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Ahn S, McClure LA, Pinheiro PS, Hernandez D, Boga DJ, Ukani H, Chavez JV, Quintela Fernandez JA, Caban-Martinez AJ, Kobetz E, Lee DJ. Methodological and Practical Challenges in Synthesizing Occupational Cancer Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:742. [PMID: 38928988 PMCID: PMC11203818 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21060742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Studies examining occupational exposures and cancer risk frequently report mixed findings; it is thus imperative for researchers to synthesize study results and identify any potential sources that explain such variabilities in study findings. However, when synthesizing study results using meta-analytic techniques, researchers often encounter a number of practical and methodological challenges. These challenges include (1) an incomparability of effect size measures due to large variations in research methodology; (2) a violation of the independence assumption for meta-analysis; (3) a violation of the normality assumption of effect size measures; and (4) a variation in cancer definitions across studies and changes in coding standards over time. In this paper, we first demonstrate these challenges by providing examples from a real dataset collected for a large meta-analysis project that synthesizes cancer mortality and incidence rates among firefighters. We summarize how each of these challenges has been handled in our meta-analysis. We conclude this paper by providing practical guidelines for handling challenges when synthesizing study findings from occupational cancer literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Ahn
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Laura A. McClure
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; (L.A.M.); (P.S.P.); (D.H.); (D.J.B.); (H.U.); (J.V.C.); (A.J.C.-M.); (E.K.); (D.J.L.)
| | - Paulo S. Pinheiro
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; (L.A.M.); (P.S.P.); (D.H.); (D.J.B.); (H.U.); (J.V.C.); (A.J.C.-M.); (E.K.); (D.J.L.)
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Diana Hernandez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; (L.A.M.); (P.S.P.); (D.H.); (D.J.B.); (H.U.); (J.V.C.); (A.J.C.-M.); (E.K.); (D.J.L.)
| | - Devina J. Boga
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; (L.A.M.); (P.S.P.); (D.H.); (D.J.B.); (H.U.); (J.V.C.); (A.J.C.-M.); (E.K.); (D.J.L.)
| | - Henna Ukani
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; (L.A.M.); (P.S.P.); (D.H.); (D.J.B.); (H.U.); (J.V.C.); (A.J.C.-M.); (E.K.); (D.J.L.)
| | - Jennifer V. Chavez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; (L.A.M.); (P.S.P.); (D.H.); (D.J.B.); (H.U.); (J.V.C.); (A.J.C.-M.); (E.K.); (D.J.L.)
| | | | - Alberto J. Caban-Martinez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; (L.A.M.); (P.S.P.); (D.H.); (D.J.B.); (H.U.); (J.V.C.); (A.J.C.-M.); (E.K.); (D.J.L.)
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Erin Kobetz
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; (L.A.M.); (P.S.P.); (D.H.); (D.J.B.); (H.U.); (J.V.C.); (A.J.C.-M.); (E.K.); (D.J.L.)
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - David J. Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; (L.A.M.); (P.S.P.); (D.H.); (D.J.B.); (H.U.); (J.V.C.); (A.J.C.-M.); (E.K.); (D.J.L.)
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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Goldfarb DG, Prezant DJ, Zeig-Owens R, Hall CB, Schwartz T, Liu Y, Kavouras IG. Association of firefighting exposures with lung function using a novel job exposure matrix (JEM). Occup Environ Med 2024; 81:84-91. [PMID: 38233128 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2023-109155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Characterisation of firefighters' exposures to dangerous chemicals in smoke from non-wildfire incidents, directly through personal monitoring and indirectly from work-related records, is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between smoke particle exposures (P) and pulmonary function. METHODS The study period spanned from January 2010 through September 2021. Routine firefighting P were estimated using fire incident characteristics, response data and emission factors from a novel job exposure matrix. Linear mixed effects modelling was employed to estimate changes in pulmonary function as measured by forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Models controlled for age, race/ethnicity, height, smoking and weight. RESULTS Every 1000 kg P was associated with 13 mL lower FEV1 (β=-13.34; 95% CI=-13.98 to -12.70) over the entire 12-year follow-up period. When analysing exposures within 3 months before PFT measurements, 1000 kg P was associated with 27 mL lower FEV1 (β=-26.87; 95% CI=-34.54 to -19.20). When evaluating P estimated within 3 months of a pulmonary function test (PFT), stronger associations were observed among those most highly exposed to the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster (β=-12.90; 95% CI=-22.70 to -2.89); the association of cumulative exposures was similar for both highly and less highly exposed individuals. DISCUSSION Smoke particle exposures were observed to have modest short-term and long-term associations with pulmonary function, particularly in those who, previously, had high levels of WTC exposure. Future work examining the association between P and pulmonary function among non-WTC exposed firefighters will be essential for disentangling the effects of ageing, routine firefighting and WTC exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Goldfarb
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental and Geospatial Health Sciences, City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York city, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - David J Prezant
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Zeig-Owens
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Charles B Hall
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Theresa Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Ilias G Kavouras
- Department of Environmental and Geospatial Health Sciences, City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York city, New York, USA
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Goldfarb DG, Prezant DJ, Zeig-Owens R, Schwartz T, Liu Y, Kavouras IG. Development of a job-exposure matrix (JEM) for exposure to smoke particle mass among firefighters of the Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY). Occup Environ Med 2023; 80:104-110. [PMID: 36635097 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2022-108549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A refined job exposure matrix (JEM) based on incident types and severities and response characteristics was developed for firefighters to estimate quantities of smoke particles emitted during structural and non-structural fire incidents from 2010 to 2021. METHODS The cohort included a subset of 3237 Fire Department of the City of New York firefighters who responded to at least one incident between 2010 and 2021, prior to retirement. Fire incident data included dates, type, severity (alarm level) and location. Response data included dates worked, firehouse, position titles and shift lengths for each firefighter. The quantity of smoke particle mass generated during structural and non-structural fires adjusted by individual firefighter engagement was computed using the United States Environmental Protection Agency AP-42 emissions framework. Correlations between years of employment, fire responses and career total particle mass concentration by firefighter were examined. Linear regression models were fit and corresponding R2 values were calculated. RESULTS Firefighters responded to a median of 424.7 (IQR=202.3-620.0) annual incidents/person; 17.6% were fire incidents (median=77.1; IQR=40.4-114.0). Structural fires were the most common type of fire incident (72.5% of annual incidents/person; median=55.9; IQR=29.6-85.5). Incident severity (alarm level) and firefighter engagement (position title) appeared to differentiate between high and low exposure regimes (R2=0.43). Incident severity explained most of the variability of particle exposures (R2=0.90). CONCLUSIONS Using the JEM, job-related smoke particle concentrations were estimated to vary by incident type, incident severity and firefighter engagement, highlighting the importance of using refined measures, so that future studies can more accurately evaluate associations between firefighting and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Goldfarb
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, New York, USA .,Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - David J Prezant
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Zeig-Owens
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Theresa Schwartz
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Ilias G Kavouras
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, New York, USA
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Marjerrison N, Jakobsen J, Demers PA, Grimsrud TK, Hansen J, Martinsen JI, Nordby KC, Veierød MB, Kjærheim K. Comparison of cancer incidence and mortality in the Norwegian Fire Departments Cohort, 1960-2018. Occup Environ Med 2022; 79:oemed-2022-108331. [PMID: 35589382 PMCID: PMC9606497 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2022-108331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Elevated risk of cancer at several sites has been reported among firefighters, although with mixed findings. The purpose of this study was to calculate standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for cancer and compare them to assess whether use of the different measures could be a source of inconsistencies in findings. METHODS The Norwegian Fire Departments Cohort, comprising 4295 male employees who worked at 15 fire departments across Norway, was linked to health outcome registries for the period 1960-2018. SIRs and SMRs were derived using national reference rates. RESULTS Overall, we observed elevated incidence of colon cancer (SIR, 95% CI 1.27, 1.01 to 1.58), mesothelioma (2.59, 1.12 to 5.11), prostate cancer (1.18, 1.03 to 1.34) and all sites combined (1.15, 1.08 to 1.23). Smaller, non-significant elevations were found for mortality of colon cancer (SMR, 95% CI 1.20, 0.84 to 1.67) and mesothelioma (1.66, 0.34 to 4.86), while SMR for prostate cancer was at unity. Potential errors were observed in some of the mortality data, notably for mesothelioma cases. Among those who died of cancer, 3.7% (n=14) did not have a prior diagnosis of malignancy at the same site group. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of incidence or mortality did not greatly influence the interpretation of results. The most prominent differences in SIR and SMR appeared to be due to inconsistencies between sites of cancer diagnosis and cause of death. The difference in SIR and SMR for prostate cancer suggested a detection bias from differential screening practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Marjerrison
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jarle Jakobsen
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul A Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom K Grimsrud
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johnni Hansen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Karl-Christian Nordby
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit B Veierød
