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Santamaría R, Cruz-Caballero J, Gkontra P, Jiménez-Montiel A, Clemente C, López JA, Villalba-Orero M, Vázquez J, Hutloff A, Lara-Pezzi E, Arroyo AG. Capillary pruning couples tissue perfusion and oxygenation with cardiomyocyte maturation in the postnatal mouse heart. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1256127. [PMID: 38020883 PMCID: PMC10661946 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1256127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Removal of poorly perfused capillaries by pruning contributes to remodeling the microvasculature to optimize oxygen and nutrient delivery. Blood flow drives this process by promoting the intravascular migration of endothelial cells in developing networks, such as in the yolk sac, zebrafish brain or postnatal mouse retina. Methods: In this study, we have implemented innovative tools to recognize capillary pruning in the complex 3D coronary microvasculature of the postnatal mouse heart. We have also experimentally tested the impact of decreasing pruning on the structure and function of this network by altering blood flow with two different vasodilators: losartan and prazosin. Results: Although both drugs reduced capillary pruning, a combination of experiments based on ex vivo imaging, proteomics, electron microscopy and in vivo functional approaches showed that losartan treatment resulted in an inefficient coronary network, reduced myocardial oxygenation and metabolic changes that delayed the arrest of cardiomyocyte proliferation, in contrast to the effects of prazosin, probably due to its concomitant promotion of capillary expansion. Discussion: Our work demonstrates that capillary pruning contributes to proper maturation and function of the heart and that manipulation of blood flow may be a novel strategy to refine the microvasculature and improve tissue perfusion after damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Santamaría
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Polyxeni Gkontra
- Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Lab (BCN-AIM), Departament de Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Clemente
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A. López
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Villalba-Orero
- Myocardial Pathology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Hutloff
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrique Lara-Pezzi
- Myocardial Pathology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia G. Arroyo
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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2
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Díaz-Flores L, Gutiérrez R, Gayoso S, García MP, González-Gómez M, Díaz-Flores L, Sánchez R, Carrasco JL, Madrid JF. Intussusceptive angiogenesis and its counterpart intussusceptive lymphangiogenesis. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1083-1103. [PMID: 32329808 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intussusceptive angiogenesis (IA) is currently considered an important alternative and complementary form of sprouting angiogenesis (SA). Conversely, intussusceptive lymphangiogenesis (IL) is in an initial phase of study. We compare their morphofunctional characteristics, since many can be shared by both processes. To that end, the following aspects are considered: A) The concept of IA and IL as the mechanism by which blood and lymphatic vessels split, expand and remodel through transluminal pillar formations (hallmarks of intussusception). B) Terminology and historical background, with particular reference to the group of Burri, including Djonov and Patan, who initiated and developed the vessel intussusceptive concept in blood vessels. C) Incidence in normal (e.g. in the sinuses of developing lymph nodes) and pathologic conditions, above all in vessel diseases, such as dilated veins in hemorrhoidal disease, intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH), sinusoidal hemangioma, lobular capillary hemangioma, lymphangiomas/lymphatic malformations and vascular transformation of lymph nodes. D) Differences and complementarity between vessel sprouting and intussusception. E) Characteristics of the cover (endothelial cells) and core (connective tissue components) of pillars and requirements for pillar identification. F) Structures involved in pillar formation, including endothelial contacts of opposite vessel walls, interendothelial bridges, merged adjacent capillaries, vessel loops and spilt pillars. G) Structures resulting from pillars with intussusceptive microvascular growth, arborization, remodeling and segmentation (compartmentalization). H) Influence of intussusception in the morphogenesis of vessel tumors/ pseudotumors; and I) Hemodynamic and molecular control of vessel intussusception, including VEGF, PDGF BB, Hypoxia, Notch, Endoglobin and Nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Díaz-Flores
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - R Gutiérrez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - S Gayoso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - M P García
- Department of Pathology, Eurofins® Megalab-Hospiten Hospitals, Tenerife, Spain
| | - M González-Gómez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - L Díaz-Flores
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - R Sánchez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - J L Carrasco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - J F Madrid
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine, Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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3
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Esteban S, Clemente C, Koziol A, Gonzalo P, Rius C, Martínez F, Linares PM, Chaparro M, Urzainqui A, Andrés V, Seiki M, Gisbert JP, Arroyo AG. Endothelial MT1-MMP targeting limits intussusceptive angiogenesis and colitis via TSP1/nitric oxide axis. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10862. [PMID: 31793743 PMCID: PMC7005619 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological angiogenesis contributes to cancer progression and chronic inflammatory diseases. In inflammatory bowel disease, the microvasculature expands by intussusceptive angiogenesis (IA), a poorly characterized mechanism involving increased blood flow and splitting of pre-existing capillaries. In this report, mice lacking the protease MT1-MMP in endothelial cells (MT1iΔEC ) presented limited IA in the capillary plexus of the colon mucosa assessed by 3D imaging during 1% DSS-induced colitis. This resulted in better tissue perfusion, preserved intestinal morphology, and milder disease activity index. Combined in vivo intravital microscopy and lentiviral rescue experiments with in vitro cell culture demonstrated that MT1-MMP activity in endothelial cells is required for vasodilation and IA, as well as for nitric oxide production via binding of the C-terminal fragment of MT1-MMP substrate thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) to CD47/αvβ3 integrin. Moreover, TSP1 levels were significantly higher in serum from IBD patients and in vivo administration of an anti-MT1-MMP inhibitory antibody or a nonamer peptide spanning the αvβ3 integrin binding site in TSP1 reduced IA during mouse colitis. Our results identify MT1-MMP as a new actor in inflammatory IA and a promising therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Esteban
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Cristina Clemente
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Agnieszka Koziol
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Pilar Gonzalo
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Cristina Rius
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER‐CV)MadridSpain
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Bioinformatics UnitCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Pablo M Linares
- Gastroenterology UnitHospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS‐IP)Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER‐EHD)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - María Chaparro
- Gastroenterology UnitHospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS‐IP)Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER‐EHD)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Ana Urzainqui
- Immunology DepartmentFIB‐Hospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS‐IP)MadridSpain
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER‐CV)MadridSpain
| | - Motoharu Seiki
- Division of Cancer Cell ResearchInstitute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Javier P Gisbert
- Gastroenterology UnitHospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS‐IP)Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER‐EHD)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Alicia G Arroyo
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
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4
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Naito H, Iba T, Takakura N. Mechanisms of new blood-vessel formation and proliferative heterogeneity of endothelial cells. Int Immunol 2020; 32:295-305. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The vast blood-vessel network of the circulatory system is crucial for maintaining bodily homeostasis, delivering essential molecules and blood cells, and removing waste products. Blood-vessel dysfunction and dysregulation of new blood-vessel formation are related to the onset and progression of many diseases including cancer, ischemic disease, inflammation and immune disorders. Endothelial cells (ECs) are fundamental components of blood vessels and their proliferation is essential for new vessel formation, making them good therapeutic targets for regulating the latter. New blood-vessel formation occurs by vasculogenesis and angiogenesis during development. Induction of ECs termed tip, stalk and phalanx cells by interactions between vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and its receptors (VEGFR1–3) and between Notch and Delta-like Notch ligands (DLLs) is crucial for regulation of angiogenesis. Although the importance of angiogenesis is unequivocal in the adult, vasculogenesis effected by endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may also contribute to post-natal vessel formation. However, the definition of these cells is ambiguous and they include several distinct cell types under the simple classification of ‘EPC’. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that ECs within the intima show clonal expansion in some situations and that they may harbor vascular-resident endothelial stem cells. In this article, we summarize recent knowledge on vascular development and new blood-vessel formation in the adult. We also introduce concepts of EC heterogeneity and EC clonal expansion, referring to our own recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisamichi Naito
