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Szotowska I, Ledwoń A. Antiviral Chemotherapy in Avian Medicine-A Review. Viruses 2024; 16:593. [PMID: 38675934 PMCID: PMC11054683 DOI: 10.3390/v16040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article describes the current knowledge about the use of antiviral chemotherapeutics in avian species, such as farm poultry and companion birds. Specific therapeutics are described in alphabetical order including classic antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir, abacavir, adefovir, amantadine, didanosine, entecavir, ganciclovir, interferon, lamivudine, penciclovir, famciclovir, oseltamivir, ribavirin, and zidovudine, repurposed drugs, such as ivermectin and nitazoxanide, which were originally used as antiparasitic drugs, and some others substances showing antiviral activity, such as ampligen, azo derivates, docosanol, fluoroarabinosylpyrimidine nucleosides, and novel peptides. Most of them have only been used for research purposes and are not widely used in clinical practice because of a lack of essential pharmacokinetic and safety data. Suggested future research directions are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Szotowska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
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2
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Jia X, Schols D, Meier C. Antiviral Activity of Lipophilic Nucleoside Tetraphosphate Compounds. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2864-2883. [PMID: 38345794 PMCID: PMC10895676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and characterization of three types of nucleoside tetraphosphate derivatives 4-9 acting as potential prodrugs of d4T nucleotides: (i) the δ-phosph(on)ate is modified by two hydrolytically stable alkyl residues 4 and 5; (ii) the δ-phosph(on)ate is esterified covalently by one biodegradable acyloxybenzyl moiety and a nonbioreversible moiety 6 and 7; or (iii) the δ-phosphate of nucleoside tetraphosphate is masked by two biodegradable prodrug groups 8 and 9. We were able to prove the efficient release of d4T triphosphate (d4TTP, (i)), δ-monoalkylated d4T tetraphosphates (20 and 24, (ii)), and d4T tetraphosphate (d4T4P, (iii)), respectively, by chemical or enzymatic processes. Surprisingly, δ-dialkylated d4T tetraphosphates, δ-monoalkylated d4T tetraphosphates, and d4T4P were substrates for HIV-RT. Remarkably, the antiviral activity of TetraPPPPro-prodrug 7 was improved by 7700-fold (SI 5700) as compared to the parent d4T in CEM/TK- cells, denoting a successful cell membrane passage of these lipophilic prodrugs and an intracellular delivery of the nucleotide metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, DESY Campus, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
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3
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Jia X, Schols D, Meier C. Lipophilic Nucleoside Triphosphate Prodrugs of Anti-HIV Active Nucleoside Analogs as Potential Antiviral Compounds. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2306021. [PMID: 37884485 PMCID: PMC10754118 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs require three phosphorylation steps catalyzed by cellular kinases to give their triphosphorylated metabolites. Herein, the synthesis of two types of triphosphate prodrugs of different nucleoside analogs is disclosed. Triphosphates comprising: i) a γ-phosphate or γ-phosphonate bearing a bioreversible acyloxybenzyl group and a long alkyl group and ii) γ-dialkyl phosphate/phosphonate modified nucleoside triphosphate analogs. Almost selective conversion of the former TriPPPro-compounds into the corresponding γ-alkylated nucleoside triphosphate derivatives is demonstrated in CEM/0 cell extracts that proved to be stable toward further hydrolysis. The latter γ-dialkylated triphosphate derivatives lead to the slow formation of the corresponding NDPs. Both types of TriPPPro-compounds are highly potent in wild-type CEM/0 cells and more importantly, they exhibit even better activities against HIV-2 replication in CEM/TK- cell cultures. A finding of major importance is that, in primer extension assays, γ-phosphate-modified-NTPs, γ-mono-alkylated-triphosphates, and NDPs prove to be substrates for HIV-RT but not for cellular DNA-polymerases α,γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural SciencesUniversität HamburgMartin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6D‐20146HamburgGermany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and ChemotherapyDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU Leuven, Herestraat 49LeuvenB‐3000Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural SciencesUniversität HamburgMartin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6D‐20146HamburgGermany
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4
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Jia X, Schols D, Meier C. Pronucleotides of 2',3'-Dideoxy-2',3'-Didehydrothymidine as Potent Anti-HIV Compounds. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12163-12184. [PMID: 37647547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and evaluation of three different nucleotide prodrug systems: (i) nucleoside triphosphate analogues in which the γ-phosph(on)ate has two different lipophilic nonbioreversible alkyl residues with d4TDP as the released nucleotide analogue; (ii) nucleoside diphosphate analogues bearing a bioreversible and a stable β-alkyl group; or (iii) nucleoside diphosphate analogues bearing two nonhydrolysable lipophilic alkyl moieties. The delivery of d4TDP (for the triphosphate precursor) and d4TMP (for the diphosphate precursor) was demonstrated in CD4+ T-lymphocyte CEM cell extracts as well as in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). In primer extension assay, we found that γ-dialkylated d4TTP derivatives and d4TDP were accepted as substrates by HIV-RT. Several of these compounds were observed to be extremely active against HIV-1/2 replication in HIV-infected cells. A more than 45,000-fold increase in the anti-HIV activity was detected for compound 18a as compared to the parent d4T which results in a selectivity index value of 37,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
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5
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The First 5′-Phosphorylated 1,2,3-Triazolyl Nucleoside Analogues with Uracil and Quinazoline-2,4-Dione Moieties: A Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196214. [PMID: 36234748 PMCID: PMC9573387 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 5′-phosphorylated (dialkyl phosphates, diaryl phosphates, phosphoramidates, H-phosphonates, phosphates) 1,2,3-triazolyl nucleoside analogues in which the 1,2,3-triazole-4-yl-β-D-ribofuranose fragment is attached via a methylene group or a butylene chain to the N-1 atom of the heterocycle moiety (uracil or quinazoline-2,4-dione) was synthesized. All compounds were evaluated for antiviral activity against influenza virus A/PR/8/34/(H1N1). Antiviral assays revealed three compounds, 13b, 14b, and 17a, which showed moderate activity against influenza virus A (H1N1) with IC50 values of 17.9 μM, 51 μM, and 25 μM, respectively. In the first two compounds, the quinazoline-2,4-dione moiety is attached via a methylene or a butylene linker, respectively, to the 1,2,3-triazole-4-yl-β-D-ribofuranosyl fragment possessing a 5′-diphenyl phosphate substituent. In compound 17a, the uracil moiety is attached via the methylene unit to the 1,2,3-triazole-4-yl-β-D-ribofuranosyl fragment possessing a 5′-(phenyl methoxy-L-alaninyl)phosphate substituent. The remaining compounds appeared to be inactive against influenza virus A/PR/8/34/(H1N1). The results of molecular docking simulations indirectly confirmed the literature data that the inhibition of viral replication is carried out not by nucleoside analogues themselves, but by their 5′-triphosphate derivatives.