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Goldfarb DG, Zeig-Owens R, Kristjansson D, Li J, Brackbill RM, Farfel MR, Cone JE, Yung J, Kahn AR, Qiao B, Schymura MJ, Webber MP, Dasaro CR, Shapiro M, Todd AC, Prezant DJ, Boffetta P, Hall CB. Temporal association of prostate cancer incidence with World Trade Center rescue/recovery work. Occup Environ Med 2021; 78:699-706. [PMID: 34507966 PMCID: PMC8458078 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2021-107405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Trade Center (WTC) attacks on 11 September 2001 created a hazardous environment with known and suspected carcinogens. Previous studies have identified an increased risk of prostate cancer in responder cohorts compared with the general male population. OBJECTIVES To estimate the length of time to prostate cancer among WTC rescue/recovery workers by determining specific time periods during which the risk was significantly elevated. METHODS Person-time accruals began 6 months after enrolment into a WTC cohort and ended at death or 12/31/2015. Cancer data were obtained through linkages with 13 state cancer registries. New York State was the comparison population. We used Poisson regression to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CIs; change points in rate ratios were estimated using profile likelihood. RESULTS The analytic cohort included 54 394 male rescue/recovery workers. We observed 1120 incident prostate cancer cases. During 2002-2006, no association with WTC exposure was detected. Beginning in 2007, a 24% increased risk (HR: 1.24, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.32) was observed among WTC rescue/recovery workers when compared with New York State. Comparing those who arrived earliest at the disaster site on the morning of 11 September 2001 or any time on 12 September 2001 to those who first arrived later, we observed a positive, monotonic, dose-response association in the early (2002-2006) and late (2007-2015) periods. CONCLUSIONS Risk of prostate cancer was significantly elevated beginning in 2007 in the WTC combined rescue/recovery cohort. While unique exposures at the disaster site might have contributed to the observed effect, screening practices including routine prostate specific antigen screening cannot be discounted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Goldfarb
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Bureau of Health Services, World Trade Center Health Program, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Zeig-Owens
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Bureau of Health Services, World Trade Center Health Program, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Division of Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Dana Kristjansson
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Center of Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jiehui Li
- World Trade Center Health Registry, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert M Brackbill
- World Trade Center Health Registry, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark R Farfel
- World Trade Center Health Registry, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA
| | - James E Cone
- World Trade Center Health Registry, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA
| | - Janette Yung
- World Trade Center Health Registry, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amy R Kahn
- Bureau of Cancer Epidemiology, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Baozhen Qiao
- Bureau of Cancer Epidemiology, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Maria J Schymura
- Bureau of Cancer Epidemiology, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Mayris P Webber
- Bureau of Health Services, World Trade Center Health Program, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Division of Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Division of Epidemiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Christopher R Dasaro
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Moshe Shapiro
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew C Todd
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David J Prezant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Bureau of Health Services, World Trade Center Health Program, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Division of Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Charles B Hall
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Division of Biostatistics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Laroche E, L’Espérance S. Cancer Incidence and Mortality among Firefighters: An Overview of Epidemiologic Systematic Reviews. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2519. [PMID: 33802629 PMCID: PMC7967542 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Firefighters are exposed to carcinogens that may increase their risk of developing many types of occupational cancer. Many systematic reviews (SRs) have been produced with sometimes conflicting conclusions. In this overview of reviews, we aim to assess the conclusion consistency across the available systematic reviews on the cancer risk in firefighters. Literature searches were conducted in several indexed databases and grey literature to retrieve systematic reviews aiming to evaluate cancer incidence or cancer mortality in firefighters. Results from included SRs were analyzed according to the tumour site. Out of 1054 records identified by the search in the databases, a total of 11 SRs were ultimately included. The original studies (n = 104) analyzed in the SRs were published between 1959 and 2018. The results consistently reported a significant increase in the incidence of rectal, prostate, bladder and testicular cancers as well as mesothelioma and malignant melanoma in firefighters compared to the general population. The SRs also indicate that death rates from rectal cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are higher among firefighters. Consistent SR results suggest that several types of cancer may be more frequent in firefighters than in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Laroche
- School of Administration Sciences, Université TELUQ, Quebec, QC G1K 9H6, Canada;
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Casjens S, Brüning T, Taeger D. Cancer risks of firefighters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of secular trends and region-specific differences. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2020; 93:839-852. [PMID: 32306177 PMCID: PMC7452930 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-020-01539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the cancer risks among firefighters in the time course and from different geographical areas. METHOD A PubMed search was performed to identify cohort studies about cancer risk and firefighting presented with standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) or standardized mortality ratios (SMRs). Using random-effect models, meta-relative risk estimates (mSIRs, mSMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were assessed. Cohort studies with employment starting before 1950 were classified as "old", studies starting between 1950 and 1970 as "medium", and later studies as "new". RESULTS The general cancer risk of firefighters was similar to the general population, but mSMR decreased over time (new studies: mSMR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.70-0.92). We observed an increase of mSIR for melanoma of the skin and prostate cancer as well as a decrease of mSIR for stomach cancer with later employment onset. For those cancer sites, we did not observe a secular trend of mSMRs. Regional differences between relative cancer risks were particularly observed for bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS Among other things, innovative firefighting techniques and better personal protective equipment have provided a safer and healthier working environment for firefighters over time leading to a reduction of overall cancer incidence and mortality ratios. Increased general preventive medical checkups and possible additional screenings for firefighters might have led to more findings of malignant melanoma of the skin and prostate cancer in the recent past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaantje Casjens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Taeger
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
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Soteriades ES, Kim J, Christophi CA, Kales SN. Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Firefighters: A State-of-the-Art Review and Meta-َAnalysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:3221-3231. [PMID: 31759344 PMCID: PMC7063017 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.11.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis was conducted on the association between firefighting and cancer. Methods: A comprehensive literature search of databases including Medline, EMBASE, Biosis, NIOSHTIC2, Web of Science, Cancerlit, and HealthStar, for the period between 1966 to January 2007, was conducted. We also retrieved additional studies by manual searching. Results: A total of 49 studies were included in the meta-analysis. We found statistically significant associations between firefighting and cancers of bladder, brain and CNS, and colorectal cancers, consistent with several previous risk estimates. We also found statistically significant associations of firefighting with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, skin melanoma, prostate, and testicular cancer. For kidney, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, leukemia, lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma, multiple myeloma, and pancreatic cancer, we found some statistically significant but less consistent results. For all other cancers evaluated (esophageal, laryngeal, oral and pharyngeal, liver and gallbladder, lung, lymphatic and hematopoietic, non-melanoma skin cancer, stomach, and urinary cancer) we did not find any statistically significant associations. Conclusions: Although our meta-analysis showed statistically significant increased risks of either cancer incidence or mortality of certain cancers in association with firefighting, a number of important limitations of the underlying studies exist, which, precluded our ability to arrive at definitive conclusions regarding causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpidoforos S Soteriades
- United Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology (EOME), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaeyoung Kim
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology (EOME), Boston, MA, USA.,Keimyung University, College of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Costas A Christophi
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology (EOME), Boston, MA, USA.,Cyprus University of Technology, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Limassol, Cyprus.,The Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stefanos N Kales
