracellular AA in either control or GSH-depleted cells. This indicates that ascorbate-driven redox-cycling of the Fe2+/Fe3+ does not hamper the intracellular protective function of ascorbate during hydrogen peroxide-derived oxidative stress. These results are discussed in terms of the central role of endothelial cells in the distribution of AA to the tissues of the body, the use of the HUVE cell system for model studies of the toxicity of oxidants in the human endothelium, and the balance between the antioxidant and pro-oxidant actions of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ek
- Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Tu B, Wallin A, Moldéus P, Cotgreave IA. Individual, culture-specific alterations in the human endothelial glutathione system: relationships to oxidant toxicity. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1994; 75:82-90. [PMID: 7971742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1994.tb00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this communication we report on the effects of serial passage of human umbilical vein endothelial cells on the levels of GSH and activities of selenium-dependent GSH peroxidase (SeGSHpx) and GSSG reductase (GSSGred) in confluent monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells derived from 4 individual donors. The mean levels of GSH in confluent monolayers of individual human umbilical vein endothelial cells batches fell from an average of 35 nmol/mg protein to 16 nmol/mg protein from primary culture to the third passage, with little interindividual variation noted. Simultaneously, the mean activities of SeGSHpx and GSSGred remained unaltered during serial culture, again with little interindividual variation noted. However, serial passage of the cells from different individuals did not affect the sensitivity of the cells to sublethal injury induced by H2O2 (10 or 100 microM), as judged by the stimulated release of (3H)-deoxyglucose. When these GSH-dependent parameters were assayed during the coarse of the growth of an individual passage of cells, GSH levels declined following trypsinisation, but the activities of SeGSHpx and GSSGred remained essentially unaltered, when the data were standardised to cell number. On the other hand, standardisation of these data to cell protein revealed decreases in all three parameters following trypsinisation, indicating the introduction of artefacts into the data and the unsuitability of this standardisation procedure. For the first four hours following plating, all of the GSH-dependent parameters remained essentially unaltered, but began increasing thereafter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tu
- Department of Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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39
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Cotgreave IA, Schuppe-Koistinen I. A role for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the transport of cystine into human endothelial cells: relationship to intracellular glutathione. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1222:375-82. [PMID: 7913623 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(94)90043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of uptake of cystine into human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cells was further investigated. Previous experiments have suggested that the uptake of cystine into HUVE cells is mediated by the Xc- anionic amino acid transporter. However, in our experiments, the accumulation of cystine into confluent HUVE cells was not fully inhibited by anionic amino acids, such as glutamate, aminoadipate and homocysteate. On the other hand, inhibitors of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), such as anthglutin and AT-125, were also effective inhibitors of cystine accumulation in these human cells. Indeed, incubation of HUVE cells with anthglutin effectively depleted cellular glutathione (GSH) in association with inhibition of cystine uptake. A dose-dependent inhibitory effect of anthglutin on the initial rate of accumulation of cystine into control HUVE cells was also confirmed, which was also dependent on the carrier concentration of the disulfide. Additionally, in an effort to relate the uptake of cystine and the levels of GSH in these human cells, the incubation of HUVE cells with diethylmaleate (DEM, 25 microM) was shown to stimulate the uptake of cystine by up to 200% over the first hour of incubation, irrespective of whether DEM was coincubated or preincubated with the cells for 60 min before the addition of cystine. Under these conditions the stimulation was not associated with extensive depletion of cellular GSH. Depletion of HUVE cell GSH by an 18 h incubation in M199 medium lacking sulfur amino acids (M199-medium) also stimulated the uptake of cystine by up to 300%, which was dependent on de novo protein biosynthesis. On the other hand, the depletion of HUVE cell GSH by an 18 h preincubation with buthionine sulfoximine did not stimulate cystine uptake above controls. Again, both the anionic amino acids and the inhibitors of gamma-GT were effective in inhibiting the accumulation of cystine into M199-medium-pretreated HUVE cells, in association with impaired resynthesis of GSH. Anthglutin also dose-dependently inhibited the initial cystine uptake rate into these M199-medium-pretreated cells by a proportionally similar extent to its effects in control cells. This also indicates that gamma-GT-dependent uptake of cystine accounts for a portion of the induced uptake of this disulfide into these M199-medium-pretreated cells. These results indicate that both the Xc- carrier and gamma-GT are involved in the uptake of cystine into these human endothelial cells, illustrating another important physiological role for gamma-GT in the uptake of cystine from the circulation into the human endothelium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Cotgreave
- Department of Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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40
