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Fumonisin B Series Mycotoxins' Dose Dependent Effects on the Porcine Hepatic and Pulmonary Phospholipidome. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110803. [PMID: 36422977 PMCID: PMC9696778 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Male weaned piglets n = 6/group were fed Fumonisin B1+2+3 (FBs) mycotoxins at 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg diet for 3 weeks to assess the fatty acid (FA) composition of membrane lipid classes, lipid peroxidation, and histomorphological changes in the liver and lung. Growth performance and lipid peroxidation were unaltered, but histomorphological lesion scores increased in the liver. Linear dose-response was detected in liver phosphatidylcholines for C16:1n7, C18:1n9, and total monounsaturation and in lungs for C22:6n3, total n-3 and n-3:n-6, in pulmonary phosphatidylserines C20:0 and C24:0. Alterations associated with the highest FBs dose were detected in sphingomyelins (liver: total saturation ↓, total monounsaturation ↑), phosphatidylcholines (liver: total n-6 ↓, n-6:n-3 ↑; in lungs: total monounsaturation ↑, total polyunsaturation ↑), phosphatidylethanolamines (liver: total n-3 ↓; in lungs: total monounsaturation ↑ and n-6:n-3 ↑), phosphatidylserines (liver: n-6:n-3 ↑; in lungs: total saturation ↓, total polyunsatuartion ↑, and total n-6 and its ratio to n-3 ↑), and phosphatidylinositol (n-6:n-3 ↑; lungs: C22:1n9 ↑, C22:6n3 ↓, total saturation ↓, total monounsaturaion ↑). In conclusion, FBs exposures neither impaired growth nor induced substantial lipid peroxidation, but hepatotoxicity was proven with histopathological alterations at the applied exposure period and doses. FA results imply an enzymatic disturbance in FA metabolism, agreeing with earlier findings in rats.
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Wilson VC, Ramirez SM, Murugesan GR, Hofstetter U, Kerr BJ. Effects of feeding variable levels of mycotoxins with or without a mitigation strategy on growth performance, gut permeability, and oxidative biomarkers in nursery pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac126. [DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The objectives were to determine how high levels (> 2.5 mg/kg diet) of deoxynivalenol (DON), in conjunction with other naturally occurring mycotoxins (MTX) would impact growth, intestinal integrity, and oxidative status, with or without a mitigation strategy, in nursery pigs. One-hundred and five pigs (5.5 ± 0.52 kg) were randomly allotted to 35 pens and fed dietary treatments for 45 d. Treatments were factorially arranged with the inclusion of MTX being low (L-MTX; < 1 mg/kg diet) or high (H-MTX; > 2.5 mg/kg diet) in combination with no mitigation strategy or the inclusion of a mitigation strategy (Biofix® Plus, BPL; 1.5 mg/kg diet). There was no interaction between MTX level and BPL inclusion on average daily gain (ADG) or gain to feed ratio (GF), (P > 0.10). Compared to pigs fed diets containing L-MTX, feeding pigs diets containing H-MTX decreased ADG and GF (P < 0.05). The addition of BPL had no effect on ADG (P > 0.10), but improved GF (P = 0.09). There was an interaction between MTX and BPL on average daily feed intake (ADFI), where the addition of BPL had no effect on ADFI of pigs fed L-MTX diets but improved ADFI of pigs fed H-MTX diets (P = 0.09). An interaction was detected between MTX and BPL on protein oxidation as measured by plasma protein carbonyls (PC, P = 0.01), where the inclusion of BPL decreased plasma PC in pigs fed H-MTX diets to a greater extent than pigs fed the L-MTX diets. There was no interaction between MTX and BPL, or an effect of MTX or BPL on DNA damage as measured by 8-hydroxy-2ʹdexoxyguanosine (P > 0.10). There was no interaction between MTX and BPL, or a BPL effect on lipid damage as measured by thiobarbituic acid reactive substances (TBARS, P > 0.10), but pigs fed diets containing H-MTX exhibited lower concentrations of plasma TBARS (P = 0.07) compared to pigs fed L-MTX diets. There was no interaction between MTX and BPL, or an effect of MTX or BPL on plasma lactulose and mannitol ratio as a measure of intestinal permeability (P > 0.10). In conclusion, feeding H-MTX decreased ADG and GF, decreased plasma TBARS, but did not affect plasma 8-hydroxy-2ʹdexoxyguanosine or plasma LM ratio. The inclusion of a mitigation strategy improved ADFI when pigs were fed H-MTX diets and improved GF regardless of MTX level. Addition of a mitigation strategy also reduced plasma protein damage but did not affect indicators of DNA or lipid damage or affect gastrointestinal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Wilson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011 , USA
| | | | | | | | - Brian J Kerr
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment , Ames, IA 50011 , USA
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3
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Becker LL, DeRouchey JM, Woodworth JC, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, Vidal A, Gougoulias C, Gebhardt JT. Evaluation of dietary mycotoxin control strategies on nursery pig growth performance and blood measures. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac081. [PMID: 35813664 PMCID: PMC9263879 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 4,318 pigs (337 × 1,050, PIC; initially 6.5 ± 0.08 kg) were used in a 35-day study to evaluate dietary mycotoxin control strategies on nursery pig performance and blood measures. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with blocking structure including sow farm origin, date of entry into facility, and average pen BW. A total of 160 pens were used with 80 double-sided 5-hole stainless steel fence line feeders, with feeder serving as the experimental unit. For each feeder, 1 pen contained 27 gilts and 1 pen contained 27 barrows. There were 16 replications per dietary treatment. A common phase 1 diet was fed to all pigs in pelleted form for 7 day prior to treatment diets. Experimental treatments were fed from days 7 to 42 after weaning (days 0 to 35 of the study) and included a low deoxynivalenol (DON) diet (1.12 ± 0.623 mg/kg), high DON diet (2.34 ± 1.809 mg/kg), high DON+ 0.50% sodium metabisulfite (SMB), high DON+ one of two mitigating products; 0.30% Technology1, or 0.30% Technology1+. Technology1 and 1+ are comprised of clays, yeast cell wall components, and a blend of plant extracts. Technology1+ also contains SMB. Overall (days 0 to 35), pigs fed high DON had decreased (P < 0.05) final BW, ADG, and ADFI compared with low DON. Additionally, pigs fed high DON+SMB had increased (P < 0.05) ADG compared with all other treatments. An improvement (P < 0.05) in G:F was observed in pigs fed high DON + SMB or high DON + Technology1+ compared with the low DON or high DON + Technology1 diets with high DON diets intermediate. Pigs fed high DON + SMB or high DON + Technology1 diets had reduced (P < 0.05) total removals and mortality compared with pigs fed low DON diets with high DON and high DON + Technology1+ intermediate. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of circulating blood collected on day 35 revealed that pigs fed high DON or high DON + Technology1 had increased (P < 0.05) DON concentrations compared to low DON with high DON + SMB and high DON + Technology1+ intermediate. In summary, pigs fed high DON diets had reduced performance compared with pigs fed low DON. Sodium metabisulfite in high DON diets provided a benefit in growth performance with ADG and G:F exceeding growth performance in the low DON diet while, the improved G:F ratio combined with other immunometabolic changes (gamma glutamyltransferase and creatine kinase) associated with Technology1+ warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa L Becker