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6
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Yan L, Cao R, Zhang H, Li Y, Li W, Li X, Fan S, Li S, Zhong W. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 2'-acetylene-7-deaza-adenosine phosphoamidate derivatives as anti-EV71 and anti-EV-D68 agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113852. [PMID: 34560428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of phosphoamidate derivatives of nucleoside 2'-acetylene-7-deaza-adenosine (NITD008) were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antiviral activities against the enteroviruses EV71 and EV-D68. The phosphoamidate (15f) containing a hexyl ester of l-alanine exhibited the most promising activity against EV71 (IC50 = 0.13 ± 0.08 μM) and was 4-times more potent than NITD008. Meanwhile, the derivative containing a cyclohexyl ester of l-alanine (15l) exhibited the most potent activity with high selectivity index against both EV71 (IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.27 μM, SI = 117.00) and EV-D68 (IC50 = 0.17 ± 0.16 μM, SI = 130.76), which were both higher than that of NITD008. The results indicated that the phosphoamidate 15l was the most promising candidate for further development as antiviral agents for the treatment of both EV71 and EV-D68 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Ruiyuan Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Yuexiang Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Shiyong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Song Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China.
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7
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Kooramatom Unni K, Menon PK, George SC, Thomas SP, Devaky KS. A high‐yielding protocol for the synthesis of 4,
5‐diarylpyrimidin
‐2‐amine derivatives from chalcones. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaraj Kooramatom Unni
- Department of Chemistry Government College Kottayam Kottayam Kerala India
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam Kerala India
| | - Prasanth K. Menon
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam Kerala India
- NPD & R Synthite Industries Pvt Ltd, Synthite Valley Kochi India
| | | | - Sajesh P. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - K. S. Devaky
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam Kerala India
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8
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Kataev VE, Garifullin BF. Antiviral nucleoside analogs. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021; 57:326-341. [PMID: 34007086 PMCID: PMC8118684 DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The minireview surveys the modification of native nucleosides as a result of which huge libraries of nucleoside analogs of various structures were synthesized. Particular attention is paid to the synthesis of the so-called prodrug forms of nucleoside analogs which ensure their penetration into the cell and metabolism to active 5'-triphosphate derivatives. All the best known antiviral cyclic nucleoside analogs approved for the treatment of HIV infections, hepatitis B, C, and influenza since the 1960s, as well as those in various stages of clinical trials in recent years, are listed. Nucleoside analogs that have shown the ability to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are discussed, including remdesivir, approved by the FDA for emergency use in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E. Kataev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Arbuzova St., Kazan, 420088 Tatarstan Russia
| | - Bulat F. Garifullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Arbuzova St., Kazan, 420088 Tatarstan Russia
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9
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Jia X, Weber S, Schols D, Meier C. Membrane Permeable, Bioreversibly Modified Prodrugs of Nucleoside Diphosphate-γ-Phosphonates. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11990-12007. [PMID: 32991174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are widely used as antiviral and anticancer agents, although they require intracellular phosphorylation into their antivirally active form, the triphosphorylated nucleoside analogue metabolites. We report on the synthesis and characterization of a new class of nucleoside triphosphate analogues comprising a C-alkyl-phosphonate moiety replacing the γ-phosphate. These compounds were converted into bioreversibly modified lipophilic prodrugs at the γ-phosphonate by the attachment of an acyloxybenzyl (ester) or an alkoxycarbonyloxybenzyl (carbonate) group. Such compounds formed γ-C-(alkyl)-nucleoside triphosphate analogues with high selectivity because of an enzyme-triggered delivery mechanism. The latter compounds were very stable in CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CEM cell) extracts, and they were substrates for HIV-reverse transcriptase without being substrates for DNA-polymerases α, β, and γ. In antiviral assays, the excellent antiviral activity of the prodrugs that was found in CEM/0 cells was completely kept in CEM/TK- cells. The activity was improved by 3 logs as compared to the parent nucleoside d4T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Hosseinzadegan S, Hazeri N, Maghsoodlou MT. Synthesis of novel thiazolo[3,2‐
a
]chromeno[4,3‐
d
]pyrimidine‐6(7
H
)‐ones by bioactive Fe
3
O
4
@gly@thiophen@Cu(NO
3
)
2
as reusable magnetic nanocatalyst. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hosseinzadegan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Sistan and Baluchestan Zahedan Iran
| | - Nourallah Hazeri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Sistan and Baluchestan Zahedan Iran
| | - Malek Taher Maghsoodlou
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Sistan and Baluchestan Zahedan Iran
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11
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Jia X, Schols D, Meier C. Lipophilic Triphosphate Prodrugs of Various Nucleoside Analogues. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6991-7007. [PMID: 32515595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral efficacy of many nucleoside analogues is strongly dependent on their intracellular activation by host cellular kinases to yield ultimately the bioactive nucleoside analogue triphosphates (NTP). The metabolic conversion of nucleoside analogues into their triphosphates often proceeds insufficiently. We developed a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) delivery system (the TriPPPro approach), in which the γ-phosphate is covalently modified by two different biodegradable masking units, one is the acyloxybenzyl (AB) moiety and the other is the alkoxycarbonyloxybenzyl (ACB) group. Such compounds formed NTPs with high selectivity by an enzyme-triggered mechanism in human T-lymphocyte CEM cell extracts loosing first the AB moiety, followed by the ACB group. This enables the bypass of all steps of the intracellular phosphorylation. This approach was applied here to convert some modestly active or even inactive nucleoside analogues into powerful biologically active metabolites. Potent antiviral activity profiles were obtained depending on the lipophilicity of the TriPPPro-NTP prodrugs against HIV-1 and HIV-2 replication in cultures of infected wild-type CD4+ CEM T-cells and more importantly in thymidine kinase-deficient CD4+ T-cells (CEM/TK-). This TriPPPro strategy offers high potential for future antiviral and antitumoral chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Abstract
