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Xu Y, Lin Y, Yu M, Zhou K. The nucleus accumbens in reward and aversion processing: insights and implications. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1420028. [PMID: 39184934 PMCID: PMC11341389 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1420028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc), a central component of the brain's reward circuitry, has been implicated in a wide range of behaviors and emotional states. Emerging evidence, primarily drawing from recent rodent studies, suggests that the function of the NAc in reward and aversion processing is multifaceted. Prolonged stress or drug use induces maladaptive neuronal function in the NAc circuitry, which results in pathological conditions. This review aims to provide comprehensive and up-to-date insights on the role of the NAc in motivated behavior regulation and highlights areas that demand further in-depth analysis. It synthesizes the latest findings on how distinct NAc neuronal populations and pathways contribute to the processing of opposite valences. The review examines how a range of neuromodulators, especially monoamines, influence the NAc's control over various motivational states. Furthermore, it delves into the complex underlying mechanisms of psychiatric disorders such as addiction and depression and evaluates prospective interventions to restore NAc functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kuikui Zhou
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Dumiaty Y, Underwood BM, Phy-Lim J, Chee MJ. Neurocircuitry underlying the actions of glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY 3-36 in the suppression of food, drug-seeking, and anxiogenesis. Neuropeptides 2024; 105:102427. [PMID: 38579490 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2024.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a critical health condition worldwide that increases the risks of comorbid chronic diseases, but it can be managed with weight loss. However, conventional interventions relying on diet and exercise are inadequate for achieving and maintaining weight loss, thus there is significant market interest for pharmaceutical anti-obesity agents. For decades, receptor agonists for the gut peptide glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) featured prominently in anti-obesity medications by suppressing appetite and food reward to elicit rapid weight loss. As the neurocircuitry underlying food motivation overlaps with that for drugs of abuse, GLP-1 receptor agonism has also been shown to decrease substance use and relapse, thus its therapeutic potential may extend beyond weight management to treat addictions. However, as prolonged use of anti-obesity drugs may increase the risk of mood-related disorders like anxiety and depression, and individuals taking GLP-1-based medication commonly report feeling demotivated, the long-term safety of such drugs is an ongoing concern. Interestingly, current research now focuses on dual agonist approaches that include GLP-1 receptor agonism to enable synergistic effects on weight loss or associated functions. GLP-1 is secreted from the same intestinal cells as the anorectic gut peptide, Peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36), thus this review assessed the therapeutic potential and underlying neural circuits targeted by PYY3-36 when administered independently or in combination with GLP-1 to curb the appetite for food or drugs of abuse like opiates, alcohol, and nicotine. Additionally, we also reviewed animal and human studies to assess the impact, if any, for GLP-1 and/or PYY3-36 on mood-related behaviors in relation to anxiety and depression. As dual agonists targeting GLP-1 and PYY3-36 may produce synergistic effects, they can be effective at lower doses and offer an alternative approach for therapeutic benefits while mitigating undesirable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Dumiaty
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Brett M Underwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Jenny Phy-Lim
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Melissa J Chee
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Han P, Jing X, Han S, Wang X, Li Q, Zhang Y, Yu P, Liu XA, Wu P, Chen H, Hou H, Hu Q. Pharmacokinetic differences in nicotine and nicotine salts mediate reinforcement-related behavior: an animal model study. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1288102. [PMID: 38033549 PMCID: PMC10687399 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1288102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their introduction in the United States and Europe in 2007, electronic cigarettes (E-Cigs) have become increasingly popular among smokers. Nicotine, a key component in both tobacco and e-cigarettes, can exist in two forms: nicotine-freebase (FBN) and nicotine salts (NS). While nicotine salt is becoming more popular in e-cigarettes, the effect of nicotine salts on reinforcement-related behaviors remains poorly understood. This study aimed to compare the reinforcing effects of nicotine and nicotine salts in animal models of drug self-administration and explore potential mechanisms that may contribute to these differences. The results demonstrated that three nicotine salts (nicotine benzoate, nicotine lactate, and nicotine tartrate) resulted in greater reinforcement-related behaviors in rats compared to nicotine-freebase. Moreover, withdrawal-induced anxiety symptoms were lower in the three nicotine salt groups than in the nicotine-freebase group. The study suggested that differences in the pharmacokinetics of nicotine-freebase and nicotine salts in vivo may explain the observed behavioral differences. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the reinforcing effects of nicotine as well as potential differences between nicotine-freebase and nicotine salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Jing
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shulei Han
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, China
| | - Xinsheng Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiannan Li
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, China
| | - Pengpeng Yu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-an Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, China
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Amchova P, Ruda-Kucerova J. Depressive-like phenotype enhances relapse of nicotine seeking after forced abstinence in rats. World J Biol Psychiatry 2023; 24:46-57. [PMID: 35473452 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2070665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Comorbidity of depression and drug addiction is common, but effective treatment is missing. A rat model combining the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) model and IV drug self-administration has provided evidence of differential reactivity of the OBX rats towards drugs of abuse. This study evaluates nicotine taking and seeking behaviour in this model. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were used; in one group, the OBX was performed while the other group was sham-operated. After three weeks of nicotine self-administration (fixed ratio-1 schedule), rats underwent two weeks of forced abstinence followed by a drug-free relapse-like session. Two doses of nicotine were studied: 0.019 and 0.030 mg/kg per infusion. The locomotor test took place before the self-administration protocol and on the first day of abstinence. RESULTS OBX induced characteristic hyperactive locomotor phenotype. OBX rats self-administered more nicotine in the experiment using 0.019 mg/kg per infusion, but they reached lower drug intake in the study using 0.030 mg/kg per infusion. However, relapse of nicotine seeking after forced abstinence was significantly higher in the OBX groups in both cohorts. CONCLUSION These results are in line with previous studies showing OBX-induced dissimilarities in drug-seeking and drug-taking and represent complementary information to reports on other substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Amchova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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Wills L, Ables JL, Braunscheidel KM, Caligiuri SPB, Elayouby KS, Fillinger C, Ishikawa M, Moen JK, Kenny PJ. Neurobiological Mechanisms of Nicotine Reward and Aversion. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:271-310. [PMID: 35017179 PMCID: PMC11060337 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate the rewarding actions of nicotine contained in tobacco that establish and maintain the smoking habit. nAChRs also regulate the aversive properties of nicotine, sensitivity to which decreases tobacco use and protects against tobacco use disorder. These opposing behavioral actions of nicotine reflect nAChR expression in brain reward and aversion circuits. nAChRs containing α4 and β2 subunits are responsible for the high-affinity nicotine binding sites in the brain and are densely expressed by reward-relevant neurons, most notably dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. High-affinity nAChRs can incorporate additional subunits, including β3, α6, or α5 subunits, with the resulting nAChR subtypes playing discrete and dissociable roles in the stimulatory actions of nicotine on brain dopamine transmission. nAChRs in brain dopamine circuits also participate in aversive reactions to nicotine and the negative affective state experienced during nicotine withdrawal. nAChRs containing α3 and β4 subunits are responsible for the low-affinity nicotine binding sites in the brain and are enriched in brain sites involved in aversion, including the medial habenula, interpeduncular nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract, brain sites in which α5 nAChR subunits are also expressed. These aversion-related brain sites regulate nicotine avoidance behaviors, and genetic variation that modifies the function of nAChRs in these sites increases vulnerability to tobacco dependence and smoking-related diseases. Here, we review the molecular, cellular, and circuit-level mechanisms through which nicotine elicits reward and aversion and the adaptations in these processes that drive the development of nicotine dependence. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Tobacco use disorder in the form of habitual cigarette smoking or regular use of other tobacco-related products is a major cause of death and disease worldwide. This article reviews the actions of nicotine in the brain that contribute to tobacco use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Wills