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Hiraishi H, Terano A, Razandi M, Pedram A, Sugimoto T, Harada T, Ivey KJ. Reactive oxygen metabolite-induced toxicity to cultured bovine endothelial cells: status of cellular iron in mediating injury. J Cell Physiol 1994; 160:132-4. [PMID: 8021293 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041600116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the status of iron in mediating oxidant-induced damage to cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Chromium-51-labeled cells were exposed to reaction mixtures of xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine and glucose oxidase/glucose; these produce superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, or hydrogen peroxide, respectively. Xanthine oxidase caused a dose dependent increase of 51Cr release. Damage was prevented by allopurinol, oxypurinol, and extracellular catalase, but not by superoxide dismutase. Prevention of xanthine oxidase-induced damage by catalase was blocked by an inhibitor of catalase, aminotriazole. Glucose oxidase also caused a dose-dependent increase of 51Ci release. Glucose oxidase-induced injury, which was catalase-inhibitable, was not prevented by extracellular superoxide dismutase. Both addition of and pretreatment with deferoxamine (a chelator of Fe3+) prevented glucose oxidase-induced injury. The presence of phenanthroline (a chelator of divalent Fe2+) prevented glucose oxidase-induced 51Cr release, whereas pretreatment with the agent did not. Apotransferrin (a membrane impermeable iron binding protein) failed to influence damage. Neither deferoxamine nor phenanthroline influenced cellular antioxidant defenses, or inhibited lysis by non-oxidant toxic agents. Treatment with allopurinol and oxypurinol, which inhibited cellular xanthine oxidase, failed to prevent glucose oxidase injury. We conclude that (1) among the oxygen species extracellularly generated by xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine, hydrogen peroxide induces damage via a reaction on cellular iron; (2) deferoxamine and phenanthroline protect cells by chelating Fe3+ and Fe2+, respectively; and (3) reduction of cellular stored iron (Fe3+) to Fe2+ may be prerequisite for mediation of oxidant-induced injury, but this occurs independently of extracellular superoxide or cellular xanthine oxidase-derived superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hiraishi
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California 90822
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41
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Devamanoharan PS, Santucci LA, Hong JE, Tian X, Silverman DJ. Infection of human endothelial cells by Rickettsia rickettsii causes a significant reduction in the levels of key enzymes involved in protection against oxidative injury. Infect Immun 1994; 62:2619-21. [PMID: 8188386 PMCID: PMC186554 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.6.2619-2621.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were significantly decreased in human endothelial cells infected with the obligate intracellular bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. This observation lends additional support to our hypothesis implicating oxidative damage in endothelial cell injury caused by this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Devamanoharan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201
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42
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Abstract
Because the etiology and pathogenesis of scleroderma are largely speculative, effective therapy is not available for this debilitating condition and its variants. This article reviews current concepts in the etiology and pathogenesis of scleroderma and suggests a unifying hypothesis involving the generation of free radicals. The role of specific free radical scavengers should be tested both in vitro and in clinical trials of patients with scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Murrell
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
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43
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Taylor RG, Jerome WG, Lewis JC. Ultrastructural localization of peroxidase in atherosclerotic lesions of pigeons. Exp Mol Pathol 1992; 57:167-79. [PMID: 1337517 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(92)90008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic lesions are known to have metabolic alterations which are associated with progressive lipid accumulation. Among the changes, lysosomal enzyme activity has been extensively characterized and at the ultrastructural level has been correlated with the amount of foam cell lipid. In a fashion paralleling lysosomal change, artery wall peroxidase activity is also altered during disease progression. The present study focuses upon the ultrastructural localization of peroxidase activity in atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta and coronary arteries from White Carneau pigeons fed a cholesterol-supplemented (0.3%) diet for 3 years. This resulted in fibrous lesions, rich in smooth muscle cells. The birds were necropsied by perfusion fixation, and peroxidase cytochemistry was carried out using the diaminobenzidine reaction. Peroxidase activity was found within endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in both the media and intima, but cytochemically demonstrable activity was not found in macrophage foam cells. Peroxidase was localized within the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum, especially within cells that had lipid inclusions. The degree of peroxidase positivity varied within and among the arteries. In nonlesion regions of the aorta 20% of medial smooth muscle cells was peroxidase positive; the value for coronary artery smooth muscle cells was less. The peroxidase activity within aortic lesions was increased with 44% of intimal smooth muscle cells being positive. Notably, 85-90% of the lipid-containing intimal smooth muscle cells were positive. In contrast, intimal smooth muscle cells in the coronary artery lacked peroxidase reaction product, even in cells containing lipid. We conclude from these studies that aortic lesions contain a cytochemically differentiated subset of lipid-containing, peroxidase-positive smooth muscle cells; but coronary lesions lack a comparable subset of smooth muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/enzymology
- Aorta/pathology
- Aorta/ultrastructure
- Arteries/enzymology
- Arteries/pathology
- Arteries/ultrastructure
- Arteriosclerosis/enzymology
- Arteriosclerosis/metabolism
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Cell Nucleus/enzymology
- Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure
- Columbidae/anatomy & histology
- Columbidae/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/enzymology