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology (EOME), Boston, MA, USA.,Cambridge Health Alliance, Employee & Industrial Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Jalilian H, Ziaei M, Weiderpass E, Rueegg CS, Khosravi Y, Kjaerheim K. Cancer incidence and mortality among firefighters. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2639-2646. [PMID: 30737784 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Firefighters are exposed to both known and suspected carcinogens. This study aims to systematically review the literature on the association of firefighting occupation and cancer incidence and mortality, overall and for specific cancer sites. A systematic review using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science was performed up to January 1, 2018. We extracted risk estimates of cancers and calculated summary incidence risk estimates (SIRE), summary mortality risk estimates (SMRE), and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Publication bias and risk of bias in individual studies were assessed using Begg's and Egger's tests and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS), respectively. We included 50 papers in the review and 48 in the meta-analysis. We found significantly elevated SIREs for cancer of the colon (1.14; CI 1.06 to 1.21), rectum (1.09; CI 1.00 to 1.20), prostate (1.15; CI 1.05 to 1.27), testis (1.34; CI 1.08 to 1.68), bladder (1.12; CI 1.04 to 1.21), thyroid (1.22; CI 1.01 to 1.48), pleura (1.60; CI 1.09 to 2.34), and for malignant melanoma (1.21; CI 1.02 to 1.45). We found significant SMREs of 1.36 (1.18 to 1.57) and 1.42 (1.05 to 1.90) for rectal cancer and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, respectively. Considering the significantly elevated risk of some cancers in this occupational group, we suggest improving preventive measures and securing adequate and relevant medical attention for this group. Further studies with more accurate and in-depth exposure assessments are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Jalilian
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mansour Ziaei
- School of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway - Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Corina Silvia Rueegg
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yahya Khosravi
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Kristina Kjaerheim
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway - Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Sritharan J, Pahwa M, Demers PA, Harris SA, Cole DC, Parent ME. Prostate cancer in firefighting and police work: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Environ Health 2017; 16:124. [PMID: 29149887 PMCID: PMC5693511 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate potential associations between firefighting and police occupations, and prostate cancer incidence and mortality. METHODS Original epidemiological studies published from 1980 to 2017 were identified through PubMed and Web of Science. Studies were included if they contained specific job titles for ever/never firefighting and police work and associated prostate cancer risk estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Study quality was assessed using a 20-point checklist. Prostate cancer meta-risk estimates (mRE) and corresponding 95% CIs were calculated for firefighting and police work separately and by various study characteristics using random effects models. Between-study heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 score. Publication bias was assessed using Begg's and Egger's tests. RESULTS A total of 26 firefighter and 12 police studies were included in the meta-analysis, with quality assessment scores ranging from 7 to 19 points. For firefighter studies, the prostate cancer incidence mRE was 1.17 (95% CI = 1.08-1.28, I2 = 72%) and the mortality mRE was 1.12 (95% CI = 0.92-1.36, I2 = 50%). The mRE for police incidence studies was 1.14 (95% CI = 1.02-1.28; I2 = 33%); for mortality studies, the mRE was 1.08 (95% CI = 0.80-1.45; I2 = 0%). By study design, mREs for both firefighter and police studies were similar to estimates of incidence and mortality. CONCLUSION Small excess risks of prostate cancer were observed from firefighter studies with moderate to substantial heterogeneity and a relatively small number of police studies, respectively. There is a need for further studies to examine police occupations and to assess unique and shared exposures in firefighting and police work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeavana Sritharan
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, 525 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3 Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 525 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3 Canada
| | - Manisha Pahwa
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, 525 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3 Canada
| | - Paul A. Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, 525 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3 Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 525 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3 Canada
- CAREX Canada, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 525 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3 Canada
| | - Shelley A. Harris
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, 525 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3 Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 525 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3 Canada
- Population Health and Prevention, Cancer Care Ontario, 525 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3 Canada
| | - Donald C. Cole
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 525 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3 Canada
| | - Marie-Elise Parent
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, University of Quebec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7 Canada
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11
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Glass DC, Del Monaco A, Pircher S, Vander Hoorn S, Sim MR. Mortality and cancer incidence among male volunteer Australian firefighters. Occup Environ Med 2017; 74:628-638. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2016-104088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Bigert C, Gustavsson P, Straif K, Taeger D, Pesch B, Kendzia B, Schüz J, Stücker I, Guida F, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Pesatori AC, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Tse LA, Ignatius Tak-sun Y, Siemiatycki J, Lavoué J, Richiardi L, Mirabelli D, Simonato L, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Tardón A, Zaridze D, Field JK, Mannetje A‘, Pearce N, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Dumitru RS, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Boffetta P, Peters S, Vermeulen R, Kromhout H, Brüning T, Olsson AC. Lung Cancer Among Firefighters: Smoking-Adjusted Risk Estimates in a Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies. J Occup Environ Med 2016; 58:1137-1143. [PMID: 27820764 PMCID: PMC7254920 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore lung cancer risk among firefighters, with adjustment for smoking. METHODS We used pooled information from the SYNERGY project including 14 case-control studies conducted in Europe, Canada, New Zealand, and China, with lifetime work histories and smoking habits for 14,748 cases of lung cancer and 17,543 controls. We estimated odds ratios by unconditional logistic regression with adjustment for smoking and having ever been employed in a job known to present an excess risk of lung cancer. RESULTS There was no increased lung cancer risk overall or by specific cell type among firefighters (n = 190), neither before nor after smoking adjustment. We observed no significant exposure-response relationship in terms of work duration. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence of an excess lung cancer risk related to occupational exposure as a firefighter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bigert
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Gustavsson
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Dirk Taeger
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Beate Pesch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Stücker
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, F-94807, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Florence Guida
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, F-94807, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Irene Brüske
- Institut für Epidemiologie I, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Center Munich, Institute of Epidemiology I, Germany
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - Angela C. Pesatori
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and IRCCS Cá Granda Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Lap Ah Tse
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Ignatius Tak-sun
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- Research Centre of University of Montréal Hospital Centre, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jérôme Lavoué
- Research Centre of University of Montréal Hospital Centre, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Mirabelli
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Simonato
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | | | | | - John K. Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrea ‘t Mannetje
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Neil Pearce
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Paul Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vladimir Janout
- Palacky University, Faculty of Medicine, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine, Ostrava University, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Susan Peters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Ann C. Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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13
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Glass DC, Pircher S, Del Monaco A, Hoorn SV, Sim MR. Mortality and cancer incidence in a cohort of male paid Australian firefighters. Occup Environ Med 2016; 73:761-771. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2015-103467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Ochieng J, Nangami GN, Ogunkua O, Miousse IR, Koturbash I, Odero-Marah V, McCawley LJ, Nangia-Makker P, Ahmed N, Luqmani Y, Chen Z, Papagerakis S, Wolf GT, Dong C, Zhou BP, Brown DG, Colacci AM, Hamid RA, Mondello C, Raju J, Ryan EP, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Amedei A, Al-Temaimi R, Al-Mulla F, Bisson WH, Eltom SE. The impact of low-dose carcinogens and environmental disruptors on tissue invasion and metastasis. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S128-59. [PMID: 26106135 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to stimulate new ideas regarding low-dose environmental mixtures and carcinogens and their potential to promote invasion and metastasis. Whereas a number of chapters in this review are devoted to the role of low-dose environmental mixtures and carcinogens in the promotion of invasion and metastasis in specific tumors such as breast and prostate, the overarching theme is the role of low-dose carcinogens in the progression of cancer stem cells. It is becoming clearer that cancer stem cells in a tumor are the ones that assume invasive properties and colonize distant organs. Therefore, low-dose contaminants that trigger epithelial-mesenchymal transition, for example, in these cells are of particular interest in this review. This we hope will lead to the collaboration between scientists who have dedicated their professional life to the study of carcinogens and those whose interests are exclusively in the arena of tissue invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Ochieng