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Jessica L Ables
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Kevin M Braunscheidel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Stephanie P B Caligiuri
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Karim S Elayouby
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Clementine Fillinger
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Masago Ishikawa
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Janna K Moen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York
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Baumbach JL, McCormick CM. Nicotine sensitization (Part 2): Time spent in the centre of an open field sensitizes to repeated nicotine into the drug-free state in female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:371-382. [PMID: 33123818 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nicotine is initially anxiogenic and becomes anxiolytic after prolonged exposure. The mechanisms that facilitate the shift in anxiety-like behaviour produced by nicotine are unclear. OBJECTIVE We investigated the change in time spent in the centre of an open field (as a measure anxiety-like behaviour) produced by three intermittent injections of nicotine as part of experiments of locomotor sensitization to nicotine. METHODS Rats were injected with nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) or saline and immediately placed in the open field arena for 1 h on two consecutive days and again 9 days later. RESULTS When given saline, time spent in the centre of the arena did not change, whereas repeated nicotine injections increased in time spent in the centre beyond the increase produced by an acute injection of nicotine. Repeated nicotine (and not acute nicotine) also increased time in the centre in a drug-free state when tested 24 h after the last injection. CONCLUSION Repeated nicotine sensitized the time spent in the centre of an open field with the long-lasting sensitization of this measure of anxiety-like behaviour evident in a drug-free state, in contrast to locomotor sensitization which does not persist in the drug-free state. The results suggest independence of the mechanisms of sensitization that underlie locomotor and anxiolytic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheryl M McCormick
- Department of Psychology, Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Mitigating Effects of Liriope platyphylla on Nicotine-Induced Behavioral Sensitization and Quality Control of Compounds. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090654. [PMID: 32967122 PMCID: PMC7566016 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the mitigating effects of Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang extract on behavioral sensitization and the quantification of its major compounds. The extract of L. platyphylla reduces the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein, which is increased by nicotine, back to normal levels, and increases the expression of dopamine transporter (DAT) protein, which is reduced by nicotine, back to normal levels in PC12 cells. In this study, rats received nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, subcutaneously) only for seven days and then received extract of L. platyphylla (200 or 400 mg/kg, oral) 1 h prior to nicotine administration for an additional seven days. The extract of L. platyphylla reduced locomotor activity compared to the nicotine control group in rats. The extract of L. platyphylla significantly attenuated the repeated nicotine-induced DAT protein expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), but there was no effect on increased TH protein expression in the dorsal striatum. These findings suggest that L. platyphylla extract has a mitigating effect on nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization by modulating DAT protein expression in the NAc. For quality control of L. plathyphylla, spicatoside A and D, which are saponin compounds, were quantified in the L. platyphylla extract. The amounts of spicatoside A and D in L. platyphylla extract obtained from ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry were 0.148 and 0.272 mg/g, respectively. The identification of these compounds in L. platyphylla, which can be used for quality control, provides important information for the development of drugs to treat nicotine dependence.
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Kasahara Y, Masukawa D, Nakamura Y, Murata K, Hashimoto T, Takizawa K, Koga M, Nakamura F, Fukazawa Y, Funakoshi K, Goshima Y. Distribution of mRNA for GPR143, a receptor of 3,4-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine, and of immunoreactivities for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic regions. Neurosci Res 2020; 170:370-375. [PMID: 32896531 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine exerts its reinforcing actions by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), but the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. Nicotine releases 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), a neurotransmitter candidate in the central nervous system. Here, we investigated the distribution of GPR143, a receptor of DOPA, and nAChR subunits in the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic regions. We found GPR143 mRNA-positive cells in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. Some of them were surrounded by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive fibers. There were some GPR143 mRNA-positive cells coexpressing TH, and nAChR subunit α4 or α7 in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. These findings suggest that DOPA-GPR143 signaling may be involved in the nicotine action in the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kasahara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshie Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koshi Murata
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan; Life Science Innovation Center, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Takizawa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Motokazu Koga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumio Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan; Life Science Innovation Center, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kengo Funakoshi
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
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Domi E, Xu L, Pätz M, Nordeman A, Augier G, Holm L, Toivainen S, Augier E, Hansson AC, Heilig M. Nicotine increases alcohol self-administration in male rats via a μ-opioid mechanism within the mesolimbic pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4516-4531. [PMID: 32697329 PMCID: PMC7484560 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Alcohol and nicotine use disorders are commonly comorbid. Both alcohol and nicotine can activate opioid systems in reward‐related brain regions, leading to adaptive changes in opioid signalling upon chronic exposure. The potential role of these adaptations for comorbidity is presently unknown. Here, we examined the contribution of μ and κ‐opioid receptors to nicotine‐induced escalation of alcohol self‐administration in rats. Experimental Approach Chronic nicotine was tested on alcohol self‐administration and motivation to obtain alcohol. We then tested the effect of the κ antagonist CERC‐501 and the preferential μ receptor antagonist naltrexone on basal and nicotine‐escalated alcohol self‐administration. To probe μ or κ receptor adaptations, receptor binding and G‐protein coupling assays were performed in reward‐related brain regions. Finally, dopaminergic activity in response to alcohol was examined, using phosphorylation of DARPP‐32 in nucleus accumbens as a biomarker. Key Results Nicotine robustly induced escalation of alcohol self‐administration and motivation to obtain alcohol. This was blocked by naltrexone but not by CERC‐501. Escalation of alcohol self‐administration was associated with decreased DAMGO‐stimulated μ receptor signalling in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and decreased pDARPP‐32 in the nucleus accumbens shell in response to alcohol. Conclusions and Implications Collectively, these results suggest that nicotine contributes to escalate alcohol self‐administration through a dysregulation of μ receptor activity in the VTA. These data imply that targeting μ rather than κ receptors may be the preferred pharmacotherapeutic approach for the treatment of alcohol use disorder when nicotine use contributes to alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esi Domi
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping, S-581 85, Sweden
| | - Li Xu
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping, S-581 85, Sweden.,Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Marvin Pätz
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anton Nordeman
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping, S-581 85, Sweden
| | - Gaëlle Augier
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping, S-581 85, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Holm
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping, S-581 85, Sweden
| | - Sanne Toivainen
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping, S-581 85, Sweden
| | - Eric Augier
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping, S-581 85, Sweden
| | - Anita C Hansson
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping, S-581 85, Sweden
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10