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- Coronary Vessels/ultrastructure
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/enzymology
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/ultrastructure
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Histocytochemistry
- Lipids/analysis
- Microscopy, Electron
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Peroxidase/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
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44
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Santucci LA, Gutierrez PL, Silverman DJ. Rickettsia rickettsii induces superoxide radical and superoxide dismutase in human endothelial cells. Infect Immun 1992; 60:5113-8. [PMID: 1333449 PMCID: PMC258285 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.12.5113-5118.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endothelial cells infected with Rickettsia rickettsii, the etiological agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, undergo striking morphological changes to the endoplasmic reticulum-outer nuclear envelope complex. These changes are accompanied by concurrent accumulation of intracellular peroxides. Both of these findings are consistent with the notion that cells undergo some form of oxidative stress. Since oxidant injury is often initiated or mediated through oxygen radicals, we examined superoxide radical generation when endothelial cells were exposed to R. rickettsii. We also examined the levels of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme induced in response to increased superoxide formation. The levels of both superoxide and superoxide dismutase increased when endothelial cells were exposed to R. rickettsii. These results, together with our previous findings, support our hypothesis that cells infected by this intracellular bacterium experience oxidant-mediated injury that may eventually contribute to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Santucci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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45
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Schuppe I, Moldéus P, Cotgreave IA. Protein-specific S-thiolation in human endothelial cells during oxidative stress. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44:1757-64. [PMID: 1449533 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90069-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Confluent human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with diamide, t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BH) or the hydrogen peroxide generating system glucose/glucose oxidase and the effects on glutathione oxidation and protein S-thiolation were examined. In the presence of all three oxidants glutathione was rapidly oxidized to a similar extent and S-thiolation of a limited number of proteins occurred. Diamide caused considerable S-thiolation of proteins with molecular masses of 44, 34, 24 and 14 kDa, of which the protein with molecular mass of 44 kDa was most extensively modified. t-BH caused extensive modification of proteins with molecular masses of 24 and 14 kDa whilst hydrogen peroxide caused S-thiolation of proteins of 39, 24 and 14 kDa. This study shows that S-thiolation of proteins is an important metabolic response to oxidant insult in human endothelial cells and that the specificity of the response depends on the chemical nature of the oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Schuppe
- Department of Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Godin DV, Garnett ME. Species-related variations in tissue antioxidant status--II. Differences in susceptibility to oxidative challenge. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 103:743-8. [PMID: 1458847 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90400-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. In order to investigate possible species-related variations in antioxidant capacity, the susceptibility of red cells from various species (e.g. rat, rabbit, pig and quail) to depletion of glutathione (GSH) and formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), an indirect measure of lipid peroxidation, following in vitro oxidative challenge with t-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP) has been examined. 2. Marked differences in sensitivity were found, although the relative order of susceptibilities varied depending on the index of oxidation used. 3. For example, pig erythrocytes showed the highest sensitivity to depletion of GSH but the greatest resistance to tBHP-induced MDA formation. 4. Red cell susceptibility to oxidative stress under the experimental conditions used was not predictable from basal levels of GSH or from the activities of antioxidant enzymes, suggesting a prominent role of non-enzymatic antioxidants. 5. Species-dependent differences in antioxidant capacity were also found to extend to myocardial tissue homogenates and some degree of parallelism was noted with tBHP-induced MDA formation in red cells of the same species. 6. Thus, the relative resistance of both tissues from pig contrasted with the high susceptibility of red cells and myocardium from rat and quail. 7. This parallelism allows the suggestion that the functional consequences of antioxidant interventions might be discernible from measurements involving red cells. 8. Our findings may have potentially important implications in the interpretation and comparison of data obtained with experimental models of disease states in which oxidative processes are implicated when differences in species are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Godin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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47
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Cotgreave I, Moldéus P, Schuppe I. The metabolism of N-acetylcysteine by human endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 42:13-6. [PMID: 2069586 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90674-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