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Iba
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, World Premier Institute Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Nies A, Proft L, Nehring ME, Gruber C, Sievers H, Hünigen H, Gemeinhardt O, Richardson KC, Hiebl B. Growth-related micromorphological characteristics of the porcine common carotid artery. Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 49:620-626. [PMID: 31797410 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to gain knowledge about the micromorphology of the porcine common carotid artery (CCA) during the period of growth over the bodyweight range of 10-40 kg. CCA samples from German landrace pigs (DL) aged either 2 or 3 months (DL-2 and DL-3) were compared with samples from Göttingen minipigs (GM) aged either 18 or 40 months (GM-18 and GM-40) using transmitted light (phase-contrast mode) and transmission electron microscopy. The GM-18, GM-40 and the DL-3 groups had typical muscular artery histological characteristics. Contrasting to this, the 2-month-old DL pigs had a transitional artery type being characterized by a significantly higher proportion of elastic fibres and a significantly lower number of smooth muscle cells than did the 1 month older DL-3. During the period of maturation, the tunica media of the CCA in GM animals thickened by 1.3× and in DL animals by 2.5× resulting in an overall increased vessel wall thickness. The cumulated thickness of the tunica interna (endothelium, stratum subendotheliale and internal elastic lamina) and the tunica media (including the external elastic lamina) of DL-3 and GM-40 pigs were similar to each other and comparable to that of humans. With an increasing vessel wall thickness, the luminal diameter decreased in GM by 19% and in DL by 11%. Additionally, in the older age groups, GM-40 and DL-3, the internal elastic lamina principally was continuous, but there were also interrupted large segments of elastic lamina separated by gaps. In addition, the principal internal elastic lamina was duplicated in several places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nies
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Lilly Proft
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie E Nehring
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christian Gruber
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Henrieke Sievers
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hana Hünigen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole Gemeinhardt
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Radiology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenneth C Richardson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Bernhard Hiebl
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
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Sharma D, Ross D, Wang G, Jia W, Kirkpatrick SJ, Zhao F. Upgrading prevascularization in tissue engineering: A review of strategies for promoting highly organized microvascular network formation. Acta Biomater 2019; 95:112-130. [PMID: 30878450 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional and perfusable vascular network formation is critical to ensure the long-term survival and functionality of engineered tissues after their transplantation. Although several vascularization strategies have been reviewed in past, the significance of microvessel organization in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds has been largely ignored. Advances in high-resolution microscopy and image processing have revealed that the majority of tissues including cardiac, skeletal muscle, bone, and skin contain highly organized microvessels that orient themselves to align with tissue architecture for optimum molecular exchange and functional performance. Here, we review strategies to develop highly organized and mature vascular networks in engineered tissues, with a focus on electromechanical stimulation, surface topography, micro scaffolding, surface-patterning, microfluidics and 3D printing. This review will provide researchers with state of the art approaches to engineer vascularized functional tissues for diverse applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Vascularization is one of the critical challenges facing tissue engineering. Recent technological advances have enabled researchers to develop microvascular networks in engineered tissues. Although far from translational applications, current vascularization strategies have shown promising outcomes. This review emphasizes the most recent technological advances and future challenges for developing organized microvascular networks in vitro. The next critical step is to achieve highly perfusable, dense, mature and organized microvascular networks representative of native tissues.
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Bousseau S, Vergori L, Soleti R, Lenaers G, Martinez MC, Andriantsitohaina R. Glycosylation as new pharmacological strategies for diseases associated with excessive angiogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:92-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Smart N. Prospects for improving neovascularization of the ischemic heart: Lessons from development. Microcirculation 2017; 24. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Smart
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
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An CI, Ichihashi Y, Peng J, Sinha NR, Hagiwara N. Transcriptome Dynamics and Potential Roles of Sox6 in the Postnatal Heart. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166574. [PMID: 27832192 PMCID: PMC5104335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The postnatal heart undergoes highly coordinated developmental processes culminating in the complex physiologic properties of the adult heart. The molecular mechanisms of postnatal heart development remain largely unexplored despite their important clinical implications. To gain an integrated view of the dynamic changes in gene expression during postnatal heart development at the organ level, time-series transcriptome analyses of the postnatal hearts of neonatal through adult mice (P1, P7, P14, P30, and P60) were performed using a newly developed bioinformatics pipeline. We identified functional gene clusters by principal component analysis with self-organizing map clustering which revealed organized, discrete gene expression patterns corresponding to biological functions associated with the neonatal, juvenile and adult stages of postnatal heart development. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis with bootstrap inference for each of these functional gene clusters, highly robust hub genes were identified which likely play key roles in regulating expression of co-expressed, functionally linked genes. Additionally, motivated by the role of the transcription factor Sox6 in the functional maturation of skeletal muscle, the role of Sox6 in the postnatal maturation of cardiac muscle was investigated. Differentially expressed transcriptome analyses between Sox6 knockout (KO) and control hearts uncovered significant upregulation of genes involved in cell proliferation at postnatal day 7 (P7) in the Sox6 KO heart. This result was validated by detecting mitotically active cells in the P7 Sox6 KO heart. The current report provides a framework for the complex molecular processes of postnatal heart development, thus enabling systematic dissection of the developmental regression observed in the stressed and failing adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Il An
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CA); (YI); (NH)
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CA); (YI); (NH)
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Statistics, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Neelima R. Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nobuko Hagiwara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CA); (YI); (NH)
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van Natta TL, Ralphe JC, Mascio CE, Bedell KA, Scholz TD, Segar JL. Ontogeny of Vascular Growth Factors in Perinatal Sheep Myocardium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:503-10. [PMID: 15582494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2004.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine developmental changes in myocardial gene expression of previously identified regulators of vascular growth. METHODS Ovine left (LV) and right ventricle (RV) samples were obtained at four time points: 95 days' and 140 days' gestation (term = 145 days) and 7 days and 8 weeks postnatally. mRNA and protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), its respective receptors (Flk-1 and Flt-1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were measured at these different time points. RESULTS RV but not LV VEGF mRNA levels decreased postnatally, although VEGF protein expression remained unchanged after birth. Flt-1 mRNA expression was divergent between ventricles, although the protein expression pattern was similar in RV and LV, decreasing with maturation. RV and LV Flk-1 mRNA decreased between 95 days and 140 days, remaining stable thereafter, while protein levels only decreased after birth. bFGF protein levels were highest in the LV at 140 days, and decreased after birth but remained unchanged in the RV throughout the period examined. TGF-beta1 and eNOS levels were highest early in gestation, decreasing with maturation in both ventricles. CONCLUSION Developmentally regulated ventricle-specific expression of VEGF, Flt-1, Flk-1, TGF-beta1, bFGF, and eNOS was demonstrated in the ovine myocardium. These findings suggest these proteins may participate in coronary vascular remodeling during the perinatal period and underscore the importance of studying the relationships among transcription factors, target genes, and anatomic/physiologic changes in the whole animal.
