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TNP-470: The Resurrection of the First Synthetic Angiogenesis Inhibitor. Angiogenesis 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-71518-6_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dasgupta B, Yi Y, Hegedus B, Weber JD, Gutmann DH. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomic analysis reveals dysregulation of methionine aminopeptidase-2 expression in human and mouse neurofibromatosis 1-associated glioma. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9843-50. [PMID: 16267007 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Individuals affected with the neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) tumor predisposition syndrome are prone to the development of multiple nervous system tumors, including optic pathway gliomas (OPG). The NF1 tumor suppressor gene product, neurofibromin, functions as a Ras GTPase-activating protein, and has been proposed to regulate cell growth by inhibiting Ras activity. Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that neurofibromin also regulates the mammalian target of rapamycin activity in a Ras-dependent fashion, and that the rapamycin-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition ameliorates the Nf1-/- astrocyte growth advantage. Moreover, Nf1-deficient astrocytes exhibit increased protein translation. As part of a larger effort to identify protein markers for NF1-associated astrocytomas that could be exploited for therapeutic drug design, we did an objective proteomic analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid from genetically engineered Nf1 mice with optic glioma. One of the proteins found to be increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of OPG-bearing mice was the eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha binding protein, methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2). In this study, we show that Nf1 mouse OPGs and NF1-associated human astrocytic tumors, but not sporadic pilocytic or other low-grade astrocytomas, specifically expressed high levels of MetAP2. In addition, we show that Nf1-deficient astrocytes overexpress MetAP2 in vitro and in vivo, and that treatment with the MetAP2 inhibitor fumagillin significantly reduces Nf1-/- astrocyte proliferation in vitro. These observations suggest that MetAP2 is regulated by neurofibromin, and that MetAP2 inhibitors could be potentially employed to treat NF1-associated tumor proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Dasgupta
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Fang TD, Salim A, Xia W, Nacamuli RP, Guccione S, Song HM, Carano RA, Filvaroff EH, Bednarski MD, Giaccia AJ, Longaker MT. Angiogenesis is required for successful bone induction during distraction osteogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:1114-24. [PMID: 15940364 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.050301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of angiogenesis during mechanically induced bone formation is incompletely understood. The relationship between the mechanical environment, angiogenesis, and bone formation was determined in a rat distraction osteogenesis model. Disruption of either the mechanical environment or endothelial cell proliferation blocked angiogenesis and bone formation. This study further defines the role of the mechanical environment and angiogenesis during distraction osteogenesis. INTRODUCTION Whereas successful fracture repair requires a coordinated and complex transcriptional program that integrates mechanotransductive signaling, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis, the interdependence of these processes is not fully understood. In this study, we use a system of bony regeneration known as mandibular distraction osteogenesis (DO) in which a controlled mechanical stimulus promotes bone induction after an osteotomy and gradual separation of the osteotomy edges to examine the relationship between the mechanical environment, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with gradual distraction, gradual distraction plus the angiogenic inhibitor TNP-470, or acute distraction (a model of failed bony regeneration). Animals were killed at the end of distraction (day 13) or at the end of consolidation (day 41) and examined with muCT, histology, and immunohistochemistry for angiogenesis and bone formation (n = 4 per time-point per group). An additional group of animals (n = 6 per time-point per group) was processed for microarray analysis at days 5, 9, 13, 21, and 41. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Either TNP-470 administration or disruption of the mechanical environment prevented normal osteogenesis and resulted in a fibrous nonunion. Subsequent analysis of the regenerate showed an absence of angiogenesis by gross histology and immunohistochemical localization of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule in the groups that failed to heal. Microarray analysis revealed distinct patterns of expression of genes associated with osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and hypoxia in each of the three groups. Our findings confirm the interdependence of the mechanical environment, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis during DO, and suggest that induction of proangiogenic genes and the proper mechanical environment are both necessary to support new vasculature for bone induction in DO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony D Fang
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5148, USA
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Abstract
