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Grewal RK, Basu P, Kaur S, Singh A. Aberrant glycosylation of secretory mucin from the oral cavity in tobacco consumers: a pilot study. Glycoconj J 2024:10.1007/s10719-024-10155-w. [PMID: 38780715 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-024-10155-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Mucins are a family of high-molecular-weight O-linked glycoproteins which are the primary structural components of mucus and maintain homeostasis in the oral cavity. The present study was conducted as the first step towards establishing a correlation of aberrant mucin glycosylation with tobacco-associated clinical conditions. Tobacco habituates for the study were identified on the basis of type, duration, amount, and frequency of using tobacco products. The secretory mucin and its saccharides were determined from the saliva collected from smokers, smokeless tobacco habituates, and healthy, nonsmoking individuals. On the one hand, the salivary mucin content was markedly reduced in smokeless tobacco habituates with respect to smokers. On the other hand, the amount of sialic acid and fucose moieties of salivary mucin was increased in both smokers and smokeless tobacco habituates compared to the healthy cohort. Furthermore, the duration of tobacco exposure have been identified as the main factor influencing the extent of damage to the oral mucosa in terms of mucin secretion. The reduced secretory mucin content with aberrant glycosylation in the oral cavity may have a significant role in the further development or progression of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravneet K Grewal
- Department of Research and Innovation, STEMskills Research and Education Lab Private Limited, Faridabad, 121002, Haryana, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, 140406, India.
| | - Priyanka Basu
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, 140406, India
| | - Sandeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, 140406, India
| | - Akshdeep Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, 140406, India
- Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Government Medical College, Patiala, 147001, Punjab, India
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Wang Y, Huang X, Luo G, Xu Y, Deng X, Lin Y, Wang Z, Zhou S, Wang S, Chen H, Tao T, He L, Yang L, Yang L, Chen Y, Jin Z, He C, Han Z, Zhang X. The aging lung: microenvironment, mechanisms, and diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1383503. [PMID: 38756780 PMCID: PMC11096524 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1383503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
With the development of global social economy and the deepening of the aging population, diseases related to aging have received increasing attention. The pathogenesis of many respiratory diseases remains unclear, and lung aging is an independent risk factor for respiratory diseases. The aging mechanism of the lung may be involved in the occurrence and development of respiratory diseases. Aging-induced immune, oxidative stress, inflammation, and telomere changes can directly induce and promote the occurrence and development of lung aging. Meanwhile, the occurrence of lung aging also further aggravates the immune stress and inflammatory response of respiratory diseases; the two mutually affect each other and promote the development of respiratory diseases. Explaining the mechanism and treatment direction of these respiratory diseases from the perspective of lung aging will be a new idea and research field. This review summarizes the changes in pulmonary microenvironment, metabolic mechanisms, and the progression of respiratory diseases associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Wang
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences (Sichuan Second Hospital of T.C.M), Chengdu, China
| | - Xuewen Huang
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guofeng Luo
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunying Xu
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiqian Deng
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumeng Lin
- Eye School of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhanzhan Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shuwei Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences (Sichuan Second Hospital of T.C.M), Chengdu, China
| | - Lei He
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences (Sichuan Second Hospital of T.C.M), Chengdu, China
| | - Luchuan Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences (Sichuan Second Hospital of T.C.M), Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences (Sichuan Second Hospital of T.C.M), Chengdu, China
| | - Yutong Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Rehabilitation, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengshi He
- Department of Respiratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongyu Han
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine Center, Sichuan Province People’s Hospital University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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3
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Dufourc EJ. Wine tannins and their aggregation/release with lipids and proteins: Review and perspectives for neurodegenerative diseases. Biophys Chem 2024; 307:107178. [PMID: 38277878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2024.107178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Tannins are amphiphilic molecules, often polymeric, which can be generally described as a core containing hydrophobic aromatic rings surrounded by hydroxyl groups. They have been known for millennia and are part of human culture. They are ubiquitous in nature and are best known in the context of wine and tea tasting and food cultures. However, they are also very useful for human health, as they are powerful antioxidants capable of combating the constant aggressions of everyday life. However, their mode of action is only just beginning to be understood. This review, using physicochemical concepts, attempts to summarize current knowledge and present an integrated view of the complex relationship between tannins, proteins and lipids, in the context of wine drinking while eating. There are many thermodynamic equilibria governing the interactions between tannins, saliva proteins, lipid droplets in food, membranes and the taste receptors embedded in them. Taste sensations can be explained using these multiple equilibria: for example, astringency (dry mouth) can be explained by the strong binding of tannin micelles to the proline-rich proteins of saliva, suppressing their lubricating action on the palate. In the presence of lipid droplets in food, the equilibrium is shifted towards tannin-lipid complexes, a situation that reduces the astringency perceived when consuming a tannic wine with fatty foods, the so-called "camembert effect". Tannins bind preferentially to taste receptors located in mouth membranes, but can also fluidify lipids in the non-keratinized mucous membranes of the mouth, which can impair the functioning of taste receptors there. Cholesterol, present in large quantities in keratinized mucous membranes, stiffens them and thus prevents tannins from disrupting the conduction of information through other taste receptors. As tannins assemble and disassemble depending on whether they are in contact with proteins, lipids or taste receptors, a perspective on their potential use in the context of neurodegenerative diseases where fibrillation is a key phenomenon will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick J Dufourc
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie UAR3033 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, INSERM US01, Pessac, France; Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, UMR5248, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Polytechnic Institute, Pessac, France.
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Nguyen MD, Nguyen KN, Malo S, Banerjee I, Wu D, Du-Thumm L, Dauphin-Ducharme P. Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Biosensors for Measurements in Undiluted Human Saliva. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4625-4635. [PMID: 37992319 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Although blood remains a gold standard diagnostic fluid for most health exams, it involves an unpleasant and relatively invasive sampling procedure (finger pricking or venous draw). Saliva contains many relevant and useful biomarkers for diagnostic purposes, and its collection, in contrast, is noninvasive and can be obtained with minimal effort. Current saliva analyses are, however, achieved using chromatography or lateral flow assays, which, despite their high accuracy and sensitivity, can demand expensive laboratory-based instruments operated by trained personnel or offer only semiquantitative results. In response, we investigated electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) biosensors, a reagentless sensing platform, to allow for continuous and real-time measurements directly in undiluted, unstimulated human whole saliva. As a proof-of-concept study, we developed E-AB biosensors capable of detecting low-molecular-weight analytes (glucose and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)). To our knowledge, we report the first E-AB sensor for glucose, an approach that is inherently independent of its chemical reactivity in contrast to home glucometers. For these three sensors, we evaluated their figures of merits, stability, and reusability over short- and long-term exposure directly in saliva. In doing so, we found that E-AB sensors allow rapid and convenient molecular measurements in whole saliva with unprecedented sensitivities in the pico- to nanomolar regime and could be regenerated and reused up to 7 days when washed and stored in phosphate-buffered saline at room temperature. We envision that salivary molecular measurements using E-AB sensors are a promising alternative to invasive techniques and can be used for improved point-of-care clinical diagnosis and at-home measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Dat Nguyen
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Khoa-Nam Nguyen
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Samuel Malo
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Indrani Banerjee
- Colgate, Research and Development Center, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Donghui Wu
- Colgate, Research and Development Center, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Laurence Du-Thumm
- Colgate, Research and Development Center, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Çevik-Aras H, Musa S, Olofsson R, Almståhl A, Almhöjd U. Patients with oral lichen planus display lower levels of salivary acidic glycoproteins than individuals without oral mucosal disease. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 28:2. [PMID: 38114810 PMCID: PMC10730629 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Salivary proteins, acidic glycoproteins, and free calcium might take part in oral mucosal defence against inflammation in oral lichen planus (OLP). The study aimed to investigate whether the levels of sulfated and sialylated glycoproteins, total protein, and free calcium in saliva from patients with OLP differ from those of individuals without oral mucosal diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients diagnosed with OLP (n = 25) and two control groups without any oral mucosal disease; age- and gender-matched controls (n = 25, 65.6 ± 2.9 years), and younger controls (n = 25, 41.8 ± 2.5 years) were included. Subjective dry mouth (xerostomia) was assessed by asking a single-item question. Chew-stimulated whole saliva was collected to measure sulfated and sialylated glycoproteins by the Alcian Blue method. The total protein was determined spectrophotometrically, and the free calcium measured using an electrode. RESULTS The output of salivary sulfated and sialylated glycoproteins in the OLP group (21.8 ± 2.4 µg/min) was lower than in the age- and gender-matched controls (43.0 ± 2.9 µg/min, p = 0.0002), whereas the total protein and calcium output did not differ between the three groups (p > 0.05). The prevalence of xerostomia was significantly higher in the OLP group compared to both control groups (p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS Patients with OLP showed a high prevalence of xerostomia and lower levels of salivary acidic type glycoproteins compared to the individuals without oral mucosa disease. CLINICAL RELEVANCE It is relevant to investigate the role of acidic glycoproteins in the pathogenesis of OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Çevik-Aras
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Specialist Clinic for Orofacial Medicine, Northern Älvsborg County Hospital, Public Dental Service, Trollhättan, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden.