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Chilingaryan A, Chilingaryan AM, Chilingaryan M, Martin GG. Three-dimensional microvasculature in rat and human hearts using a non-injection Ca2+-ATPase method on thick and ultra-thick sections. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:895-902. [PMID: 24750590 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Currently there are no methods available for staining rat and human myocardial microvasculature on thick sections that would allow for specific staining and differentiation of arterioles, venules, and capillaries. A non-injection technique is described that allows for labeling of the microvascular bed (MVB) in formalin-fixed pieces of the myocardium from humans and the white rat Rattus norvegicus, as well as human full-mount pericardium. Vessel staining is based on the activity of phosphatases (ATPases) and the precipitation of the released phosphate with calcium ions at high pH (pH 10.5-11.5). The resulting precipitate subsequently is converted to black or brown lead sulfide. The specificity of this reaction to vessels of the MVB allows arterioles, venules, capillaries, and pre- and postcapillaries to be clearly visualized in thick (60-100 µm) and ultra-thick (300-500 µm) sections against an unstained background of muscle and connective tissue. In addition, smooth muscle cells of arterioles are also stained allowing for differentiation between arteriolar and venular beds. These observations have not been reported in rat or human myocardium using other methods. This procedure should benefit studies of coronary microcirculation in experimental and pathological conditions, as well as in pharmacological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaiak Chilingaryan
- 1Department of Biology,Occidental College,1600 Campus Road,Los Angeles,CA 90041,USA
| | | | | | - Gary G Martin
- 1Department of Biology,Occidental College,1600 Campus Road,Los Angeles,CA 90041,USA
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12
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Jones RC, Capen DE. Mechanisms of growth of a pulmonary capillary network in adult lung. Ultrastruct Pathol 2013; 38:34-44. [PMID: 24144103 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2013.833561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study provides new insight into structural processes remodeling pulmonary capillaries in adult lung. The data highlight mechanisms underlying the expansion and increased density of capillary segments on return to air breathing (FiO2 0.21) after injury in high oxygen (FiO2 0.75). As segments expand and increase in number, endothelial cells extend their processes to bridge the lumen and support the walls of developing interluminal structures (ILSs); endothelial-epithelial surfaces infold as a single unit (sheet) into the lumen, increasing the length of each surface and subdividing segments by loop formation and by the formation of ILSs; segments further increase in number as lumen subdivision proceeds by intussusceptive microvascular growth (IMG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary C Jones
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and
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13
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Udan RS, Culver JC, Dickinson ME. Understanding vascular development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:327-46. [PMID: 23799579 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The vasculature of an organism has the daunting task of connecting all the organ systems to nourish tissue and sustain life. This complex network of vessels and associated cells must maintain blood flow, but constantly adapt to acute and chronic changes within tissues. While the vasculature has been studied for over a century, we are just beginning to understand the processes that regulate its formation and how genetic hierarchies are influenced by mechanical and metabolic cues to refine vessel structure and optimize efficiency. As we gain insights into the developmental mechanisms, it is clear that the processes that regulate blood vessel development can also enable the adult to adapt to changes in tissues that can be elicited by exercise, aging, injury, or pathology. Thus, research in vessel development has provided tremendous insights into therapies for vascular diseases and disorders, cancer interventions, wound repair and tissue engineering, and in turn, these models have clearly impacted our understanding of development. Here we provide an overview of the development of the vascular system, highlighting several areas of active investigation and key questions that remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Udan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common vascular disease that reduces blood flow capacity to the legs of patients. PAD leads to exercise intolerance that can progress in severity to greatly limit mobility, and in advanced cases leads to frank ischemia with pain at rest. It is estimated that 12 to 15 million people in the United States are diagnosed with PAD, with a much larger population that is undiagnosed. The presence of PAD predicts a 50% to 1500% increase in morbidity and mortality, depending on severity. Treatment of patients with PAD is limited to modification of cardiovascular disease risk factors, pharmacological intervention, surgery, and exercise therapy. Extended exercise programs that involve walking approximately five times per week, at a significant intensity that requires frequent rest periods, are most significant. Preclinical studies and virtually all clinical trials demonstrate the benefits of exercise therapy, including improved walking tolerance, modified inflammatory/hemostatic markers, enhanced vasoresponsiveness, adaptations within the limb (angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and mitochondrial synthesis) that enhance oxygen delivery and metabolic responses, potentially delayed progression of the disease, enhanced quality of life indices, and extended longevity. A synthesis is provided as to how these adaptations can develop in the context of our current state of knowledge and events known to be orchestrated by exercise. The benefits are so compelling that exercise prescription should be an essential option presented to patients with PAD in the absence of contraindications. Obviously, selecting for a lifestyle pattern that includes enhanced physical activity prior to the advance of PAD limitations is the most desirable and beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Haas
- Angiogenesis Research Group, Muscle Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Ribatti D, Djonov V. Intussusceptive microvascular growth in tumors. Cancer Lett 2011; 316:126-31. [PMID: 22197620 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intussusception is an alternative to the sprouting mode of angiogenesis. The advantage of this mechanism of vascular growth is that blood vessels are generated more rapidly and the capillaries thereby formed are less leaky. This review article summarizes our current knowledge concerning the role played by intussusceptive microvascular growth in tumor growth. Interestingly, an angiogenic switch from sprouting to intussusceptive angiogenesis occurs after treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors and may be considered as a tumor-protective adaptative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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16
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Savinova OV, Liu Y, Aasen GA, Mao K, Weltman NY, Nedich BL, Liang Q, Gerdes AM. Thyroid hormone promotes remodeling of coronary resistance vessels. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25054. [PMID: 21966411 PMCID: PMC3178602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low thyroid hormone (TH) function has been linked to impaired coronary blood flow, reduced density of small arterioles, and heart failure. Nonetheless, little is known about the mechanisms by which THs regulate coronary microvascular remodeling. The current study examined the initial cellular events associated with coronary remodeling induced by triiodothyronine (T3) in hypothyroid rats. Rats with established hypothyroidism, eight weeks after surgical thyroidectomy (TX), were treated with T3 for 36 or 72 hours. The early effects of T3 treatment on coronary microvasculature were examined morphometrically. Gene expression changes in the heart were assessed by quantitative PCR Array. Hypothyroidism resulted in arteriolar atrophy in the left ventricle. T3 treatment rapidly induced small arteriolar muscularization and, within 72 hours, restored arteriolar density to control levels. Total length of the capillary network was not affected by TX or T3 treatment. T3 treatment resulted in the coordinate regulation of Angiopoietin 1 and 2 expression. The response of Angiopoietins was consistent with vessel enlargement. In addition to the well known effects of THs on vasoreactivity, these results suggest that THs may affect function of small resistance arteries by phenotypic remodeling of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Savinova