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA, Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA, Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy, Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt, Department of Experimental and
| | - Gladys N Nangami
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA, Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA, Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy, Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt, Department of Experimental and
| | - Olugbemiga Ogunkua
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA, Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA, Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy, Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt, Department of Experimental and
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Valerie Odero-Marah
- Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Lisa J McCawley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Nuzhat Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yunus Luqmani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Zhenbang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA, Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA, Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy, Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt, Department of Experimental and
| | - Silvana Papagerakis
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gregory T Wolf
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chenfang Dong
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Binhua P Zhou
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Anna Maria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze 50134, Italy and
| | - Rabeah Al-Temaimi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Sakina E Eltom
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA, Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Medical College, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA, Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy, Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt, Department of Experimental and
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15
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Dahm MM, Bertke S, Allee S, Daniels RD. Creation of a retrospective job-exposure matrix using surrogate measures of exposure for a cohort of US career firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia. Occup Environ Med 2015; 72:670-7. [PMID: 26163543 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To construct a cohort-specific job-exposure matrix (JEM) using surrogate metrics of exposure for a cancer study on career firefighters from the Chicago, Philadelphia and San Francisco Fire Departments. METHODS Departmental work history records, along with data on historical annual fire-runs and hours, were collected from 1950 to 2009 and coded into separate databases. These data were used to create a JEM based on standardised job titles and fire apparatus assignments using several surrogate exposure metrics to estimate firefighters' exposure to the combustion byproducts of fire. The metrics included duration of exposure (cumulative time with a standardised exposed job title and assignment), fire-runs (cumulative events of potential fire exposure) and time at fire (cumulative hours of potential fire exposure). RESULTS The JEM consisted of 2298 unique job titles alongside 16,174 fire apparatus assignments from the three departments, which were collapsed into 15 standardised job titles and 15 standardised job assignments. Correlations were found between fire-runs and time at fires (Pearson coefficient=0.92), duration of exposure and time at fires (Pearson coefficient=0.85), and duration of exposure and fire-runs (Pearson coefficient=0.82). Total misclassification rates were found to be between 16-30% when using duration of employment as an exposure surrogate, which has been traditionally used in most epidemiological studies, compared with using the duration of exposure surrogate metric. CONCLUSIONS The constructed JEM successfully differentiated firefighters based on gradient levels of potential exposure to the combustion byproducts of fire using multiple surrogate exposure metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Dahm
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen Bertke
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Robert D Daniels
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Tsai RJ, Luckhaupt SE, Schumacher P, Cress RD, Deapen DM, Calvert GM. Risk of cancer among firefighters in California, 1988-2007. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:715-29. [PMID: 25943908 PMCID: PMC4527530 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies of firefighter cancer risks were conducted prior to 1990 and do not reflect risk from advances in building materials. METHODS A case-control study using California Cancer Registry data (1988-2007) was conducted to evaluate the risk of cancer among firefighters, stratified by race. RESULTS This study identified 3,996 male firefighters with cancer. Firefighters were found to have a significantly elevated risk for melanoma (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-2.1), multiple myeloma (OR 1.4; 95%CI 1.0-1.8), acute myeloid leukemia (OR 1.4; 95%CI 1.0-2.0), and cancers of the esophagus (OR 1.6; 95%CI 1.2-2.1), prostate (OR 1.5; 95%CI 1.3-1.7), brain (OR 1.5; 95%CI 1.2-2.0), and kidney (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.0-1.6). CONCLUSIONS In addition to observing cancer findings consistent with previous research, this study generated novel findings for firefighters with race/ethnicity other than white. It provides additional evidence to support the association between firefighting and several specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Tsai
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sara E. Luckhaupt
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Pam Schumacher
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rosemary D. Cress
- Public Health Institute, Cancer Registry of Greater California, Sacramento, California
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | | | - Geoffrey M. Calvert
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Daniels RD, Bertke S, Dahm MM, Yiin JH, Kubale TL, Hales TR, Baris D, Zahm SH, Beaumont JJ, Waters KM, Pinkerton LE. Exposure-response relationships for select cancer and non-cancer health outcomes in a cohort of U.S. firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950-2009). Occup Environ Med 2015; 72:699-706. [PMID: 25673342 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine exposure-response relationships between surrogates of firefighting exposure and select outcomes among previously studied US career firefighters. METHODS Eight cancer and four non-cancer outcomes were examined using conditional logistic regression. Incidence density sampling was used to match each case to 200 controls on attained age. Days accrued in firefighting assignments (exposed-days), run totals (fire-runs) and run times (fire-hours) were used as exposure surrogates. HRs comparing 75th and 25th centiles of lagged cumulative exposures were calculated using loglinear, linear, log-quadratic, power and restricted cubic spline general relative risk models. Piecewise constant models were used to examine risk differences by time since exposure, age at exposure and calendar period. RESULTS Among 19,309 male firefighters eligible for the study, there were 1333 cancer deaths and 2609 cancer incidence cases. Significant positive associations between fire-hours and lung cancer mortality and incidence were evident. A similar relation between leukaemia mortality and fire-runs was also found. The lung cancer associations were nearly linear in cumulative exposure, while the association with leukaemia mortality was attenuated at higher exposure levels and greater for recent exposures. Significant negative associations were evident for the exposure surrogates and colorectal and prostate cancers, suggesting a healthy worker survivor effect possibly enhanced by medical screening. CONCLUSIONS Lung cancer and leukaemia mortality risks were modestly increasing with firefighter exposures. These findings add to evidence of a causal association between firefighting and cancer. Nevertheless, small effects merit cautious interpretation. We plan to continue to follow the occurrence of disease and injury in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Daniels
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen Bertke
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew M Dahm
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James H Yiin
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Travis L Kubale
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas R Hales
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Dalsu Baris
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Shelia H Zahm
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - James J Beaumont
- UC Davis Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kathleen M Waters
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lynne E Pinkerton
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Walsh JME, Potter MB, Arora M, Gildegorin G, Terdiman J. A workplace colorectal cancer screening program in firefighters: lessons learned. Occup Med (Lond) 2014; 64:255-8. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqu046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Firefighters are exposed to a number of different workplace hazards. As a result of this and the perception of increased ill-health symptoms, a systematic review was carried out to identify significant associations. AIMS To carry out a systematic review of evidence relating to non-cancer occupational health risks in firefighters. METHODS Systematic literature searches were conducted using a predetermined search strategy that encompassed terms describing the population of interest and health outcomes. Titles and abstracts identified were subjected to an initial screening process using specified guidelines. Included papers were reviewed and data extracted. Additional material, in the form of papers cited by those selected for review, was also obtained and, where relevant, added to the review. Extracted data were then collated into evidence tables to support the narrative review. RESULTS Relatively few papers were identified that addressed forms of ill-health in firefighters other than cancer. Nine papers were considered covering each of coronary heart disease and respiratory health. Other ill-health outcomes studied were hearing loss (five studies); hip osteoarthritis (two studies); and sarcoidosis (two studies). None of these sets of papers provided conclusive evidence of a consistent relationship between the specified disease outcomes and the occupation as a firefighter; although, in some instances (hearing loss, respiratory health, and hip and knee osteoarthritis), there were limited indications of some effect. CONCLUSIONS None of the sets of papers reviewed showed any consistent association between the occupation of firefighter and any of a number of non-cancer disease and ill-health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Crawford
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK.