| | - Shehed Musa
- Public Dental Service, Gothenburg, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
| | - Richard Olofsson
- Specialist Clinic for Orofacial Medicine, Public Dental Service, Uddevalla-Trollhättan, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
| | - Annica Almståhl
- Section 4, -Oral Health, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrica Almhöjd
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wu AM. Roles of the structural units, glycotopes / mammalian N-glycans for Con A-glycan interactions, their codes, and their recognition factors. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:587-608. [PMID: 37695422 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The binding property of Con A has been studied intensively and applied widely to glycoconjugates / glycobiology for over 80 years. However, its role and functional relationship of Con A with these mammalian structural units, glycotopes, N-glycan chains, as well as their polyvalent forms in N-glycoproteins involved in the Con A-glycan interactions have not been well defined and organized. In this study, the recognition factors involved in these interactions were analyzed by our well developed method- the enzyme linked lectinosorbent (ELLSA) and inhibition assay. Based on all the data obtained, it is concluded that Con A, as previously reported, has a relatively broad and wide recognition ability of the Manα1 → and Glcα1 → related glycans. It reacted not only strongly with yeast mannan and glycogens, but also bound well with a large number of mammalian N-glycans, including the N-glycans of rat sublingual gp (RSL), human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THGP), thyroglobulin and lactoferrin. The recognition specificity of Con A towards ligands, expressed by Molar Relative Potency (Molar R.P.), in a decreasing order is as follows: α1 → 3, α1 → 6 Mannopentaose (M5) and Biantennary N-linked core pentasaccharide (MDi) ≥ α1 → 3, α1 → 6 Mannotriose (M3) > Manα1 → 3Man (α1 → 3Mannobiose), Manα1 → 2Man (α1 → 2Mannobiose), Manα1 → 6Man (α1 → 6Mannobiose), Manα1 → 4Man (α1 → 4Mannobiose) > GlcNAcβ1 → 2Man (β1 → 2 N-Acetyl glucosamine-mannose) > Manα1 → /Glcα1 → > Man > Glc, while Gal / GalNAc were inactive. Furthermore, the Man related code system, in this study, is proposed to express by both numbers of Man and GlcNAcβ1 → branches (M3 to M9 / MMono to Penta etc.) and a table of three Manα1 → and Glcα1 → related biomasses of six recognition factors involved in the Con A-glycan interactions has also been demonstrated. These themes should be one of the most valuable advances since 1980s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Wu
- Glycome Research Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Kwei-san, Tao-yuan, 33302, Taiwan.
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Peinado BRR, Aragão WAB, Pereira CDS, da Silva DCB, Ferreira RDO, Chaves-Neto AH, Fernandes LMP, Lima RR. Physical Exercise Mitigates Salivary Gland and Saliva Damages in Rats Exposed to Binge-like Ethanol Pattern. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051038. [PMID: 37237904 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy episodic ethanol (EtOH) consumption is a typical pattern, especially among younger people. The therapeutic effect of exercise on EtOH damage has not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether moderate exercise can reduce the damage generated by ethanol consumption in salivary glands and saliva. Thus, 32 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (sedentary animals treated with water); training (trained animals treated with EtOH); EtOH (sedentary animals treated with EtOH); and EtOH + training (trained animals treated with ethanol). EtOH was administered to the animals at a dose of 3 g/kg/day at a concentration of 20% w/v for three consecutive days per week via intragastric gavage. The training was performed on a treadmill for five successive days. At the end of the 4-week experimental protocol, the animals were euthanized, and salivary glands and saliva were collected for oxidative biochemistry analysis. Our results showed that EtOH consumption generated changes in the oxidative biochemistry of the salivary glands and saliva. Thus, it was possible to conclude that moderate physical exercise can significantly recover antioxidant activity, reducing the damage generated by EtOH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walessa Alana Bragança Aragão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Cristian Dos Santos Pereira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Diane Cleydes Baia da Silva
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Railson de Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | | | - Luanna Melo Pereira Fernandes
- Department of Morphology and Physiological Sciences, Center of Sciences Biological and Health, State University of Pará, Belém 66087662, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
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8
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Weber F, Dornelas-Figueira LM, Hafiane N, Zaytseva-Zotova D, Barrantes A, Petersen FC, Tiainen H. Can polyphenolic surface modifications prevent fungal colonization of titanium dental implants? Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 219:112813. [PMID: 36084512 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral biofilms can be a major health problem causing infections and chronic inflammation of mucosal tissue. While much effort is put in the investigation of bacteria in biofilms, the role of fungi is often neglected, despite Candida albicans playing a key role in the formation of multispecies oral biofilms. With the rise of antibiotic resistance, new strategies to reduce microbial growth need to be found. Therefore, plant derived polyphenolic molecules have been suggested to reduce both adhesion and growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. In this study, we investigated the use of polyphenolic coatings to reduce adhesion and biofilm formation of C. albicans BWP17 on titanium implants. Tannic acid and pyrogallol coatings altered the hydrophobic and charge properties of titanium surfaces, and both compounds were gradually released as active molecules over time. Despite such effects, we found no significant inhibition on growth and biofilm formation of C. Albicans, indicating that the release of active molecules from the coatings did not reach relevant inhibitory concentrations. However, a potential antibiofilm effect was observed by the pH-dependent disassembly of the polyphenolic layer, which caused the biofilm to detach. Hence, further efforts are required to create tailored implant surfaces, which sustainably reduce microbial growth and adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Weber
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Nora Hafiane
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Materials Science, ENSIL-ENSCI, Université de Limoges, France
| | - Daria Zaytseva-Zotova
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Alejandro Barrantes
- Oral Research Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Hanna Tiainen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway.