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Tabbara RI, Fletcher PJ. Nicotine enhances responding for conditioned reinforcement via α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the ventral tegmental area, but not the nucleus accumbens or the prefrontal cortex. Neuropharmacology 2019; 148:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kanlikilicer P, Zhang D, Dragomir A, Akay YM, Akay M. Gene expression profiling of midbrain dopamine neurons upon gestational nicotine exposure. Med Biol Eng Comput 2016; 55:467-482. [PMID: 27255453 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-016-1531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight, increased risk of stillbirth, conduct disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and neurocognitive deficits. Ventral tegmental area dopamine (DA) neurons in the mesocorticolimbic pathway were suggested to play a critical role in these pathological mechanisms induced by nicotine. Nicotine-mediated changes in genetic expression during pregnancy are of great interest for current researchers. We used patch clamp methods to identify and harvest DA and non-DA neurons separately and assayed them using oligonucleotide arrays to elucidate the alterations in gene expressions in these cells upon gestational nicotine exposure. Microarray analysis identified a set of 135 genes as significantly differentially expressed between DA and non-DA neurons. Some of the genes were found to be related to neurological disease pathways, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Significantly up-/down-regulated genes found in DA neurons were mostly related to G-protein-coupled protein receptor signaling and developmental processes. These alterations in gene expressions may explain, partially at least, the possible pathological mechanisms for the diseases induced by maternal smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Kanlikilicer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, SERC Building, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Die Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, SERC Building, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Andrei Dragomir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, SERC Building, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Yasemin M Akay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, SERC Building, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Metin Akay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, SERC Building, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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Pittenger ST, Swalve N, Chou S, Smith MD, Hoonakker AJ, Pudiak CM, Fleckenstein AE, Hanson GR, Bevins RA. Sex differences in neurotensin and substance P following nicotine self-administration in rats. Synapse 2016; 70:336-46. [PMID: 27074301 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Investigator-administered nicotine alters neurotensin and substance P levels in Sprague-Dawley rats. This finding suggested a role of the dopamine-related endogenous neuropeptides in nicotine addiction. We sought to extend this observation by determining the responses of neurotensin and substance P systems (assessed using radioimmunoassay) in male and female rats following nicotine self-administration (SA). Male and female Sprague-Dawley were trained to self-administer nicotine, or receive saline infusions yoked to a nicotine-administering rat during daily sessions (1-h; 21 days). Brains were extracted 3 h after the last SA session. Nicotine SA increased tissue levels of neurotensin in the males in the anterior and posterior caudate, globus pallidus, frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens core and shell, and ventral tegmental area. Nicotine SA also increased tissue levels of neurotensin in the females in the anterior caudate, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens core and shell, but not in the posterior caudate, frontal cortex, or ventral tegmental area. There were fewer sex differences observed in the substance P systems. Nicotine SA increased tissue levels of substance P in both the males and females in the posterior caudate, globus pallidus, frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens shell, and ventral tegmental area. A sex difference was observed in the nucleus accumbens core, where nicotine SA increased tissue levels of substance P in the males, yet decreased levels in the females. The regulation of neuropeptides following nicotine SA may play a role in the susceptibility to nicotine dependence in females and males. Synapse 70:336-346, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Pittenger
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-0308
| | - Natashia Swalve
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-0308
| | - Shinnyi Chou
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-0308
| | - Misty D Smith
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, 530 so. Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Skaggs Hall, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Amanda J Hoonakker
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, 530 so. Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108
| | - Cindy M Pudiak
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-0308
| | - Annette E Fleckenstein
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, 530 so. Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108
| | - Glen R Hanson
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, 530 so. Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Skaggs Hall, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Rick A Bevins
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-0308
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Morales-Rosado JA, Cousin MA, Ebbert JO, Klee EW. A Critical Review of Repurposing Apomorphine for Smoking Cessation. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2015; 13:612-22. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2015.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Margot A. Cousin
- Mayo Addiction Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jon O. Ebbert
- Mayo Addiction Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric W. Klee
- Mayo Addiction Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Huang EYK, Tsai TH, Kuo TT, Tsai JJ, Tsui PF, Chou YC, Ma HI, Chiang YH, Chen YH. Remote effects on the striatal dopamine system after fluid percussion injury. Behav Brain Res 2014; 267:156-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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15
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Fowler CD, Kenny PJ. Nicotine aversion: Neurobiological mechanisms and relevance to tobacco dependence vulnerability. Neuropharmacology 2014; 76 Pt B:533-44. [PMID: 24055497 PMCID: PMC3858456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine stimulates brain reward circuitries, most prominently the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, and this action plays a critical in establishing and maintaining the tobacco smoking habit. Compounds that attenuate nicotine reward are considered promising therapeutic candidates for tobacco dependence, but many of these agents have other actions that limit their potential utility. Nicotine is also highly noxious, particularly at higher doses, and aversive reactions to nicotine after initial exposure can decrease the likelihood of developing a tobacco habit in many first time smokers. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about the mechanisms of nicotine aversion. The purpose of this review is to present recent new insights into the neurobiological mechanisms that regulate avoidance of nicotine. First, the role of the mesocorticolimbic system, so often associated with nicotine reward, in regulating nicotine aversion is highlighted. Second, genetic variation that modifies noxious responses to nicotine and thereby influences vulnerability to tobacco dependence, in particular variation in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit gene cluster, will be discussed. Third, the role of the habenular complex in nicotine aversion, primarily medial habenular projections to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) but also lateral habenular projections to rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are reviewed. Forth, brain circuits that are enriched in nAChRs, but whose role in nicotine avoidance has not yet been assessed, will be identified. Finally, the feasibility of developing novel therapeutic agents for tobacco dependence that act not by blocking nicotine reward but by enhancing nicotine avoidance will be considered. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie D Fowler
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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Beta2-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediate calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II and synapsin I protein levels in the nucleus accumbens after nicotine withdrawal in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 701:1-6. [PMID: 23313759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are calcium-permeable and the initial targets for nicotine. Studies suggest that calcium-dependent mechanisms mediate some behavioral responses to nicotine; however, the post-receptor calcium-dependent mechanisms associated with chronic nicotine and nicotine withdrawal remain unclear. The proteins calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and synapsin I are essential for neurotransmitter release and were shown to be involved in drug dependence. In the current study, using pharmacological techniques, we sought to (a) complement previously published behavioral findings from our lab indicating a role for calcium-dependent signaling in nicotine dependence and (b) expand on previously published acute biochemical and pharmacological findings indicating the relevance of calcium-dependent mechanisms in acute nicotine responses by evaluating the function of CaMKII and synapsin I after chronic nicotine and withdrawal in the nucleus accumbens, a brain region implicated in drug dependence. Male mice were chronically infused with nicotine for 14 days, and treated with the β2-selective antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE), or the α7 antagonist, methyllycaconitine citrate (MLA) 20min prior to dissection of the nucleus accumbens. Results show that phosphorylated and total CaMKII and synapsin I protein levels were significantly increased in the nucleus accumbens after chronic nicotine infusion, and reduced after treatment with DHβE, but not MLA. A spontaneous nicotine withdrawal assessment also revealed significant reductions in phosphorylated CaMKII and synapsin I levels 24h after cessation of nicotine treatment. Our findings suggest that post-receptor calcium-dependent mechanisms associated with nicotine withdrawal are mediated through β2-containing nicotinic receptors.