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Arnau Vidal
- Innovad NV/SA , Postbaan 69, 2910 Essen , Belgium
| | | | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
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Papatsiros VG, Stylianaki I, Tsekouras N, Papakonstantinou G, Gómez-Nicolau NS, Letsios M, Papaioannou N. Exposure Biomarkers and Histopathological Analysis in Pig Liver After Exposure to Mycotoxins Under Field Conditions: Special Report on Fumonisin B1. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:315-321. [PMID: 33625894 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver samples from finisher pigs were collected at the slaughterhouses for the analysis of zearalenone (ZEA), alfa-/beta-zearalenone (α-ZE, β-ZE), zearalanone (ZA), alfa-/beta-ZA (α-ZA, β-ZA), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin M1, fumonisin B1 (FB1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and ochratoxin B, deoxynivalenol and deepoxi-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1). For the analysis liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole coupled with mass spectrometry was applied. Liver samples with detected FB1 were further histopathologically evaluated after hematoxylin and eosin staining. Various levels of liver mycotoxins were detected in all farms. Pig livers with 2.91-8.30 μg/kg of FB1 were detected in three farms, estimate of 850-2400 μg/kg of FB1 intake, whereas 0.54 μg/kg of OTA was detected in one farm, estimate of 75 μg/kg of OTA intake. Moreover, pig livers with 0.30 μg/kg of ZEA, 1.87 μg/kg of α-ZE, and 0.63 μg/kg of β-ZE were detected in one farm, estimate with of 300 μg/kg of ZEA intake. The histopathological analysis revealed that the lesions' grading and necrosis grading were analogously increased when FB1 concentration increased from 2.91 to 4.36-8.30 μg/kg. The severity of megalocytosis was analogously increased with FB1 detection levels and particularly in levels of 4.36-8.3 μg/kg. However, the increased FB1 detection levels did not show analogous behavior with the severity of hepatic cell vacuolization. Results showed that FB1 remained the most critical risk factor in the Greek pig industry, whereas ZEA and AFB1 were also prevalent. The OTA contamination in pig farms raised a high risk for animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios G Papatsiros
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Ioanna Stylianaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tsekouras
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Georgios Papakonstantinou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Michail Letsios
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papaioannou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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5
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Rao ZX, Tokach MD, Dritz SS, Woodworth JC, DeRouchey JM, Goodband RD, Calderon HI. Efficacy of commercial products on nursery pig growth performance fed diets with fumonisin contaminated corn. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa217. [PMID: 33409469 PMCID: PMC7771004 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of various commercial products on growth performance of nursery pigs fed diets high in fumonisin. In experiment 1, 350 pigs (241 × 600; DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 9.9 kg) were used with five pigs per pen and 14 replicates per treatment. After weaning, pigs were fed common diets for 21 d before the experiment started. The five dietary treatments consisted of a positive control (low fumonisin), a negative control (60 mg/kg of fumonisin B1 + B2 in complete diet), and the negative control with one of three products (0.3% of Kallsil Dry, Kemin Industries Inc., Des Moines, IA; 0.3% of Feed Aid Wide Spectrum, NutriQuest, Mason City, IA; 0.17% of Biofix Select Pro, Biomin America Inc., Overland Park, KS). Diets were fed in mash form for 14 d and followed with a low fumonisin diet for 13 d. For the 14-d treatment period, pigs fed the positive control diet and Biofix Select Pro had greater (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed (G:F) compared to those fed the high fumonisin negative control, or high fumonisin diets with Kallsil Dry or Feed Aid Wide Spectrum. Serum sphinganine to sphingosine ratios (SA:SO) were greater (P < 0.05) in all pigs fed high fumonisin diets compared to the positive control. In experiment 2, 300 pigs (241 × 600; DNA; initially 10.4 kg) were used. Procedures were similar to experiment 1 except there were 12 replicate pens per treatment, high fumonisin diets contained 30 mg/kg fumonisin, and experimental diets were fed for 28 d. Similar to experiment 1, pigs fed the positive control diet and treatment with Biofix Select Pro had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F, and lower (P < 0.05) serum SA:SO compared to pigs fed the high fumonisin negative control, or high fumonisin diets with Kallsil Dry or Feed Aid Wide Spectrum. In summary, pigs fed diets containing 60 mg/kg of fumonisin for 14 d or 30 mg/kg of fumonisin for 28 d had poorer ADG and G:F and greater serum SA:SO compared to pigs fed a diet with less than 5 mg/kg of fumonisin. Adding Biofix Select Pro to diets appeared to mitigate the negative effects of high fumonisin concentrations, while Kallsil Dry and Feed Aid Wide Spectrum did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Xing Rao
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Hilda I Calderon
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Effects of Fumonisin-Contaminated Corn on Growth Performance of 9 to 28 kg Nursery Pigs. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090604. [PMID: 32961935 PMCID: PMC7551907 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin contamination in corn is an emerging issue in animal feed production. Fumonisin disrupts the metabolism of sphingolipids and reduces growth performance. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding fumonisin-contaminated corn on growth performance and sphinganine (SA) to sphingosine (SO) ratios of 9 to 28 kg pigs. A total of 350 pigs, were used with 5 pigs/pen and 14 pens/treatment. Dietary treatments contained fumonisin-contaminated corn (50 mg/kg of fumonisin B1 + B2) blended with low fumonisin corn (10 mg/kg of fumonisin B1 + B2) to provide dietary fumonisin concentrations of 7.2, 14.7, 21.9, 32.7, and 35.1 mg/kg. From day 0 to 28, increasing fumonisin concentration decreased (linear, p < 0.001) average daily gain, average daily feed intake (linear, p = 0.055), and gain:feed ratio (linear, p = 0.016). Although these response criteria tested linear, the greatest reduction in performance was in pigs fed with 32.7 and 35.1 mg/kg of fumonisin (B1 + B2). Increasing fumonisin concentration increased the serum SA:SO ratio (linear, p < 0.001) on day 14 and 28. In summary, for 9 to 28 kg nursery pigs, increasing fumonisin linearly decreased average daily gain and gain:feed ratio. However, despite the linear response, diets containing up to 21.9 mg/kg of fumonisin did not have as dramatic a decrease in growth performance as those fed more than 32.7 mg/kg. Further research is warranted to determine the effect of fumonisin concentrations between 21.9 and 32.7 mg/kg.