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9
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Wu AM. Loci and motifs of the GalNAcα1 → 3/O related glycotopes in the mammalian glycoconjugates and their lectin recognition roles. Glycoconj J 2022; 39:633-651. [PMID: 35962217 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Galα1 → and GalNAcα1 → are the two essential key sugars in human blood group AB active glycotopes, in which GalNAcα1 → related sequences are located at both sides of the nonreducing and the reducing ends of human blood group A active O-glycans. It is also found at the nonreducing ends of GlcNAc N-glycans and glycosphingolipid(GSL) of human blood group A active glycotopes (Ah) and Forssman antigen (Fp). When monosaccharides and their α, β anomers are involved in basic units to express the complex size of the combining sites of the GalNAcα1 → specific lectins, they can be divided into a cavity site to accommodate the GalNAcα → key sugar and a subsite with a wide and broad range of recognition area to adopt the rest part of sugar sequences or glycotopes. The function of the subsite is assumed to act as an enhancement factor to increase its affinity power. The following three points are the theme of this mini review: (1) the loci and distribution of the GalNAcα1 → related glycotopes in mammalian glycoconjugates are illustrated and their chemical structures are advanced by the expression of the disaccharide units and code system; (2) the sizes and motifs of GalNAcα1 → specific lectin-glycan interactions are given and (3) the role of the polyvalent blood group Ah and Bh glycotopes as blood group AB antigens are proposed. These three highlights should provide an essential background required for the advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Wu
- Glycome Research Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Tao-yuan, 33302, Taiwan.
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10
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Karavasili C, Eleftheriadis GK, Gioumouxouzis C, Andriotis EG, Fatouros DG. Mucosal drug delivery and 3D printing technologies: A focus on special patient populations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113858. [PMID: 34237405 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have revolutionized how healthcare provision is envisioned. The rapid evolution of these technologies has already created a momentum in the effort to address unmet personalized needs in large patient groups, especially those belonging to sensitive subgroup populations (e.g., paediatric, geriatric, visually impaired). At the same time, AM technologies have become a salient ally to overcome defined health challenges in drug formulation development by addressing not only the requirement of personalized therapy, but also problems related to lowering non-specific drug distribution and the risk of adverse reactions, enhancing drug absorption and bioavailability, as well as ease of administration and patient compliance. To this end, mucoadhesive drug delivery systems fabricated with the support of AM technologies provide competitive advantages over conventional dosage forms, aiming to entice innovation in drug formulation with special focus on sensitive patient populations.
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11
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Dufourc EJ. Wine tannins, saliva proteins and membrane lipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183670. [PMID: 34111413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols have been part of human culture for about 6000 years. However, their mode of action in relation to wine tasting while eating is only beginning to be understood. This review, using analytical techniques and physicochemical concepts, attempts to summarize current knowledge and present an integrated view of the complex relationship between tannins, salivary proteins, lipids in food and in oral membranes. The action of tannins on taste sensations and astringency depends on their colloidal state. Although taste sensations are most likely due to interactions with taste receptors, astringency results from strong binding to proline-rich salivary proteins that otherwise lubricate the palate. Tannins disorder non-keratinized mucosa in mouth, possibly perturbing taste receptor function. The 10-15% ethanol present in wines potentiates this action. Cholesterol present in large quantities in keratinized mucosa prevents any disordering action on these oral membranes. Polyphenols bind strongly to the lipid droplets of fatty foods, a situation that reduces the astringency perceived when drinking a tannic wine, the so-called "camembert effect". Based on binding constants mainly measured by NMR, a comprehensive thermodynamic model of the interrelation between polyphenols, salivary proteins, lipids and taste receptors is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick J Dufourc
- Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes and Nanoobjects, UMR5248, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Polytechnic Institute, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France.
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12
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Verstappen GM, Pringle S, Bootsma H, Kroese FGM. Epithelial-immune cell interplay in primary Sjögren syndrome salivary gland pathogenesis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:333-348. [PMID: 33911236 PMCID: PMC8081003 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS), the function of the salivary glands is often considerably reduced. Multiple innate immune pathways are likely dysregulated in the salivary gland epithelium in pSS, including the nuclear factor-κB pathway, the inflammasome and interferon signalling. The ductal cells of the salivary gland in pSS are characteristically surrounded by a CD4+ T cell-rich and B cell-rich infiltrate, implying a degree of communication between epithelial cells and immune cells. B cell infiltrates within the ducts can initiate the development of lymphoepithelial lesions, including basal ductal cell hyperplasia. Vice versa, the epithelium provides chronic activation signals to the glandular B cell fraction. This continuous stimulation might ultimately drive the development of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. This Review discusses changes in the cells of the salivary gland epithelium in pSS (including acinar, ductal and progenitor cells), and the proposed interplay of these cells with environmental stimuli and the immune system. Current therapeutic options are insufficient to address both lymphocytic infiltration and salivary gland dysfunction. Successful rescue of salivary gland function in pSS will probably demand a multimodal therapeutic approach and an appreciation of the complicity of the salivary gland epithelium in the development of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenny M Verstappen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sarah Pringle
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hendrika Bootsma
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Frans G M Kroese
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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13
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A biotechnological tool for glycoprotein desialylation based on immobilized neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100940. [PMID: 33732900 PMCID: PMC7937660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sialic acids are widely distributed in nature and have biological relevance owing to their varied structural and functional roles. Immobilized neuraminidase can selectively remove terminal N-acetyl neuraminic acid from glycoproteins without altering the protein backbone while it can be easily removed from the reaction mixture avoiding sample contamination. This enables the evaluation of changes in glycoprotein performance upon desialylation. Methods Neuraminidase was immobilized onto agarose activated with cyanate ester groups and further used for desialylation of model glycoproteins, a lysate from tumour cells and tumour cells. Desialylation process was analysed by lectin binding assay, determination of sialyl-Tn or flow cytometry. Results Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase was immobilized with 91 % yield and expressed activity yield was of 41%. It was effective in the desialylation of bovine fetal serum fetuin, bovine lactoferrin and ovine submaxilar mucin. A decrease in sialic-specific SNA lectin recognition of 83% and 53 % was observed for fetuin and lactoferrin with a concomitant increase in galactose specific ECA and PNA lectin recognition. Likewise, a decrease in the recognition of a specific antibody (82%) upon mucin desialylation was observed. Moreover, desialylation of a protein lysate from the sialic acid-rich cell line TA3/Ha was also possible leading to a decrease in 47 % in SNA recognition. Immobilized neuraminidase kept 100% of its initial activity upon five desialylation cycles. Conclusions Immobilized neuraminidase is an interesting as well as a robust biotechnological tool for enzymatic desialylation purposes. General significance Immobilized neuraminidase would contribute to understand the role of sialic acid in biological processes. Neuraminidase immobilization was successfully achieved. Immobilized neuraminidase was effective in the desialylation of several model glycoproteins. TA3/Ha tumour cell lysates were desialylated with immobilized neuraminidase. Immobilized neuraminidase was successfully re-used.
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Key Words
- 4 MU-NANA, 2′-(4-Methylumbelliferyl)-α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid
- BCA, Bicinchonninic acid
- CDAP-BF4, 1-Cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate
- ECA, Erythrina cristagalli lectin
- ELISA-type assay, Enzyme-linked Immuno Sorbent assay
- Enzymatic desialylation
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- Gal, Galactose
- GalNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine
- GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine
- Glycomic analysis
- Immobilization
- Neu5Ac, N-Acetyl neuraminic acid
- Neura-agarose, Neuraminidase immobilized onto agarose
- Neuraminidase
- OPD, ortho-Phenylendiamine
- OSM, Ovine submaxilar mucin
- PBS, Phosphate saline buffer
- PE, Phycoerythrin
- PNA, Arachis hipogaea lectin
- SNA, Sambucus nigra lectin
- Sialic acid
- Sialyl-Tn antigen, Neu 5 Ac-2,6 GalNAc
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14
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Bmi-1 regulates mucin levels and mucin O-glycosylation in the submandibular gland of mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245607. [PMID: 33465144 PMCID: PMC7815129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucins, the major components of salivary mucus, are large glycoproteins abundantly modified with O-glycans. Mucins present on the surface of oral tissues contribute greatly to the maintenance of oral hygiene by selectively adhering to the surfaces of microbes via mucin O-glycans. However, due to the complex physicochemical properties of mucins, there have been relatively few detailed analyses of the mechanisms controlling the expression of mucin genes and the glycosyltransferase genes involved in glycosylation. Analysis performed using supported molecular matrix electrophoresis, a methodology developed for mucin analysis, and knockout mice without the polycomb group protein Bmi-1 revealed that Bmi-1 regulates mucin levels in the submandibular gland by suppressing the expression of the mucin Smgc gene, and that Bmi-1 also regulates mucin O-glycosylation via suppression of the glycosyltransferase Gcnt3 gene in the submandibular gland.