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Zhu J, Bardo MT, Dwoskin LP. Distinct effects of enriched environment on dopamine clearance in nucleus accumbens shell and core following systemic nicotine administration. Synapse 2012; 67:57-67. [PMID: 23065942 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment during development may reduce drug abuse liability by modulating dopamine transporter (DAT) function. Nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and core respond differentially to regulate the rewarding properties and locomotor stimulant effects of psychostimulants. The current study evaluated dopamine (DA) clearance (CL(DA) ) in the NAc shell and core using in vivo voltammetry in rats raised in an enriched condition (EC) or an impoverished condition (IC) and determined the effect of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) on CL(DA) . Baseline CL(DA) in NAc shell and core was not different between EC and IC rats. In the saline control group, CL(DA) in NAc shell was greater across time in IC when compared with EC rats, whereas CL(DA) in NAc core was greater in EC rats when compared with IC rats. Consistent with these findings, opposite effects of enrichment on DA clearance in shell and core were obtained following acute nicotine administration. In NAc shell, nicotine increased CL(DA) in EC rats, but not in IC rats. Conversely, in NAc core, nicotine increased CL(DA) in IC rats, but not in EC rats. The current results demonstrate that environmental enrichment differentially regulates the response to nicotine in NAc shell and core via alterations in DAT function, which may explain how environmental enrichment reduces the behavioral response to nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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Wiskerke J, van Mourik Y, Schetters D, Schoffelmeer ANM, Pattij T. On the Role of Cannabinoid CB1- and μ-Opioid Receptors in Motor Impulsivity. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:108. [PMID: 22701425 PMCID: PMC3371578 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies using a rat 5-choice serial reaction time task have established a critical role for dopamine D2 receptors in regulating increments in motor impulsivity induced by acute administration of the psychostimulant drugs amphetamine and nicotine. Here we investigated whether cannabinoid CB1 and/or μ-opioid receptors are involved in nicotine-induced impulsivity, given recent findings indicating that both receptor systems mediate amphetamine-induced motor impulsivity. Results showed that the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A, but not the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, reduced nicotine-induced premature responding, indicating that nicotine-induced motor impulsivity is cannabinoid, but not opioid receptor-dependent. In contrast, SR141716A did not affect impulsivity following a challenge with the dopamine transporter inhibitor GBR 12909, a form of drug-induced impulsivity that was previously found to be dependent on μ-opioid receptor activation. Together, these data are consistent with the idea that the endogenous cannabinoid, dopamine, and opioid systems each play important, but distinct roles in regulating (drug-induced) motor impulsivity. The rather complex interplay between these neurotransmitter systems modulating impulsivity will be discussed in terms of the differential involvement of mesocortical and mesolimbic neurocircuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Wiskerke
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Oliveira M, Leão P, Rodrigues A, Pêgo J, Cerqueira J, Sousa N. Programming Effects of Antenatal Corticosteroids Exposure in Male Sexual Behavior. J Sex Med 2011; 8:1965-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Dani JA, Balfour DJK. Historical and current perspective on tobacco use and nicotine addiction. Trends Neurosci 2011; 34:383-92. [PMID: 21696833 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the addictive influence of tobacco was recognized very early, the modern concepts of nicotine addiction have relied on knowledge of cholinergic neurotransmission and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The discovery of the 'receptive substance' by Langley, that would turn out to be nAChRs, and 'Vagusstoff' (acetylcholine) by Loewi, coincided with an exciting time when the concept of chemical synaptic transmission was being formulated. More recently, the application of more powerful techniques and the study of animal models that replicate key features of nicotine dependence have led to important advancements in our understanding of molecular, cellular and systems mechanisms of nicotine addiction. In this review, we present a historical perspective and overview of the research that has led to our present understanding of nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Dani
- Center on Addiction, Learning, Memory, Department of Neuroscience, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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21
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Hadjiconstantinou M, Neff NH. Nicotine and endogenous opioids: Neurochemical and pharmacological evidence. Neuropharmacology 2011; 60:1209-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Direct effect of nicotine on mesolimbic dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens shell. Neurosci Lett 2011; 493:55-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Witten IB, Lin SC, Brodsky M, Prakash R, Diester I, Anikeeva P, Gradinaru V, Ramakrishnan C, Deisseroth K. Cholinergic interneurons control local circuit activity and cocaine conditioning. Science 2011; 330:1677-81. [PMID: 21164015 DOI: 10.1126/science.1193771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic neurons are widespread, and pharmacological modulation of acetylcholine receptors affects numerous brain processes, but such modulation entails side effects due to limitations in specificity for receptor type and target cell. As a result, causal roles of cholinergic neurons in circuits have been unclear. We integrated optogenetics, freely moving mammalian behavior, in vivo electrophysiology, and slice physiology to probe the cholinergic interneurons of the nucleus accumbens by direct excitation or inhibition. Despite representing less than 1% of local neurons, these cholinergic cells have dominant control roles, exerting powerful modulation of circuit activity. Furthermore, these neurons could be activated by cocaine, and silencing this drug-induced activity during cocaine exposure (despite the fact that the manipulation of the cholinergic interneurons was not aversive by itself) blocked cocaine conditioning in freely moving mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana B Witten
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Fenu S, Cadoni C, Di Chiara G. Conditioned saccharin avoidance and sensitization to drugs of abuse. Behav Brain Res 2010; 214:248-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Kim MN, Jutkiewicz EM, Zhang M, Gnegy ME. The sensitizing effect of acute nicotine on amphetamine-stimulated behavior and dopamine efflux requires activation of β2 subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Neuropharmacology 2010; 60:1126-34. [PMID: 20971124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine has been demonstrated to enhance the subsequent use of illicit drugs in animals and humans. We previously demonstrated in female, Holtzman rats that one low dose of nicotine will potentiate locomotor activity and dopamine (DA) efflux in response to a subsequent low dose of d-amphetamine (AMPH) given 1-4 h later. In the present study, we show this also occurs in male rats and characterize the receptors required for the rapid sensitizing effect of nicotine on AMPH-stimulated locomotor behavior and AMPH-induced DA efflux. Pretreatment of male, Holtzman rats with a low dose (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) of nicotine 2-4 h before a challenge with AMPH (0.32 mg/kg, i.p.) enhanced locomotor behavior as compared to saline pretreatment. Dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE), a relatively selective antagonist at β2 subunit-containing (β2∗) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), but not methyllycaconitine (MLA), a relatively selective antagonist at α7 nAChRs, blocked the sensitizing effect of nicotine on AMPH-stimulated locomotor activity. Pretreatment with varenicline, a partial agonist selective for β2∗ nAChRs, blocked the sensitizing effect of nicotine on AMPH-stimulated locomotor behavior. Nicotine pretreatment sensitized AMPH-induced DA overflow in slices from ventral (nucleus accumbens, NAc), but not dorsal striatum as compared to saline-pretreated rats. Nicotine sensitization of the DA overflow was blocked by DHβE. Pretreatment with the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (+)-MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg, s.c.) 30 min before nicotine blocked sensitization of both locomotion and DA overflow in response to AMPH challenge. These results demonstrate that activation of the β2∗ nAChRs and NMDA receptors are required for the rapid sensitizing effect of nicotine on AMPH actions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Trends in neuropharmacology: in memory of Erminio Costa'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung N Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Medical Science Research Building III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5632, USA
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Wilkinson JL, Carroll FI, Bevins RA. An investigation of bupropion substitution for the interoceptive stimulus effects of nicotine. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:817-28. [PMID: 19304864 PMCID: PMC2921933 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the exact mechanism that makes bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban) effective as a smoking cessation aid has not been fully elucidated, studies have found that bupropion and nicotine share behavioural and neurophysiological properties suggesting that bupropion might serve as a substitute for nicotine. In fact, bupropion prompts nicotine-appropriate responding in operant and Pavlovian drug discrimination studies with rats. A majority of the literature examining this substitution pattern has been done with an operant paradigm. The present research extended this literature by further characterising the behavioural and neuropharmacological properties underlying the substitution for a nicotine conditioned stimulus (CS). Examination of the dose-effect function and temporal dynamics of this substitution pattern showed that bupropion (20 mg/kg) produced conditioned responding similar to nicotine (0.4 mg base/kg) (ED(50) = 9.9 mg/kg) at 15 and 30 min after injection and partially substituted 5 and 60 min post-injection. Bupropion produced a pattern of conditioned responding similar to nicotine during a 60-min extinction test. Additionally, it has been hypothesised that bupropion and nicotine have an overlapping dopaminergic mechanism. We tested the effects of bupropion pretreatment, the nicotine dose-effect function and the ability of dopamine antagonist to block the substitution of bupropion for nicotine. Pretreatment with doses of bupropion that did not substitute for the nicotine stimulus (5 and 10 mg/kg) did not affect nicotine-conditioned responding; pretreatment with 20 mg/kg attenuated nicotine-evoked responding. Pretreatment with the dopamine antagonists SCH-23390 and eticlopride blocked the substitution. Finally, S,S-hydroxybupropion, the major metabolite of bupropion in humans, did not substitute for the nicotine CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Wilkinson
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology Lincoln, NE 68588-0308
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194
| | - Rick A. Bevins
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology Lincoln, NE 68588-0308
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Nicotine provokes impulsive-like action by stimulating alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the infralimbic, but not in the prelimbic cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 209:351-9. [PMID: 20238211 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nicotine, a major addictive component of tobacco, has been suggested to provoke impulsivity by activating central alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Although lesion studies have demonstrated the involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in impulsive action, the precise brain sites responsible for nicotine-induced impulsive action have not been identified. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to determine whether alpha4beta2 nAChRs in the prelimbic cortex (PL) and/or infralimbic cortex (IL), which are subregions of the mPFC, mediate nicotine-induced impulsive-like action in the three-choice serial reaction time task (3-CSRTT). METHODS The 3-CSRTT is a simple version of five-choice serial reaction time task and a rodent model of impulsive action in which the animal is required to inhibit the response until a light stimulus is presented randomly in one of three holes. Following the completion of the training, rats were bilaterally injected with dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHbetaE; 6 and 18 microg/side), a selective alpha4beta2 nAChRs antagonist, into the PL or IL before systemic injection of nicotine (0.2 mg/kg, salt, s.c.). RESULTS Intra-IL DHbetaE infusions dose-dependently blocked nicotine-induced impulsive-like action, while infusions of DHbetaE into the PL failed to block the effects of nicotine on impulsive-like action. CONCLUSION The present results suggest a critical role for alpha4beta2 nAChRs in the IL in mediating the effects of nicotine on impulsive-like action in the 3-CSRTT.