We disclose a study on nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) analogues in which the γ-phosphate is covalently modified by two different biodegradable masking units and d4T as nucleoside analogue that enable the delivery of d4TTP with high selectivity in phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) and by enzyme-triggered reactions in human CD4+ T-lymphocyte CEM cell extracts. This allows the bypass of all steps normally needed in the intracellular phosphorylation. These TriPPPro-nucleotides comprising an acyloxybenzyl (AB; ester) or an alkoxycarbonyloxybenzyl (ACB; carbonate) in combination with an ACB moiety are described as NTP delivery systems. The introduction of these two different groups led to the selective formation of γ-(ACB)-d4TTPs by chemical hydrolysis and in particular by cell extract enzymes. γ-(AB)-d4TTPs are faster cleaved than γ-(ACB)-d4TTPs. In antiviral assays, the compounds are highly active against HIV-1 and HIV-2 in wild-type CEM/O cells and more importantly in thymidine kinase-deficient CD4+ T-cells (CEM/TK-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Roda RH, Hoke A. Mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV-induced peripheral neuropathy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 145:67-82. [PMID: 31208527 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role in cellular energy production and calcium homeostasis. Abnormalities in mitochondrial homeostasis and function are seen in several acquired as well as genetic neuropathies, emphasizing their prominent role in neuronal cell activities. Chronic infection with HIV, even when appropriately treated, is a risk factor for developing peripheral neuropathy. In this chapter, we discuss the way in which HIV infection, the resultant toxic viral products that are generated, and some of the viral inhibitors used in its treatment may lead to abnormal mitochondrial function. Of importance are the effects on mitochondrial DNA replication and the neurotoxic effects of the viral gp120 protein. One aspect of mitochondrial dysfunction that remains unexplored is the role of the interaction between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum as a possible target of disruption in HIV neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H Roda
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Ahmet Hoke
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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14
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Abstract
An estimated 240 million people worldwide are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Despite readily available vaccination, HBV infections remain highly prevalent. As established HBV infections constitute a strong risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma their treatment is a major task for the health system. Unfortunately, HBV is not curable with today's medicine. Approximately 15 million HBV patients have developed a hepatitis delta (HDV) infection on top of their HBV infection. The patients superinfected with this satellite virus suffer from a more severe disease development. The knowledge of the viruses, their classifications, clinical implications, treatment options and efforts to increase the drug variety are compiled in this review. The current standard therapies include nucleosidic reverse transcriptase inhibitors and interferon. As the known treatments fail to cure HBV and HDV, targeted treatment is highly warranted. The focus of this review is set on the drugs currently under clinical investigation. Furthermore, strategies for the development of targeted treatment, and compounds with novel mode of action are described.
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15
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Abstract
In this review, our recent advances in the development of nucleoside di- and nucleoside triphosphate prodrugs is summarized. Previously, we had developed a successful membrane-permeable pronucleotide system for the intracellular delivery of nucleoside monophosphates as well, the so-called cycloSal-approach. In contrast to that work in which the delivery is initiated by a chemically driven hydrolysis reaction, for the di- and triphosphate delivery, an enzymatic trigger mechanism involving (carboxy)esterases had to be used. The other features of the new pronucleotide approaches are: (i) lipophilic modification was restricted to the terminal phosphate group leaving charges at the internal phosphate moieties and (ii) appropriate lipophilicity is introduced by long aliphatic residues within the bipartite prodrug moiety. The conceptional design of the di- and triphosphate prodrug systems will be described and the chemical synthesis, the hydrolysis properties, a structure-activity relationship and antiviral activity data will be discussed as well. The advantage of these new approaches is that all phosphorylation steps from the nucleoside analogue into the bioactive nucleoside triphosphate form can be bypassed in the case of the triphosphate prodrugs. Moreover, enzymatic processes like the deamination of nucleosides or nucleoside monophosphates which lead to catabolic clearance of the potential antivirally active compound can be avoided by the delivery of the higher phosphorylated nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Manfredini S, Solaroli N, Angusti A, Nalin F, Durini E, Vertuani S, Pricl S, Ferrone M, Spadari S, Focher F, Verri A, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Design and Synthesis of Phosphonoacetic Acid (PPA) Ester and Amide Bioisosters of Ribofuranosylnucleoside Diphosphates as Potential Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibitors and Evaluation of Their Enzyme Inhibitory, Cytostatic and Antiviral Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 14:183-94. [PMID: 14582847 DOI: 10.1177/095632020301400403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Continuing our investigations on inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the crucial enzyme that catalyses the reduction of ribonu-cleotides to deoxyribonucleotides, we have now prepared and evaluated 5′-phosphonoacetic acid, amide and ester analogues of adenosine, uridine and cytidine with the aim to verify both substrate specificity and contribution to biological activity of diphosphate mimic moieties. A molecular modelling study has been conducted on the RNR R1 subunit, in order to verify the possible interaction of the proposed bioisosteric moieties. The study compounds were finally tested on the recombinant murine RNR showing a degree of inhibition that ranged from 350 μM for the UDP analogue 5′-deoxy-5′- N-(phosphon-acetyl)uridine sodium salt (amide) to 600 μM for the CDP analogue 5′- O-[(diethyl-phosphon)acetyl]cytidine (ester). None of the tested compounds displayed noteworthy cytostatic activity at 100–500 μM concentrations, whereas ADP analogue 5′- N-[(diethyl-phosphon) acetyl]adenosine (amide) and 5′-deoxy-5′- N-(phos-phon-acetyl)adenosine sodium salt (amide) showed a moderate inhibitory activity (EC50: 48 μM) against HSV-2 and a modest inhibitory activity (EC50: 110 μM) against HIV-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Manfredini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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17
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Périgaud C, Girardet JL, Lefebvre I, Xie MY, Aubertin AM, Kirn A, Gosselin G, Imbach JL, Sommadossi JP. Comparison of Cytotoxicity of Mononucleoside Phosphotriester Derivatives Bearing Biolabile Phosphate Protecting Groups in Normal Human Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029600700607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of three mononucleoside phosphotriester derivatives of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT) which incorporate biolabile phosphate protecting groups, namely S-acetyl-2-thioethyl (MeSATE), S-(2-hydroxyethylsulfidyl)-2-thioethyl (DTE), and pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) were studied and compared to their nucleoside parent in human myeloid colony-forming cells. Moreover, the relative antiviral potency of these three pronucleotides were determined in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. The results indicate that the SATE and DTE pro-moieties, as well as their degradation products, do not induce additional toxicity. The bis(MeSATE) phosphotriester derivative of AZT emerged as the most selective inhibitor with an in-vitro therapeutic index of the same order of magnitude as observed for AZT. This study has been extended to the corresponding bis(MeSATE) and bis(DTE) phosphotriester derivatives of 2′,3′-dideoxyuridine (ddU).