Primary central nervous system tumors are infrequent lesions observed in both pediatric and adult patients that account for a disproportionate amount of cancer related morbidity and mortality. A significant number of advances in neurosurgical and radiation therapy techniques have occurred over the last few decades and yet only small improvements in long-term outcome have resulted. The major reason for this is the ability of these advances to minimize surgical or radiation morbidity on surrounding normal tissue rather than eradicating the microscopic infiltrating disease that remains after up-front standard therapy. As such, a great deal of effort has gone into adjuvant chemotherapy that might complement the standard surgical and radiation approaches. This paper will review the literature on anti-angiogenic therapies in central nervous system (CNS) tumor models and clinical disease, with a focus on anti-angiogenic chemotherapy (also referred to as metronomic or low-dose chemotherapy) and the utilization of this approach in conjunction with standard radiation and surgery. A number of excellent reviews covering related aspects of this topic are also available (1-13).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Kieran
- Harvard Medical School, Pediatric Medical Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Karpati G, Nalbantoglu J. The principles of molecular therapies for glioblastoma. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2003; 55:151-63. [PMID: 12968535 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(03)01006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George Karpati
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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Fine HA, Wen PY, Maher EA, Viscosi E, Batchelor T, Lakhani N, Figg WD, Purow BW, Borkowf CB. Phase II trial of thalidomide and carmustine for patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:2299-304. [PMID: 12805330 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2003.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of thalidomide as an antiangiogenic agent has met with only limited success in the treatment of malignant gliomas. On the basis of preclinical data demonstrating synergistic antitumor activity when antiangiogenic agents are combined with cytotoxic agents, we explored the clinical activity of the combination of thalidomide and carmustine (BCNU) in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with a histologic diagnosis of high-grade glioma and radiographic evidence of tumor progression after standard surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy were eligible for the study. Patients received BCNU 200 mg/m2 on day 1 of every 6-week cycle, and 800 mg/d of thalidomide that was escalated to a maximal dose of 1,200 mg/d as tolerated. RESULTS A total of 40 patients (38 with glioblastomas, two with anaplastic gliomas) were accrued to the study. The combination of thalidomide and BCNU was well tolerated; mild myelosuppression and mild to moderate sedation were the most common side effects. The median progression-free survival (100 days) and the objective radiographic response rate (24%) for patients with glioblastoma compared favorably with data from historical controls. CONCLUSION This is one of the first clinical trials to evaluate the strategy of combining a putative antiangiogenic agent with a cytotoxic agent in patients with primary brain tumors. Our data demonstrate that thalidomide in combination with BCNU is well tolerated and has antitumor activity in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. Although the combination seems to be more active than either agent alone, such conclusions await confirmatory trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard A Fine
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1911, Building 10, Room 12S245, Bethesda, MD 20892-1911, USA.
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Abstract
It is accepted that novel therapeutic approaches are needed for the majority of patients with malignant brain tumors. The vascularity of many primary brain tumors and the encouraging preclinical studies suggest that antiangiogenic agents have the potential to become an important component of multimodality treatment of patients with brain tumors. The understanding of the biology of angiogenesis is improving rapidly, offering the hope for more specific vascular targeting of brain tumor neovasculature. Neuroimaging techniques evaluating the angiogenic process and the impact of antiangiogenic agents will be an important tool for the rapid development of these novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Fisher
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, ARC 907B, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399, USA
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Pu YS, Do KA, Luo W, Logothetis CJ, Lin SH. Enhanced suppression of prostate tumor growth by combining C-CAM1 gene therapy and angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470. Anticancer Drugs 2002; 13:743-9. [PMID: 12187331 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200208000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that C-CAM1-based gene therapy effectively suppressed prostate tumor growth in nude mice xenograft models. In this study, we examined the effects of combining C-CAM1-based therapy and TNP-470, a potent angiogenesis inhibitor, on prostate cancer in a xenografted tumor model. The direct cytotoxic effects of Ad-C-CAM1 (recombinant adenovirus containing C-CAM1 cDNA) and TNP-470 on DU145 cells in vitro were determined by microculture tetrazolium assay. The in vivo antitumor effects of either agent alone were studied in a DU145 xenografted tumor model. Cells were infected with Ad-C-CAM1 or the control virus at multiplicities of infection (m.o.i.) of 5 or 10 and then inoculated onto nude mice 48 h later. TNP-470 (0, 17 or 35 mg/kg) was given 15, 17 and 19 days after inoculation. Combined treatments in vivo were carried out to determine whether there were synergistic antitumor effects. Both Ad-C-CAM1 and the control virus were minimally toxic to DU145 in vitro. There was evident dose-dependent suppression of xenografted tumor growth by either Ad-C-CAM1 or TNP-470. By the median-effect analysis, combination of the two agents generated strong synergistic antitumor effects as shown by marked tumor suppression as compared to either treatment alone. The novel strategy may have clinical implications for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Shiau Pu
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan 100, ROC.