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Yingheng Liu
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Garth A. Aasen
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Kai Mao
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Nathan Y. Weltman
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Brett L. Nedich
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Qiangrong Liang
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - A. Martin Gerdes
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Abstract
As the developing heart grows and the chamber walls thicken, passive diffusion of oxygen and nutrients is replaced by a vascular plexus which remodels and expands to form a mature coronary vascular system. The coronary arteries and veins ensure the continued development of the heart and facilitate cardiac output with progression towards birth. Many aspects of coronary vessel development are surprisingly not well understood and recently there has been much debate surrounding both the developmental origin and tissue contribution of cardiovascular cells alongside the specific signals that determine their fate and function. What is clear is that an understanding of the cellular and molecular cues to vascularize the heart of the embryo has significant implications for adult heart disease and regeneration, as we move towards targeted cell-based therapies for neovascularization and coronary bypass engraftment. This review will focus on the proposed cellular origins for the coronary endothelium with due consideration to the pro-epicardial organ/epicardium, sinus venosus and endocardium as potential sources, and we will explore the outstanding questions and technical limitations with respect to accurate labelling and lineage tracing of the developing coronaries. We will briefly document canonical vascular signalling that induces vessels in the heart alongside a focus on the potential for developmental reprogramming and putative mechanisms underpinning venous vs. arterial cell fate. Finally, we will extrapolate directly from development to address adult maintenance of the coronaries, vascular homeostasis and remodelling in response to pathology, aligned with the potential for revascularizing the injured adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Riley
- Molecular Medicine Unit, UCL-Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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18
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Nico B, Crivellato E, Guidolin D, Annese T, Longo V, Finato N, Vacca A, Ribatti D. Intussusceptive microvascular growth in human glioma. Clin Exp Med 2009; 10:93-8. [PMID: 19882213 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-009-0076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intussusceptive microvascular growth (IMG), which occurs by splitting of the existing vasculature by transluminal pillars or transendothelial bridges, has been demonstrated in several tumors such as colon and mammary carcinomas, melanoma and B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In this study, we have correlated in human glioma the extent of angiogenesis, evaluated as microvascular density, the immunoreactivity of tumor cells to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vessel diameter and IMG to the tumor stage. Results demonstrate for the first time a relationship in human glioma progression between angiogenesis, VEGF immunoreactivity of tumor cells, vessel diameter and the number of connections of intraluminal tissue folds with the opposite vascular wall, expression of IMG and suggest that IMG could be a mechanism of compensatory vascular growth occurring in human glioma. The advantages are that (1) blood vessels are generated more rapidly; (2) it is energetically and metabolically more economic; (3) the capillaries thereby formed are less leaky.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Nico
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
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19
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Arterio-arterial malformation between a high origin radial artery and brachial artery within the cubital fossa - its clinical and embryological significance: a case report. CASES JOURNAL 2009; 2:6836. [PMID: 19829870 PMCID: PMC2740161 DOI: 10.4076/1757-1626-2-6836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Arterial variations of the upper extremity are commonly seen in the radial and ulnar arteries. Arterial variations can be damaged through iatrogenic means if not properly documented. Case presentation A rare arterial anomaly was found in a 61-year-old female cadaver consisting of an arterio-arterial malformation between a high-origin radial artery and the brachial artery within the cubital fossa. The high-origin radial artery arose from the axillary artery, deep to the pectoralis minor muscle. It coursed superficially through the anterior compartment of the arm, converging with the more deeply placed brachial artery in the cubital fossa. Conclusion Our finding demonstrates the still vast array of possible arterial varieties and the need for awareness in order to prevent iatrogenic injury. We also provide supportive evidence of intussusceptive angiogenesis’ involvement in the formation of larger vessels.
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Ratajska A, Ciszek B, Zajączkowska A, Jabłońska A, Juszyński M. Angioarchitecture of the venous and capillary system in heart defects induced by retinoic acid in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 85:599-610. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Makanya AN, Hlushchuk R, Djonov VG. Intussusceptive angiogenesis and its role in vascular morphogenesis, patterning, and remodeling. Angiogenesis 2009; 12:113-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-009-9129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Egginton S. Invited review: activity-induced angiogenesis. Pflugers Arch 2008; 457:963-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-008-0563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Abstract
During cardiogenesis, the epicardium grows from the proepicardial organ to form the outermost layer of the early heart. Part of the epicardium undergoes epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, and migrates into the myocardium. These epicardium- derived cells differentiate into interstitial fibroblasts, coronary smooth muscle cells, and perivascular fibroblasts. Moreover, epicardium-derived cells are important regulators of formation of the compact myocardium, the coronary vasculature, and the Purkinje fiber network, thus being essential for proper cardiac development. The fibrous structures of the heart such as the fibrous heart skeleton and the semilunar and atrioventricular valves also depend on a contribution of these cells during development. We hypothesise that the essential properties of epicardium-derived cells can be recapitulated in adult diseased myocardium. These cells can therefore be considered as a novel source of adult stem cells useful in clinical cardiac regeneration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Winter
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A. C. Gittenberger-de Groot
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Pinheiro AR, Cunha AR, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Beneficial effects of physical exercise on hypertension and cardiovascular adverse remodeling of diet-induced obese rats. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2007; 17:365-375. [PMID: 17008074 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Obesity is present among all age groups and in all socioeconomic groups. This study on obese rats aims to quantify the beneficial effects of physical exercise on blood pressure (BP), the heart, the elasticity and resistance of arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS Obese male Wistar rats, (obesity due to a high fat diet with 30% fat), and non-obese rats, were assigned to four groups (n=5): sedentary obese; exercise-practice obese; sedentary control; and exercise-practice control (motor treadmill for 13 weeks). Their organs were studied through light microscopy and stereology. The diet-induced obesity caused mild hypertension with adverse cardiovascular changes. Physical exercise diminished the alterations associated with BP elevation and obesity. The pressure-lowering effect observed in obese rats submitted to physical exercise improved the myocardial vascularization and the aortic and the carotid wall structure by reducing the thickness and normalizing both the elastic lamellae and the smooth muscle cells. The adaptive response of the gluteus superficialis muscle to physical exercise also improved the peripheral resistance arteries of obese rats. CONCLUSION Current research supports the notion of physical exercise as a potential non-pharmacological antihypertensive treatment for diet-induced obesity hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rocha Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Morphometry and Cardiovascular Morphology, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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25