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de Villiers SHL, Lindblom N, Kalayanov G, Gordon S, Baraznenok I, Malmerfelt A, Marcus MM, Johansson AM, Svensson TH. Nicotine hapten structure, antibody selectivity and effect relationships: results from a nicotine vaccine screening procedure. Vaccine 2010; 28:2161-2168. [PMID: 20060511 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to synthesise and screen a set of novel nicotine hapten immunogens used for the treatment of nicotine dependence. In the screening process we studied the amount of antibodies generated and their selectivity, using ELISA techniques, and their effects on nicotine-induced dopamine release in the NAC(shell) of the rat, assessed by in vivo voltammetry. We conclude that even small changes such as the linker attachment on the nicotine molecule as well as the structure of the linker may greatly influence the selectivity of the antibodies and the central neurobiological effects of nicotine that are considered critical for its dependence producing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina H L de Villiers
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Nanna Svartz väg 2, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nina Lindblom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Nanna Svartz väg 2, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Genadiy Kalayanov
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandra Gordon
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ivan Baraznenok
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Malmerfelt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Nanna Svartz väg 2, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica M Marcus
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Nanna Svartz väg 2, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Torgny H Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Nanna Svartz väg 2, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Cadoni C, Muto T, Di Chiara G. Nicotine differentially affects dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens shell and core of Lewis and Fischer 344 rats. Neuropharmacology 2009; 57:496-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang L, Doyon WM, Clark JJ, Phillips PEM, Dani JA. Controls of tonic and phasic dopamine transmission in the dorsal and ventral striatum. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 76:396-404. [PMID: 19460877 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.056317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) release varies within subregions and local environments of the striatum, suggesting that controls intrinsic and extrinsic to the DA fibers and terminals regulate release. While applying fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and using tonic and phasic stimulus trains, we investigated the regulation of DA release in the dorsolateral to ventral striatum. The ratio of phasic-to-tonic-evoked DA signals varied with the average ongoing firing frequency, and the ratio was generally higher in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) compared with the dorsolateral striatum. At the normal average firing frequency, burst stimulation produces a larger increase in the DA response in the NAc than the dorsolateral striatum. This finding was comparable whether the DA measurements were made using in vitro brain slices or were recorded in vivo from freely moving rodents. Blockade of the dopamine transporters and dopamine D(2) receptors particularly enhanced the tonic DA signals. Conversely, blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) containing the beta(2) subunit (beta(2)(*)) predominantly suppressed tonic DA signals. The suppression of tonic DA release increased the contrast between phasic and tonic DA signals, and that made the frequency-dependent DA dynamics between the dorsolateral striatum and NAc more similar. The results indicate that intrinsic differences in the DA fibers that innervate specific regions of the striatum combine with (at least) DA transporters, DA receptors, and nAChRs to regulate the frequency dependence of DA release. A combination of mechanisms provides specific local control of DA release that underlies pathway-specific information associated with motor and reward-related functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3498, USA
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Wilkinson JL, Li C, Bevins RA. Pavlovian drug discrimination with bupropion as a feature positive occasion setter: substitution by methamphetamine and nicotine, but not cocaine. Addict Biol 2009; 14:165-73. [PMID: 19076926 PMCID: PMC2920217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bupropion can serve as a discriminative stimulus (S(D)) in an operant drug discrimination task, and a variety of stimulants substitute for the bupropion S(D). There are no reports, however, of bupropion functioning as a Pavlovian occasion setter (i.e. feature positive modulator). The present experiment seeks to fill this gap in the literature by training bupropion in rats as a feature positive modulator that disambiguates when a light will be paired with sucrose. Specifically, on bupropion (10 mg/kg intraperitoneal) sessions, offset of 15-second cue lights were followed by brief delivery of liquid sucrose; saline sessions were similar except no sucrose was available. Rats readily acquired the discrimination with more conditioned responding to the light on bupropion sessions. Bupropion is approved for use as a smoking cessation aid, and more recently has drawn attention as a potential pharmacotherapy for cocaine and methamphetamine abuse. Accordingly, after discrimination training, we tested the ability of cocaine (1-10 mg/kg), methamphetamine (0.1 to 1 mg/kg) and nicotine (0.00625 to 0.2 mg/kg) to substitute for the bupropion feature. Nicotine (0.05 mg/kg) and methamphetamine (0.3 mg/kg) substituted fully for bupropion; cocaine did not substitute. These results extend previous research on shared stimulus properties between bupropion and other stimulants to a Pavlovian occasion setting function. Further, this is the first report of nicotine and methamphetamine substitution for bupropion. The overlap in stimulus properties might explain the effectiveness of bupropion as a smoking cessation aid and highlight the possible utility of bupropion for treatment of stimulant use disorder.
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Abstract
Nicotine is a psychoactive ingredient in tobacco that significantly contributes to the harmful tobacco smoking habit. Nicotine dependence is more prevalent than dependence on any other substance. Preclinical research in animal models of the various aspects of nicotine dependence suggests a critical role of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), cholinergic and dopamine neurotransmitter interactions in the ventral tegmental area and possibly other brain sites, such as the central nucleus of the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex, in the effects of nicotine. Specifically, decreasing glutamate transmission or increasing GABA transmission with pharmacological manipulations decreased the rewarding effects of nicotine and cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. Furthermore, early nicotine withdrawal is characterized by decreased function of presynaptic inhibitory metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptors and increased expression of postsynaptic glutamate receptor subunits in limbic and frontal brain sites, while protracted abstinence may be associated with increased glutamate response to stimuli associated with nicotine administration. Finally, adaptations in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function are also involved in nicotine dependence. These neuroadaptations probably develop to counteract the decreased glutamate and cholinergic transmission that is hypothesized to characterize early nicotine withdrawal. In conclusion, glutamate, GABA and cholinergic transmission in limbic and frontal brain sites are critically involved in nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA.
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Laviolette SR, Lauzon NM, Bishop SF, Sun N, Tan H. Dopamine signaling through D1-like versus D2-like receptors in the nucleus accumbens core versus shell differentially modulates nicotine reward sensitivity. J Neurosci 2008; 28:8025-33. [PMID: 18685027 PMCID: PMC6670771 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1371-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence implicates the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system in the processing of nicotine's reinforcing properties, specifically the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the terminal fields of VTA DAergic projections to the "core" (NAcore) and "shell" (NAshell) subdivisions of the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, the specific roles of DA D(1)-like and D(2)-like receptor subtypes in nicotine reward processing within these NAc subregions have not been elucidated. We report that microinfusions of DA D(1)-like or D(2)-like receptor-specific antagonists into NAcore or NAshell double dissociate the rewarding and aversive properties of systemic or intra-VTA nicotine, and differentially regulate sensitivity to the rewarding properties as well as the motivational valence of either intra-VTA or systemic nicotine administration. Using a place conditioning procedure, NAshell infusions of a D(2)-like receptor antagonist switched the motivational valence of intra-VTA nicotine from aversive to rewarding and potentiated nicotine reward sensitivity to sub-reward threshold intra-VTA nicotine doses. In contrast, NAcore infusions of a D(1)-like receptor antagonist switched intra-VTA nicotine aversion to reward, and potentiated reward sensitivity to sub-reward threshold nicotine doses. Thus, D(1)-like versus D(2)-like receptors in NAcore versus NAshell subdivisions play functionally dissociable roles in modulating systemic or intra-VTA nicotine motivational processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Laviolette
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N5Y 5T8.