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15
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Kameyama A, Thet Tin WW, Nishijima R, Yamakoshi K. Alteration of mucins in the submandibular gland during aging in mice. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 121:104967. [PMID: 33197804 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mucins are large glycosylated glycoproteins that are produced in the salivary glands, and their changes may contribute to the development of xerostomia due to aging and the accompanying deterioration of oral hygiene. This study aimed to characterize the changes in the mucins produced in submandibular gland (SMG) during the aging process. METHODS SMG mucins derived from mice of each age were separated using supported molecular matrix electrophoresis (SMME). Subsequently, the membranes were stained with Alcian blue (AB) or blotted with MAL-II lectin. The SMME membranes stained with AB were subjected to densitometric analysis and glycan analysis. The detailed structures of O-glycan were investigated by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). RESULTS The SMG of mice secreted three mucins with different glycan profiles: age-specific mucin, youth-specific mucin, and a mucin expressed throughout life, and the expression patterns of these mucins change during aging. Additionally, age-specific mucin began to be detected at about 12 months of age. A mucin expressed throughout life and age-specific mucin had the same mass of major glycans but different structures. Furthermore, the proportion of mucin glycan species expressed throughout life changed during the aging process, and aging tended to decrease the proportion of fucosylated glycans and increase the proportion of sialoglycans. CONCLUSION There are three secretory mucins with different glycan profiles in the SMG of mice, and their expression patterns change according to the period of the aging process. The proportion of glycan species of mucin expressed throughout life also changes during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kameyama
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Wai Wai Thet Tin
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Risa Nishijima
- Department of Mechanism of Aging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Kimi Yamakoshi
- Department of Mechanism of Aging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
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16
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The comparative inhibitory potency of salivary mucins against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Virology 2020; 553:1-8. [PMID: 33190061 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
MUC5B and MUC7 salivary mucins are reported to inhibit HIV-1 entry into target cells in vitro; however, their relative inhibitory potencies have not been quantitively compared. There is also conflicting evidence regarding whether HIV-1 infection diminishes mucins' inhibitory efficacy. We explored the effect of donor HIV-1 status upon the anti-HIV-1 potency of purified MUC5B and MUC7 while comparing their relative inhibitory potential using a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay. HIV status of sample donors had no detectable effect on HIV-1 inhibition by salivary mucins. MUC5B (median IC50 50 μg/ml, IQR 10-116 μg/ml) exhibited significantly more potent HIV-1 inhibition than MUC7 (median IC50 458 μg/ml, IQR 192->2000 μg/ml; Mann-Whitney U p < 0.0001). We suggest that larger size, gel-forming properties and extensive glycosylation of MUC5B allow more effective binding and aggregation of viral particles. MUC5B is also more abundant in the saliva and is therefore likely to make a substantially greater contribution to it's anti-HIV-1 properties.
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17
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Ballester B, Milara J, Cortijo J. Mucins as a New Frontier in Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091447. [PMID: 31514468 PMCID: PMC6780288 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common idiopathic interstitial pulmonary disease with a median survival of 3–5 years after diagnosis. Recent evidence identifies mucins as key effectors in cell growth and tissue remodeling processes compatible with the processes observed in IPF. Mucins are classified in two groups depending on whether they are secreted (secreted mucins) or tethered to cell membranes (transmembrane mucins). Secreted mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6-8 and MUC19) are released to the extracellular medium and recent evidence has shown that a promoter polymorphism in the secreted mucin MUC5B is associated with IPF risk. Otherwise, transmembrane mucins (MUC1, MUC3, MUC4, MUC12-17 and MUC20) have a receptor-like structure, sensing the external environment and activating intracellular signal transduction pathways essential for mucosal maintenance and damage repair. In this context, the extracellular domain can be released to the external environment by metalloproteinase action, increased in IPF, thus activating fibrotic processes. For example, several studies have reported increased serum extracellular secreted KL6/MUC1 during IPF acute exacerbation. Moreover, MUC1 and MUC4 overexpression in the main IPF cells has been observed. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of mucins as promising druggable targets for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ballester
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Javier Milara
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Julio Cortijo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Research and teaching Unit, University General Hospital Consortium of Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain
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Łysik D, Niemirowicz-Laskowska K, Bucki R, Tokajuk G, Mystkowska J. Artificial Saliva: Challenges and Future Perspectives for the Treatment of Xerostomia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133199. [PMID: 31261876 PMCID: PMC6651665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic sensation of a dry mouth is a disease condition called xerostomia and affects a large part of the population. Xerostomia is associated with decreased secretion, or more often, qualitative changes in saliva proteins and immunoglobulin concentrations that develop as a result of salivary gland dysfunction. Several reasons causing dry mouth were described, and usually, they include taking medications, diseases or radiotherapy. In some situations, when it is difficult to use salivary stimulants or salivary gland damage is irreversible, the only option might seem to be saliva substitutes. The paper presents the most important aspects considering saliva preparations. The rheological and lubricating properties and the reconstruction of the complex saliva structure has been the main purpose of research. The biological properties of saliva preparations were also widely discussed. As part of the work, the antimicrobial effect of three commercial saliva preparations was tested. Finally, inadequate antimicrobial properties against the strains isolated from the oral cavity were demonstrated. The development of salivary substitutes, in particular, the improvement of antimicrobial properties, can be achieved using nanotechnology, including drug delivery systems containing nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Łysik
- Department of Materials Engineering and Production, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Microbiological and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Grażyna Tokajuk
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Mystkowska
- Department of Materials Engineering and Production, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland.