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Périgaud
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR CNRS 5625, Case Counter 008, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - J.-L. Girardet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR CNRS 5625, Case Counter 008, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - I. Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR CNRS 5625, Case Counter 008, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - M.-Y. Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre for AIDS Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - A.-M. Aubertin
- Institut de Virologie de la Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Unité INSERM 74, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - A. Kirn
- Institut de Virologie de la Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Unité INSERM 74, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - G. Gosselin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR CNRS 5625, Case Counter 008, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - J.-L. Imbach
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR CNRS 5625, Case Counter 008, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - J.-P. Sommadossi
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre for AIDS Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Naesens L, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Balzarini J, Neyts J, De Clercq E. HPMPC (cidofovir), PMEA (adefovir) and Related Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate Analogues: A Review of their Pharmacology and Clinical Potential in the Treatment of Viral Infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANP) analogues are broad-spectrum antiviral agents, with potent and selective antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo. The prototype compounds are: ( S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine (HPMPC, cidofovir), which is active against a wide variety of DNA viruses; 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA, adefovir), which is active against retro-, herpes- and hepadnaviruses, and ( R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl) adenine (PMPA), which is active against retro- and hepadnaviruses. The antiviral action of the ANP analogues is based on a specific interaction of the active diphosphorylated metabolite with the viral DNA polymerase. The long intracellular half-life of the active metabolite accounts for the optimal efficacy in infrequent dosing schedules. The potential of HPMPC as a broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus agent, as originally observed in vitro and in vivo, has been confirmed in clinical trials. HPMPC has recently been commercially released in the USA for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients. In addition, topical systemic HPMPC is being (or will be) explored for use against other herpesviruses (i.e. herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, or varicella-zoster virus), by adenoviruses, or by human papilloma- or polyomaviruses. Intravenous HPMPC is associated with dose-dependent nephrotoxicity, that should be counteracted by prehydration and concomitant administration of probenecid, and by the application of an infrequent dosing schedule. The oral prodrug of PMEA, bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-PMEA, is currently being evaluated in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis B virus. Finally, preclinical data on the efficacy of PMPA in animal retrovirus models point to its potential usefulness against HIV infections, when given either prophylactically or therapeutically in the treatment of established HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - R Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Cihlar T, Chen MS. Incorporation of Selected Nucleoside Phosphonates and Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Nucleotide Analogues into DNA by Human DNA Polymerases α, β and γ. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of selected diphosphates of nucleoside phosphonates and triphosphates of currently approved anti-human immunodeficiency virus nucleoside analogues into DNA by human DNA polymerases α, β and γ was studied. All three polymerases were able to incorporate diphosphates of 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEApp), 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine (PMEGpp), ( R)-9-(2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine (PMPApp), ( R)-9-(2-phosphononomethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine (PMPDAPpp) and ( 2R,5R)-9-[2,5-dihydro-5-(phosphonomethoxy)-2-furanyl]adenine (D4APpp) into primer/template DNA of defined sequence. After incorporation, these nucleoside phosphonates acted as terminators of primer extension. Kinetic constants of their incorporation were determined and compared with those for incorporation of ddATP, ddCTP, (-)-2′-deoxy-3′-thiacytidine triphosphate (3TC-TP), 2′,3′-didehydro-3′-deoxythymidine triphosphate (d4T-TP) and 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine triphosphate (AZT-TP). Relative efficiencies of incorporation (percentage of the incorporation efficiency for the corresponding natural deoxynucleoside triphosphate) by DNA polymerase a ranged from 0.05% for 3TC-TP to 51% for PMEGpp. DNA polymerase β catalysed the incorporation with relative efficiencies ranging from 0.014% for AZT-TP to 125% for ddCTP, and efficiencies of incorporation by DNA polymerase γ varied between 0.13% for 3TC-TP and 25% for ddCTP. Generally, the lowest incorporation efficiencies with all three polymerases were found for PMPApp (0.06–1.4%) and PMPDAPpp (0.075–2.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cihlar
- Gilead Sciences, 346 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - MS Chen
- Gilead Sciences, 346 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
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20
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Gollnest T, Dinis de Oliveira T, Rath A, Hauber I, Schols D, Balzarini J, Meier C. Membrane-permeable Triphosphate Prodrugs of Nucleoside Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Gollnest
- Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Thiago Dinis de Oliveira
- Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Anna Rath
- Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Ilona Hauber
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute; Leibniz Institute of Experimental Virology; Martinistrasse 52 20251 Hamburg Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Minderbroedersstraat 10 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Minderbroedersstraat 10 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
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21
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Gollnest T, Dinis de Oliveira T, Rath A, Hauber I, Schols D, Balzarini J, Meier C. Membrane-permeable Triphosphate Prodrugs of Nucleoside Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5255-8. [PMID: 27008042 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic conversion of nucleoside analogues into their triphosphates often proceeds insufficiently. Rate-limitations can be at the mono-, but also at the di- and triphosphorylation steps. We developed a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) delivery system (TriPPPro-approach). In this approach, NTPs are masked by two bioreversible units at the γ-phosphate. Using a procedure involving H-phosphonate chemistry, a series of derivatives bearing approved, as well as potentially antivirally active, nucleoside analogues was synthesized. The enzyme-triggered delivery of NTPs was demonstrated by pig liver esterase, in human T-lymphocyte cell extracts and by a polymerase chain reaction using a prodrug of thymidine triphosphate. The TriPPPro-compounds of some HIV-inactive nucleoside analogues showed marked anti-HIV activity. For cellular uptake studies, a fluorescent TriPPPro-compound was prepared that delivered the triphosphorylated metabolite to intact CEM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Gollnest
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thiago Dinis de Oliveira
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Rath
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilona Hauber
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute of Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
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22