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7
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Chen C, Riley RT, Wu F. Dietary Fumonisin and Growth Impairment in Children and Animals: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1448-1464. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Michigan State Univ.; East Lansing MI 48824 U.S.A
- Inst. of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Ronald T. Riley
- Dept. of Environmental Health Science; Univ. of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 U.S.A
| | - Felicia Wu
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Michigan State Univ.; East Lansing MI 48824 U.S.A
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8
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Schertz H, Dänicke S, Frahm J, Schatzmayr D, Dohnal I, Bichl G, Schwartz-Zimmermann HE, Colicchia S, Breves G, Teifke JP, Kluess J. Biomarker Evaluation and Toxic Effects of an Acute Oral and Systemic Fumonisin Exposure of Pigs with a Special Focus on Dietary Fumonisin Esterase Supplementation. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070296. [PMID: 30018261 PMCID: PMC6071024 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a frequent contaminant of feed. It causes a disruption of sphingolipid metabolism and pulmonary, hepatic, and immunological lesions in pigs depending on the exposure scenario. One sensitive biomarker for FB1 exposure is the sphinganine (Sa) to sphingosine (So) ratio in blood. The fumonisin esterase FumD, which can be used as a feed additive, converts FB1 into the much less toxic metabolite hydrolyzed FB1 (HFB1). We conducted a single-dose study with barrows allocated to one of five treatments: (1) control (feed, 0.9% NaCl intravenously iv), (2) 139 nmol FB1 or (3) HFB1/kg BW iv, (4) 3425 nmol FB1/kg BW orally (po), or (5) 3321 nmol FB1/kg BW and 240 U FumD/kg feed po. The Sa/So ratio of iv and po FB1 administered groups was significantly elevated in blood and Liquor cerebrospinalis, but no fumonisin-associated differences were reflected in other endpoints. Neither clinical lung affections nor histopathological pulmonary lesions were detected in either group, while some parameters of hematology and clinical biochemistry showed a treatment–time interaction. FumD application resulted in Sa/So ratios comparable to the control, indicating that the enzymatic treatment was effectively preventing the fumonisin-induced disruption of sphingolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Schertz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jana Frahm
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Dian Schatzmayr
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Ilse Dohnal
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Gerlinde Bichl
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Heidi E Schwartz-Zimmermann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, IFA, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Sonia Colicchia
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, IFA, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute for Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jens P Teifke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
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de Santis B, Stockhofe N, Wal JM, Weesendorp E, Lallès JP, van Dijk J, Kok E, De Giacomo M, Einspanier R, Onori R, Brera C, Bikker P, van der Meulen J, Kleter G. Case studies on genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Potential risk scenarios and associated health indicators. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 117:36-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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Schwartz-Zimmermann H, Hartinger D, Doupovec B, Gruber-Dorninger C, Aleschko M, Schaumberger S, Nagl V, Hahn I, Berthiller F, Schatzmayr D, Moll W. Application of biomarker methods to investigate FUMzyme mediated gastrointestinal hydrolysis of fumonisins in pigs. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins are among the most prevalent mycotoxins in feedstuffs. They disrupt the sphingolipid metabolism, thereby inducing a plethora of toxic effects in livestock. Supplementation with mycotoxin-degrading enzymes is a promising strategy for the detoxification of feedstuffs in the animals’ gastrointestinal tract. Here, we evaluated the suitability of the fumonisin esterase FumD as a feed additive (FUMzyme®) for the prevention of fumonisin toxicity in pigs by using a combination of different fumonisin biomarkers (sphinganine to sphingosine (Sa/So) ratio in serum and organs, concentrations of fumonisin B1 and hydrolysed derivatives in urine and faeces). In a pre-trial, we exposed pigs to 30 mg/kg fumonisins in feed and found the minimum effective dose of FUMzyme to be 15 U/kg. In a second trial we investigated the long-term efficacy of this minimum effective FUMzyme dose to counteract toxic effects elicited by 6 weeks of exposure to 2.5 mg/kg fumonisins in a diet containing naturally contaminated maize. Supplementation of feed with the minimum effective FUMzyme dose prevented an increase in the Sa/So ratio in serum and kidneys of fumonisin exposed pigs. The Sa/So ratio in serum proved to be the most reliable biomarker. The fumonisin pattern in faeces was less suitable as biomarker for assessing the efficacy of FUMzyme due to natural gastrointestinal hydrolysis of fumonisins. Analysis of urine samples provided additional information about gastrointestinal fumonisin hydrolysis before fumonisin absorption, but was analytically challenging because of low urinary fumonisin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.E. Schwartz-Zimmermann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - D. Hartinger
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - B. Doupovec
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | | | - M. Aleschko
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | | | - V. Nagl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - I. Hahn
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - F. Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - D. Schatzmayr
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - W.D. Moll
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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11
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Claudino-Silva S, Lala B, Mora N, Schamber C, Nascimento C, Pereira V, Hedler D, Gasparino E. Challenge with fumonisins B1 and B2 changes IGF-1 and GHR mRNA expression in liver of Nile tilapia fingerlings. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although fumonisins are identified as responsible for alterations in weight gain, little information is available on their effects on expression of growth-related genes, especially for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. In this study, Nile tilapia fingerlings were treated with increasing levels of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) (diets of 0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg) to evaluate their effects on weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed efficiency (FE), growth hormone receptor (GHR) and insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mRNA expression in liver of this fish. All variables were evaluated at 15 and 30 days of treatment. Diet containing 0 mg fumonisin/kg was used as control treatment. Treatment with 20, 40, and 60 mg fumonisin/kg of diet significantly reduced WG (P<0.0001) and FE (P<0.0001), while GHR and IGF-1 mRNA expression was reduced both at 15 and 30 days of treatment. Feed intake was not affected by diets in any of the evaluated periods. These results indicate that fumonisins (FB1 + FB2) affect the growth of Nile tilapia fingerlings through mechanisms that involve reduction of GHR and IGF-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.C. Claudino-Silva
- Department of Veterinary Science, University Center of Maringá, Av. Guedner 1610, Maringá, PR 87050-390, Brazil
| | - B. Lala
- Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (campus Botucatu), P.O. Box 560, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil
| | - N.H.A.P. Mora
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdades Unidas do Vale do Araguaia, Rua Moreira Cabral 1000, Barra do Garças, MT 78600-000, Brazil
| | - C.R. Schamber
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5.790, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - C.S. Nascimento
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon s/n, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000, Brazil
| | - V.V. Pereira
- Department of Engineering, Faculdade Pitágoras, Rua Santos Dumont 1001, Divinópolis, MG 35500-286, Brazil
| | - D.L. Hedler
- Department of Veterinary Science, University Center of Maringá, Av. Guedner 1610, Maringá, PR 87050-390, Brazil
| | - E. Gasparino
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
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Denli M, Blandon JC, Salado S, Guynot ME, Casas J, Pérez JF. Efficacy of AdiDetox™ in reducing the toxicity of fumonisin B1 in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 78:60-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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WANG XICHUN, ZHANG HAIBIN, LIU HAIMING, HE CHENGHUA, ZHANG AIHUA, MA JINRONG, MA YANNA, WU WENDA, ZHENG HAO. AN IMMUNOARRAY FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF TWO MYCOTOXINS, OCHRATOXIN A AND FUMONISIN B1. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2011.00314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Savard ME, Sinha RC, Lau R, Séguin C, Buffam S. Monoclonal antibodies for fumonisins B1, B2and B3. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100400003550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Savard
- a Eastern Cereal and Oilseeds Research Centre , AAFC , Ontario , K1A 0C6 , Ottawa , Canada
| | - R. C. Sinha
- a Eastern Cereal and Oilseeds Research Centre , AAFC , Ontario , K1A 0C6 , Ottawa , Canada
| | - R. Lau
- a Eastern Cereal and Oilseeds Research Centre , AAFC , Ontario , K1A 0C6 , Ottawa , Canada
| | - C. Séguin
- a Eastern Cereal and Oilseeds Research Centre , AAFC , Ontario , K1A 0C6 , Ottawa , Canada
| | - S. Buffam
- a Eastern Cereal and Oilseeds Research Centre , AAFC , Ontario , K1A 0C6 , Ottawa , Canada
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15
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Chaytor AC, See MT, Hansen JA, de Souza ALP, Middleton TF, Kim SW. Effects of chronic exposure of diets with reduced concentrations of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol on growth and immune status of pigs. J Anim Sci 2010; 89:124-35. [PMID: 20889686 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the growth and immune responses of pigs fed diets containing reduced concentrations of aflatoxin (AF) and deoxynivalenol (DON) from naturally contaminated corn. Sixty gilts (13.9 ± 0.2 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments (5 replicate pens per treatment and 3 pigs per pen): A (a control diet without detectable AF and DON); B (a diet with 60 μg of AF/kg and 300 μg of DON/kg); C (a diet with 120 μg of AF/kg and 600 μg of DON/kg); and D (a diet with 180 μg of AF/kg and 900 μg of DON/kg). Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water for 33 d. Feed intake and BW were measured weekly and pigs were bled (8 mL) on d 33 to measure the numbers of blood cells, to conduct liver function tests, and to measure immunological variables including IgG, IgM, interferon γ, IL4, IL6, and tumor necrosis factor α. One pig representing the average BW of each pen was killed to obtain the liver, kidneys, and spleen for weight, tissue color measurement, and histological evaluation of tissue damage. When compared with A, pigs in C and D tended to have reduced ADG (0.52 vs. 0.43 and 0.41 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.058) and ADFI (1.04 vs. 0.92 and 0.88 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.061). White blood cell count of pigs in D (23.4 × 10(3) cells/μL) was greater (P < 0.05) than those in A, B, and C (18.4, 18.5, and 16.8 × 10(3) cells/μL, respectively. Serum tumor necrosis factor α concentration of pigs in D (335 pg/mL) differed (P < 0.05) from those in A and C (299 and 290 pg/mL, respectively). Pigs in B and D had greater (P < 0.05) fibrosis in liver tissues than those in A. Collectively, this study shows that diets containing both AF and DON greater than 60 and 300 μg/kg, respectively, may reduce growth and decrease feed intake, whereas diets containing 120 μg of AF/kg and 600 μg of DON/kg may result in altered immune health, systemic inflammation, and partial liver damage, causing further reduction in growth of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Chaytor
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA
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16
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Abstract
The majority of human food and animal feed production occurs in a highly managed agroecosystem. Management decisions include variety grown, tillage and irrigation methods and practices, fertilization, pest and disease control, harvesting methods, and storage and transportation practices. This system is generally managed for optimum returns to labor and capital investments. The spores of toxigenic fungi have ubiquitous distribution and toxigenic fungi exploit food sources when conditions of moisture and temperature are above minimums for growth. The safety margins in the agroecosystem are close and are influenced by extrinsic factors such as climatic events. Control of fungal growth is important in management of raw feedstuffs, foodstuffs, condiments-spices, botanicals, and other consumable substances as they are grown, harvested, stored, and transported. The risk factors for mycotoxin production are weather conditions during crop growth and when the crop is mature, damage to seeds before, during, and after harvest, how commodities are physically handled, the presence of weed seeds and other foreign material in grain, and how commodity moisture and temperature are managed during storage and transportation. Diversion of commodities and by-products from human consumption to animal feedstuffs can increase the risk of mycotoxicoses in animals. The toxicology of selected toxigenic fungi and the mycotoxins they produce are reviewed.