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19
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A sialo-oligosaccharide-rich mucin-like molecule specifically detected in the submandibular glands of aged mice. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 97:52-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Xu F, Laguna L, Sarkar A. Aging-related changes in quantity and quality of saliva: Where do we stand in our understanding? J Texture Stud 2018; 50:27-35. [PMID: 30091142 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is crucial to oral processing of food and consequently is also related to the sensory and textural experience. It is often assumed that the secretion and properties of saliva change with age, which can result in dry mouth conditions, taste aberrations. Such changes may result in reduced nutrient intake and malnutrition besides adversely affecting the quality of life. Based on some recent research findings, this article reviews our current understandings on age-dependent changes on quantity (bulk salivary flow rate) as well as quality of saliva (e.g., composition, viscosity, lubrication) in healthy elderly individuals. The review begins with a short introduction to histological changes of salivary glands upon aging. This is followed by covering different aspects of salivary changes with key articles highlighting decreased flow rate, increased ionic concentration, decreased calcium and mucin content in saliva of elderly subjects consequently affecting the oral coating and flavor perception. We also highlight issues in data associated with respect to variance in saliva collection protocols as well as factors influencing such results other than age, such as health conditions and polypharmacy. Clear gaps in literature have been highlighted with respect to lack of quantitative data in viscoelasticity, rheology, and lubrication properties of saliva in healthy elderly population and the potential impact of changes in these material properties on sensory and textural perception of food and consequently food intake. Such insights will not only have clinical implications for maintaining optimal oral health in elderly population but also serve to optimize food for elderly population. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The population has undergone a fundamental change in its age structure globally, with a rapid increase in elderly population. Innovation of tailored foods is still in its early stage to satisfy the needs of growing aging population. One of the biggest challenges in such food product development is lack of adequate understanding and characterization of endogenous factors, that is, age-related changes in saliva, which may influence oral processing of food and subsequently nutrient intake. Aging affects the salivary glands and alters quantity (flow rate) and quality (e.g., ion and protein composition, rheology, tribology) of saliva. Thus, older adults may suffer from dry mouth, taste aberration, and poor oral hygiene, greatly affecting their quality of life. This review provides insights into how age versus other health conditions influence salivary properties. Understanding of age-dependent changes in salivary rheology and tribology will be of paramount importance to optimize food for elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Food Colloids and Processing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Laguna
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA, CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anwesha Sarkar
- Food Colloids and Processing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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21
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An ex vivo salivary lubrication system to mimic xerostomic conditions and to predict the lubricating properties of xerostomia relieving agents. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9087. [PMID: 29904095 PMCID: PMC6002370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in medical research has resulted in successful treatment of many life-threatening infectious diseases as well as autoimmune and lifestyle-related diseases, increasing life-expectancy of both the developed and developing world. As a result of a growing ageing population, the focus has also turned on chronic diseases which seriously affect the quality of older patient life. Xerostomia (dry mouth) is one such condition, which leads to bad oral health and difficulty in consumption of dry foods and speech. Saliva substitutes are used to ease symptoms. However, they often don’t work properly and objective comparison of saliva substitutes to mimic natural salivary functions does not exist. The study thus aims to develop an ex vivo friction assay simulating dry mouth conditions and facilitating objective comparison of saliva substitutes. A reciprocating sliding tongue-enamel system was developed and compared to a PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane)-PDMS friction system. The tongue-enamel system, but not the PDMS-PDMS model, showed high mucin-containing saliva (unstimulated and submandibular/sublingual saliva) to give higher Relief than mucin-poor lubricants (water, parotid saliva, Dentaid Xeros) and correlated well (r = 0.97) with in vivo mouth feel. The tongue-enamel friction system mimicked dry mouth conditions and relief and seems suited to test agents meant to lubricate desiccated oral surfaces.
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22
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Hetrodt F, Lausch J, Meyer-Lueckel H, Apel C, Conrads G. Natural saliva as an adjuvant in a secondary caries model based on Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 90:138-143. [PMID: 29614462 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two factors for secondary caries formation were evaluated using an artificial biofilm model, saliva as additive in culture medium and bonding procedures of composite materials for artificial gap creation. DESIGN Standardized cavities were prepared in bovine tooth samples (n = 44), treated with two different bonding pretreatments, restored and after artificial ageing incubated with Streptococcus mutans in a Mueller-Hinton-Broth-Sugar medium with or without human saliva for seven days. Secondary caries formation was analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy and transversal microradiography. RESULTS Lesions were significantly pronounced in groups using saliva, but were not influenced by the bonding pretreatments. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the addition of saliva, but not the type of bonding procedure influences the outcome in the present biofilm-based secondary caries model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hetrodt
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Julian Lausch
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Meyer-Lueckel
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Apel
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute of RWTH Aachen University & Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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23
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A detection and quantification label-free tool to speed up downstream processing of model mucins. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190974. [PMID: 29315346 PMCID: PMC5760085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucins are high-molecular weight glycoproteins (0.25-20 MDa) containing one or more domains that are heavily O-glycosylated. Their implications as targets for cancer treatment have increased the interest in these glycoproteins, mainly in the fields of vaccines and antibodies. However, mucins present high heterogeneity, posing challenges that affect purification processes and quality control analysis. In that sense, it is necessary to develop and improve downstream processes and analytical methods to characterize these products. Here a tool based on biolayer interferometry analysis to improve mucin's detection and quantification in a fast, simple and label free-way is presented. Taking advantage of lectin recognition of mucins' carbohydrate structures, several lectins were evaluated and immobilized on streptavidin biosensors. Different assay conditions were optimized and the most suitable lectin, Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL), was selected. Bovine Submaxillary Gland and human MUC5B mucins were used as proof of concept and were successfully detected and quantified at different stages of purification. High sensitivity levels were achieved with LOD and LOQ of 3.8 μg mL-1 and 11.7 μg mL-1 for BSM, and 0.2 μg mL-1 and 0.6 μg mL-1 for MUC5B. AAL binding specificity was also confirmed with fucose competition assays. Our method represents an advance on mucins detection and quantification since the existing methods present several disadvantages for process development. Hereafter, it can be applied to the optimization of new or already established downstream processes for mucins' purification.
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Assad-Bustillos M, Tournier C, Septier C, Della Valle G, Feron G. Relationships of oral comfort perception and bolus properties in the elderly with salivary flow rate and oral health status for two soft cereal foods. Food Res Int 2017; 118:13-21. [PMID: 30898347 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate food oral processing and bolus formation in the elderly population, and their relationship with the perception of oral comfort, for two soft cereal products of different composition: sponge-cake and brioche. Twenty subjects aged 65 and over participated in the study. They were classified in two groups according to dental status (poor vs. satisfactory) and presented various stimulated salivary flow rate (SSF) in each group. Food bolus properties (hydration ratio and apparent viscosity) were characterized after three chewing stages for both groups. Results showed that chewing duration did not depend on food product but rather on physiology: subjects with a poor dental status had a shorter chewing duration. For each chewing stage, sponge-cake boli showed a higher hydration ratio than brioche boli, which showed higher apparent viscosity. For sponge-cake, perception of oral comfort was primarily driven by SSF rate, irrespective of the dental status. In the case of brioche, oral comfort was also partially explained by SSF in the case of subjects with poor dental status. This result suggests that perception of oral comfort in brioche could be driven by product related attributes rather than oral health. For both foods, a phenomenological model of bolus viscosity as a function of stimulated salivary flow and chewing duration was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Assad-Bustillos
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; INRA UR-1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, La Géraudière, 44316 Nantes, France; CERELAB®, La Sucrerie, 21110 Aiserey, France
| | - C Tournier
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - C Septier
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - G Della Valle
- INRA UR-1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, La Géraudière, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - G Feron
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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25
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Insight into pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome: Dissection on autoimmune infiltrates and epithelial cells. Clin Immunol 2017; 182:30-40. [PMID: 28330683 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease with broad clinical spectrum, extending from benign exocrinopathy to severe systemic disease and lymphoma development. The glandular and extraglandular dysfunction of SS is associated with lymphocytic infiltrates that invade the epithelial structures of affected organs. The in-depth study of autoimmune lesions in the minor salivary glands (MSG), which are the major target-organ of SS responses, revealed that the lymphocytic infiltrates vary in severity and composition among SS-patients, are full-blown at diagnosis and remain unchanged thereafter. Although the pathogenetic pathways underlying SS have not yet elucidated, it is well-established that glandular epithelial cells are central regulators of local autoimmune responses. Moreover, chronic inflammation affects epithelial function and phenotype, which strengthens or weakens their immunoregulatory/secretory function, leading to deterioration of autoimmune phenomena. Herein, the current findings regarding the autoimmune lesions, the role of epithelial cells and their interaction with infiltrating lymphocytic cells are discussed.