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Kurapati KRV, Atluri VS, Samikkannu T, Garcia G, Nair MPN. Natural Products as Anti-HIV Agents and Role in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND): A Brief Overview. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1444. [PMID: 26793166 PMCID: PMC4709506 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As the threat of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) persists to rise, effective drug treatments are required to treat the infected people. Even though combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) provides stable viral suppression, it is not devoid of undesirable side effects, especially in persons undergoing long-term treatment. The present therapy finds its limitations in the emergence of multidrug resistance and accordingly finding new drugs and novel targets is the need of the hour to treat the infected persons and further to attack HIV reservoirs in the body like brain, lymph nodes to achieve the ultimate goal of complete eradication of HIV and AIDS. Natural products such as plant-originated compounds and plant extracts have enormous potential to become drug leads with anti-HIV and neuroprotective activity. Accordingly, many research groups are exploring the biodiversity of the plant kingdom to find new and better anti-HIV drugs with novel mechanisms of action and for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The basic challenge that still persists is to develop viral replication-targeted therapy using novel anti-HIV compounds with new mode of action, accepted toxicity and less resistance profile. Against this backdrop, the World Health Organization (WHO) suggested the need to evaluate ethno-medicines for the management of HIV/AIDS. Consequently, there is need to evaluate traditional medicine, particularly medicinal plants and other natural products that may yield effective and affordable therapeutic agents. Although there are a good number of reports on traditional uses of plants to treat various diseases, knowledge of herbal remedies used to manage HIV/AIDS and HAND are scanty, vague and not well documented. In this review, plant substances showing a promising action that is anti-HIV and HAND will be explored along with what they interact. Since some plant substances are also known to modulate several cellular factors which are also involved in the replication of HIV and hence their role as potential candidates will be discussed. HIV/AIDS being an exceptional epidemic, demands an exceptional approach and that forms very much focus for the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Madhavan P. N. Nair
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, MiamiFL, USA
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23
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Shahabadi N, Falsafi M, Feizi F, Khodarahmi R. Functionalization of γ-Fe2O3@SiO2 nanoparticles using the antiviral drug zidovudine: synthesis, characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity and DNA interaction studies. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16564h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design and prepare γ-Fe2O3@SiO2-zidovudine magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for magnetic guided drug targeting and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Shahabadi
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Razi University
- Kermanshah
- Iran
| | - Monireh Falsafi
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Razi University
- Kermanshah
- Iran
| | - Foroozan Feizi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Razi University
- Kermanshah
- Iran
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC)
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
- Kermanshah
- Iran
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24
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Wang Y, Xu S, Li S, Su H, Chang S, Li Y, Sun X, Zhao P, Cui Z. Lamivudine Inhibits the Replication of ALV-J Associated Acutely Transforming Virus and its Helper Virus and Tumor Growth In vitro and In vivo. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1306. [PMID: 26648914 PMCID: PMC4664723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the antiviral effects of lamivudine on avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) and its inhibitory effect on the growth of fibrosarcomas caused by acute transforming avian leukosis virus, a series of experiments were performed in chicken embryo fibroblast cultures and 1-day-old chickens inoculated with an acutely transforming viral stock Fu-J (SDAU1005). This stock was prepared from an acutely fibrosarcoma of field cases in chicken farms and contained both the replication-defective virus Fu-J carrying v-fps oncogene and its helper virus ALV-J strain SDAU1005. The results from three different assays in cell cultures demonstrated the significant inhibitory effect of lamivudine on the replication of both SDAU1005 and Fu-J viruses. Furthermore, the effect was dose dependent in the concentration range of 1–4 μg/ml. In chicken experiments, lamivudine could decrease the viral loads of SDAU1005 and Fu-J in the plasma of inoculated chickens, delay the appearance of acute sarcomas, and decrease chicken mortality in the early stage. This model may be used to directly evaluate the inhibitory effects of lamivudine on such tumors and to understand the relationship between the replication-defective virus and its helper virus while also assessing tumor processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University Tai'an, China
| | - Shuzhen Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University Tai'an, China
| | - Sifei Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University Tai'an, China
| | - Hongqin Su
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University Tai'an, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University Tai'an, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaolong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University Tai'an, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University Tai'an, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University Tai'an, China
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25
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John J, Kim Y, Bennett N, Das K, Liekens S, Naesens L, Arnold E, Maguire AR, Götte M, Dehaen W, Balzarini J. Pronounced Inhibition Shift from HIV Reverse Transcriptase to Herpetic DNA Polymerases by Increasing the Flexibility of α-Carboxy Nucleoside Phosphonates. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8110-27. [PMID: 26450273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-carboxynucleoside phosphonates (α-CNPs) are novel viral DNA polymerase inhibitors that do not need metabolic conversion for enzyme inhibition. The prototype contains a cyclopentyl linker between nucleobase and α-carboxyphosphonate and preferentially (50- to 100-fold) inhibits HIV-1 RT compared with herpetic DNA polymerases. A synthesis methodology involving three steps has been developed for the synthesis of a series of novel α-CNPs, including a Rh(II)-catalyzed O-H insertion that connects the carboxyphosphonate group to a linker moiety and an attachment of a nucleobase to the other end of the linker by a Mitsunobu reaction followed by final deprotection. Replacing the cyclopentyl moiety in the prototype α-CNPs by a more flexible entity results in a selectivity shift of ∼ 100-fold in favor of the herpetic DNA polymerases when compared to selectivity for HIV-1 RT. The nature of the kinetic interaction of the acyclic α-CNPs against the herpetic DNA polymerases differs from the nature of the nucleobase-specific kinetic interaction of the cyclopentyl α-CNPs against HIV RT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas Bennett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta , 6-020 Katz Group Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Kalyan Das
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | | | | | - Eddy Arnold
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Anita R Maguire
- Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
| | - Matthias Götte
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta , 6-020 Katz Group Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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26
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Kurapati KRV, Samikkannu T, Atluri VSR, Nair MPN. Cell cycle checkpoints and pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection: a brief overview. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 26:1-11. [PMID: 25046311 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2014-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To understand HIV pathogenesis or development is no simple undertaking and neither is the cell cycle which is highly complex that requires the coordination of multiple events and machinery. It is interesting that these two processes are interrelated, intersect and interact as HIV-1 infection results in cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase which is accompanied by massive CD4+ T cell death. For its own benefit, in an impressive manner and with the overabundance of tactics, HIV maneuvers DNA damage responses and cell cycle check points for viral replication at different stages from infection, to latency and to pathogenesis. Although the cell cycle is the most critical aspect involved in both viral and cellular replication, in this review, our main focus is on recent developments, including our own observations in the field of cell cycle proteins, checkpoints and strategies utilized by the viruses to manipulate these pathways to promote their own replication and survival. We will also discuss the emerging concept of targeting the replication initiation machinery for HIV therapy.