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17
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Lessard M, Boudry G, Sève B, Oswald IP, Lallès JP. Intestinal physiology and peptidase activity in male pigs are modulated by consumption of corn culture extracts containing fumonisins. J Nutr 2009; 139:1303-7. [PMID: 19474154 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.105023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin B(1) (FB1) alters intestinal epithelial cell cycle and absorptive, secretory, and barrier properties in vitro, but in vivo data are lacking. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that repeated intake of a corn culture extract rich in fumonisins, mainly in FB1, alters indices of intestinal absorptive and secretory physiology and barrier function in vivo. Intra-litter pairs of pigs (n = 36) weaned at 28 d, were fed the vehicle (control) or the extract (providing 1.5 mg FB1/kg body weight) daily for 9 d starting 7 d postweaning. After slaughter, the jejunal mucosa of pigs was mounted in Ussing chambers (UC). Extract consumption for 9 d decreased the gain:feed ratio (P = 0.04) and increased liver weight (P = 0.01). Basal net ion secretion (P = 0.02), sodium-dependent glucose absorption (P = 0.02), and theophylline-induced secretion (P < 0.01) of the jejunal mucosa determined in UC were higher in pigs fed the extract than in controls. By contrast, jejunal permeability to the horseradish peroxidase model protein in UC was not influenced by extract consumption. Ileal villi tended to be longer (P = 0.07) and jejunal aminopeptidase N activity was lower (P < 0.01) in pigs fed the extract. In conclusion, consumption of an extract rich in fumonisins for 9 d has the potential to alter intestinal physiology, villous architecture, and enzyme activities. Underlying mechanisms remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lessard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1039, Systèmes d'Elevage, Nutrition Animale et Humaine, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France
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18
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Dersjant-Li Y, Verstegen MW, Gerrits WJ. The impact of low concentrations of aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol or fumonisin in diets on growing pigs and poultry. Nutr Res Rev 2007; 16:223-39. [DOI: 10.1079/nrr200368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the present review, the quantitative impact of dietary aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin concentrations on performance of pigs and broilers is evaluated, with special emphasis on low concentrations of these toxins. Also, responses in performance of pigs and broilers to these three toxins are related to their absorption and elimination kinetics. By applying simple linear regression, information from many literature sources is integrated and condensed into, for example, estimates of depression in rates of weight gain, relative to non-contaminated diets, with increasing toxin concentrations. It was estimated that with each mg/kg increase of aflatoxin in the diet, the growth rate would be depressed by 16 % for pigs and 5 % for broilers. For DON, with each mg/kg increase in the diet, the growth depression was estimated at about 8 % for pigs, while broilers showed no response to DON concentrations below 16 mg/kg. Fumonisin showed the lowest impact on growth performance; with each mg/kg increase, the depression in growth rate was estimated at 0·4 and 0·0 % for pigs and broilers, respectively. Dietary concentrations that cause a 5 % reduction in growth rate were estimated at 0·3 and 1·0 mg/kg for aflatoxin for pigs and broilers, respectively; 1·8 and 0·6 mg/kg for pure and naturally contaminated DON for pigs, respectively; 21 and 251 mg/kg for fumonisin for pigs and broilers, respectively.
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19
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Soriano JM, González L, Catalá AI. Mechanism of action of sphingolipids and their metabolites in the toxicity of fumonisin B1. Prog Lipid Res 2005; 44:345-56. [PMID: 16266752 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins produced primarily by Fusarium moniliforme. Several fumonisins have been isolated through out the years but only fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 are the ones present in naturally contaminated foods, with B1 being the most toxic between them. The structural similarity between sphinganine and fumonisin B1 suggests that the mechanism of action of this mycotoxin is mainly via disruption of sphingolipid metabolism, this is an important step in the cascade of events leading to altered cell growth, differentiation and cell injury. Sphingolipids are a second type of lipid found in cell membranes, particularly nerve cells and brain tissues. Toxicity of fumonisin B1 is given via inhibition of ceramide synthase that catalyzes the formation of dihydroceramide from sphingosine. This mechanism of action may explain the wide variety of health effects observed when this mycotoxin is ingested like high rate of human oesophageal cancer and promotion of primary liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Soriano
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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20
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Piva A, Casadei G, Pagliuca G, Cabassi E, Galvano F, Solfrizzo M, Riley RT, Diaz DE. Activated carbon does not prevent the toxicity of culture material containing fumonisin B1 when fed to weanling piglets1. J Anim Sci 2005; 83:1939-47. [PMID: 16024715 DOI: 10.2527/2005.8381939x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins found primarily in corn and corn products that are produced by Fusarium verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and several other Fusarium species. The toxicity of fumonisin B1 (FB) from culture material with and without activated carbon was evaluated using weanling piglets. Fifty-six weanling pigs were assigned to one of four treatments diets based on BW. The treatment diets were 1) control = corn-soybean basal diet with < 2 ppm FB; 2) AC = control + activated carbon at 1% of the diet, as fed; 3) FB = control + culture material (formulated to contain 30 ppm FB, as-fed basis); and 4) AC + FB = control + activated carbon at 1% of the diet as fed + culture material (formulated to contain 30 ppm FB). A total of four replicates of four pigs per pen for the control and AC treatments and three piglets per pen for the FB and AC + FB treatments were used. Feed and water were offered ad libitum for the duration of the 42-d experiment. Compared with pigs fed the control or AC diets, pigs receiving the two FB-contaminated diets (FB or AC + FB) had lower G:F (P < 0.01), higher serum enzyme activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (P < 0.05), and higher concentrations of cholesterol, free sphinganine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and sphinganine 1-phosphate (P < 0.05). Although animals consuming FB diets showed no signs of respiratory distress, all pigs consuming either the FB or the AC + FB diets had marked pulmonary edema. Lesions were observed in the lungs, heart, and liver of pigs fed the FB or AC + FB diets, and treatment-associated changes also were seen in the pancreas, intestines, spleen, and lymph nodes. No lesions were observed in the brain. In liver, lung, heart, pancreas, spleen, intestines, and lymph nodes, the histopathological effects observed were more severe in the AC + FB group, suggesting that the AC treatment worsened the toxic effects of FB. Additionally, immunological measurements of macrophage function (CD14) were affected (P < 0.05) by the consumption of the FB diets. The consumption of FB diets containing 30 ppm fumonisin B1 from cultured material significantly affected performance, biochemical measurements, and organ pathology in weanling pigs. The addition of activated carbon at the rate of 1% to the diet was not effective in protecting against the detrimental effects of fumonisin consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Piva
- DIMORFIPA, Universita' di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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21
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to fumonisins as undesirable substances in animal feed. EFSA J 2005. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2005.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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22
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Fernández-Surumay G, Osweiler GD, Yaeger MJ, Rottinghaus GE, Hendrich S, Buckley LK, Murphy PA. Fumonisin B-glucose reaction products are less toxic when fed to swine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:4264-71. [PMID: 15884870 DOI: 10.1021/jf0500076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of fumonisin B-glucose reaction products in swine diets was examined. Pigs were fed diets containing 528 micromol of total fumonisin B/kg (FB), 528 micromol of total FB-glucose adducts/kg (FB-G, 122 micromol of unreacted FB/kg), or 0 micromol of total FB/kg for 15 days to test the efficacy of the FB-G reaction products in detoxifying FB. Weight gain in FB pigs was lower than in FB-G or controls, which was correlated with feed intake reduction in FB pigs. Serum aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and total bilirubin in FB pigs were higher than in FB-G or control pigs. Serum sphinganine/shingosine ratios in FB pigs were higher than in FB-G or control pigs. Microscopic examination of tissues from FB pigs showed generalized liver necrosis and apoptosis with marked cellular pleomorphism and disorganized hepatic cords. The liver and kidneys in the FB-G group appeared to be normal. Tissues of controls were free of lesions. Results suggest that dietary FB-G products are less toxic to swine and may provide an detoxification approach in instances of widespread FB grain contamination (p < 0.05).