When human umbilical endothelial cells were depleted of their glutathione by incubation in a sulfur amino acid-free medium, subsequent incubation of the cells with this deficient medium supplemented with N-acetylcysteine resulted in a dose-dependent stimulation of the synthesis of cellular glutathione. Similarly, the inclusion of N-acetylcysteine in the medium during the period of depletion of glutathione caused a dose-dependent retardation of the depletion kinetics. In contrast, the incubation of control cells in normal medium supplemented with N-acetylcysteine did not increase cellular glutathione levels above controls. These observations indicate the presence of an N-deacetylase in/on the cells with specificity for N-acetylcysteine. Due to the large surface area of the endothelium in the vasculature it seems likely that endothelial cell N-deacetylation plays a role in the metabolic disposition of N-acetylcysteine, particularly when administered intravenously. N-Acetylcysteine is, however, a relatively poor precursor to glutathione biosynthesis in comparison to cystine. Thus, any cytoprotective, antioxidant effect exerted by N-acetylcysteine on the human endothelium is likely to be due to direct scavenging of reactive intermediates rather than by stimulated glutathione synthesis in the endothelial cells themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cotgreave
- Department of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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48
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Jonas E, Dwenger A, Lueken B, Boehme U. Simultaneous measurement of endothelial cell damage, elastase release and chemiluminescence response during interaction between polymorphonuclear leukocytes and endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF BIOLUMINESCENCE AND CHEMILUMINESCENCE 1991; 6:19-27. [PMID: 2053464 DOI: 10.1002/bio.1170060106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using cultured human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells and human blood neutrophils, the interaction between neutrophils and endothelial cells, in vitro, was studied. The aim of the study was to examine whether a respiratory burst stimulation by neutrophils would be observed by neutrophil/endothelial cell interaction and whether the respiratory burst stimulation of neutrophils by endothelial cells could be enhanced by lipopolysaccharide stimulation of neutrophils. The second aim was whether such an effect, or secretion of elastase, could cause an endothelial cell damage in vitro. Chemiluminescence as an indicator of oxygen-derived metabolites produced by neutrophils, elastase release by neutrophils, and endothelial cell damage, based on 111 In-oxine release from labelled endothelial cells, were measured simultaneously. The present investigation demonstrates that neutrophils can be directly stimulated by endothelial cells. A further amplification of this process following lipopolysaccharide priming up to 10 ng/ml blood could be demonstrated. A slight endothelial cell damage occurs following neutrophil stimulation, although elastase secretion does not increase during interaction between neutrophils and endothelial cells. These results raise the possibility that oxygen-derived metabolites rather than elastase contribute to an endothelial cell damage which might occur in conditions such as endotoxin-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jonas
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School Hannover, FRG
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49
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Shingu M, Nobunaga M, Ezaki I, Yoshioka K. Recombinant human IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha stimulate production of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta by vascular smooth muscle cells and IL-1 alpha by vascular endothelial cells. Life Sci 1991; 49:241-6. [PMID: 2062178 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(91)90009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (EC) produced IL-1 alpha but not IL-1 beta into extracellular fluids. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC), on the other hand, produced both IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, and IL-1 beta produced was much higher than IL-1 alpha. The addition of recombinant human IL-1 beta or recombinant human TNF-alpha significantly enhanced IL-1 alpha production in EC, and IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta production in SMC. IL-1 beta release was not observed even when EC were stimulated with TNF-alpha. These results suggest that the species of released form of IL-1 are different in different cell types and that cytokines enhance IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta production in SMC and IL-1 alpha production in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shingu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Kyushu University, Beppu, Japan
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50
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Michiels C, Toussaint O, Remacle J. Comparative study of oxygen toxicity in human fibroblasts and endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 1990; 144:295-302. [PMID: 2380255 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041440216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of human pulmonary fibroblasts (WI-38) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells to oxygen toxicity (1 atm O2) was compared. Endothelial cells were more sensitive than fibroblasts. They contained also less antioxidant enzymes except for SOD: respectively 132%, 96%, 70%, 59%, and 21% of the SOD, GSH peroxidase, GSH reductase, catalase, and G6PD content of fibroblasts. However, they contained 1.81-fold more GSH than fibroblasts. Their lower content of antioxidant enzymes can explain their higher sensitivity to oxygen. The efficiency of natural antioxidant molecules and enzymes in the protection of cells incubated 3 days under 1 atm O2 was studied. alpha-tocopherol added in the culture medium led to a significant protection, contrary to the result for ascorbic acid. Microinjection of catalase, SOD, and GSH peroxidase directly into the cells was also tested: the protection was concentration dependent for both types of cells but SOD did not protect the endothelial cells. Lower activities of the other enzymes were needed to achieve protection of the endothelial cells, compared to fibroblasts. Since endothelial cells were also shown to display lower antioxidant enzyme activities, it can be hypothesized that their content is optimized for survival in physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Michiels
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Cellulaire, Facultés Universitaires ND de la Paix, Namur, Belgium
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