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Daniels RD, Kubale TL, Yiin JH, Dahm MM, Hales TR, Baris D, Zahm SH, Beaumont JJ, Waters KM, Pinkerton LE. Mortality and cancer incidence in a pooled cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950-2009). Occup Environ Med 2013; 71:388-97. [PMID: 24142974 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine mortality patterns and cancer incidence in a pooled cohort of 29 993 US career firefighters employed since 1950 and followed through 2009. METHODS Mortality and cancer incidence were evaluated by life table methods with the US population referent. Standardised mortality (SMR) and incidence (SIR) ratios were determined for 92 causes of death and 41 cancer incidence groupings. Analyses focused on 15 outcomes of a priori interest. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine the potential for significant bias. RESULTS Person-years at risk totalled 858 938 and 403 152 for mortality and incidence analyses, respectively. All-cause mortality was at expectation (SMR=0.99, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.01, n=12 028). There was excess cancer mortality (SMR=1.14, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.18, n=3285) and incidence (SIR=1.09, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.12, n=4461) comprised mainly of digestive (SMR=1.26, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.34, n=928; SIR=1.17, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.25, n=930) and respiratory (SMR=1.10, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.17, n=1096; SIR=1.16, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.24, n=813) cancers. Consistent with previous reports, modest elevations were observed in several solid cancers; however, evidence of excess lymphatic or haematopoietic cancers was lacking. This study is the first to report excess malignant mesothelioma (SMR=2.00, 95% CI 1.03 to 3.49, n=12; SIR=2.29, 95% CI 1.60 to 3.19, n=35) among US firefighters. Results appeared robust under differing assumptions and analytic techniques. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence of a relation between firefighting and cancer. The new finding of excess malignant mesothelioma is noteworthy, given that asbestos exposure is a known hazard of firefighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Daniels
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Davis SR, Tao X, Bernacki EJ, Alfriend AS, Delowery ME. Evaluation of a bladder cancer cluster in a population of criminal investigators with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives--part 2: the association of cancer risk and fire scene investigation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 2013:986023. [PMID: 23690807 PMCID: PMC3649665 DOI: 10.1155/2013/986023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the association of bladder cancer risk and fire scene investigation within a cohort of white male criminal investigators with the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives that was found to be at increased risk for bladder cancer. Medical surveillance data were used in a nested case-control study to determine odds ratios (ORs) estimating the relative risk of the cancer associated with post-fire investigation. The study comprised seven bladder cancer cases and 1525 controls. Six of the cases reported holding assignments associated with post-fire investigation. The OR for bladder cancer was 19.01 (95% confidence interval = 1.94-186.39) for those holding any one or more of these assignments for one to four years versus zero years and 12.56 (1.14-138.58) for those holding any one or more of these assignments for five or more years versus zero years. The risk for bladder cancer is significantly elevated for those holding post-fire investigation assignments compared to those not holding these assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Davis
- Federal Occupational Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, 4550 Montgomery Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Mirick DK, Bhatti P, Chen C, Nordt F, Stanczyk FZ, Davis S. Night shift work and levels of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and cortisol in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1079-87. [PMID: 23563887 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Night shift work is associated with cancer among men, but the biologic mechanism is unclear. We investigated whether male night shift workers showed changes in levels of melatonin and cortisol, potential biomarkers of cancer risk. METHODS Urine was collected from 185 night shift and 158 day shift-working male healthcare providers, aged 22 to 55 years, throughout work and sleep periods, and assayed for 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and cortisol. Morning serum was collected within 90 minutes of completing the night and assayed for cortisol. RESULTS Night shift workers had significantly lower 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels during daytime sleep, nighttime work, and nighttime sleep on off-nights (57%, 62%, and 40% lower, respectively), relative to the day shift workers during nighttime sleep (P < 0.0001); urinary cortisol in night shift workers was 16% higher during daytime sleep and 13% lower during nighttime sleep on off-nights (P < 0.05). Morning serum cortisol post-work and post-sleep in night shift workers were 24% and 43% lower, respectively, than post-sleep levels among day shift workers (P < 0.0001). Within-subject comparisons among the night shift workers revealed significantly lower melatonin levels and significantly higher urinary cortisol levels during daytime sleep and nighttime work, relative to nighttime sleep (P < 0.01); morning serum cortisol levels post-work were lower than those post-sleep. CONCLUSIONS Night shift workers have substantially lower 6-sulfatoxymelatonin during night work and daytime sleep, and levels remain low when night shift workers sleep at night. Chronic reduction in melatonin among night shift workers may be an important carcinogenic mechanism. Cortisol secretion patterns may be impacted by night shift work, which could affect cancer risk. IMPACT Shift work could be an important risk factor for many types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana K Mirick
- Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, M4-A830, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Evans JA, Davidson AJ. Health consequences of circadian disruption in humans and animal models. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 119:283-323. [PMID: 23899601 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396971-2.00010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Daily rhythms in behavior and physiology are programmed by a hierarchical collection of biological clocks located throughout the brain and body, known as the circadian system. Mounting evidence indicates that disruption of circadian regulation is associated with a wide variety of adverse health consequences, including increased risk for premature death, cancer, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular dysfunction, immune dysregulation, reproductive problems, mood disorders, and learning deficits. Here we review the evidence for the pervasive effects of circadian disruption in humans and animal models, drawing from both environmental and genetic studies, and identify questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Evans
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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24
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Alvarado LC. Do evolutionary life-history trade-offs influence prostate cancer risk? a review of population variation in testosterone levels and prostate cancer disparities. Evol Appl 2013; 6:117-33. [PMID: 23396824 PMCID: PMC3567477 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An accumulation of evidence suggests that increased exposure to androgens is associated with prostate cancer risk. The unrestricted energy budget that is typical of Western diets represents a novel departure from the conditions in which men's steroid physiology evolved and is capable of supporting distinctly elevated testosterone levels. Although nutritional constraints likely underlie divergent patterns of testosterone secretion between Westernized and non-Western men, considerable variability exists in men's testosterone levels and prostate cancer rates within Westernized populations. Here, I use evolutionary life history theory as a framework to examine prostate cancer risk. Life history theory posits trade-offs between investment in early reproduction and long-term survival. One corollary of life history theory is the 'challenge hypothesis', which predicts that males augment testosterone levels in response to intrasexual competition occurring within reproductive contexts. Understanding men's evolved steroid physiology may contribute toward understanding susceptibility to prostate cancer. Among well-nourished populations of Westerners, men's testosterone levels already represent an outlier of cross-cultural variation. I hypothesize that Westernized men in aggressive social environments, characterized by intense male-male competition, will further augment testosterone production aggravating prostate cancer risk.