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23
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Fernández-Surumay G, Osweiler GD, Yaeger MJ, Hauck CC, Hendrich S, Murphy PA. Glucose reaction with fumonisin B1 partially reduces its toxicity in swine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:7732-7739. [PMID: 15675827 DOI: 10.1021/jf048981c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute and subacute intraperitoneal doses of fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) were administered to test the efficacy of the FB(1)-glucose reaction products in detoxifying FB(1) in swine. In the acute study at 11 mumol of FB(1)/kg of body weight, five of six pigs administered FB(1) and four of six pigs administered FB(1)-glucose died from acute pulmonary edema. Analysis of weight gain, serum aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase, total cholesterol, and pathological evaluation did not provide evidence of protection against FB(1) toxicity by the FB(1)-glucose reaction products. In the subacute study at 5.5 mumol of FB(1)/kg of body weight, one pig administered FB(1) died from liver damage. Analysis of serum aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and total bilirubin showed protection against FB(1) toxicity by the FB(1)-glucose reaction products. The levels of sphinganine and sphinganine/sphingosine ratios in serum and liver as well as pathologic findings provided definitive evidence of protection against the FB(1) toxic effects by this detoxification procedure (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Fernández-Surumay
- Interdepartmental Toxicology Program, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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24
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Oswald IP, Desautels C, Laffitte J, Fournout S, Peres SY, Odin M, Le Bars P, Le Bars J, Fairbrother JM. Mycotoxin fumonisin B1 increases intestinal colonization by pathogenic Escherichia coli in pigs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 69:5870-4. [PMID: 14532038 PMCID: PMC201177 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.10.5870-5874.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) is a mycotoxin that commonly occurs in maize. FB(1) causes a variety of toxic effects in different animal species and has been implicated as a contributing factor of esophageal cancers in humans. In the present study, we examined the effect of dietary exposure to FB(1) on intestinal colonization by pathogenic Escherichia coli associated with extraintestinal infection. Three-week-old weaned pigs were given FB(1) by gavage as a crude extract or as a purified toxin at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight daily for 6 days. On the last day of the toxin treatment, the pigs were orally inoculated with an extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strain. All animals were euthanized 24 h later, necropsies were performed, and tissues were taken for bacterial counts and light microscopic examination. Ingestion of FB(1) had only a minimal effect on animal weight gain, did not cause any macroscopic or microscopic lesions, and did not change the plasma biochemical profile. However, colonization of the small and large intestines by an extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strain was significantly increased. Our results show that FB(1) is a predisposing factor to infectious disease and that the pig can be used as a model for the study of the consequences of ingesting mycotoxin-contaminated food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle P Oswald
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Toulouse, France.
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25
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Dilkin P, Zorzete P, Mallmann CA, Gomes JDF, Utiyama CE, Oetting LL, Corrêa B. Toxicological effects of chronic low doses of aflatoxin B(1) and fumonisin B(1)-containing Fusarium moniliforme culture material in weaned piglets. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:1345-53. [PMID: 12909268 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of chronic oral exposure (28 days) to aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) and fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) were studied in weaned piglets. Six experimental groups, each comprising two neutered males and two females, were fed ad libitum with rations containing: (A) 0 mg of FB(1) and 0 mg of AFB(1)/kg of feed (control); (B) 10 mg of FB(1)/kg of feed; (C) 30 mg of FB(1)/kg of feed; (D) 50 microg of AFB(1)/kg of feed; (E) 10 mg of FB(1) plus 50 microg of AFB(1)/kg of feed; (F) 30 mg of FB(1) plus 50 microg of AFB(1)/kg of feed. The animals were inspected twice daily and their body weight and feed consumption were recorded weekly and daily, respectively. Samples of feces and urine were collected 24 h after the start of the experiment, to check for fumonisin residues by HPLC analysis. Blood samples were drawn at the start of the experiment and after 28 days for quantification of hematological and biochemical parameters. Necropsies were performed after 28 days; at necropsy, the organs were weighed, inspected macroscopically and processed for histopathological and toxicological analyses. All piglets from groups C and F presented typical signs of pulmonary edema, with reduced feed consumption and body weight gain as well as pathological alterations. FB(1) was detected in feces and urine at 24 h of intoxication and in liver after 28 days of intoxication. Increases were detected regarding the following hematological and biochemical parameters in animals from treatments C and F: erythrocyte number; hematocrit; total bilirubin; total protein; activity of serum alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase. Cholesterol levels were significantly aumented only in animals from groups C and F, whereas albumin concentrations increased in groups C, F, B and E. The average organ/body weight ratio of piglets (hearth, liver and lung) were significantly greater in groups C and F. The only joint effects of FB(1) and AFB(1) detected (group F) were a decrease in feed consumption during the last week of intoxication and in feed conversion throughout the 28 days of intoxication. Chronic intoxication of piglets with AFB(1) and FB(1) leads to important losses of productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dilkin
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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26
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Pepeljnjak S, Petrinec Z, Kovacic S, Segvic M. Screening toxicity study in young carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) on feed amended with fumonisin B1. Mycopathologia 2003; 156:139-45. [PMID: 12733635 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022944927493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is one of several mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, a major fungal pathogen of corn and widely spread throughout the world. FB1 produces a wide range of biological effects, some of which are specific for particular organs or species and some are common to all investigated animals. In this study we have evaluated subchronic toxicosis features in young carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) exposed to 0.5 and 5.0 mg FB1 kg(-1) body weight for 42 days through nutritionally balanced diet. During the trial we observed loss of body weight in both treated groups, together with higher incidence of infective bacterial dermatological lesions erythrodermatitis cyprini (Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. nova) in the group treated with the higher FB1 dose. Several hematological parameters (erythrocyte count, platelet count) and serum chemical concentrations (creatinin, total bilirubin) and activities (aspartate aminotransferase, AST and alanine aminotransferase, ALT) were greater in the fumonisin treated groups than in the control group. Our results indicate that long-term dietary exposure to 0.5 and 5.0 mg FB1 kg(-1) body weight is not lethal to young carp, but can produce adverse physiological effects. These findings also suggest that primary target organs of FB1 in the carp are kidney and liver, as it has already been observed in other animal species tested. Specifically changed red blood cell- parameters reveal that FB1 probably causes erythrocyte membrane defect or interferes with carp's respiratory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stjepan Pepeljnjak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovacica 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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27