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Morales C, Zurita M, Vaquero J. Antitumor effect of TNP-470 is not associated to decrease of angiogenesis in an experimental malignant neuroectodermic tumor. J Neurooncol 2002; 58:131-6. [PMID: 12164684 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016039411914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that tumor growth depends on neovascularization has been broadly used in oncology research. TNP-470 is a fumagillin synthetic analog that is isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus, and experimental studies suggested that it shows antitumor effect mediated by its strong antiangiogenic effect. Because limited experience exists about the antitumoral effect of TNP-470 in cerebral tumors, we have carried out a study in order to evaluate the effect of TNP-470 on tumor growth and the vascular area in an experimental malignant neuroectodermic tumor growing in the subcutaneous space of immunocompetent Wistar rats. Our results showed a significant tumor growth inhibition in animals treated with TNP-470 when compared to those in the control group (intratumoral injections were administered in 30 mg/kg dose, three times a week on alternate days during four consecutive weeks). Since the quantitative analysis of tumor vascular parameters--number of microvessels and total intratumor vascular area--in the experimental groups did not show significant statistical differences, we conclude that TNP-470 has a significant antitumor effect on our neuroectodermic tumor, but this effect is mediated by other antineoplastic mechanisms that are independent of its previously described angiostatic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Morales
- Neuroscience Research Unit of the Mapfre-Medicine Foundation, Puerta de Hierro Clinic, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
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MacDonald TJ, Taga T, Shimada H, Tabrizi P, Zlokovic BV, Cheresh DA, Laug WE. Preferential susceptibility of brain tumors to the antiangiogenic effects of an alpha(v) integrin antagonist. Neurosurgery 2001; 48:151-7. [PMID: 11152340 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200101000-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain tumors are highly angiogenic, and their growth and spread depend on the generation of new blood vessels. We examined the effect of the cyclic peptide antagonist pentapeptide EMD 121974, an antiangiogenic agent, on orthotopic and heterotopic brain tumor growth. METHODS The human brain tumor cell lines DAOY (medulloblastoma) and U87 MG (glioblastoma) were injected into either the forebrain (orthotopic) or the subcutis (heterotopic) of nude mice, and daily systemic treatment with the active peptide was initiated after tumors were established. RESULTS All control animals with orthotopic brain tumors and that received the inactive peptide EMD 135981 daily died as a result of tumor progression within 4 to 6 weeks; tumors measured 3 to 5 mm in diameter. In contrast, mice with orthotopic tumors that were treated daily with the active peptide survived for more than 16 weeks, and histological examination of the brains after 4, 8, and 12 weeks showed either no tumors or microscopic residual tumors. The growth of these brain tumor cells injected simultaneously or separately into the subcutis of nude mice (heterotopic model) was not affected by the active peptide, suggesting that the brain environment is a critical determinant of brain tumor susceptibility to growth inhibition by this pentapeptide. CONCLUSION The cyclic pentapeptide EMD 121974 may become a treatment option specific to brain tumors. Because of its antiangiogenic effect, its use may be especially indicated after tumors are removed surgically.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90027, USA
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MacDonald TJ, Taga T, Shimada H, Tabrizi P, Zlokovic BV, Cheresh DA, Laug WE. Preferential Susceptibility of Brain Tumors to the Antiangiogenic Effects of an αv Integrin Antagonist. Neurosurgery 2001. [DOI: 10.1227/00006123-200101000-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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12