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27
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Weinschenk L, Schols D, Balzarini J, Meier C. Nucleoside Diphosphate Prodrugs: Nonsymmetric DiPPro-Nucleotides. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6114-30. [PMID: 26125628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonsymmetric DiPPro-nucleotides are described as nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) delivery systems. The concept is to attach different bis(acyloxybenzyl) moieties at the β-phosphate moiety of a NDP. DiPPro compounds bearing two alkanoylbenzyl residues and DiPPro compounds bearing an alkanoylbenzyl or a benzoylbenzyl group as bioreversible prodrug moieties were studied. Compounds bearing short chain alkanoyl esters led to a fast hydrolysis by chemical or enzymatic means. The ester group in the second prodrug group comprised a long lipophilic aliphatic or an aromatic residue. The lipophilicity of this group enabled the prodrug to penetrate the cell membrane. The introduction of two different groups allowed a controlled stepwise removal of the prodrug moieties to achieve a highly selective delivery of the NDP in CEM cell extracts. The compounds were highly active against HIV even in thymidine kinase-deficient CEM cells. Thus, the compounds, although charged at the α-phosphate group, were taken up by the cells and released NDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Weinschenk
- †Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- ‡Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- ‡Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- †Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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28
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Weinschenk L, Gollnest T, Schols D, Balzarini J, Meier C. Bis(benzoyloxybenzyl)-DiPPro nucleoside diphosphates of anti-HIV active nucleoside analogues. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:891-900. [PMID: 25847660 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues are extensively used as antiviral and anticancer agents. Their efficiency is dependent on their metabolism into the ultimately active nucleoside triphosphates. Often one step or even more in the metabolism of the nucleoside to the triphosphate is inefficient. To overcome this hurdle, prodrugs of the nucleotides are needed. Bis(acyloxybenzyl)nucleoside diphosphates have been reported by us as a first example of an efficient nucleoside diphosphate prodrug (DiPPro nucleotides). Here, the synthesis and the properties of bis(benzoyloxybenzyl)nucleoside diphosphates of the nucleoside analogues d4T and AZT are disclosed. The synthesis was achieved by using a phosphoramidite/oxidation route. In chemical hydrolysis studies, most of the compounds formed a nucleoside diphosphate. This was confirmed in CEM cell extracts, although the prodrug stability in extracts was lower than in phosphate buffer. Furthermore, the stability and the amount of nucleoside diphosphate formed were dependent on the substituent in the benzoyl moiety. Some of the compounds were more active against HIV in thymidine kinase-deficient CEM/TK(-) cells than were d4T or AZT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Weinschenk
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany); German Center of Infection Research (DZIF)
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29
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Alpha-carboxy nucleoside phosphonates as universal nucleoside triphosphate mimics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:3475-80. [PMID: 25733891 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420233112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerases have a structurally highly conserved negatively charged amino acid motif that is strictly required for Mg(2+) cation-dependent catalytic incorporation of (d)NTP nucleotides into nucleic acids. Based on these characteristics, a nucleoside monophosphonate scaffold, α-carboxy nucleoside phosphonate (α-CNP), was designed that is recognized by a variety of polymerases. Kinetic, biochemical, and crystallographic studies with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase revealed that α-CNPs mimic the dNTP binding through a carboxylate oxygen, two phosphonate oxygens, and base-pairing with the template. In particular, the carboxyl oxygen of the α-CNP acts as the potential equivalent of the α-phosphate oxygen of dNTPs and two oxygens of the phosphonate group of the α-CNP chelate Mg(2+), mimicking the chelation by the β- and γ-phosphate oxygens of dNTPs. α-CNPs (i) do not require metabolic activation (phosphorylation), (ii) bind directly to the substrate-binding site, (iii) chelate one of the two active site Mg(2+) ions, and (iv) reversibly inhibit the polymerase catalytic activity without being incorporated into nucleic acids. In addition, α-CNPs were also found to selectively interact with regulatory (i.e., allosteric) Mg(2+)-dNTP-binding sites of nucleos(t)ide-metabolizing enzymes susceptible to metabolic regulation. α-CNPs represent an entirely novel and broad technological platform for the development of specific substrate active- or regulatory-site inhibitors with therapeutic potential.
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Keane SJ, Ford A, Mullins ND, Maguire NM, Legigan T, Balzarini J, Maguire AR. Design and Synthesis of α-Carboxy Nucleoside Phosphonate Analogues and Evaluation as HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase-Targeting Agents. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2479-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502549y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Keane
- Department
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan Ford
- Department
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nicholas D. Mullins
- Department
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nuala M. Maguire
- Department
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thibaut Legigan
- Department
of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility,
Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega
Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- Department
of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry
Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
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31
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Chinnam S, Raju CN, Rao CV. Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Novel Phosphorylated Derivatives of Amlodipine. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2014.909429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sampath Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
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Pertenbreiter F, Balzarini J, Meier C. Nucleoside mono- and diphosphate prodrugs of 2',3'-dideoxyuridine and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrouridine. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:94-106. [PMID: 25209965 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite their close structural similarity to nucleoside analogues such as the anti-HIV drugs AZT and d4T, 2',3'-dideoxyuridine (ddU) and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrouridine (d4U) are entirely inactive against HIV in their nucleoside form. However, it has been shown that the corresponding triphosphates of these two nucleosides can effectively block HIV reverse transcriptase. Herein we report on two types of nucleotide prodrugs (cycloSal and DiPPro nucleotides) of ddU and d4U to investigate their ability to overcome insufficient intracellular phosphorylation, which may be the reason behind their low anti-HIV activity. The release of the corresponding mono- and diphosphates from these compounds was demonstrated by hydrolysis studies in phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) and human CD4 (+) T-lymphocyte CEM cell extracts. Surprisingly, however, these compounds showed low or no anti-HIV activity in tests with human CD4 (+) T-lymphocyte CEM cells. Studies of the conversion of ddUDP and d4UDP into their triphosphate metabolites by nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) showed nearly no conversion of either diphosphate, which may be the reason for low intracellular triphosphate levels that result in low antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pertenbreiter
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