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Ahn YS, Jeong KS, Kim KS. Cancer morbidity of professional emergency responders in Korea. Am J Ind Med 2012; 55:768-78. [PMID: 22628010 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many professional emergency responders (ERs) who belong to the Korean National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) have been cross-trained and serve multiple roles. As such, firefighters and other ERs in Korea are exposed to similar occupational hazards. This study was conducted to estimate cancer morbidity in male ERs and compare that with Korean men. METHODS The cohort was comprised of 33,416 male ERs working between 1980 and 2007, who were alive on December 31, 1995. Work histories were merged with the Korea National Central Cancer Registry (KNCCR) to assess cancer morbidity between 1996 and 2007. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with reference to Korean men were analyzed. RESULTS SIRs with reference to national cancer rates were not significantly decreased for overall cancer (SIR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.90-1.08) in all ERs. However, colorectal (SIR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.07-1.67), kidney (SIR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.00-2.41), and bladder (SIR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.08-2.73) cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (SIR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.12-2.76) morbidities were significantly increased among all ERs. In firefighters, significantly increased cancer types were as same as those of all ERs. In non-firefighter ERs, colorectal (SIR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.20-4.61) and bone and articular cartilage cancers (SIR = 9.53, 95% CI = 1.07-34.41) were significantly higher than those of Korean men. CONCLUSIONS Korean firefighters showed excess morbidity in several cancer types, including colorectal and urologic cancers, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, demonstrating similar trends to previous studies for firefighters conducted in other countries. Increased incidence in these cancer types suggests occupational exposure to carcinogens and shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Soon Ahn
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
The incidence of testicular cancer has been increasing over the past several decades in many developed countries. The reasons for the increases are unknown because the risk factors for the disease are poorly understood. Some research suggests that in utero exposures, or those in early childhood, are likely to be important in determining an individual's level of risk. However, other research suggests that exposure to various factors in adolescence and adulthood is also linked to the development of testicular cancer. Of these, two adult occupational exposures-fire fighting and aircraft maintenance--and one environmental exposure (to organochlorine pesticides) are likely to be associated with increased risk of developing testicular cancer. By contrast, seven of the identified factors--diet, types of physical activity, military service, police work as well as exposure to ionizing radiation, electricity and acrylamide--are unlikely to increase the risk of developing testicular cancer. Finally, seven further exposures--to heat, polyvinyl chloride, nonionizing radiation, heavy metals, agricultural work, pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls as well as marijuana use--require further study to determine their association with testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology, National Cancer Institute, Suite 550 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Reulen RC, Kellen E, Buntinx F, Brinkman M, Zeegers MP. A meta-analysis on the association between bladder cancer and occupation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010:64-78. [PMID: 18815919 DOI: 10.1080/03008880802325192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raoul C. Reulen
- Centre for Childhood Cancer Survivor Studies, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eliane Kellen
- Department of General Practice, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Buntinx
- Department of General Practice, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of General Practice, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maree Brinkman
- Department of General Practice, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maurice P. Zeegers
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Complex Genetics, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The severity of many diseases varies across the day and night. For example, adverse cardiovascular incidents peak in the morning, asthma is often worse at night and temporal lobe epileptic seizures are most prevalent in the afternoon. These patterns may be due to the day/night rhythm in environment and behavior, and/or endogenous circadian rhythms in physiology. Furthermore, chronic misalignment between the endogenous circadian timing system and the behavioral cycles could be a cause of increased risk of diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and certain cancers in shift workers. Here we describe the magnitude, relevance and potential biological basis of such daily changes in disease severity and of circadian/behavioral misalignment, and present how these insights may help in the development of appropriate chronotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Litinski
- Clinical Fellow, Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Tel. 617-732 5778, Fax 617-279 0683,
| | - Frank AJL Scheer
- Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Tel. 617-732 7014, Fax 617-732 7337,
| | - Steven A Shea
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Tel. 617-732 5778, Fax 617-279 0683,
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Kang D, Davis LK, Hunt P, Kriebel D. Cancer incidence among male Massachusetts firefighters, 1987-2003. Am J Ind Med 2008; 51:329-35. [PMID: 18306327 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Firefighters are known to be exposed to recognized or probable carcinogens. Previous studies have found elevated risks of several types of cancers in firefighters. METHODS Standardized morbidity odds ratio (SMORs) were used to evaluate the cancer risk in white, male firefighters compared to police and all other occupations in the Massachusetts Cancer Registry from 1986 to 2003. Firefighters and police were identified by text search of the usual occupation field. All other occupations included cases with identifiable usual occupations not police or firefighter. Control cancers were those not associated with firefighters in previous studies. RESULTS Risks were moderately elevated among firefighters for colon cancer (SMOR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.04-1.79), and brain cancer (SMOR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.10-3.26). Weaker evidence of increased risk was observed for bladder cancer (SMOR = 1.22, 95% CI: 0.89-1.69), kidney cancer (SMOR = 1.34, 95% CI: 0.90-2.01), and Hodgkin's lymphoma (SMOR = 1.81, 95% CI: 0.72-4.53). CONCLUSIONS These findings are compatible with previous reports, adding to the evidence that firefighters are at increased risk of a number of types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmug Kang
- Department of Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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Han AR, Linton JA. Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer and Reproductive Hazards in Firefighters. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2008. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2008.51.12.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ah Reum Han
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Korea. ,
| | - John A. Linton
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Korea. ,
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Sass-Kortsak AM, Purdham JT, Kreiger N, Darlington G, Lightfoot NE. Occupational risk factors for prostate cancer. Am J Ind Med 2007; 50:568-76. [PMID: 17620275 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational risk factors for prostate cancer have been investigated with inconsistent findings. METHODS This was a population-based case-control study of men in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. Cases (n = 760) were from the Ontario Cancer Registry, 50 to 84 years old, and diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1995 and 1998. Age-frequency matched controls (n = 1,632) were obtained from telephone listings. A questionnaire yielded information on occupational history and self-reported exposures to a list of occupational hazards. Exposures to these hazards were assessed by an occupational hygienist. RESULTS An odds ratio estimate (OR) of 1.21 (95 percent confidence interval (% CI) 1.01, 1.46) was found for employment in trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations, possibly related to exposure to whole-body vibration (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.07, 1.78). For the highest quartile of lifetime cumulative workplace physical activity an OR of 1.33 (95% CI 1.02, 1.74) was found. No statistically significant associations were found for any other occupational category or exposure. CONCLUSIONS This study does not provide strong evidence for significant occupational risk factors for prostate cancer. However, whole-body vibration exposures, as well as physical activity, may be worth pursuing in future occupational studies.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no consensus whether firefighters are at increased cancer risk for particular cancers. Previous studies have been small, mostly investigated cancer mortality, and suggested increased risks for brain, bladder, testicular, prostate, thyroid and colo-rectal cancers, leukemia, and melanoma. METHODS Records of all male cancers registered in California during 1988-2003 were obtained. Firefighters were identified from occupation and industry text fields. Logistic regression analysis used other cancers as controls. RESULTS Of the 804,000 eligible records, 3,659 had firefighting as their occupation. Firefighting was associated with testicular cancer (odds ratio = 1.54, 95% confidence interval: 1.18-2.02), melanoma (1.50, 1.33-1.70), brain cancer (1.35, 1.06-1.72), esophageal cancer (1.48, 1.14-1.91), and prostate cancer (1.22, 1.12-1.33). CONCLUSIONS Use of other-cancer controls and lack of an occupational history may have biased relative risks towards the null. However, this study, which contained more firefighter cancers than any previous epidemiologic study, produced evidence supporting some prior hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Bates
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7360, USA.