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Linskey ME. Multi-agent cytostatic treatment of 'low-grade' gliomas. Curr Oncol Rep 2000; 2:454-62. [PMID: 11122878 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-000-0066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rationale and current supporting evidence for a complementary, multi-agent, low-toxicity, chronic, cytostatic therapeutic approach to treating patients with gliomas is presented in detail. This strategy would involve the simultaneous treatment of patients with DNA/chromosomal stabilizing agent(s), anti-angiogenesis agent(s), and anti- invasion agent(s), with or without the addition of a low-toxicity antiproliferation agent. Oral agents would be the ideal for this chronic, potentially life-long, therapeutic approach. The most logical target group would be patients with newly diagnosed "low-grade" gliomas rather than those with more malignant (usually recurrent) gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Linskey
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 507, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
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13
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Abstract
The prognosis of patients with malignant brain tumors remains poor despite new developments in neurosurgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Malignant gliomas are highly vascularized, and there is ample evidence that their growth is angiogenesis-dependent. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches often include the inhibition of angiogenesis. In this review, experimental studies of antiangiogenic agents in brain tumor models are summarized. The results of these experiments as well as potential pitfalls in extrapolation to the clinic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Bernsen
- Institute of Radiotherapy, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Bernsen HJ, Rijken PF, Peters JP, Bakker JH, Boerman RH, Wesseling P, van der Kogel AJ. Suramin treatment of human glioma xenografts; effects on tumor vasculature and oxygenation status. J Neurooncol 1999; 44:129-36. [PMID: 10619496 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006363215260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study the effect of suramin on tumor growth, vascularity and oxygenation of a human glioma xenografted in the nude mouse was examined. Vascular parameters and oxygenation status of the xenografts were determined immunohistochemically in frozen sections of the tumors, using the hypoxia marker pimonidazole-hydrochloride to detect hypoxic areas. Tumor vessels in these sections were stained by an endothelial cell marker and perfusion of vessels was visualized by administration of the perfusion marker Hoechst 333342 before harvesting the tumors. The vascular parameters were quantified with an image analysis system. The results show that tumor growth was reduced considerably after suramin treatment. This growth suppression was accompanied by marked changes in vascular architecture. Although the total vascular area and perfused fraction of tumor vessels remained unchanged after suramin treatment, vascular density increased, indicating that more but smaller vessel structures had developed during therapy. These vessel structures were also more homogeneously spread over the tumor area. Control tumors showed extensive areas of hypoxia while in treated tumors hypoxic areas had mostly disappeared. This effect was probably due to the higher density of homogeneously distributed perfused vessel structures in the treated tumors, contributing to an increased oxygenation of the tumor. These observations suggest that suramin therapy can result in marked changes not only in tumor vascularity but also in tumor oxygenation status which may have important consequences for sensitivity of these tumors to other therapies such as radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Bernsen
- Institute of Radiotherapy, University of Nijmegen, and Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, The Netherlands