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Sun R, Eriksson S, Wang L. Down-regulation of mitochondrial thymidine kinase 2 and deoxyguanosine kinase by didanosine: Implication for mitochondrial toxicities of anti-HIV nucleoside analogs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1021-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Schulz T, Balzarini J, Meier C. The DiPPro approach: synthesis, hydrolysis, and antiviral activity of lipophilic d4T diphosphate prodrugs. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:762-75. [PMID: 24616176 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bioreversible protection of the β-phosphate group of nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs) as bis(acyloxybenzyl)phosphate esters is presented. To investigate the structure-activity relationship of these potential NDP prodrugs (DiPPro drugs) a series of DiPPro compounds was synthesized bearing fatty acids of various lengths and d4T as a model nucleoside. For synthesis of the lipophilically modified diphosphate group, preformed phosphoramidites were allowed to react with nucleotides, and the β-P(III) moiety was subsequently oxidized. The chemical and enzymatic stability of these prodrugs was studied in different media such as phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) or CEM cell extracts. In all media, the hydrolysis rate was clearly dependent on the acyl moiety and decreased with increasing alkyl chain length. The compounds showed a markedly lower half-life in cell extracts than in pH 7.3 phosphate buffer due to the presence of enzyme-catalyzed cleavage. In all media, the DiPPro compounds released d4T diphosphate (d4TDP) as the main product beside d4TMP. In antiviral assays, the compounds proved to be at least as potent as d4T against HIV-1 and 2 in wild-type CEM/0 cells. As a proof of concept, compounds with longer acyl residues showed very good anti-HIV activities in thymidine-kinase-deficient cells (CEM/TK(-) ), indicating their ability to penetrate cell membranes and the delivery of phosphorylated metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann Schulz
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
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35
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Mahmoudian M, Dawson M. Chemoenzymatic Production of the Antiviral Agent Epivir™. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1201/b14856-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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36
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Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of Triazolo-fused 3′,4′-cyclic and 4′-spiro nucleoside analogues. Chem Res Chin Univ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-013-2375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Maiti M, Persoons L, Andrei G, Snoeck R, Balzarini J, Herdewijn P. Synthesis and anti-herpetic activity of phosphoramidate ProTides. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:985-93. [PMID: 23606629 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Among the many prodrug approaches aimed at delivering nucleoside monophosphates into cells, the phosphoramidate ProTide approach is one that has shown success, which has made it possible for some of the phosphoramidates to enter into clinical trials. Herein, we report the synthesis and antiviral activity of a series of phosphoramidate ProTides designed to bypass the thymidine kinase (TK) dependence of the parent nucleoside analogues. Phosphoramidate derivatives of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BVDU) that contain L-alanine or pivaloyloxymethyl iminodiacetate (IDA-POM) exhibit anti-HSV-1 and anti-VZV activity in cell cultures, but they largely lost antiviral potency against TK-deficient virus strains. Among deazapurine nucleosides and their phosphoramidate derivatives, the 7-deazaadenine containing nucleosides and their phosphoramidate triester derivatives showed weak antiviral activity against VZV. Apparently, intracellular nucleotide delivery with these phosphoramidates is partly successful. However, none of the compound prodrugs showed superior activity to their parent drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Maiti
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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38
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Synthesis of Oligonucleotide Conjugates and Phosphorylated Nucleotide Analogues: An Improvement to a Solid Phase Synthetic Approach. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/469470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An improvement to our solid phase strategy to generate pharmacologically interesting molecule libraries is proposed here. The synthesis of newo-chlorophenol-functionalised solid supports with very high loading (0.18–0.22 meq/g for control pore glass (CPG) and 0.25–0.50 meq/g for TG) is reported. To test the efficiency of these supports, we prepared nucleotide and oligonucleotide models, and their coupling yields and the purity of the crude detached materials were comparable to previously available results. These supports allow the facile and high-yield preparation of highly pure phosphodiester and phosphoramidate monoester nucleosides, conjugated oligonucleotides, and other yet unexplored classes of phosphodiester and phosphoramidate molecules.
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Rios Morales EH, Balzarini J, Meier C. Stereoselective synthesis and antiviral activity of methyl-substituted cycloSal-pronucleotides. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7245-52. [PMID: 22827702 DOI: 10.1021/jm3008085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methyl-substituted cycloSal-pronucleotides of d4TMP were synthesized with high diastereoselectivities in satisfying chemical yields. The individual diastereomers were tested against HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected wild-type CEM/0 and HIV-2 infected thymidine kinase deficient CEM cells. All diastereomers tested showed significant antiviral activity in CEM/0 and strong activity in CEM/TK(-) cell cultures. The antiviral activities were strongly dependent on the chirality at the phosphate group and the position of the methyl-group(s) in the cycloSal moiety. In CEM/TK(-) cell cultures the difference in antiviral potency was found to be 7- to 20-fold. The stability of each diastereomer was studied in aqueous phosphate buffer and in CEM/0 cell extracts. Large differences in the half-lives were found. A comparison of the relative lipophilicity of the methyl-substituted cycloSal triesters was performed based on the retention times obtained by reversed phase HPLC. The results obtained clearly confirm the importance of a diastereoselective synthesis of cycloSal-pronucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwuin H Rios Morales
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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40
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Rower JE, Meditz A, Gardner EM, Lichtenstein K, Predhomme J, Bushman LR, Klein B, Zheng JH, MaWhinney S, Anderson PL. Effect of HIV-1 infection and sex on the cellular pharmacology of the antiretroviral drugs zidovudine and lamivudine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3011-9. [PMID: 22391541 PMCID: PMC3370731 DOI: 10.1128/aac.06337-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular pharmacology of zidovudine (ZDV) and lamivudine (3TC) in vivo is not completely understood. This prospective longitudinal study investigated the relationship between HIV-1 serostatus, sex, race, and time on therapy with intracellular and plasma ZDV and 3TC concentrations. Of 20 HIV-seronegative and 23 HIV-seropositive volunteers enrolled, 16 (8 women) and 21 (5 women) completed all 12 study days, respectively. Volunteers began ZDV-3TC therapy (plus a third active drug in HIV-seropositive volunteers), and steady-state concentrations (C(ss)) were determined after days 1, 3, 7, and 12. A repeated-measures mixed model was utilized. HIV-seronegative status was associated with 22% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0%, 50%) and 37% (15%, 67%) higher C(ss) estimates compared to those of HIV-seropositive individuals for intracellular ZDV-TP and 3TC-TP levels, respectively. African-Americans had 36% (8%, 72%) higher ZDV-TP estimates than non-African-Americans. Sex was not associated with ZDV-TP or 3TC-TP (P > 0.19). Women had 36% (4%, 78%) higher plasma ZDV, but the effect was lessened when normalized by lean body weight (5% [-19%, 38%]; P = 0.68). Plasma 3TC was 19% (0%, 41%) higher in HIV-seropositive volunteers and 22% (0%, 48%) higher in African American volunteers, but these effects were not significant when corrected for creatinine clearance (7% [-9%, 20%] and -5% [-26%, 12%] for HIV serostatus and race, respectively; P > 0.35). These results suggest that HIV-seropositive status decreases and African American race elevates the cellular triphosphates of ZDV and 3TC. This information extends knowledge of ZDV and 3TC cellular pharmacology in vivo and provides new leads for future cellular pharmacology studies aimed at optimizing HIV prevention/treatment with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Rower