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26
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Quijada-Morín N, Crespo-Expósito C, Rivas-Gonzalo JC, García-Estévez I, Escribano-Bailón MT. Effect of the addition of flavan-3-ols on the HPLC-DAD salivary-protein profile. Food Chem 2016; 207:272-8. [PMID: 27080905 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between monomeric flavan-3-ols and salivary proteins has been studied using HPLC-DAD. A chromatographic method has been described and seven protein fractions were collected. The peptides and proteins present in each fraction have been identified using nLC-MS-MS analysis. The interaction between saliva and catechin, epicatechin and gallocatechin has been studied. These compounds interact in a discriminated way with salivary proteins: catechin causes a decrease of some fractions, epicatechin causes the decrease or increase of fractions while gallocatechin seems to cause an increase of two fractions. This variable behavior is explained, for the decrease in the chromatographic area, by the precipitation of salivary proteins and, for the increase of the area, by the formation of soluble complexes and/or for the formation of new peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Quijada-Morín
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Carlos Crespo-Expósito
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Julián C Rivas-Gonzalo
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Ignacio García-Estévez
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - María Teresa Escribano-Bailón
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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Zhang C, Liu J, Yu W, Sun D, Sun X. Susceptibility to corrosion of laser welding composite arch wire in artificial saliva of salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 55:267-71. [PMID: 26117761 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, laser-welded composite arch wire (CAW) with a copper interlayer was exposed to artificial saliva containing salivary amylase or pancreatic amylase, and the resultant corrosion behavior was studied. The purpose was to determine the mechanisms by which salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase contribute to corrosion. The effects of amylase on the electrochemical resistance of CAW were tested by potentiodynamic polarization measurements. The dissolved corrosion products were determined by ICP-OES, and the surfaces were analyzed by SEM, AFM and EDS. The results showed that both exposure to salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase significantly improved the corrosion resistance of CAW. Even isozyme could have different influences on the alloy surface. When performing in vitro research of materials to be used in oral cavity, the effect of α-amylase should be taken into account since a simple saline solution does not entirely simulate the physiological situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, No. 366 South of Jiangnan Road, Guangzhou 510280, PR China.
| | - Jiming Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Jilin University, No. 1500 Qinghua Road, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Jilin University, No. 1500 Qinghua Road, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Daqian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No. 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, PR China
| | - Xinhua Sun
- Department of Orthodontics, Jilin University, No. 1500 Qinghua Road, Changchun 130021, PR China
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Rébénaque P, Rawyler A, Boldi MO, Deneulin P. Comparison Between Sensory and Nephelometric Evaluations of Tannin Fractions Obtained by Ultrafiltration of Red Wines. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-015-9175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mounayar R, Morzel M, Brignot H, Tremblay-Franco M, Canlet C, Lucchi G, Ducoroy P, Feron G, Neyraud E. Nutri-metabolomics applied to taste perception phenotype: human subjects with high and low sensitivity to taste of fat differ in salivary response to oleic acid. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2014; 18:666-72. [PMID: 25333684 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2014.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Saliva has different functions in the mouth and is involved, for example, in taste perception. Saliva composition can also be modified rapidly by taste stimulation. It remains unclear, however, whether the perceived intensity of a tastant may modulate this response. Based on increasing evidence that fat can be perceived by the taste system and that fat taste perception may be associated with fat intake, the aim of this work was to study if stimulation by a fatty acid (oleic acid) modifies saliva composition differently in subjects highly (sensitive+) or weakly (sensitive-) sensitive to that taste. For that purpose, saliva of two groups of subjects was collected after stimulation by either a control emulsion or an emulsion containing 5.61 mM oleic acid. Saliva was analyzed by 2D electrophoresis and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The results show that sensitive+ and sensitive- subjects differ in their salivary response in terms of proteome and metabolome composition. Oppositely to sensitive- subjects, sensitive+ subjects responded to oleic acid by increased abundance of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, rab GDP dissociation inhibitor beta, and organic acids, and decreased abundance of metabolites characteristic of mucins. The results highlight that modification of saliva composition by taste stimulation may be modulated by taste perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Mounayar
- 1 CNRS, UMR6265, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , Dijon, France
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Fu K, Cheng Q, Liu Z, Chen Z, Wang Y, Ruan H, Zhou L, Xiong J, Xiao R, Liu S, Zhang Q, Yang D. Immunotoxicity assessment of rice-derived recombinant human serum albumin using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104426. [PMID: 25099245 PMCID: PMC4123919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) is extensively used in clinics to treat a variety of diseases, such as hypoproteinemia, hemorrhagic shock, serious burn injuries, cirrhotic ascites and fetal erythroblastosis. To address supply shortages and high safety risks from limited human donors, we recently developed recombinant technology to produce HSA from rice endosperm. To assess the risk potential of HSA derived from Oryza sativa (OsrHSA) before a First-in-human (FIH) trial, we compared OsrHSA and plasma-derived HSA (pHSA), evaluating the potential for an immune reaction and toxicity using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The results indicated that neither OsrHSA nor pHSA stimulated T cell proliferation at 1x and 5x dosages. We also found no significant differences in the profiles of the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subsets between OsrHSA- and pHSA-treated cells. Furthermore, the results showed that there were no significant differences between OsrHSA and pHSA in the production of cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-4. Our results demonstrated that OsrHSA has equivalent immunotoxicity to pHSA when using the PBMC model. Moreover, this ex vivo system could provide an alternative approach to predict potential risks in novel biopharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Analysis and Testing center, Wuhan, China
| | - Honggang Ruan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruijing Xiao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengwu Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daichang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Bojić-Trbojević Ž, Jovanović Krivokuća M, Kolundžić N, Petronijević M, Vrzić-Petronijević S, Golubović S, Vićovac L. Galectin-1 binds mucin in human trophoblast. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 142:541-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ozcan S, An HJ, Vieira AC, Park GW, Kim JH, Mannis MJ, Lebrilla CB. Characterization of novel O-glycans isolated from tear and saliva of ocular rosacea patients. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1090-100. [PMID: 23294139 DOI: 10.1021/pr3008013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
O-Glycans in saliva and tear isolated from patients suffering from ocular rosacea, a form of inflammatory ocular surface disease, were profiled, and their structures were elucidated using high resolution mass spectrometry. We have previously shown that certain structures, particularly sulfated oligosaccharides, increased in the tear and saliva of rosacea patients. In this study, the structures of these glycans were elucidated using primarily tandem mass spectrometry. There were important similarities in the glycan profiles of tears and saliva with the majority of the structures in common. The structures of the most abundant species common to both tear and saliva, which were also the most abundant species in both, were elucidated. For sulfated species, the positions of the sulfate groups were localized. The majority of the structures were new, with the sulfated glycans comprising mucin core 1- and core 2-type structures. As both saliva and tear are rich in mucins, it is suggested that the O-glycans are mainly components of mucins. The study further illustrates the strong correspondence between the glycans in the tear and saliva of ocular rosacea patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureyya Ozcan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Cloning a human saliva-derived peptide for preventing KSHV transmission. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1733-5. [PMID: 22377758 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yu M, Vajdy M. Mucosal HIV transmission and vaccination strategies through oral compared with vaginal and rectal routes. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1181-95. [PMID: 20624114 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.496776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD There are currently over thirty million people infected with HIV and there are no vaccines available to prevent HIV infections or disease. The genitourinary, rectal and oral mucosa are the mucosal HIV transmission routes. An effective vaccine that can induce both systemic and local mucosal immunity is generally accepted as a major means of protection against mucosal HIV transmission and AIDS. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Structure and cells that comprise the oral, vaginal and rectal mucosa pertaining to HIV transmission and vaccination strategies through each mucosal route to prevent mucosal and systemic infection will be discussed. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Covering publications from 1980s through 2010, mucosal transmission of HIV and current and previous approaches to vaccinations are discussed. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Although oral transmission of HIV is far less common than vaginal and rectal transmissions, infections through this route do occur through oral sex as well as vertically from mother to child. Mucosal vaccination strategies against oral and other mucosal HIV transmissions are under intensive research but the lack of consensus on immune correlates of protection and lack of safe and effective mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems hamper progress towards a licensed vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingke Yu