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Wong ET, Hess KR, Gleason MJ, Jaeckle KA, Kyritsis AP, Prados MD, Levin VA, Yung WK. Outcomes and prognostic factors in recurrent glioma patients enrolled onto phase II clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:2572-8. [PMID: 10561324 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1999.17.8.2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 682] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine aggregate outcomes and prognostic covariates in patients with recurrent glioma enrolled onto phase II chemotherapy trials. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients from eight consecutive phase II trials included 225 with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and 150 with recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma (AA). Their median age was 45 years (range, 15 to 82 years) and their median Karnofsky performance score was 80 (range, 60 to 100). Prognostic covariates were analyzed with respect to tumor response, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) by multivariate logistic and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. RESULTS Overall, 34 (9%) had complete or partial response, whereas 80 (21%) were alive and progression-free at 6 months (APF6). The median PFS was 10 weeks and median OS was 30 weeks. Histology was a robust prognostic factor across all outcomes. GBM patients had significantly poorer outcomes than AA patients. The APF6 proportion was 15% for GBM and 31% for AA, whereas the median PFS was 9 weeks for GBM and 13 weeks for AA. Results were also significantly poorer for patients with more than two prior surgeries or chemotherapy regimens. CONCLUSION Histology is a dominant factor in determining outcome in patients with recurrent glioma enrolled onto phase II trials. Future trials should be designed with separate histology strata.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Wong
- Departments of Neuro-Oncology and Biomathematics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Hiraki Y, Mitsui K, Endo N, Takahashi K, Hayami T, Inoue H, Shukunami C, Tokunaga K, Kono T, Yamada M, Takahashi HE, Kondo J. Molecular cloning of human chondromodulin-I, a cartilage-derived growth modulating factor, and its expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 260:869-78. [PMID: 10103018 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine chondromodulin-I (ChM-I) purified from fetal cartilage stimulated the matrix synthesis of chondrocytes, and inhibited the growth of vascular endothelial cells in vitro. The human counterpart of this bovine growth regulating factor has not been identified. We report here the cloning of human ChM-I precursor cDNA and its functional expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. We first identified a genomic DNA fragment which encoded the N-terminus of the ChM-I precursor, and then isolated human ChM-I cDNA from chondrosarcoma tissue by PCR. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed that mature human ChM-I consists of 120 amino acids. In total, 16 amino acid residues were substituted in the human sequence, compared to the bovine counterpart. Almost of all the substitutions were found in the N-terminal hydrophilic domain. In the C-terminal hydrophobic domain (from Phe42 to Val120), the amino acid sequence was identical except for Tyr90, indicating a functional significance of the domain. Northern blotting and in situ hybridization indicated a specific expression of ChM-I mRNA in cartilage. We also successfully determined the cartilage-specific localization of ChM-I protein, using a specific antibody against recombinant human ChM-I. Multiple transfection of the precursor cDNA into CHO cells enabled us to isolate the mature form of human ChM-I from the culture supernatant. Purified recombinant human ChM-I stimulated proteoglycan synthesis in cultured chondrocytes. In contrast, it inhibited the tube morphogenesis of cultured vascular endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membrane in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hiraki
- Department of Molecular Interaction and Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan.