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Karam-Hage M, Cinciripini PM. Pharmacotherapy for tobacco cessation: nicotine agonists, antagonists, and partial agonists. Curr Oncol Rep 2008; 9:509-16. [PMID: 17991361 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-007-0072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) were the main pharmacologic option for treatment of nicotine dependence until the early 1990s, when controlled clinical trials confirmed the efficacy of bupropion, the first treatment not based on nicotine. Varenicline, a partial agonist at nicotine receptors, gained US regulatory approval in 2006 for smoking cessation. Although these agents are all effective for nicotine dependence, their efficacy rates vary compared with placebo (overall OR for NRT efficacy, 1.77; for bupropion, 1.94; for varenicline, 3.09). Each of these treatments has a place, sometimes in combinations with other agents, in cancer patients who continue to smoke. Our initial experience with varenicline has been encouraging. Bupropion has specific advantages for cancer patients, including increased energy, low risk for nausea, and decreased weight gain from quitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Karam-Hage
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler Street, CPB, Unit 1330, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Nashmi R, Xiao C, Deshpande P, McKinney S, Grady SR, Whiteaker P, Huang Q, McClure-Begley T, Lindstrom JM, Labarca C, Collins AC, Marks MJ, Lester HA. Chronic nicotine cell specifically upregulates functional alpha 4* nicotinic receptors: basis for both tolerance in midbrain and enhanced long-term potentiation in perforant path. J Neurosci 2007; 27:8202-18. [PMID: 17670967 PMCID: PMC6673074 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2199-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding effects of chronic nicotine requires identifying the neurons and synapses whose responses to nicotine itself, and to endogenous acetylcholine, are altered by continued exposure to the drug. To address this problem, we developed mice whose alpha4 nicotinic receptor subunits are replaced by normally functioning fluorescently tagged subunits, providing quantitative studies of receptor regulation at micrometer resolution. Chronic nicotine increased alpha4 fluorescence in several regions; among these, midbrain and hippocampus were assessed functionally. Although the midbrain dopaminergic system dominates reward pathways, chronic nicotine does not change alpha4* receptor levels in dopaminergic neurons of ventral tegmental area (VTA) or substantia nigra pars compacta. Instead, upregulated, functional alpha4* receptors localize to the GABAergic neurons of the VTA and substantia nigra pars reticulata. In consequence, GABAergic neurons from chronically nicotine-treated mice have a higher basal firing rate and respond more strongly to nicotine; because of the resulting increased inhibition, dopaminergic neurons have lower basal firing and decreased response to nicotine. In hippocampus, chronic exposure to nicotine also increases alpha4* fluorescence on glutamatergic axons of the medial perforant path. In hippocampal slices from chronically treated animals, acute exposure to nicotine during tetanic stimuli enhances induction of long-term potentiation in the medial perforant path, showing that the upregulated alpha4* receptors in this pathway are also functional. The pattern of cell-specific upregulation of functional alpha4* receptors therefore provides a possible explanation for two effects of chronic nicotine: sensitization of synaptic transmission in forebrain and tolerance of dopaminergic neuron firing in midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raad Nashmi
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Purnima Deshpande
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Sheri McKinney
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Sharon R. Grady
- Institute of Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, and
| | - Paul Whiteaker
- Institute of Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, and
| | - Qi Huang
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | | | - Jon M. Lindstrom
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Cesar Labarca
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Allan C. Collins
- Institute of Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, and
| | - Michael J. Marks
- Institute of Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, and
| | - Henry A. Lester
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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Paterson NE, Balfour DJ, Markou A. Chronic bupropion attenuated the anhedonic component of nicotine withdrawal in rats via inhibition of dopamine reuptake in the nucleus accumbens shell. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:3099-108. [PMID: 17561823 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bupropion, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, is an effective therapy for smoking cessation, but the behavioral and neurochemical mechanisms mediating its antismoking properties are relatively unknown. To explore the hypothesis that bupropion ameliorates nicotine withdrawal partly by a dopamine-dependent mechanism, we investigated the effects of chronic bupropion on potassium-stimulated dopamine overflow in the nucleus accumbens shell in nicotine-withdrawing rats. We also assessed the effects of chronic bupropion on behavioral aspects of nicotine withdrawal measured by elevations in brain reward thresholds and somatic signs of withdrawal. Rats were treated with nicotine or saline for 7 days and then coadministration of bupropion or saline was initiated. After 14 days of coadministration of bupropion/saline and nicotine/saline, nicotine/saline administration was terminated, whereas bupropion/saline administration continued. These conditions mimic bupropion administration in human smokers. Cessation of nicotine administration in non-bupropion-treated rats elevated reward thresholds reflecting a reward deficit, increased somatic signs and diminished potassium-evoked dopamine overflow in the nucleus accumbens shell. Chronic bupropion lowered reward thresholds and increased potassium-evoked dopamine release regardless of previous nicotine exposure, possibly by inhibition of dopamine reuptake, and thus attenuated the anhedonic and neurochemical effects of nicotine withdrawal. Chronic bupropion blocked withdrawal-associated increased somatic signs. Finally, acute experimenter-administered nicotine enhanced brain reward function equally in all groups, indicating that bupropion does not alter the reward-facilitating effects of experimenter-administered nicotine. In conclusion, the bupropion-induced increase in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens shell may ameliorate the anhedonia associated with nicotine withdrawal, which in turn may facilitate smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Paterson
- Department of Psychiatry, Basic Science Building, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
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Perry DC, Mao D, Gold AB, McIntosh JM, Pezzullo JC, Kellar KJ. Chronic Nicotine Differentially Regulates α6- and β3-Containing Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors in Rat Brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:306-15. [PMID: 17446303 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.121228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of chronic nicotine on alpha6- and beta3-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in two rat brain regions using three methodological approaches: radioligand binding, immunoprecipitation, and nicotine-stimulated synaptosomal release of dopamine. Nicotine was administered by osmotic minipumps for 2 weeks. Quantitative autoradiography with [(125)I]alpha-conotoxin MII to selectively label alpha6(*) nAChRs showed a 28% decrease in binding in the striatum but no change in the superior colliculus. Immunoprecipitation of nAChRs labeled by [(3)H]epibatidine in these two regions showed that chronic nicotine increased alpha4- and beta2-containing nAChRs by 39 to 67%. In contrast, chronic nicotine caused a 39% decrease in alpha6-containing nAChRs in striatum but no change in superior colliculus. No changes in beta3-containing nAChRs were seen in either region after chronic nicotine. The decreased expression of alpha6-containing nAChRs persisted for at least 3 days, recovering to baseline by 7 days after removal of the pumps. There was a small but significant decrease in total nicotine-stimulated dopamine release in striatal synaptosomes after nicotine exposure. However, the component of dopamine release that was resistant to alpha-conotoxin MII blockade was unaffected, whereas dopamine release that was sensitive to blockade by alpha-conotoxin MII was decreased by 56%. These findings indicate that the alpha6(*) nAChR is regulated differently from other nAChR subtypes, and they suggest that the inclusion of a beta3 subunit with alpha6 may serve to inhibit nicotine-induced down-regulation of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Perry