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Weis SM, Lindquist JN, Barnes LA, Lutu-Fuga KM, Cui J, Wood MR, Cheresh DA. Cooperation between VEGF and beta3 integrin during cardiac vascular development. Blood 2006; 109:1962-70. [PMID: 17062734 PMCID: PMC1801042 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-10-038893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing myocardium, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-dependent neovascularization occurs by division of existing vessels, a process that persists for several weeks following birth. During this remodeling phase, mRNA expression of beta3 integrin in the heart decreases significantly as vessel maturation progresses. However, in male mice lacking beta3, coronary capillaries fail to mature and continue to exhibit irregular endothelial thickness, endothelial protrusions into the lumen, and expanded cytoplasmic vacuoles. Surprisingly, this phenotype was not seen in female beta3-null mice. Enhanced VEGF signaling contributes to the beta3-null phenotype, because these vessels can be normalized by inhibitors of VEGF or Flk-1. Moreover, intravenous injection of VEGF induces a similar angiogenic phenotype in hearts of adult wild-type mice. These findings show a clear vascular phenotype in the hearts of mice lacking beta3 and suggest this integrin plays a critical role in coronary vascular development and the vascular response to VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Weis
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0803, USA
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26
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Macchiarelli G, Jiang JY, Nottola SA, Sato E. Morphological patterns of angiogenesis in ovarian follicle capillary networks. A scanning electron microscopy study of corrosion cast. Microsc Res Tech 2006; 69:459-68. [PMID: 16718659 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To describe the morphological characteristics of the ovarian follicle (F) capillary neoformation and regression, the angiogenic figures were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts in developing and mature F of rabbit, pig, and cow. Developing F showed gradual neoformation of thecal capillaries characterized by budding and then sprouting, likely from preexisting interstitial vessels. Postcapillary venules frequently showed vasoconstriction rings (sphincters). Vasodilation followed capillary elongation. Mature F, in addition to vessel elongation and dilation, also presented infolding of dilated capillary walls, followed by capillary duplication and sinusoidalization. Periovulatory F mainly showed functional changes, such as capillary dilation, signs of iperpermeabilization, and ischemia, the latter being limited to the apical follicular area. Vessel regression was characterized by thinning of capillaries and presence of avascular areas within the atretic F wall at any stage. This study showed two main types of angiogenic patterns. (a) longitudinal elongation (in series, sprouting angiogenesis) characterizing the initial phase of F development and (b) parallel duplication (in parallel, infolding or intussusceptive angiogenesis), ending in capillary lateral replication or splitting, secondary to functional microvascular changes. Indirect evidence of the establishment of postcapillary resistances contributing to capillary remodeling, was also shown. It is concluded that the sequence of capillary neoformation in mammalian ovarian F occurs in six steps: (1) budding, (2) sprouting (and elongation), (3) dilation, (4) infolding (intussusception), (5) duplication (splitting and elongation), and (6) sinusoidalization. Capillary regression hits F at any stage and characterizes F atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Macchiarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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27
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Shimoda H, Kato S. A Model for Lymphatic Regeneration in Tissue Repair of the Intestinal Muscle Coat. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2006; 250:73-108. [PMID: 16861064 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)50003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal lymphatic system, which comprises a network of thin-walled vessels, is essential for the regulation of tissue fluid volume, immune function, and transport of fatty nutrients. The identification of specific lymphatic endothelial markers has facilitated analyses of lymphatic organization and lymphangiogenesis during individual development and tissue repair. The intestinal muscle coat producing motor activity develops a dense maze-like lymphatic network by vascular sprouting consisting of thin lymphatic endothelial projections and splitting of the vessels. The lymphatic regeneration in the tissue repair of the intestinal muscle coat is essentially attributable to sprouting from preexisting lymphatics, and it progresses vigorously with vascular maturation. The regrowing lymphatic endothelial cells exhibit structural changes indicating a high migratory potential and a close association with regenerating stromal cells. The upregulation of VEGF-C, a specific lymphangiogenic molecule, in a subpopulation of the stromal cells probably contributes to lymphatic regeneration by activating its receptor, VEGFR-3, on the regrowing lymphatic endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shimoda
- Department of Anatomy, Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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28
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Tomanek RJ. Formation of the coronary vasculature during development. Angiogenesis 2005; 8:273-84. [PMID: 16308734 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-005-9014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the coronary vasculature involves a series of carefully regulated temporal events that include vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, arteriogenesis and remodeling. This review explores these events, which begin with the migration of proepicardial cells to form the epicardium and end with postnatal growth and remodeling. Coronary endothelial, smooth muscle and fibroblast cells differentiate via epithelial-mesenchymal transformation; these cells delaminate from the epicardium. Following the formation of a tubular network by endothelial cells, an aortic ring of endothelial cells penetrates the aorta at the left and right aortic cusps to form the two ostia. Smooth muscle cell recruitment occurs rapidly and the coronary artery network begins forming as blood flow is established. Recent studies have identified a number of regulatory molecules that play key roles in epicardial formation and the transformation of its component cells into mesenchyme. Moreover, we are finally gaining some understanding regarding the interplay of angiogenic growth factors in the complex process of establishing the coronary vascular tree. Understanding coronary embryogenesis is important for interventions regarding adult cardiovascular diseases as well as those necessary to correct congenital defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Tomanek
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, 1-402 BSB Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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29
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Burri PH, Hlushchuk R, Djonov V. Intussusceptive angiogenesis: its emergence, its characteristics, and its significance. Dev Dyn 2005; 231:474-88. [PMID: 15376313 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review shall familiarize the reader with the various aspects of intussusceptive angiogenesis (IA). The basic event in IA is the formation of transvascular tissue pillars. Depending on location, timing, and frequency of pillar emergence, the IA process has different outcomes. In capillaries, a primary IA function is to expand the capillary bed in size and complexity (intussusceptive microvascular growth). It represents an alternative to capillary sprouting. Highly ordered pillar formation in a developing capillary network leads to the formation of vascular trees (intussusceptive arborization). In small arteries and veins, pillar formation at the vessels' branching angles leads either to remodeling of the branching geometry or even to vascular pruning (intussusceptive branching remodeling). It appears essential that future angiogenic research considers always both phenomena, sprouting and intussusception. Vascularization of tissues, organs, and tumors rely heavily on both mechanisms; neglecting one or the other would obscure our understanding of the angiogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Burri
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Berne, Buehlstrasse 26, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Djonov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Berne, Buehlstrasse 26, CH-3000 Berne 9, Switzerland.