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Dennie J, Mandeville JB, Boxerman JL, Packard SD, Rosen BR, Weisskoff RM. NMR imaging of changes in vascular morphology due to tumor angiogenesis. Magn Reson Med 1998; 40:793-9. [PMID: 9840821 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910400602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-sprouted vessels are greater in both number and diameter in comparison to their healthy counterparts. A novel technique based on magnetic susceptibility contrast mechanisms that are sensitive to varying sizes of blood vessels is presented to measure differences between the relaxation rates (1/T2 and 1/T2*) in a rat glioma model and normal cerebral cortex. deltaR2 and deltaR2*, the differences between relaxation rates precontrast and postcontrast agent injection, were measured for an intravascular equilibrium contrast agent (MION) at various echo times. Since deltaR2*/deltaR2 increases as vessel size increases, this ratio can be used as a measure of the average vessel size within an ROI or a voxel. The stability and longevity of the contrast agent within the vasculature were verified (n = 2 trials), and the ratio of deltaR2*/deltaR2 between the tumor and normal cortex was measured to be 1.9+/-0.2 (n = 4, echo time = 20 ms, and susceptibility difference (deltachi) approximately 10(-6)). This ratio compared favorably to a predicted ratio determined using histologically determined vessel sizes and theoretical Monte Carlo modeling results (1.9+/-0.1). Maps of the ratio of deltaR2*/deltaR2 were also made on a pixel-by-pixel basis. These techniques support the hypothesis that susceptibility contrast MRI can provide useful quantitative metrics of in vivo tumor vascular morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dennie
- MGH-NMR Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Kria L, Ohira A, Amemiya T. TNP-470 (a fungus-derived inhibitor of angiogenesis) reduces proliferation of cultured fibroblasts isolated from primary pterygia: a possible drug therapy for pterygia. Curr Eye Res 1998; 17:986-93. [PMID: 9788301 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.17.10.986.5245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study drug therapy for pterygium, especially the effect of a fumagillin analog, TNP-470, a potent anti-angiogenic compound, on the growth of cultured fibroblasts obtained from primary pterygia and normal human conjunctiva. METHODS Cultured pterygium fibroblasts (PF) were exposed to different concentrations of TNP-470 every other day for 7 days (Treatment A) and to a single dose before 4 days of culture (Treatment B). Human normal conjunctival fibroblasts (HCF) were treated with TNP-470 every other day for 7 days. The cells were observed daily by phase contrast microscopy. Cell proliferation was assessed by counting cells with a hemocytometer. Trypan blue uptake was used to determine cell viability at harvest. RESULTS TNP-470 induced a significant inhibition of PF and HCF proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (P < .0001). At the lowest dose of TNP-470 (100 pg/ml), the cumulative inhibitory effect of TNP-470 was more potent than the sustained inhibitory effect observed by treatment B in one high dose. Nevertheless, the cytotoxic effect was dose-dependent and more marked after treatment A than after treatment B. After washing out of the drug, partial reversibility was observed at doses lower than 5 mg/ml with a significant increase of viability. HCF were less sensitive to TNP-470 and doses less than 5 mg/ml were not cytotoxic. CONCLUSIONS TNP-470 appears to have a marked inhibitory effect on PF proliferation, and it may be of considerable value in the prevention of pterygium growth and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kria
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cytotoxic therapy for malignant gliomas is limited by poor delivery and drug resistance, and local therapy is ineffective in managing migratory cells. However, recent developments in malignant glioma therapy involve trials of cytostatic rather than conventional cytotoxic agents. METHODS: The biology of the brain extracellular matrix, tumor invasion, and angiogenesis are reviewed, and the cytostatic agents that inhibit matrix metalloproteinases, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and signal transduction are discussed, as well as studies of the angiogenic and migratory capacity of malignant brain tumors. RESULTS: Two specific and interrelated areas, anti-invasion (migration) and anti-angiogenesis, are potential areas to develop new treatment strategies. Tumor invasion and angiogenesis are important components of the spread and biologic effects of malignant gliomas. Several proteinase inhibitors are in clinical trial, as well as anti-angiogenic agents and signal transduction cascade inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: Biologic control of brain tumor cell populations may offer a new management approach to add to currently available management options for malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mikkelsen
- Henry Ford Midwest Neuro-Oncology Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Detroit, Ml 48202, USA