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Matta SG, Balfour DJ, Benowitz NL, Boyd RT, Buccafusco JJ, Caggiula AR, Craig CR, Collins AC, Damaj MI, Donny EC, Gardiner PS, Grady SR, Heberlein U, Leonard SS, Levin ED, Lukas RJ, Markou A, Marks MJ, McCallum SE, Parameswaran N, Perkins KA, Picciotto MR, Quik M, Rose JE, Rothenfluh A, Schafer WR, Stolerman IP, Tyndale RF, Wehner JM, Zirger JM. Guidelines on nicotine dose selection for in vivo research. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 190:269-319. [PMID: 16896961 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 622] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE This review provides insight for the judicious selection of nicotine dose ranges and routes of administration for in vivo studies. The literature is replete with reports in which a dosaging regimen chosen for a specific nicotine-mediated response was suboptimal for the species used. In many cases, such discrepancies could be attributed to the complex variables comprising species-specific in vivo responses to acute or chronic nicotine exposure. OBJECTIVES This review capitalizes on the authors' collective decades of in vivo nicotine experimentation to clarify the issues and to identify the variables to be considered in choosing a dosaging regimen. Nicotine dose ranges tolerated by humans and their animal models provide guidelines for experiments intended to extrapolate to human tobacco exposure through cigarette smoking or nicotine replacement therapies. Just as important are the nicotine dosaging regimens used to provide a mechanistic framework for acquisition of drug-taking behavior, dependence, tolerance, or withdrawal in animal models. RESULTS Seven species are addressed: humans, nonhuman primates, rats, mice, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and zebrafish. After an overview on nicotine metabolism, each section focuses on an individual species, addressing issues related to genetic background, age, acute vs chronic exposure, route of administration, and behavioral responses. CONCLUSIONS The selected examples of successful dosaging ranges are provided, while emphasizing the necessity of empirically determined dose-response relationships based on the precise parameters and conditions inherent to a specific hypothesis. This review provides a new, experimentally based compilation of species-specific dose selection for studies on the in vivo effects of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon G Matta
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue, Crowe 115, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Janhunen S, Ahtee L. Differential nicotinic regulation of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways: implications for drug development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006; 31:287-314. [PMID: 17141870 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 09/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) modulate dopaminergic function. Discovery of their multiplicity has lead to the search for subtype-selective nAChR agonists that might be therapeutically beneficial in diseases linked to brain dopaminergic pathways. The regulation and responses of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways are often similar, but some differences do exist. The cerebral distribution and characteristics of various nAChR subtypes differ between nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways. Comparison of nicotine and epibatidine, two nAChR agonists whose relative affinities for various nAChR subtypes differ, revealed differences in the nAChR-mediated regulation of dopaminergic activation between these dopamine systems. Nicotine preferentially stimulates the mesolimbic pathway, whereas epibatidine's stimulatory effect falls on the nigrostriatal pathway. Thus, it may be possible to stimulate the nigrostriatal pathway with selective nAChR agonists that do not significantly affect the mesolimbic pathway, and thus lack addictive properties. Furthermore, dopamine uptake inhibition revealed a novel inhibitory effect of epibatidine on accumbal dopamine release, which could form a basis for novel antipsychotics that could alleviate the elevated accumbal dopaminergic tone found in schizophrenia during the active psychotic state. Different regulation of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways by nAChRs could be an important basis for developing novel drugs for treatment of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Janhunen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5), Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.
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Deiana S, Fattore L, Spano MS, Cossu G, Porcu E, Fadda P, Fratta W. Strain and schedule-dependent differences in the acquisition, maintenance and extinction of intravenous cannabinoid self-administration in rats. Neuropharmacology 2006; 52:646-54. [PMID: 17098261 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids have been reported to sustain self-administration in laboratory animals; however, genetic differences and environmental factors critical in the initiation and retention of such behaviour are yet to be defined. This study investigated the acquisition, maintenance and extinction of self-administration of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (6.25-25 microg/kg/inf) in Long Evans, Lister Hooded and Sprague-Dawley rats under a continuous schedule of reinforcement and two different response-like operanda, nose-poking and lever-pressing. Results showed that Long Evans and Lister Hooded, but not Sprague Dawley, rats acquired and retained stable cannabinoid self-administration behaviour under both modus operandi, as defined by significant differences between responding in the active versus the inactive hole/lever. In rats developing firm self-administration, substitution of saline for WIN 55,212-2 extinguished the responding, supporting the notion that cannabinoids may serve as a positive reinforcer in laboratory animals. Nevertheless, significant differences among strains and responding modalities were observed in the percentage of acquisition, amount of drug intake during maintenance and timing of extinction. In addition, no significant strain differences were found in motor response to WIN 55,212-2 (0.3 and 3.0 mg/kg), thus excluding that strain differences observed during cannabinoid self-administration could be related to different cannabinoid-induced locomotor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Deiana
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Sardinia, Italy
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Saellstroem Baum S, Huebner A, Krimphove M, Morgenstern R, Badawy AAB, Spies CD. Nicotine stimulation on extracellular glutamate levels in the nucleus accumbens of ethanol-withdrawn rats in vivo. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30:1414-21. [PMID: 16899045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine can release glutamate in the limbic system. Presynaptic activation of glutamate receptors might be relevant for the subsequent firing of excitatory postsynaptic potentials. This might be relevant in early ethanol withdrawal. The effects and differences of nicotine stimulation on glutamate response measured by microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) between ethanol-withdrawn rats (EW group) and ethanol-naïve rats (control group) were investigated. METHODS Rats were ethanol-intoxicated according to a binge-drinking model: recurrent cycle of 4 days of intoxication (EW group) or 5% sucrose (control group), followed by a 3-day recovery. This was followed by a 2-day intoxication period and subsequent abstinence. After the last oral intake, microdialysis was performed in the left NAC for a 16-hour withdrawal period. At the end of the withdrawal period, a rated withdrawal score (RWS) was documented. Then, nicotine was given subcutaneously at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg and amino acid levels determined by microdialysis were followed for an additional 3 hours. RESULTS The RWS was not correlated to the last amount of ethanol received, but was correlated to the total amount of ethanol administered during the pretreatment period: the basal values of extracellular glutamate were found to be decreased in the EW group before withdrawal. Cessation of ethanol significantly increased glutamate levels with a peak between 4 and 10 hours after the last oral intake. Sixteen hours after ethanol withdrawal, the same level as in the control group was achieved. Nicotine significantly increased glutamate levels in the NAC of the EW group but not in ethanol-naïve rats. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that withdrawal of ethanol was associated with an increase in extracellular glutamate levels. Systemic administration of nicotine in vivo produced an increase in extracellular levels of glutamate in the core region of the NAC during ethanol withdrawal. This might be a relevant pathomechanism for increased craving either for alcohol or for nicotine after ethanol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saellstroem Baum
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Wilkinson JL, Palmatier MI, Bevins RA. Preexposure to nicotine alters the subsequent locomotor stimulant effects of bupropion in rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2006; 8:141-6. [PMID: 16497608 DOI: 10.1080/14622200500484642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the interaction between nicotine and bupropion (Zyban), but many studies suggest they have neurological and behavioral similarities. One feature of drugs with common profiles is the ability to cross-sensitize possibly through neurological changes in the reward pathway. Activation of this pathway might explain the effectiveness of bupropion as a smoking cessation aid. The present research investigated whether repeated nicotine administration altered the subsequent locomotor effects of bupropion. In experiment 1, rats were preexposed to nicotine (0.4 mg/kg subcutaneously) or saline on eight separate occasions in the home cage and then tested with bupropion (0, 20, or 30 mg/kg) in locomotor chambers. The acute stimulant effect of 30 mg/kg of bupropion was potentiated by nicotine preexposure. In experiment 2, rats received nicotine repeatedly paired with the locomotor chambers or home cages. An additive effect was observed between acute bupropion and nicotine-conditioned hyperactivity in the chamber-paired group. This enhancement of the acute locomotor effects of bupropion might reflect alterations in common dopaminergic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Wilkinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0398, USA