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31
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Abstract
Two distinct mechanisms, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis implement the formation of the vascular network in the embryo. Vasculogenesis gives rise to the heart and the first primitive vascular plexus inside the embryo and in its surrounding membranes, as the yolk sac circulation. Angiogenesis is responsible for the remodeling and expansion of this network. While vasculogenesis refers to in situ differentiation and growth of blood vessels from mesodermal derived hemangioblasts, angiogenesis comprises two different mechanisms: endothelial sprouting and intussusceptive microvascular growth (IMG). The sprouting process is based on endothelial cell migration, proliferation and tube formation. IMG divides existing vessel lumens by formation and insertion of tissue folds and columns of interstitial tissue into the vessel lumen. The latter are termed interstitial or intervascular tissue structures (ITSs) and tissue pillars or posts. Intussusception also includes the establishment of new vessels by in situ loop formation in the wall of large veins. The molecular regulation of these distinct mechanisms is discussed in respect to the most important positive regulators, VEGF and its receptors flk-1 (KDR) and flt-1, the Angiopoietin/tie system and the ephrin-B/EpH-B system. The cellular mechanisms and the molecular regulation of angiogenesis in the pathological state are summarized and the differences of physiological and pathological angiogenesis elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybill Patan
- Division of Cardiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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32
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Crivellato E, Nico B, Vacca A, Djonov V, Presta M, Ribatti D. Recombinant human erythropoietin induces intussusceptive microvascular growth in vivo. Leukemia 2003; 18:331-6. [PMID: 14671634 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The role of erythropoietin (Epo) in angiogenesis has not been completely clarified. Epo induces endothelial cell proliferation and migration and stimulates angiogenesis on rat aortic rings in vitro and in vivo in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ultrastructural aspects of angiogenesis in the CAM vasculature after recombinant human Epo (rHuEpo) exposure. The results demonstrated that after rHuEpo stimulation, the generation of new blood vessels occurred more frequently following an intussusceptive microvascular growth (IMG) mechanism. We have performed our experiments between days 8 and 12 of incubation, that is, when in the normal condition the capillary network expands mainly by IMG, and because it is generally accepted that implants made from days 8 to 10 are strongly angiogenic. This response is peculiar of rHuEpo, because it is abolished when an Epo-blocking antibody was coadministered with Epo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Crivellato
- Department of Medical and Morphological Researches, Anatomy Section, University of Udine Medical School, Udine, Italy
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Notoya M, Shinosaki T, Kobayashi T, Sakai T, Kurihara H. Intussusceptive capillary growth is required for glomerular repair in rat Thy-1.1 nephritis. Kidney Int 2003; 63:1365-73. [PMID: 12631352 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injection of anti-Thy-1.1 antibodies to rats causes mesangiolysis, with subsequent capillary loss. This dramatic event is followed by almost complete recovery of glomerular architecture. However, the precise cellular mechanisms of revascularization are not fully understood. METHODS Glomerulonephritis was induced by the injection of monoclonal anti-Thy-1.1 antibody to rats. Structural changes in the glomerular vasculature, with special emphasis on the repair phase, were studied with corrosion casting technique, light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS Specifically during the extensive revascularization period, numerous tiny holes of about 1.5 microm in diameter were found on the glomerular cast. The presence of transluminal tissue pillar was confirmed with LM and SEM. These findings indicate the involvement of intussusceptive capillary growth. TEM study demonstrated that some tissue pillars were composed of endothelial cells only and others had cytoplasmic process of mesangial cells in their cores sandwiched both sides by endothelial walls. CONCLUSION Intussusceptive capillary growth, or nonsprouting angiogenesis is involved in the postinjury angiogenesis in the glomeruli, in which process mesangial cells as well as endothelial cells may play important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Notoya
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.
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Ratajska A, Ciszek B, Sowińska A. Embryonic development of coronary vasculature in rats: corrosion casting studies. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD. PART A, DISCOVERIES IN MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2003; 270:109-16. [PMID: 12524686 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.10011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the development of coronary vessels at different stages of embryonic life in rats using corrosion casts and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We studied morphologic details of vessel maturation, expansion, and pattern formation from the stage of development when the coronary system forms patent connections with the aorta and the right atrium (embryonic day 16 (ED16)) to full-term fetus (ED21). The internal surface morphologies of the arterial and venous vessel walls were different and were dependent on the distance from the orifice and the capillary system. They also depended on the maturation state of a given vessel. In various branches of the coronary system we demonstrated round, fusiform or polygonal, endothelial cell imprints. The capillary network was dense, however, at the early stages of development, it formed a thin layer over the myocardium. By ED21 capillaries assumed an orientation parallel to the long axes of the cardiac myocytes. During all stages of development, different forms of angiogenesis by intussusceptive growth were observed. Splitting of the vessel wall occurred in two or three points along the vessel, forming two- or three-link chains. Certain areas of vessels resembled doughnuts, from which several sister vessels originated. The coronary arteries were situated deep within the myocardial wall. The major coronary veins were mostly located on the surface of the capillary plexuses of the myocardial wall. In conclusion, this method of vessel casting enables the detection of angiogenesis by intussusceptive growth, and the visualization of a capillary's position to the myocardial wall, thickness of the capillary plexuses, and the internal surface morphology of major vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ratajska
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Egginton S, Gerritsen M. Lumen formation: in vivo versus in vitro observations. Microcirculation 2003; 10:45-61. [PMID: 12610663 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mn.7800174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2002] [Accepted: 09/13/2002] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lumen formation must accompany the de novo growth of blood vessels during embryological development, the production of new vessels (vasculogenesis), and the expansion or remodeling of the microcirculation in differentiated tissue (angiogenesis). The debate over lumen origin centers on whether this is an intracellular or intercellular phenomenon, entailing vesicle accretion or loss of endothelial cell (EC) contact, and whether this represents an intrinsic property of ECs or relies on extrinsic signals. In addition, recent in vivo data suggest that a third mechanism, that of longitudinal division, may be used to expand existing capillary networks. Importantly, more than one mechanism of lumen formation may be found in response to a given angiogenic signal. Tubule formation by ECs in a matrix is an increasingly popular form of in vitro angiogenesis assay, and it may offer insights into the mechanisms involved during growth in embryos or under pathological conditions in adults. Crucial to the validity of in vitro preparations is the extent to which tubule assembly and lumen formation mirrors that observed in vivo, although these data cannot elucidate the controls operative during adaptive remodeling of the vascular bed. Similar structures may be observed in vivo and in vitro, and may represent the situation found during angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, respectively. Lumen formation during angiogenesis, and tubule formation during EC culture, require the existence of cell polarity. As tubule formation is not a unique property of ECs, how this is developed is a key area where in vitro studies may extend our understanding of EC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Egginton
- Angiogenesis Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Birmingham, UK.
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Abstract
In contrast to sprouting angiogenesis, which is a well established mode of new blood vessel formation, intussusceptive angiogenesis (IA) is a relatively new concept in vascular biology. It was first discovered in the lung as a means of capillary network growth (intussusceptive microvascular growth). The mechanism consists in the repeated insertion of new slender transcapillary tissue pillars, which subsequently increase in size, thus allowing the capillary network to grow in itself (i.e., by intussusception). It could be shown that IA was present in all organs and species investigated so far, so that it appears to be an ubiquitous phenomenon in vertebrates at least. It was not a surprise therefore to find that IA also played a role in tumour vascularisation. Morphological analysis has yet brought evidence for 6 different modes of pillar formation. They all have in common that, at one time, two endothelial leaflets (e.g. of opposite capillary walls) come into close contact, form new junctional complexes, then thin out to finally give way to the invading interstitial tissue, particularly to fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and pericytes. Once such a transcapillary pillar is formed, it can subsequently grow to the size of a normal intercapillary mesh. The addition of collagen fibrils to the pillar core will stabilize the pillar mechanically. Recent observations allowed to extend the IA concept further: The same structural mechanism of intussusceptive pillar formation was shown to contribute also to the formation of vascular trees (arborisation) and to be involved in vascular remodeling. Although numerous growth factors and receptors have already been suggested as being active in IA, very few hard facts are at present available which would allow to get a comprehensive view of IA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Burri
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Berne, Bühlstrasse 26, CH-3012, Berne, Switzerland.