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LeMasters GK, Genaidy AM, Succop P, Deddens J, Sobeih T, Barriera-Viruet H, Dunning K, Lockey J. Cancer risk among firefighters: a review and meta-analysis of 32 studies. J Occup Environ Med 2007; 48:1189-202. [PMID: 17099456 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000246229.68697.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to review 32 studies on firefighters and to quantitatively and qualitatively determine the cancer risk using a meta-analysis. METHODS A comprehensive search of computerized databases and bibliographies from identified articles was performed. Three criteria used to assess the probable, possible, or unlikely risk for 21 cancers included pattern of meta-relative risks, study type, and heterogeneity testing. RESULTS The findings indicated that firefighters had a probable cancer risk for multiple myeloma with a summary risk estimate (SRE) of 1.53 and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.21-1.94, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (SRE = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.31-1.73), and prostate (SRE = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.15-1.43). Testicular cancer was upgraded to probable because it had the highest summary risk estimate (SRE = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.30-3.13). Eight additional cancers were listed as having a "possible" association with firefighting. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm previous findings of an elevated metarelative risk for multiple myeloma among firefighters. In addition, a probable association with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, prostate, and testicular cancer was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace K LeMasters
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Ma F, Fleming LE, Lee DJ, Trapido E, Gerace TA. Cancer incidence in Florida professional firefighters, 1981 to 1999. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48:883-8. [PMID: 16966954 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000235862.12518.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the cancer risk associated with firefighting. METHODS Standardized incidence ratio analysis (SIR) was used to determine the relative cancer risk for firefighters as compared with the Florida general population. RESULTS Among 34,796 male (413,022 person-years) and 2,017 female (18,843 person-years) firefighters, 970 male and 52 female cases of cancer were identified. Male firefighters had significantly increased incidence rates of bladder (SIR = 1.29; 95% confidence interval = 1.01-1.62), testicular (1.60; 1.20-2.09), and thyroid cancers (1.77; 1.08-2.73). Female firefighters had significantly increased incidence rates of overall cancer (1.63; 1.22-2.14), cervical (5.24; 2.93-8.65), and thyroid cancer (3.97; 1.45-8.65) and Hodgkin disease (6.25; 1.26-18.26). CONCLUSIONS Firefighting may be associated with an increased risk of selected site-specific cancers in males and females, including an overall increased cancer risk in female firefighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangchao Ma
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
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Davis S, Mirick DK. Circadian Disruption, Shift Work and the Risk of Cancer: A Summary of the Evidence and Studies in Seattle. Cancer Causes Control 2006; 17:539-45. [PMID: 16596308 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-005-9010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the possibility that disruption of normal circadian rhythm may increase the risk of developing cancer. Persons who engage in nightshift work may exhibit altered nighttime melatonin levels and reproductive hormone profiles that could increase the risk of hormone-related diseases, including breast cancer. Epidemiologic studies are now beginning to emerge suggesting that women who work at night, and who experience sleep deprivation, circadian disruption, and exposure to light-at-night are at an increased risk of breast cancer, and possibly colorectal cancer as well. Several studies have been conducted in Seattle recently to investigate the effects of factors that can disrupt circadian rhythm and alter normal nocturnal production of melatonin and reproductive hormones of relevance to breast cancer etiology. Studies completed to date have found: (1) an increased risk of breast cancer associated with indicators of exposure to light-at-night and night shift work; and (2) decreased nocturnal urinary levels of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin associated with exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields in the bedroom the same night, and a number of other factors including hours of daylight, season, alcohol consumption and body mass index. Recently completed is an experimental crossover study designed to investigate whether exposure to a 60-Hz magnetic field under controlled conditions in the home sleeping environment is associated with a decrease in nocturnal urinary concentration of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin, and an increase in the urinary concentration of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and estradiol in a sample of healthy women of reproductive age. Presently underway is a study to determine whether working at night is associated with decreased levels of urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin, and increased urinary concentrations of the reproductive hormones listed above in a sample of healthy women of reproductive age, and to elucidate characteristics of sleep among night shift workers that are related to the hormone patterns identified. A proposal is under review to extend these studies to a sample of healthy men to investigate whether working at night is associated with decreased levels of urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin, and increased concentrations of urinary cortisol and cortisone, urinary levels of a number of androgen metabolites, and serum concentrations of a number of reproductive hormones. Secondarily, the proposed study will elucidate characteristics of sleep among night shift workers that are related to the hormone patterns identified, as well as investigate whether polymorphisms of the genes thought to regulate the human circadian clock are associated with the ability to adapt to night shift work. It is anticipated that collectively these studies will enhance our understanding of the role of circadian disruption in the etiology of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Davis
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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Boers D, Zeegers MPA, Swaen GM, Kant I, van den Brandt PA. The influence of occupational exposure to pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, diesel exhaust, metal dust, metal fumes, and mineral oil on prostate cancer: a prospective cohort study. Occup Environ Med 2005; 62:531-7. [PMID: 16046605 PMCID: PMC1741065 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2004.018622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the relation between exposure to pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), diesel exhaust, metal dust, metal fumes, and mineral oil in relation to prostate cancer incidence in a large prospective study. METHODS This cohort study was conducted among 58,279 men in the Netherlands. In September 1986, cohort members (55-69 years) completed a self-administered questionnaire on potential cancer risk factors, including job history. Follow up for prostate cancer incidence was established by linkage to cancer registries until December 1995 (9.3 years of follow up). The analyses included 1386 cases of prostate cancer and 2335 subcohort members. A blinded case-by-case expert exposure assessment was carried out to assign cases and subcohort members a cumulative probability of exposure for each potential carcinogenic exposure. RESULTS In multivariate analyses there was a significant negative association for pesticides (RR 0.60; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.95) when comparing the highest tertile of exposure to pesticides with no exposure. No association was found for occupational exposure to PAHs (RR 0.75; 95% CI 0.42 to 1.31), diesel exhaust (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.62 to 1.06), metal dust (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.72 to 1.40), metal fumes (RR 1.11; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.54), or mineral oil (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.66 to 1.48) when comparing the highest tertile of exposure with no exposure. In subgroup analysis, with respect to tumour invasiveness and morphology, null results were found for occupational exposure to pesticides, PAH, diesel exhaust, metal dust, metal fumes, and mineral oil. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a negative association between occupational exposure to pesticides and prostate cancer. For other carcinogenic exposures results suggest no association between occupational exposure to PAHs, diesel exhaust, metal dust, metal fumes, or mineral oil and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boers
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Gaertner RRW, Trpeski L, Johnson KC. A case?control study of occupational risk factors for bladder cancer in Canada. Cancer Causes Control 2004; 15:1007-19. [PMID: 15801485 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-004-1448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate occupational risk factors for bladder cancer in seven Canadian provinces. METHODS We analysed a population-based case-control dataset of 887 individuals with incident, histologically confirmed bladder cancer between 1994 and 1997. Controls (2847) frequency matched for age and gender were surveyed in 1996. Questionnaires were returned by about 60% of subjects. Odds ratios (ORs) for occupations and self-reported exposures were adjusted for province, age, race, smoking, and several dietary factors, using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS Statistically significant increased risks were observed among men employed as hairdressers (OR = 3.42; 1.09-10.8), primary metal workers (OR = 2.40; 1.29-4.50), miners (OR = 1.94; 1.18-3.17), and automechanics (OR = 1.69; 1.02-2.82). Primary metal workers and automechanics showed evidence of an employment duration-response trend. Modest elevated risks that were not significant were also observed for male government inspectors, printers, firefighters, general labourers, and welders. A duration-response trend was evident for government inspectors and general labourers. For females, significant elevations were observed among lumber processors (OR = 8.78; 1.28-60.1), general labourers (OR = 2.18; 1.05-4.52), nurses (OR = 1.54; 1.03-2.31), and general clerks (OR = 1.48; 1.01-2.17). The latter showed a positive duration-response trend. CONCLUSIONS This study found a statistically significant excess risk of bladder cancer, with a duration-response trend, among male primary metal workers and automechanics, and female office workers engaged in general clerical duties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reimar R W Gaertner
- Medical and Occupational Disease Policy Branch, Workplace Safety and Insurance Board, 200 Front Street West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Nelson LM, Tanner CM, Van Den Eeden SK, McGuire VM. Intracranial Neoplasms. Neuroepidemiology 2004. [DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195133790.003.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the taxonomy of primary brain tumors, with a focus on gliomas, meningiomas, and grading systems for these tumors. It discusses methodological challenges for studies of brain tumor incidence including variations in diagnostic practices. It summarizes descriptive epidemiology studies of brain tumor incidence and mortality by age, sex, histologic type, and ethnicity. Factors associated with survival are discussed including histologic grade, tumor location, and extent of surgical resection. Much work remains to discover the causes of the majority of human brain tumors, as established risk factors account for only a small proportion of these tumors. The chapter critiques evidence regarding possible risk factors for brain tumors, including genetic predisposition, ionizing radiation, chemical carcinogen exposure, electromagnetic fields, infections, head trauma, smoking, and diet.