- EpitoGenesis, Inc., Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
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35
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Kramer JR, Deming TJ. Glycopolypeptides via Living Polymerization of Glycosylated-l-lysine N-Carboxyanhydrides. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:15068-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ja107425f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Kramer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1600, United States
| | - Timothy J. Deming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1600, United States
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36
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Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Saliva by a Static Sorptive Extraction Method and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:1035-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Hong JH, Duncan SE, Dietrich AM, O’Keefe SF. Evaluation of the operationally defined soluble, insoluble, and complexing copper consumed through drinking water in human saliva. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Donaldson AE, Walker NK, Lamont IL, Cordiner SJ, Taylor MC. Characterising the dynamics of expirated bloodstain pattern formation using high-speed digital video imaging. Int J Legal Med 2010; 125:757-62. [PMID: 20668870 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-010-0498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During forensic investigations, it is often important to be able to distinguish between impact spatter patterns (blood from gunshots, explosives, blunt force trauma and/or machinery accidents) and bloodstain patterns generated by expiration (blood from the mouth, nose or lungs). These patterns can be difficult to distinguish on the basis of the size of the bloodstains. In this study, high-speed digital video imaging has been used to investigate the formation of expirated bloodstain patterns generated by breathing, spitting and coughing mechanisms. Bloodstain patterns from all three expiration mechanisms were dominated by the presence of stains less than 0.5 mm in diameter. Video analysis showed that in the process of coughing blood, high-velocity, very small blood droplets were ejected first. These were followed by lower velocity, larger droplets, strands and plumes of liquid held together in part by saliva. The video images showed the formation of bubble rings and beaded stains, traditional markers for classifying expirated patterns. However, the expulsion mechanism, the distance travelled by the blood droplets, and the type of surface the blood was deposited on were all factors determining whether beaded stains were generated.
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Piras M, Hand AR, Tore G, Ledda GP, Piludu M. Ultrastructural localization of salivary mucins MUC5B and MUC7 in human labial glands. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118:14-8. [PMID: 20156260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2009.00700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
As a result of their presence throughout the mouth in the submucosa or between muscle fibers, minor salivary glands secrete directly and continuously into the oral cavity, providing mucosal surfaces with highly glycosylated proteins that are active in bacterial aggregation and in oral tissue lubrication. In this study, we investigated the ultrastructural localization of the MUC5B and MUC7 mucins in human labial glands by means of a postembedding immunogold technique. Thin sections of normal human labial glands, obtained during surgery, were incubated with polyclonal antibodies to human salivary mucins MUC5B and MUC7, and then with gold-labeled secondary antibodies. Specific MUC5B reactivity was found in the secretory granules of mucous cells of all glands examined, and was associated with the luminal membrane of duct cells. MUC7 labeling was observed in the granules of both mucous and seromucous secretory cells of the glandular parenchyma. Quantitative analyses demonstrated that seromucous granules have higher immunogold labeling densities for MUC7 than mucous granules. Our immunohistochemical data extend the results of previous light microscopic studies of MUC5B and MUC7 localizations, pointing out the significant contribution of human labial glands in the secretion process of these two mucins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Piras
- Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
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40
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Ohta N, Sato M, Ushida K, Kokubo M, Baba T, Taniguchi K, Urai M, Kihira K, Mochida J. Jellyfish mucin may have potential disease-modifying effects on osteoarthritis. BMC Biotechnol 2009; 9:98. [PMID: 19995451 PMCID: PMC2801673 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to study the effects of intra-articular injection of jellyfish mucin (qniumucin) on articular cartilage degeneration in a model of osteoarthritis (OA) created in rabbit knees by resection of the anterior cruciate ligament. Qniumucin was extracted from Aurelia aurita (moon jellyfish) and Stomolophus nomurai (Nomura's jellyfish) and purified by ion exchange chromatography. The OA model used 36 knees in 18 Japanese white rabbits. Purified qniumucin extracts from S. nomurai or A. aurita were used at 1 mg/ml. Rabbits were divided into four groups: a control (C) group injected with saline; a hyaluronic acid (HA)-only group (H group); two qniumucin-only groups (M groups); and two qniumucin + HA groups (MH groups). One milligram of each solution was injected intra-articularly once a week for 5 consecutive weeks, starting from 4 weeks after surgery. Ten weeks after surgery, the articular cartilage was evaluated macroscopically and histologically. Results In the C and M groups, macroscopic cartilage defects extended to the subchondral bone medially and laterally. When the H and both MH groups were compared, only minor cartilage degeneration was observed in groups treated with qniumucin in contrast to the group without qniumucin. Histologically, densely safranin-O-stained cartilage layers were observed in the H and two MH groups, but cartilage was strongly maintained in both MH groups. Conclusion At the concentrations of qniumucin used in this study, injection together with HA inhibited articular cartilage degeneration in this model of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshi Ohta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Senapati S, Das S, Batra SK. Mucin-interacting proteins: from function to therapeutics. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 35:236-45. [PMID: 19913432 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins that are involved in regulating diverse cellular activities both in normal and pathological conditions. Mucin activity and localization is mediated by several molecular mechanisms, including discrete interactions with other proteins. An understanding of the biochemistry behind the known interactions between mucins and other proteins, coupled with an appreciation of their pathophysiological significance, can lend insight into the development of novel therapeutic agents. Indeed, a recent study demonstrated that a cell permeable inhibitor, PMIP, that disrupts the MUC1-EGFR interaction, is effective in killing breast cancer cells in vitro and in tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantibhusan Senapati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Hong JH, Duncan SE, Dietrich AM, O'Keefe SF, Eigel WN, Mallikarjunan K. Interaction of copper and human salivary proteins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6967-6975. [PMID: 19572649 DOI: 10.1021/jf804047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of taste molecules with saliva is the first step in the flavor perception process. Saliva is assumed to influence copper-induced sensation by controlling the copper solubility or causing astringency via binding of proteins with copper. This study was performed to identify the nature of copper-protein interactions in relation to the sensory perception of copper. Saliva was treated with CuSO4 x 5H2O at levels of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/L, and changes in salivary proteins were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Protein peaks that showed changes in HPLC were characterized with SDS-PAGE. HPLC analysis revealed that copper treatment up to 40 mg/L decreased several proteins, including the dominant peak, by 70%. This peak was composed of alpha-amylase, a secretory component, and basic proline-rich proteins. SDS-PAGE results showed that salivary proteins of molecular weight 29 kDa and 33 kDa precipitated when copper was added at concentrations > or =10 mg/L. This study provides biochemical information for understanding perception mechanisms of copper sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hee Hong
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea.