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Shimoda H, Takahashi Y, Kato S. Development of the lymphatic network in the muscle coat of the rat jejunum as revealed by enzyme-histochemistry. ARCHIVES OF HISTOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY 2001; 64:523-33. [PMID: 11838712 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.64.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The process of lymphangiogenesis was studied in the muscle coat of the rat small intestine by light and scanning and transmission electron microscopy; identification of lymphatic vessels was made by 5'-nucleotidase staining. Light and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the intramuscular lymphatic network formation, which started only postnatally, was attributable to the vascular sprouting of slender lymphatic endothelial projections and to a splitting of the vessels, causing intervascular meshes of various sizes. The growing lymphatics were consistently closed by the endothelial cells, which were characterized by an abundance of cell organelles and prominent cytoplasmic processes. The cells often revealed close contacts with the processes of developing smooth muscle cells in the jejunal muscle coat, suggesting a possible role for the latter cells in the guidance of the lymphatic extension. The present study is the first to suggest the closed nature of lymphatics persisting throughout their development, even at the initial stage of lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shimoda
- Department of Anatomy, Oita Medical University, Hasama-machi, Japan.
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Patan S, Tanda S, Roberge S, Jones RC, Jain RK, Munn LL. Vascular morphogenesis and remodeling in a human tumor xenograft: blood vessel formation and growth after ovariectomy and tumor implantation. Circ Res 2001; 89:732-9. [PMID: 11597997 PMCID: PMC2752899 DOI: 10.1161/hh2001.097872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To determine mechanisms of blood vessel formation and growth in solid tumors, we used a model in which LS174T human colon adenocarcinomas are grown in the isolated ovarian pedicle of nude mice. Reconstruction of 3500 histological serial sections demonstrated that a new vascular network composed of venous-venous loops of varying sizes grows inside the tumor from the wall of the adjacent main vein. Loops elongate and remodel to establish complex loop systems. The mechanisms of loop formation and remodeling correspond to intussusceptive microvascular growth (IMG). In the tissue surrounding the tumor segmentation, another mechanism of IMG is prevalent in venous vessels. Comparison to vascular morphogenesis in the ovariectomized pedicle not only confirms the existence of corresponding mechanisms in both systems, but also reveals numerous sprouts that are superimposed onto loop systems and pathological deviations of loop formation, remodeling, and segmentation in the tumor. These pathological mechanisms interfere with vessel patency that likely cause heterogenous perfusion and hypoxia thus perpetuating angiogenesis. Blood vessel formation based on IMG was also detected in a large thrombus that completely occluded a part of an ovarian artery branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Patan S, Munn LL, Tanda S, Roberge S, Jain RK, Jones RC. Vascular morphogenesis and remodeling in a model of tissue repair: blood vessel formation and growth in the ovarian pedicle after ovariectomy. Circ Res 2001; 89:723-31. [PMID: 11597996 DOI: 10.1161/hh2001.097870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate mechanisms of vascular morphogenesis in tissue repair, we performed ovariectomy with resection of the corresponding branches of the ovarian vessels in nude mice. This induces a vascular network remodeling response in the healing ovarian pedicle. Reconstruction of 2000 histological serial sections demonstrated that a new vascular network composed of venous-venous loops forms in the wall of the dilated ovarian vein. Preexisting veins of all sizes, including a branch of the main artery, are subjected to segmentation. Loop formation and segmentation are based on intussusceptive microvascular growth. Loop formation is followed by elongation. Loop remodeling occurs also by intussusception and results in the formation of compound loop systems. All loop systems observed were completely patent. Blind-ending sprouts were extremely rare. Anastomoses between the preexisting vessels subjected to segmentation and the loop systems were established to include the newly formed vessels into the preexisting vascular network. The formation of an increasing number of patent loop systems likely decreases hypoxia and subsequently arrests angiogenesis with transformation of the granulation tissue into a scar. Loop formation also occurred inside a large thrombus that occluded a part of the lumen of the main vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patan
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Tomanek RJ, Sandra A, Zheng W, Brock T, Bjercke RJ, Holifield JS. Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor differentially modulate early postnatal coronary angiogenesis. Circ Res 2001; 88:1135-41. [PMID: 11397779 DOI: 10.1161/hh1101.091191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The roles of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF [FGF-2]) in early postnatal regulation of coronary angiogenesis were investigated by administering neutralizing antibodies to these growth factors between postnatal days 5 and 12. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting both revealed decreases in VEGF protein in the hearts of rats treated with either antibody. In contrast, bFGF mRNA increased in both treated groups, whereas VEGF mRNA was unchanged. Using stereological assessment of perfusion-fixed hearts, we found that both anti-VEGF and anti-bFGF inhibited the rapid and marked capillary growth that occurs during this time period and that the effects of the two neutralizing antibodies are not additive. Arteriolar growth, as indicated by a lower length density, was inhibited by anti-bFGF, but not anti-VEGF. When both anti-VEGF and anti-bFGF were administered, arteriolar length density was not significantly lower, but the population of small arterioles (<15 microm) was markedly reduced, whereas the percentage of large arterioles (26 to 50 microm) more than doubled. Thus, inhibition of both growth factors negated or limited the formation of small arterioles and facilitated an expansion of the largest arterioles. These in vivo data are the first to document that during the early neonatal period, (1) both VEGF and bFGF modulate capillary growth, (2) bFGF facilitates arteriolar growth, and (3) the two growth factors interact to establish the normal hierarchy of the arteriolar tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Tomanek
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
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Patan S. Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis as mechanisms of vascular network formation, growth and remodeling. J Neurooncol 2000; 50:1-15. [PMID: 11245270 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006493130855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two distinct mechanisms, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis implement the formation of the vascular network in the embryo. Vasculogenesis gives rise to the heart and the first primitive vascular plexus inside the embryo and in its surrounding membranes, as the yolk sac circulation. Angiogenesis is responsible for the remodeling and expansion of this network. While vasculogenesis refers to in situ differentiation and growth of blood vessels from mesodermal derived hemangioblasts, angiogenesis comprises two different mechanisms: endothelial sprouting and intussusceptive microvascular growth (IMG). The sprouting process is based on endothelial cell migration, proliferation and tube formation. IMG divides existing vessel lumens by formation and insertion of tissue folds and columns of interstitial tissue into the vessel lumen. The latter are termed interstitial or inter-vascular tissue structures (ITSs) and tissue pillars or posts. Intussusception also includes the establishment of new vessels by in situ loop formation in the wall of large veins. The molecular regulation of these distinct mechanisms is discussed in respect to the most important positive regulators, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors flk-1 (KDR) and flt-1, the Angiopoietin/tie system and the ephrin-B/EpH-B system. The cellular mechanisms and the molecular regulation of angiogenesis in the pathological state are summarized and the differences of physiological and pathological angiogenesis elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patan
- Division of Cardiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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Abstract
1. Although much is known of signalling events associated with angiogenesis, starting with a sprout, less is known of how an intact microvascular network is correctly formed following the initiation of sprouting. The aim of the present report is to evaluate some of the factors that could be involved in directing the patterning of the resulting microvascular bed. 2. Hypothetical 'patterning rules' are discussed and considered in the context of data obtained from studies of angiogenesis. The guidelines suggest that both tissue- and stimulus-specific regulators are involved in directing patterning. 3. Examples of 'patterned' and 'non-patterned' angiogenesis in rat mesentery are given, with evidence to support stimulus-related differences in angiogenesis patterns. 4. Skeletal muscle angiogenesis follows metabolic patterns within the muscle, as discerned through traditional histochemical evaluation. However, further examination, using confocal microscopy and new patterning assays, indicates that branching patterns differ according to stimulus. Patterning guidelines within the tissue may be important in preventing the growth of sinusoidal vessels. 5. The concept of 'angiotypes' is proposed to direct future studies towards understanding how therapeutic angiogenesis or angiostasis applications can be used to obtain correctly patterned microvascular networks. Angiogenesis via 'branching' compared with 'non-branching' angiotypes will involve different signalling pathways. Both sprouting and dividing of capillaries are found in the 'branching' angiotype, with each pattern having several subtypes that would be expected to be mediated via different signalling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Hansen-Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4401, USA.