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Zomborszky MK, Vetési F, Repa I, Kovács F, Bata A, Horn P, Tóth A, Romvári R. Experiment to determine limits of tolerance for fumonisin B1 in weaned piglets. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2000; 47:277-86. [PMID: 10861196 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2000.00343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In Hungary almost 70% of mould-affected maize inspected since 1993 was found to be contaminated with fumonisin B1 (FB1) (mean 2.6-8.65 mg/kg; maximum 9.8-75.1 mg/kg), the degree of this contamination was found to increase from year to year (Fazekas et al., 1997b). In this experiment, in order to define tolerance limit values, the effect of exposing weaned piglets to FB1 in low doses over a 4-week period was examined. The experiment was performed with 20 weaned barrows of Danish Landrace breed. After a 5-day adaptation period cultures of the fungus Fusarium moniliforme were mixed into the animals' feed in concentrations that resulted in a daily intake of fumonisin B1 of 0, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg feed. Feeding with the toxin was observed to exert no significant effect on body weight gain or feed consumption in the animals, no clinical signs were observed and no mortality traceable to toxic effects occurred. In computer tomography examinations performed in the second and fourth weeks mild and more severe pulmonary oedema was diagnosed in the experimental animals. The processes developing in the pulmonary parenchyma were corroborated by the mathematical and statistical evaluation procedures applied. The haematological parameters examined revealed no change attributable to toxic effects, while with respect to the biochemical parameters, an increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity dependent on dosage, indicating a pathological change in the liver, was ascertained in all three experimental groups. The free sphinganine to sphingosine ratio (SA/SO), which is regarded as the most sensitive bioindicator of fumonisin toxicosis, showed an increase proportionate to toxin concentration for all three dosages. Dissection revealed mild cases of pulmonary oedema in three of the animals given doses of 10 p.p.m. (n = 4), two mild and two severe cases in those exposed to 20 p.p.m. (n = 5), and severe cases in all five animals given 40 p.p.m. The oedema of non-inflammatory origin was confirmed by histopathological examinations. The findings of this experiment which indicate that in this study FB1 administered in substantially lower concentrations than those reported in the literature resulted in severe pathological changes, point to the importance of studies involving even lower doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Zomborszky
- Pannon University of Agriculture Faculty of Animal Science, Kaposvár, Hungary
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Müller G, Kielstein P, Rosner H, Berndt A, Heller M, Köhler H. Studies on the influence of combined administration of ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol and T2 toxin on immune and defence reactions in weaner pigs. Mycoses 1999; 42:485-93. [PMID: 10546491 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0507.1999.00503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In weaners, combined administration of fumonisin, deoxynivalenol and T2 together with ochratoxin A in quantities expected to be present in feeds of central European origin resulted, as a rule, in changes identical to those observed after single administration of ochratoxin A. Such reactions were partly compensated. Synergistic amplification of immunosuppressive changes due to the simultaneous intake of these mycotoxins in low concentrations is not to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Müller
- Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine (BgVV), Berlin, Germany
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29
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Hess J, Moran E, Mask P, Shelby R, Giesen A, Dale N. Nutrient Density and Mycotoxin Contamination in Corn Screenings of Different Bushel Weights. J APPL POULTRY RES 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/8.3.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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30
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Hlywka JJ, Bullerman LB. Occurrence of fumonisin B1 and B2 in beer. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 1999; 16:319-24. [PMID: 10645345 DOI: 10.1080/026520399283885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A total of 29 nationally distributed brands of beer, representing 25 domestic US and four imported brands, were purchased in retail outlets in Lincoln, Nebraska and analysed for concentrations of fumonisin B1(FB1) and B2(FB2). Immunoaffinity column extraction and cleanup of fumonisins from the beer samples, coupled with detection and analysis by gradient high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), provided a limit of quantitation for each toxin of 0.3 ng/ml. Of the brands of beer sampled, 86% were positive for FB1 and 41% were positive for FB2. No beer contained a detectable quantity of FB2 without a detectable quantity of FB1. The total fumonisin (FB1 + FB2) content of positive samples ranged from 0.3 to 12.7 ng/ml, with a mean concentration for all positive samples of 4.0 +/- 3.4 ng/ml (n = 25). Considering that the level of fumonisin contamination of corn in recent harvest years has been minimal, the results of this limited survey could represent levels associated with current agricultural and brewing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hlywka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0919, USA.
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31
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Gumprecht LA, Beasley VR, Weigel RM, Parker HM, Tumbleson ME, Bacon CW, Meredith FI, Haschek WM. Development of fumonisin-induced hepatotoxicity and pulmonary edema in orally dosed swine: morphological and biochemical alterations. Toxicol Pathol 1998; 26:777-88. [PMID: 9864095 DOI: 10.1177/019262339802600610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The fumonisin (FB) mycotoxins induce liver injury in all species but induce fatal pulmonary edema (PE) only in pigs. They inhibit ceramide synthase in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. To study the pathogenesis of PE, we examined the early events in the development of FB-induced PE and hepatotoxicity in pigs. Pigs were fed FB-contaminated culture material at 20 mg fumonsin B1 (FB1)/kg body weight/day. Groups of 4 pigs were to be euthanatized on 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 days after initial exposure to FB or when PE developed. Pigs developed PE beginning on day 3; none survived beyond day 4. Progressive elevations in hepatic parameters, including serum enzymes, bile acids, total bilirubin, and histologic changes, began on day 2. Early histologic changes in the lung (day 2) consisted of perivascular edema followed by interlobular and peribronchial edema. Ultrastructurally, alveolar endothelial cells contained unique accumulations of membranous material in the cytocavitary network beginning on day 2. Marked elevations in sphinganine, sphingosine, and their ratio began on day 1 for all tissues whether affected morphologically (lung, liver) or not (kidney, pancreas). The membranous material in endothelial cells may be accumulations of sphingoid bases with damage to the cytocavitary network. Thus, FB induces early elevations in sphingolipids and hepatic injury, followed by alveolar endothelial damage, which may be the critical event in the pathogenesis of PE in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Gumprecht
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802, USA
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32
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Collins TF, Sprando RL, Black TN, Shackelford ME, Laborde JB, Hansen DK, Eppley RM, Trucksess MW, Howard PC, Bryant MA, Ruggles DI, Olejnik N, Rorie JI. Effects of fumonisin B1 in pregnant rats. Part 2. Food Chem Toxicol 1998; 36:673-85. [PMID: 9734718 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(98)00036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The developmental toxicity of purified fumonisin B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin from the common corn fungus Fusarium moniliforme, was examined in Charles River rats. Pregnant rats were dosed orally on gestation days 3-16 at 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25 or 50 mg FB1/kg body weight/day. FB1 was not teratogenic at the doses tested. At 50 mg/kg, maternal toxicity (inappetence, emaciation, lethargy, death, resorption of entire litters) and foetal toxicity (increased number of late deaths, decreased foetal body weight, decreased crown rump length, increased incidence of hydrocephalus, increased incidence of skeletal anomalies) were seen. The foetal toxicity observed at 50 mg/kg may be related to maternal toxicity. Histopathological evaluation of tissues from dams of control and all treated groups revealed dose-related toxic changes in kidney and liver tissues. Acute toxic tubular nephrosis was seen in kidneys from all treated groups. Hepatocellular cytoplasmic alteration and individual cellular necrosis of the liver was seen in the two high-dose groups. Sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So) were measured in day-17 adult and foetal tissues. Dose related increases in Sa/So ratios were seen in maternal liver, kidney, serum and brain, but there was no effect on foetal liver, kidney and brain. These data suggest that FB1 does not cross the placenta and further suggest that the observed foetal toxicity is a secondary response to maternal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Collins
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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33