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Saitoh Y, Arita N, Ohnishi T, Ekramullah S, Takemura K, Hayakawa T. Absence of apoptosis in somatotropinomas treated with octreotide. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1997; 139:851-6. [PMID: 9351990 DOI: 10.1007/bf01411403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Octreotide is a potent agonist of somatostatin that lowers the serum level of growth hormone (GH), and reduces the size of somatotropinomas. However, the detailed mechanism of shrinkage of this tumour is not known. We, therefore, evaluated 11 patients with somatotropinomas who were treated with octreotide 300 micrograms/day for 2-5 weeks to observe the morphological changes in the tumour using electron microscopy and the immunocytochemical study of apoptosis using polyclonal anti-single stranded DNA. Findings were compared with those obtained with bromocriptine treatment (10 mg/day, 2 weeks) of 5 patients with somatotropinomas, and 11 patients who received no preoperative treatment (control group). The octreotide group showed neither increase in stromal tissue nor cell death. The size of tumour cells appeared to be slightly reduced. No typical apoptotic bodies were seen on the electron micrographs. The apoptotic index in the octreotide group (0.40 +/- 0.60%; mean +/- SD) resembled that in the control group (0.81 +/- 0.79%). In contrast, the bromocriptine group showed some cell death and an increase in stromal tissue. The bromocriptine group also showed the apoptotic index which (20.1 +/- 14.8%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (0.81 +/- 0.79%). Thus, octreotide did not induce apoptosis in somatotropinomas despite the presence of tumour shrinkage. Because of the lack of fibrosis observed in the octreotide-treated tumours, the preoperative administration of octreotide may help to improve the outcome of the transsphenoidal operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Saitoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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21
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Johnson JP, Bruce JN. Angiogenesis in human gliomas: prognostic and therapeutic implications. EXS 1997; 79:29-46. [PMID: 9002219 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9006-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J P Johnson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute of New York, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
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22
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Abstract
Gliomas are highly resistant to conventional therapeutic measures, requiring the development of novel treatments. Since gliomas are particularly vascular tumors, one approach involves treatments directed at inhibiting angiogenic mechanisms. Although multiple factors contribute to the ultimate vascularization of any tumor, some are especially relevant to gliomas. Early experimental work directed at inhibiting angiogenic pathways has shown promise toward achieving control of tumor growth. This article focuses on the evidence that angiogenesis and related vascular cell responses play important roles in glioma biology, and reviews those biochemical pathways known through experimentation to be involved in the vascular response to gliomas. Finally, contemporary vessel-targeted approaches that have been used to inhibit glioma growth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guerin
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland 20889-5000, USA
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23
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Ekramullah SM, Saitoh Y, Arita N, Ohnishi T, Hayakawa T. The correlation of Ki-67 staining indices with tumour doubling times in regrowing non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1996; 138:1449-55. [PMID: 9030353 DOI: 10.1007/bf01411125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve our ability to predict the regrowth of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, we tried to assess the correlation between growth fractions with Ki-67 and PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and tumour doubling times in regrowing tumours, and also to find out any difference of growth fractions between the regrowing and the cured cases. In 33 patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas, 14 cases including 11 with cavernous sinus invasion showed residual tumour on MRI after the operation (regrowing group) and 19 cases had no tumour regrowth on MRI within 5 years after the operation (cured group). Immunocytochemical studies were done with monoclonal antibodies (anti-PCNA, anti-Ki-67: MIB-1). The growth fraction of each tumour was estimated by calculating the ratio of the positive nuclei to the total number of tumour cells with the aid of an image analyser (Mac SCOPE). The tumour doubling times were estimated from serial CT or MRI with the aid of the image analyser (NIH image). Ki-67 staining indices ranged from 0.2% to 1.5% (n = 14, 0.86 +/- 0.10%; mean +/- SEM) in the regrowing group, and from 0.1% to 0.5% (n = 19, 0.23 +/- 0.03%) in the cured group. PCNA staining indices of the regrowing group ranged from 0.6% to 24% (n = 14, 3.7 +/- 1.6%). In the regrowing group, the tumour doubling times ranged from 200 to 2550 days (930 +/- 180 days), and showed a significant inverse correlation with Ki-67 staining indices, but no correlation with PCNA staining indices. The regrowing group showed a significantly higher Ki-67 staining index (n = 14, 0.86 +/- 0.10%) than the cured group (n = 19, 0.23 +/- 0.03%) (p < 0.01). These results indicate that immunocytochemical studies using MIB-1 may be better than those with PCNA for the prediction of regrowth in non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Immunocytochemical study with MIB-1 could lead to the accurate prediction of the rapid regrowing lesions in non-functioning adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ekramullah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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