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Burgess JL, Witten ML, Nanson CJ, Hysong TA, Sherrill DL, Quan SF, Gerkin R, Bernard AM. Serum pneumoproteins: a cross-sectional comparison of firefighters and police. Am J Ind Med 2003; 44:246-53. [PMID: 12929144 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.10269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum pneumoproteins provide a measure of the permeability of the lower respiratory tract, and have shown promise as a biomarker of acute and chronic exposure to respiratory toxicants. METHODS To evaluate the effects of chronic occupational smoke exposure, 105 firefighters were compared with 44 police controls in a cross-sectional study using spirometry, diffusing capacity of the lung, serum Clara cell protein (CC16), and serum surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A) measurements. RESULTS There were no significant differences in age, gender, height, spirometry (FVC and FEV(1)), and diffusing capacity between the two groups. Serum SP-A was lower in firefighters (260.1 +/- 121.2 microg/L) than police (316.0 +/- 151.4 microg/L, P = 0.019). Serum CC16 was also lower in firefighters (8.39 +/- 3.11 microg/L) than police (10.56 +/- 4.20 microg/L, P < 0.001), although this difference lost statistical significance when adjusted for confounders. CONCLUSIONS Firefighters have lower serum concentrations of SP-A than do police. Although the clinical significance of this finding is presently unknown, SP-A deserves further study as a biomarker of toxic exposure to the lower respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferey L Burgess
- Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arizona College of Public Health, 1435 N. Fremont, Box 210468, Tucson, AZ 85719-4197, USA.
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Stang A, Jöckel KH, Baumgardt-Elms C, Ahrens W. Firefighting and risk of testicular cancer: results from a German population-based case-control study. Am J Ind Med 2003; 43:291-4. [PMID: 12594776 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.10178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is some evidence of an elevated risk for testicular cancer among firefighters. METHODS We performed a population-based case-control study including 269 testicular cancer cases and 797 controls matching on age and region with a special focus on occupational exposures. Job tasks were coded according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 68). We used conditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR). RESULTS Three controls (0.4%) and four cases (1.5%) ever worked as firefighters. Firefighters showed an increased odds of testicular cancer in the matched evaluation (OR = 4.3, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.7-30.5). The adjustment for a history of cryptorchidism or family history of testicular cancer did not alter our results. CONCLUSION Although the association between firefighting and testicular cancer risk is based on only small numbers of exposed subjects in our study, the finding is consistent with a recent cohort study from New Zealand. Occupational hazards experienced by firefighters may increase the risk of testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stang
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Hufelandstr. Essen, Germany.
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Bates MN, Fawcett J, Garrett N, Arnold R, Pearce N, Woodward A. Is testicular cancer an occupational disease of fire fighters? Am J Ind Med 2001; 40:263-70. [PMID: 11598972 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous investigation showed an increased risk of testicular cancer among fire fighters in Wellington City, New Zealand, during the 1980s. Other studies of fire fighters had not identified testicular cancer as an occupational disease. METHODS This was an historical cohort study of mortality and cancer incidence in all paid New Zealand fire fighters, from 1977 to 1995. RESULTS The only cancer for which this study provided evidence of an increased risk was testicular cancer, even after excluding cases from the previous investigation. The standardized incidence ratio for 1990-96 was 3.0 (95% confidence interval: 1.3-5.90). There was no evidence that fire fighters were at increased risk from any particular cause of death. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed that New Zealand fire fighters are at increased risk of testicular cancer, although the reason is unknown. Other incidence studies of cancer in fire fighters are needed to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Bates
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., Kenepuru Science Centre, PO Box 50-348, Porirua, New Zealand.
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Baris D, Garrity TJ, Telles JL, Heineman EF, Olshan A, Zahm SH. Cohort mortality study of Philadelphia firefighters. Am J Ind Med 2001; 39:463-76. [PMID: 11333408 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fire fighters are exposed to a wide variety of toxic chemicals. Previous studies have reported excess risk of some cancers but have been limited by small numbers or little information on employment characteristics. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort mortality study among 7,789 Philadelphia firefighters employed between 1925 and 1986. For each cause of death, the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. We also compared mortality among groups of firefighters defined by the estimated number of career runs and potential for diesel exposure. RESULTS In comparison with U.S. white men, the firefighters had similar mortality from all causes of death combined (SMR = 0.96) and all cancers (SMR = 1.10). There were statistically significant deficits of deaths from nervous system diseases (SMR = 0.47), cerebrovascular diseases (SMR = 0.83), respiratory diseases (SMR = 0.67), genitourinary diseases (SMR = 0.54), all accidents (SMR = 0.72), and suicide (SMR = 0.66). Statistically significant excess risks were observed for colon cancer (SMR = 1.51) and ischemic heart disease (SMR = 1.09). The risks of mortality from colon cancer (SMR = 1.68), kidney cancer (SMR = 2.20), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (SMR = 1.72), multiple myeloma (SMR = 2.31), and benign neoplasms (SMR = 2.54) were increased among firefighters with at least 20 years of service. CONCLUSIONS Our study found no significant increase in overall mortality among Philadelphia firefighters. However, we observed increased mortality for cancers of the colon and kidney, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. There was insufficient follow-up since the introduction of diesel equipment to adequately assess risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baris
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Moen BE, Ovrebø S. Assessment of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during firefighting by measurement of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. J Occup Environ Med 1997; 39:515-9. [PMID: 9211208 DOI: 10.1097/00043764-199706000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Firefighters may be exposed to carcinogenic agents in the smoke from fires, and there has been some concern regarding firefighters' risk of developing occupational-related cancer. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present in most fires, posing a cancer risk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the PAH exposure among firefighters. Students (n = 9) and teachers (n = 4) at a firefighter training school delivered urine samples before and 6 to 7 hours after extinguishing burning diesel fuel. The urine samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography for 1-hydroxypyrene. A small but significant increase in 1-hydroxypyrene levels in the urine was found after the firefighting. This means that firefighting may cause exposure to PAHs. Although the exposure levels were low in this study, they may be different during other types of fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Moen
- Division for Occupational Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
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