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Collins TF, Shackelford ME, Sprando RL, Black TN, Láborde JB, Hansen DK, Eppley RM, Trucksess MW, Howard PC, Bryant MA, Ruggles DI, Olejnik N, Rorie JI. Effects of fumonisin B1 in pregnant rats. Food Chem Toxicol 1998; 36:397-408. [PMID: 9662415 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(97)00170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1), the major mycotoxin from Fusarium moniliforme, has been implicated as a causative agent in several animal and human diseases. Despite animal toxicity studies and human epidemiological studies of FB1, knowledge of its reproductive effects is scarce. In this study, one of a series of proposed studies that will allow extrapolation to humans, pregnant rats were given oral doses of 0, 1.875, 3.75, 7.5 or 15 mg FB1/kg on gestation days 3 16. Caesarean sections were performed on day 17 or 20, and maternal condition, implantation efficiency, foetal viability and foetal development were measured. Dose-related decreases in overall feed consumption and body weight gain were seen, but only the feed consumption decrease at 15 mg/kg, and the decreased body weight gain at 15 mg/kg on days 0-17 were statistically significant. Foetal body weights at day 17 were similar in control and treated groups; but in day-20 foetuses, female weight and crown-rump length were significantly decreased at 15 mg/kg. FB1 was not teratogenic at the doses tested, and no dose-related effects were seen in either skeletal or soft-tissue development. In day-17 animals, maternal and foetal brain, liver and kidney tissues, and maternal serum were preserved to study the levels of sphinganine (Sa), sphingosine (So), and the Sa/So ratios. Dose-related increases were seen in Sa/So ratios in maternal livers, kidneys and serum. Sa/So ratios of maternal brains were not affected, nor were those of foetal kidneys, livers or brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Collins
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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34
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Guzman RE, Casteel SW, Rottinghaus GE, Turk JR. Chronic consumption of fumonisins derived from Fusarium moniliforme culture material: clinical and pathologic effects in swine. J Vet Diagn Invest 1997; 9:216-8. [PMID: 9211249 DOI: 10.1177/104063879700900223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R E Guzman
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA
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35
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Marasas WF. Fumonisins: history, world-wide occurrence and impact. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 392:1-17. [PMID: 8850601 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1379-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The history, toxicological effects, world-wide natural occurrence and impact of the fumonisins, food-borne carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, are reviewed from the original description of the fungus in 1881 to the present. Following the isolation and characterization of fumonisin B1 and B2 and the publication of the first 3 papers on fumonisins by South African researchers in 1988, the interest in these compounds increased dramatically during 1989 and 1990 because of numerous outbreaks of mycotoxicoses in animals associated with the 1989 corn crop in the USA. Major advances made during this period were published in approximately 49 papers from 1988 to 1991. During the period 1992 to 1994, there was an explosion in the literature on fumonisins and at least 212 papers were published. The information contained in the more than 260 papers on fumonisins published to date is reviewed with respect to toxicological effects, association with animal and human diseases, and world-wide natural occurrence in corn and corn-based feeds and foods. Impact of the fumonisins is addressed with respect to their implications for human and animal health, risk assessment and establishment of tolerance levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Marasas
- Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis (PROMEC) Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
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36
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Kuiper-Goodman T, Scott PM, McEwen NP, Lombaert GA, Ng W. Approaches to the risk assessment of fumonisins in corn-based foods in Canada. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 392:369-93. [PMID: 8850633 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1379-1_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of fumonisins and associated mycotoxins from Fusarium moniliforme in corn-based foods has recently become a concern in North America and elsewhere. Monitoring of various corn based foods and food commodities for fumonisins is ongoing in both the USA and Canada, and the results can be used for preliminary exposure assessments. The role of Fusarium moniliforme and the fumonisins in some diseases of livestock has been established. Considerable information is available on the mechanism of action of the fumonisins. With the availability of increased quantities of pure fumonisins, several subchronic toxicity studies, designed to establish dose response characteristics in rodents have now been completed. However, since concerns about the chronic toxicity of the fumonisins have not yet been adequately addressed, a tolerable daily intake cannot be established at this time. With the information at hand it is, nevertheless, possible to arrive at an interim risk assessment, which can be used to make interim risk management decisions. A total of 361 samples, covering 4 years of a Canadian survey, have been analyzed to date. Of these, 64 contained > or = 0.1 micrograms/g fumonisin B1, and 10 contained > or = 1 microgram/g. The 'all persons' estimate for the intake of fumonisins from these foods was < 0.089 micrograms/kg bw for 5-11 year-old children, and lower for other age groups. Based on an assessment of the available information on the toxicity of fumonisins, it can be concluded that these estimated intakes are unlikely to pose a health risk.
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37
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Abstract
The fumonisins (FBs) are a group of closely related mycotoxins that are prevalent in maize. They were isolated from strains of Fusarium moniliforme (Sheldon), which were implicated in the aetiology of human oesophageal cancer in the Transkei, South Africa. Their discovery explained the cause of equine encephalomalacia, or "hole in the head" syndrome, when it was found by feeding trials in horses that they elicited the disease. Subsequently, they were found to cause hepatic cancer in rats and pulmonary oedema in pigs, with most animal species tested showing liver and kidney damage. FB1 is the most important of the group and, although poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, its action is at the cellular level, affecting sphingolipid metabolism. Ceramides derived from sphingosine metabolism are cell regulatory factors affecting, among other things, DNA synthesis. Because FB1 has a close molecular resemblance to sphinganine, it interferes with ceramide biosynthesis and, hence, the processes that it regulates, which is thought to explain its carcinogenic properties. Studies on the FBs are still at a relatively early stage, but it is already clear that they play an important role in animal mycotoxicoses and, by implication, in human disease. A more positive aspect is that they will be used in elucidating the role of sphingolipids in cellular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Dutton
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Natal, Congella, Durban, South Africa
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38
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Riley RT, Wang E, Schroeder JJ, Smith ER, Plattner RD, Abbas H, Yoo HS, Merrill AH. Evidence for disruption of sphingolipid metabolism as a contributing factor in the toxicity and carcinogenicity of fumonisins. NATURAL TOXINS 1996; 4:3-15. [PMID: 8680751 DOI: 10.1002/19960401nt2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisins are inhibitors of the biosynthesis of sphingosine and more complex sphingolipids. In eucaryotic cells, fumonisin inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis is a result of inhibition of the enzyme ceramide synthase. Large increase in free sphinganine concentration in plant and animal cells are observed within a few hours after exposure to fumonisins and/or Alternaria toxins (AAL-toxins). Some of the sphinganine is metabolized to other bioactive intermediates, and some is released from cells. In animals, free sphinganine accumulates in tissues and quickly appears in blood and urine. Free sphingoid bases are toxic to most cells, and complex sphingolipids are essential for normal cell growth. Fumonisin B1 stimulates sphinganine-dependent DNA synthesis in Swiss 3T3 cells, but is mitoinhibitory in other cell types. In cultured cells the accumulation of bioactive long-chain sphingoid bases and depletion of complex sphingolipids are clearly contributing factors in growth inhibition, increased cell death, and (in Swiss 3T3 cells) mitogenicity of fumonisins. While disruption of sphingolipid metabolism directly affects cells, it may indirectly affect some tissues. For example, fumonisin B1 impairs the barrier function of endothelial cells in vitro. Adverse effects on endothelial cells could indirectly contribute to the neurotoxicity and pulmonary edema caused by fumonisins. It is hypothesized that fumonisin-induced changes in the sphingolipid composition of target tissues could directly or indirectly contribute to all Fusarium moniliforme-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Riley