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Tammimäki A, Pietilä K, Raattamaa H, Ahtee L. Effect of quinpirole on striatal dopamine release and locomotor activity in nicotine-treated mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 531:118-25. [PMID: 16442094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of chronic oral nicotine treatment which in its intermittent delivery resembles human smoking was studied on the sensitivity of dopamine autoreceptors in mice. On the 50th day of nicotine administration in the drinking water or after 23-25 h withdrawal quinpirole (D2/D3 agonist, 0.01-0.1 mg/kg s.c.) was given, and accumbal and dorsal striatal dopamine outflow, locomotor activity and body temperature were measured. Dorsal striatal extracellular dopamine concentration and locomotor activity were found to be elevated during nicotine administration. Chronic nicotine did not alter the effects of small, autoreceptor preferring doses of quinpirole on accumbal or dorsal striatal dopamine, locomotor activity or body temperature. However, quinpirole's locomotor activity reducing effect was slightly diminished in mice treated repeatedly with nicotine (0.4 mg/kg twice daily for 10 days s.c.). Thus, although repeated nicotine treatment for 5-14 days decreases dopamine autoreceptor sensitivity, after long-term oral nicotine treatment such a decrease is not seen. Thus, the changes occurring in the sensitivity of D2-like dopamine receptors probably play a minor role in regulating the dopaminergic transmission during long-term nicotine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tammimäki
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Cadoni C, Solinas M, Pisanu A, Zernig G, Acquas E, Di Chiara G. Effect of 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) on dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens shell and core. Brain Res 2005; 1055:143-8. [PMID: 16098489 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is known that most of drugs abused by humans preferentially stimulate dopamine transmission in the shell subdivision of the nucleus accumbens as compared to the core. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether this applies also to intravenous 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") administered at doses that sustain self-administration behavior in rats. The effect of 0.32, 0.64, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.2 mg/kg i.v. of MDMA on dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens shell and core was studied in freely moving rats by means of dual probe microdialysis. MDMA dose-dependently stimulated dopamine transmission both in the shell and in the core but the increase in the shell was more pronounced compared to the core at doses of 0.64, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg. The increase of dialysate dopamine obtained after 0.32 mg/kg and after 3.2 mg/kg was not significantly different in the shell compared to the core of nucleus accumbens. This study extends to MDMA the property of other drugs of abuse to increase preferentially nucleus accumbens shell dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cadoni
- CNR Istitute of Neuroscience, Section of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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Kanit L, Koylu EO, Erdogan O, Pogun S. Effects of laterality and sex on cognitive strategy in a water maze place learning task and modification by nicotine and nitric oxide synthase inhibition in rats. Brain Res Bull 2005; 66:189-202. [PMID: 16023916 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 03/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate sex differences in learning strategies and to elucidate the mechanisms, which may underlie these differences. In two separate experiments, rats were presented with different strategies that could be employed to learn the position of a platform in a water maze (WM); furthermore, rats received treatments that could influence these strategies. In the first experiment, we demonstrated that the response-learning paradigm can be applied to the WM and can be compared with visually cued learning and reversal learning. Naïve rats of either sex could acquire this protocol relatively easily. On the probe trial, where the rats are presented with a choice between using response versus visually cued learning, initially response learning was preferred, however, during these experiments, laterality emerged as a significant factor and rats trained to turn right had difficulty in reversing the learned pattern to find the platform. The second part of our study evaluated the effects of nicotine and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition on the aforementioned parameters. Drug treatments impaired acquisition compared to saline treatments and the effect was more pronounced with NOS inhibition. During the probe trial, while NOS inhibition enhanced the right-side bias in both sexes, nicotine treatment had the same effect only in males. In conclusion, naïve rats can acquire place learning using visible cues or response learning; however, there is a right side bias in both sexes and the laterality effect is more pronounced in male rats. In drug-treated animals, while NOS inhibition enhances laterality (right bias) in both sexes similarly, nicotine modifies the cognitive strategy in a sexually dimorphic manner by augmenting the right bias only in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kanit
- Ege University, Center for Brain Research, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Bradley KC, Boulware MB, Jiang H, Doerge RW, Meisel RL, Mermelstein PG. Changes in gene expression within the nucleus accumbens and striatum following sexual experience. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2005; 4:31-44. [PMID: 15660666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2004.00093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sexual experience, like repeated drug use, produces long-term changes including sensitization in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroadaptations following sexual experience, we employed a DNA microarray approach to identify genes differentially expressed between sexually experienced and sexually naive female hamsters within the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum. For 6 weeks, a stimulus male was placed in the home cage of one-half of the hormonally primed, ovariectomized female hamsters. On the seventh week, the two experimental groups were subdivided, with one half paired with a stimulus male. In comparison with sexually naive animals, sexually experienced hamsters receiving a stimulus male on week 7 exhibited an increase in a large number of genes. Conversely, sexually experienced female hamsters not receiving a stimulus male on week 7 exhibited a reduction in the expression of many genes. For directional changes and the categories of genes regulated by the experimental conditions, data were consistent across the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum. However, the specific genes exhibiting changes in expression were disparate. These experiments, among the first to profile genes regulated by female sexual behavior, will provide insight into the mechanisms by which both motivated behaviors and drugs of abuse induce long-term changes in the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Bradley
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Bradley KC, Haas AR, Meisel RL. 6-Hydroxydopamine lesions in female hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) abolish the sensitized effects of sexual experience on copulatory interactions with males. Behav Neurosci 2005; 119:224-32. [PMID: 15727527 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.119.1.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of sexual experience in female hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) on copulatory interactions with male hamsters. Female sexual experience improved the copulatory efficiency of sexually naive males, an effect that persisted for at least 6 weeks without further sexual behavior testing. In a 2nd study, dopamine lesions made in the region of the nucleus accumbens prior to sexual experience specifically blocked the effects of the female's sexual experience on the hit rate of naive males. These results suggest that sexual experience in female hamsters increases the efficiency of copulatory interactions with males, that these effects persist in the absence of further sexual experience, and that dopamine neurotransmission in the basal forebrain underlies this effect of sexual experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Bradley
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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Bednar I, Friberg L, Nordberg A. Modulation of dopamine release by the nicotinic agonist epibatidine in the frontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens of naive and chronic nicotine treated rats. Neurochem Int 2004; 45:1049-55. [PMID: 15337304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) agonist (+/-)epibatidine on the modulation of dopamine (DA) release was investigated by microdialysis in vivo in the frontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens of naive and chronic nicotine-treated awake rats. (+/-)Epibatidine (2.5 microg/kg, s.c.), contrary to (-)nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), decreased the extracellular concentrations of DA in the brain of naive rats. Subchronic nicotine treatment (0.45 mg/kg, s.c., twice daily for 7 days) attenuated the (+/-)epibatidine induced decrease in the DA level. The extracellular concentrations of the DA metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were elevated by (+/-)epibatidine administration in both naïve and subchronic treated rats. The findings suggest that the decrease in DA extracellular concentrations induced by the high affinity nAChRs agonist (+/-)epibatidine might be due to inactivation of nAChRs, which can be overcome by subchronic treatment with nicotine. Different mechanisms in modulation of DA release appears to be involved in the rat brain by (+/-)epibatidine compare to (-)nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bednar
- Department of Neurotec, Division of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SE 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Treatment of Nicotine Addiction. ADDICTIVE DISORDERS & THEIR TREATMENT 2004. [DOI: 10.1097/01.adt.0000126819.68745.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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