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Sarkar A, Goh KK, Singh H. Colloidal stability and interactions of milk-protein-stabilized emulsions in an artificial saliva. Food Hydrocoll 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sun QF, Sun QH, Du J, Wang S. Differential gene expression profiles of normal human parotid and submandibular glands. Oral Dis 2008; 14:500-9. [PMID: 18826381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parotid and submandibular glands have different properties including characteristics of the secreted saliva and tumor incidences. The differences in properties of parotid and submandibular glands are not clear from a genetic viewpoint. OBJECTIVE To study differential gene expression profiles between normal human parotid and submandibular glands. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three pairs of normal parotid and submandibular glands were obtained. RNA was extracted from these samples. After reverse transcription, the cDNA was in vitro-transcribed to produce biotin-labeled cRNA. The purified biotin-labeled cRNA samples were hybridized to microarray chips. RESULTS Among the 54 675 tested transcripts, 47 transcripts were upregulated at least twofold in the parotid gland compared with the submandibular gland, including tumor-associated genes (pleiotrophin, WNT5A, ABCC1) and transport-associated genes (SLCO1A2, SLC13A5, KCNJ15). Ninety-eight transcripts were upregulated at least twofold in the submandibular gland compared with the parotid gland, including the chloride channel CFTR and mucin-associated genes that belong to the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway (GalNAc-T4, GalNAc-T7 and GalNAc-T13). Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of nine differentially expressed genes confirmed the microarray results. CONCLUSION This study revealed the different gene expression profiles of normal human parotid and submandibular glands, providing a genetic basis for their differing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-F Sun
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and the Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Yakubov GE, Papagiannopoulos A, Rat E, Waigh TA. Charge and interfacial behavior of short side-chain heavily glycosylated porcine stomach mucin. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:3791-9. [PMID: 17979238 DOI: 10.1021/bm700721c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The current accepted model for high-molecular-weight gastric mucins of the MUC family is that they adopt a polydisperse coil conformation in bulk solutions. We develop this model using well-characterized highly purified porcine gastric mucin and examine the molecules' charge and interfacial adsorption. "Orthana" mucin has short side-chains, low levels of sialic acid residues, and includes minute amounts of cystine residues that can be responsible for the self-polymerization of mucin. Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy are used to examine the interfacial behavior of the mucin and clearly demonstrate the existence of discrete spherical subunits within the mucin molecules, with sizes in agreement with static light scattering, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential measurements. Furthermore images indicate the combs are assembled with a beads on a string conformation; the daisy chain model. Zeta potential measurements establish the polyampholyte nature of the mucin molecules, which is used to explain their adsorption behavior on similarly charged surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb E Yakubov
- Unilever Corporate Research, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Beds MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom.
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46
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Williamson YM, Gowrisankar R, Longo DL, Facklam R, Gipson IK, Ades EP, Carlone GM, Sampson JS. Adherence of nontypeable Streptococcus pneumoniae to human conjunctival epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2007; 44:175-85. [PMID: 17936571 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Conjunctivitis outbreaks have occurred in the US in which nontypeable (NT) Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc) strains have been identified as the etiologic agent; however, the pathogenesis of Pnc conjunctivitis has not been extensively evaluated. Here we assessed the adhesive and invasive properties of 13 NT US conjunctivitis outbreak strains (cPnc) using an immortalized human conjunctival epithelial cell (HCjE) line expressing high or low levels of mucin as a surrogate for in vivo ocular surface events. Studies reveal differential binding efficiencies (up to 18-fold) among cPnc strains to HCjE cells and reduced or little adherence efficiency to high mucin-expressing (HME-HCjE). Additionally, in the presence of exogenous mucin there is considerable inhibition (20% to approximately 100%) of bacterial binding to the HCjE cells. Invasion assays suggest that the cPnc are internalized in HCjE, and less in HME-HCjE cells. Microarray analysis of cPnc isolates revealed an up-regulation of Pnc neuraminidases, and treatment of HME-HCjE cells with exogenous neuraminidase resulted in a 2-13-fold enhancement in cPnc binding. The results indicate that mucin acts as a protective barrier in vitro and that neuraminidases, which can degrade mucin, may be contributing factors leading to bacterial adherence, a first step in the pathogenesis of this transmissible infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulanda M Williamson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Building 18, B-133, MS-G5, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Ogasawara Y, Namai T, Yoshino F, Lee MCI, Ishii K. Sialic acid is an essential moiety of mucin as a hydroxyl radical scavenger. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:2473-7. [PMID: 17485090 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we examined the antioxidant role of mucin, a typical sialic acid containing high-molecular weight glycoprotein. The function of mucin as a hydroxyl radical (.OH) scavenger was characterized using bovine submaxillary gland mucin (BSM). Non-treated BSM effectively protected DNA from the attack of .OH; however, desialylated BSM lost this potential. Moreover, we estimated the scavenging effects of BSM against .OH generated by UV irradiation of hydrogen peroxide using ESR analysis. Our results indicate that BSM has .OH scavenging ability the and sialic acid in mucin is an essential moiety to scavenge .OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ogasawara
- Department of Environmental Biology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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Horter DC, Yoon KJ, Zimmerman JJ. A review of porcine tonsils in immunity and disease. Anim Health Res Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nobbs AH, Zhang Y, Khammanivong A, Herzberg MC. Streptococcus gordonii Hsa environmentally constrains competitive binding by Streptococcus sanguinis to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:3106-14. [PMID: 17277052 PMCID: PMC1855861 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01535-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition between pioneer colonizing bacteria may determine polymicrobial succession during dental plaque development, but the ecological constraints are poorly understood. For example, more Streptococcus sanguinis than Streptococcus gordonii organisms are consistently isolated from the same intraoral sites, yet S. gordonii fails to be excluded and survives as a species over time. To explain this observation, we hypothesized that S. gordonii could compete with S. sanguinis to adhere to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (sHA), an in vitro model of the tooth surface. Both species bound similarly to sHA, yet 10- to 50-fold excess S. gordonii DL1 reduced binding of S. sanguinis SK36 by 85 to >95%. S. sanguinis, by contrast, did not significantly compete with S. gordonii to adhere. S. gordonii competed with S. sanguinis more effectively than other species of oral streptococci and depended upon the salivary film on HA. Next, putative S. gordonii adhesins were analyzed for contributions to interspecies competitive binding. Like wild-type S. gordonii, isogenic mutants with mutations in antigen I/II polypeptides (sspAB), amylase-binding proteins (abpAB), and Csh adhesins (cshAB) competed effectively against S. sanguinis. By contrast, an hsa-deficient mutant of S. gordonii showed significantly reduced binding and competitive capabilities, while these properties were restored in an hsa-complemented strain. Thus, Hsa confers a selective advantage to S. gordonii over S. sanguinis in competitive binding to sHA. Hsa expression may, therefore, serve as an environmental constraint against S. sanguinis, enabling S. gordonii to persist within the oral cavity, despite the greater natural prevalence of S. sanguinis in plaque and saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela H Nobbs
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, 17-164 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware Street, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Ramachandran P, Boontheung P, Xie Y, Sondej M, Wong DT, Loo JA. Identification of N-linked glycoproteins in human saliva by glycoprotein capture and mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:1493-503. [PMID: 16740002 DOI: 10.1021/pr050492k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins make up a major and important part of the salivary proteome and play a vital role in maintaining the health of the oral cavity. Because changes in the physiological state of a person are reflected as changes in the glycoproteome composition, mapping the salivary glycoproteome will provide insights into various processes in the body. Salivary glycoproteins were identified by the hydrazide coupling and release method. In this approach, glycoproteins were coupled onto a hydrazide resin, the proteins were then digested and formerly N-glycosylated peptides were selectively released with the enzyme PNGase F and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Employing this method, coupled with in-solution isoelectric focusing separation as an additional means for pre-fractionation, we identified 84 formerly N-glycosylated peptides from 45 unique N-glycoproteins. Of these, 16 glycoproteins have not been reported previously in saliva. In addition, we identified 44 new sites of N-linked glycosylation on the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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