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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39
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Rotter BA, Thompson BK, Prelusky DB, Trenholm HL, Stewart B, Miller JD, Savard ME. Response of growing swine to dietary exposure to pure fumonisin B1 during an eight-week period: growth and clinical parameters. NATURAL TOXINS 1996; 4:42-50. [PMID: 8680753 DOI: 10.1002/19960401nt6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of corn or corn-based products contaminated with Fusarium moniliforme/fumonisins has been associated with a variety of animal and human diseases and is a major food/feed safety issue. This study focused on the clinical toxicity and performance parameters in growing swing exposed to low to moderate levels of pure fumonisin B1 (FB.) for 8 weeks. Male (castrated) and female pigs were fed diets containing 0,0.1,1.0, and 10 mg FB1/kg diet (ppm). Weight gains and feed consumption were measured weekly. Blood samples were collected throughout the study, and various clinical and hematological parameters were measured. Because fumonisins are potent inhibitors of sphingolipid biosynthesis, sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations were determined in the liver, lung, and kidney. Organ weights and carcass quality were measured at the end of the trial. In general, male pigs were more adversely affected by FB1 in the diet than females. The average daily gain for males decreased by 8% for pigs fed 1.0 ppm and by 11% at 10.0 ppm, when compared to the control (0 ppm). Males fed 0.1 ppm showed an erratic growth pattern during the first 5 weeks of the experiment. Feed consumption for the same animals was somewhat higher than that of the controls during each of the first 4 weeks but thereafter was 6-7% lower each week as compared to controls. Female pigs fed FB1-diets showed a general enhancement of feed consumption until week 4. Among clinical chemistry parameters, cholesterol increased in males for the 1.0 and 10.0 ppm diets as compared to controls after 2 weeks, while the levels in both sexes were elevated for the 1.0 ppm diet only by the end of the experiment. Serum liver enzyme concentrations were altered during week 2 only. Changes were observed in the weight of the pancreas and adrenals for male pigs fed FB1 diets as compared to controls. The free sphinganine to free sphingosine ratio (biomarker of exposure in FB1-consuming animals) increased in all three organs for the 10 ppm diet, regardless of sex. The study indicated that FB1 can cause different effects at each dose level, at concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm (showing erratic growth) followed by a reduced growth and biochemical abnormalities in blood (1.0 ppm) and sphingolipid alterations in tissues (10.0 ppm). Some of these effects occurred below the exposure level that caused alteration in sphingolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Rotter
- Centre for Food and Animal Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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40
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Voss KA, Riley RT, Bacon CW, Chamberlain WJ, Norred WP. Subchronic toxic effects of Fusarium moniliforme and fumonisin B1 in rats and mice. NATURAL TOXINS 1996; 4:16-23. [PMID: 8680749 DOI: 10.1002/19960401nt3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by the fungi Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and other Fusarium species. Fumonisin B1, the most commonly found fumonisin, causes the fatal diseases equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary edema. Fumonisins are suspected human carcinogens because of the extraordinarily high incidences of esophageal cancer coincidentally found in areas of southern Africa and China where F. moniliforme-contaminated corn is consumed as a dietary staple. The subchronic (up to 90 days) effects of F. moniliforme-contaminated corn, corn cultures of this fungus, and purified fumonisin B1 (FB1) in rats and mice were systematically studied to determine target organs, characterize organ-specified lesions, and obtain dose-response data. The liver is a target organ in both species. Serum chemical findings indicative of hepatocellular injury and morphological findings, including apoptosis, appeared qualitatively similar in both species. The kidney is also a target organ in rats, but not mice. Lesions which include apoptosis and cellular degeneration are predominately found in the outer medella. Results of several investigations showed that the kidney was consistently affected at lower doses than the liver. The "no-observed-effect" level for nephropathy in rats was also consistently lower in males than females, suggesting a sex-related difference in nephrotoxic response to fumonisins. Other findings suggest that toxigenesis may be mediated by disruption of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis. Hepatic and renal sphingolipid profiles, specifically sphinganine concentration and sphinganine-to-sphingosine ratio, were altered in rats fed FB1 at levels that did not cause serum chemical, organ weight, or histopathological evidence of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Voss
- Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Athens, Georgia 30604-5677, USA
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41
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Lim CW, Parker HM, Vesonder RF, Haschek WM. Intravenous fumonisin B1 induces cell proliferation and apoptosis in the rat. NATURAL TOXINS 1996; 4:34-41. [PMID: 8680752 DOI: 10.1002/19960401nt5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the rat, the target organs of fumonisin B1, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme, are the kidney and liver. Fumonisin B1 is also hepatocarcinogenic in the rat and is associated epidemiologically with esophageal cancer in humans. We investigated the effect of a single intravenous dose of fumonisin B1 on cell proliferation, lesion development, and glutathione status in the major target organs of the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravenously with fumonisin B1 at 0 or 1.25 mg/kg and were euthanized at 12 hr or, 1,2,3, or 5 days. An intraperitoneal injection of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine at 100 mg/kg was given 90 min prior to euthanasia. In fumonisin B1 treated rats, serum cholesterol and serum urea nitrogen were elevated; however, the activity of hepatic enzymes was unaffected. Hepatic and renal glutathione concentrations were depressed at 12 and 24 hr, respectively, with subsequent recovery. Histologic changes were most prominent in the outer medulla of the kidney, with cell proliferation and apoptosis followed by nephrosis. Cell proliferation also occurred in the liver and esophagus, but in the absence of tissue injury. The labeling index peaked on day 1 for the liver and on day 3 for the esophagus. These results confirm that the primary target organ of fumonisin B1 in the rat is the kidney and support the concept that fumonisin B1-induced mitogenesis may be the mechanism of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Lim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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42
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Gumprecht LA, Marcucci A, Weigel RM, Vesonder RF, Riley RT, Showker JL, Beasley VR, Haschek WM. Effects of intravenous fumonisin B1 in rabbits: nephrotoxicity and sphingolipid alterations. NATURAL TOXINS 1995; 3:395-403. [PMID: 8581326 DOI: 10.1002/nt.2620030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 is hepatotoxic in all species, but nephrotoxicity has only been reported in rats. It is a specific inhibitor of sphinganine N-acyltransferase. Our objective was to determine the target organs for fumonisin toxicosis in the rabbit. We administered fumonisin B1 ( > 95% pure) intravenously to adult rabbits and examined selected clinical, biochemical, and histological parameters for up to 5 days. In a pilot study, rabbits were given fumonisin B1 at 1, 0.5, 0.3, 0.15, or 0 mg/kg daily for 4 or 5 days and then euthanized. Additional rabbits were given a single dose of fumonisin B1 at 1 mg/kg and euthanized on day 2 or 4. In the formal time-course study, rabbits were given a single dose of fumonisin B1 at 0 or 1.25 mg/kg and euthanized on days 1, 3, or 5. Rabbits given multiple doses of fumonisin B1 were lethargic and anorectic, and had decreased urine production. Liver- and renal-associated clinical chemistry parameters were elevated. Renal lesions consisted of severe proximal tubular necrosis. Liver lesions were variable and consisted of mild necrosis, hepatocyte vacuolation, and bile stasis. The sphinganine-to-sphingosine ratio, in both target and nontarget tissues, was markedly elevated in treated rabbits. A single dose of fumonisin B1 induced renal but not hepatic injury. Therefore, the target organs for fumonisin B1 toxicity in rabbits are kidney and liver, with the kidney being more sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Gumprecht
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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