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Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of vessels from pre-existing vessels, is of critical importance not only during normal growth, but also in pathological situations. In the latter, some diseases are enhanced by excessive vascular growth (e.g., tumors), whereas in others inadequate vascular growth contributes to morbidity and mortality (e. g., ischemic heart disease). Our current state of knowledge makes it clear that the cascade of angiogenic events depends on complex processes that include cell-cell interactions, various intracellular signaling pathways, and the appropriate extracellular microenvironment. The literature regarding angiogenesis has increased exponentially during the last decade. Progress in this area is largely a consequence of advances in our understanding of angiogenic growth factor and cytokine function, in part due to the determination of their complete amino acid sequences and cloning of their genes. Other factors also play key roles in angiogenesis, including the extracellular matrix, adhesion molecules and their inhibitors, and metabolic and mechanical factors. The potential for developing therapeutic protocols has been enhanced by data from both in vitro and in vivo studies and has provided the rationale for clinic trials. Angiogenic therapy strategies include inhibition of aberrant angiogenesis, as seen in tumors or diabetes, as well as stimulation of angiogenesis in conditions of ischemia, such as ischemic heart or peripheral vascular disease. Anat Rec (New Anat) 261:126-135, 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Tomanek
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
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Coronary Angiogenesis Mechanisms, Methods, and Consequences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2590(08)60161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Zhou AL, Egginton S, Brown MD, Hudlicka O. Capillary growth in overloaded, hypertrophic adult rat skeletal muscle: an ultrastructural study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1998; 252:49-63. [PMID: 9737744 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199809)252:1<49::aid-ar6>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We examined the early stages of angiogenesis in overloaded m. extensor digitorum longus following extirpation of the agonist m. tibialis anterior. Capillary-to-fibre ratio increased after 1 week (1.54+/-0.02) vs. control (1.38+/0.06; P < 0.01) and resulted in a greater tortuosity of the capillary bed at 2 weeks, indicating the presence of lateral sprouts or anastomoses. Capillary endothelial cells (ECs) showed ultrastructural signs of activation, were thickened, and had irregular luminal and abluminal surfaces. The proportion of ECs with abluminal processes increased after overload (13.5+/-0.6% vs. 2.0+/-1.5%, 1 week vs. contralateral, P < 0.01; 12.5+/-2.6% vs. 3.5+/-0.6%, 2 weeks vs. contralateral, P < 0.01), whereas there was no significant change in proportion of luminal processes. Abluminal processes occurred in approximately 13% of capillaries in overloaded muscles (P < 0.01 v. control and contralateral), and most were associated with focal breakage of the basement membrane (BM). Small sprouts (<3 microm in diameter) comprised of one or two ECs sometimes lacked a lumen, and others had a slitlike or vacuolelike lumen between adjacent ECs or vacuolelike lumen formed by fusion of vesicles within a single EC. Endothelial mitosis was occasionally seen in nonsprouting capillaries with intact BM, increasing the average number of ECs per capillary from approximately 1.7 in control muscles to 2.1 after 1 week of overload (P < 0.05) when bromodeoxyuridine incorporation was also higher (P < 0.001). We conclude that muscle overload induces capillary growth by sprouting of existing capillaries, probably due to mechanical stretch acting from the abluminal side of the vessels.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Basement Membrane/cytology
- Basement Membrane/ultrastructure
- Capillaries/physiology
- Capillaries/ultrastructure
- Cell Division/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Male
- Microscopy, Electron
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- S Phase/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Zhou
- Department of Physiology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
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46
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HUDLICKA O. Is Physiological Angiogenesis in Skeletal Muscle Regulated by Changes in Microcirculation? Microcirculation 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.1998.tb00048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstracts of Posters. Angiogenesis 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9185-3_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pannarale L, Morini S, D'Ubaldo E, Gaudio E, Marinozzi G. SEM corrosion-casts study of the microcirculation of the flat bones in the rat. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1997; 247:462-71. [PMID: 9096785 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199704)247:4<462::aid-ar4>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the organization of microcirculation in flat bones in comparison with long bones. This study, therefore, helps us to determine the design of this vascular system in flat bones in relation to their structure and function. METHODS The organization of microvasculature in parietal, scapula, and ileum bones of 15 young sexually mature rats, aged 6-7 weeks, was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) from vascular corrosion cast (vcc), a resin-cast obtained material. RESULTS Our observations show that the pattern of the microcirculation in flat bones is different in the thick and thin parts of such bones. Where the bone is thinner than 0.4 mm, only periosteal and dural network exist. Larger vessels which do not form a real network connect the two tables of the bones in these regions. In thicker areas, the organization of the microvasculature is similar to that in long bones, with distinct periosteal, cortical and bone marrow networks. Moreover, in different bones, outer networks show slightly different characteristics according to the different adjacent structures (dura mater, muscles etc.). Different types of vessels were recognized by comparing their different diameter, course and endothelial imprints. CONCLUSIONS The microvascular patterns of the flat bones are strongly influenced by the bone thickness. The different microvascular systems can interact both with the bone modelling and remodeling and with the variable metabolic needs, modifying the microvascular pattern and the blood flow. This is even more important in view of the reciprocal influence of the different networks within the same bone.
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Vrancken Peeters MP, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Mentink MM, Hungerford JE, Little CD, Poelmann RE. The development of the coronary vessels and their differentiation into arteries and veins in the embryonic quail heart. Dev Dyn 1997; 208:338-48. [PMID: 9056638 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(199703)208:3<338::aid-aja5>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Research concerning the embryologic development of the coronary plexus has enriched our understanding of anomalous coronary vessel patterning. However, the differentiation of the coronary vessel plexus into arteries, veins, and a capillary network is still incomplete. Immunohistochemical techniques have been used for whole mounts and serial sections of quail embryo hearts to demonstrate endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts. From HH35 onward, the lumen of the coronary plexus was visualized by injecting India ink into the aorta. In HH17, branches from the sinus venosus plexus expand into the proepicardial organ to reach the dorsal side of the atrioventricular sulcus. From HH25 onward, vessel formation proceeds toward the ventral side and the apex of the heart. After lumenized connections of the coronary vessels with the aorta and right atrium are established, a media composed of smooth muscle cells and an adventitia composed of procollagen-producing fibroblasts are formed around the coronary arteries. In the early stage, bloodflow through the coronary plexus is possible, although connections with the aorta have yet to be established. After the coronary plexus and the aorta and right atrium are interconnected, coronary vessel differentiation proceeds by media and adventitia formation around the proximal coronary arteries. At the same time, the remodeling of the vascular plexus is manifested by disappearance of arteriovenous anastomoses, leaving only capillaries to connect the arterial and venous system.
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