- University of Colorado Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Amie Meditz
- University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Edward M. Gardner
- University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Denver Public Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth Lichtenstein
- National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Department of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Julie Predhomme
- University of Colorado Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lane R. Bushman
- University of Colorado Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brandon Klein
- University of Colorado Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jia-Hua Zheng
- University of Colorado Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Samantha MaWhinney
- University of Colorado Denver, Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Peter L. Anderson
- University of Colorado Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Sun J, Liu X, Li H, Duan R, Wu J. Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of Triazolo-Fused 3′,5′-Cyclic Nucleoside Analogues Derived from an Intramolecular Huisgen 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for treatment of HIV/AIDS patients: Current status and future prospects and the Indian scenario. HIV & AIDS REVIEW 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hivar.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Leung GPH. Iatrogenic mitochondriopathies: a recent lesson from nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 942:347-69. [PMID: 22399431 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2869-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) has revolutionized the treatment of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis-B virus. NRTIs can suppress viral replication in the long-term, but possess significant toxicity that can seriously compromise treatment effectiveness. The major toxicity of NRTIs is mitochondrial toxicity. This manifests as serious side effects such as myopathy, peripheral neuropathy and lactic acidosis. In general, it is believed that the mitochondrial pathogenesis is closely related to the effect of NRTIs on mitochondrial DNA polymerase-γ. Depletion and mutation of mitochondrial DNA during chronic NRTI therapy may lead to cellular respiratory dysfunction and release of reactive oxidative species, resulting in cellular damage. It is now apparent that the etiology is far more complex than originally thought. It appears to involve multiple mechanisms as well as host factors such as HIV per se, inborn mitochondrial mutation, and sex. Management of mitochondrial toxicity during NRTI therapy remains a challenge. Interruption of NRTI therapy and substitution of the causative agents with alternative better-tolerated NRTIs represents the mainstay of management for mitochondrial toxicity and its clinical manifestations. A range of pharmacological approaches has been proposed as treatments and prophylaxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P H Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Maiti M, Michielssens S, Dyubankova N, Maiti M, Lescrinier E, Ceulemans A, Herdewijn P. Influence of the Nucleobase and Anchimeric Assistance of the Carboxyl Acid Groups in the Hydrolysis of Amino Acid Nucleoside Phosphoramidates. Chemistry 2011; 18:857-68. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wang H, Chhablani J, Freeman WR, Beadle JR, Hostetler KY, Hartmann K, Conner L, Aldern KA, Pearson L, Cheng L. Intraocular safety and pharmacokinetics of hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir (HDP-CDV) as a long-lasting intravitreal antiviral drug. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:9391-6. [PMID: 22058340 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the intraocular safety and pharmacokinetics of hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir (HDP-CDV), the hydrolysis product of HDP-cyclic-CDV, a long-lasting intravitreal cidofovir prodrug for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. METHODS HDP-cyclic-CDV was suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37°C and formation of HDP-CDV was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis for 30 weeks. The safety and pharmacokinetics of HDP-CDV intravitreal injections were studied using New Zealand Red rabbits and (14)C labeled HDP-CDV. Ocular tissues from five time points (1, 3, 7, 14, and 35 days) were analyzed by scintillation counting and HPLC to characterize the pharmacokinetics. RESULTS During the hydrolysis study, approximately 35% of the HDP-cyclic-CDV was converted to HDP-CDV. Evaluation of safety found no toxicity after intravitreal injection of HDP-CDV up to 28 μg/eye. Intravitreal pharmacokinetics of HDP-CDV in the retina, choroid, and vitreous followed a two-phase elimination process and elimination half-lives of 8.4 days (retina), 6.9 days (choroid), and 6.2 days (vitreous). In the retina, cidofovir and an unknown metabolite were detected in the first 2 weeks, and the maximum metabolite concentrations were present 48 hours after the maximum HDP-CDV concentration. CONCLUSIONS HDP-cyclic CDV, under simulated physiologic conditions, slowly converts to HDP-CDV, another potent anti-CMV prodrug that may be taken up by retinal cells and metabolized further to the active antiviral metabolite, cidofovir diphosphate. Taken together, these observations help to explain the ability of a single intravitreal dose of HDP-cyclic-CDV to prevent viral retinitis for up to 68 days in a rabbit model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0946, USA
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46
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Morales EHR, Román CA, Thomann JO, Meier C. Linear Synthesis of Chiral cycloSal-Pronucleotides. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Petrová M, Buděšínský M, Klepetářová B, Rosenberg I. 5′-Epimeric 3′-deoxy-3′,4′-didehydronucleoside-5′-C-phosphonates: synthesis and structural assignment by NMR and X-ray analyses. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Poláková I, Buděšínský M, Točík Z, Rosenberg I. Tetrofuranose nucleoside phosphonic acids: Synthesis and properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc2011038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
New isoelectronic, non-isosteric phosphonate analogues of nucleoside 5′-phosphates featuring the phosphorus moiety directly attached on the sugar ring in the C4′ position are described. The analogues were synthesised by a nucleosidation reaction from tetrofuranosyl phosphonate synthons and silylated nucleobases. The pyrimidine compounds with erythro and threo configuration in both D- and L-series were prepared, and the structures were assigned by NMR spectroscopy. The results of NMR conformational studies show that all calculated conformers have a maximum pucker in the range typical for nucleosides. In all compounds, the S-type conformer is preferred and is more significant in α-D-threo-compounds. Studies on inhibition of thymidine phosphorylase revealed that one of the prepared phosphonic acids was a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme (Ki = 4 μM).
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49
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Jessel S, Meier C. Synthesis of 2′,3′-Modified Carbocyclic L-Nucleoside Analogues. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Guimarães NN, de Andrade HHR, Lehmann M, Dihl RR, Cunha KS. The genetic toxicity effects of lamivudine and stavudine antiretroviral agents. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2011; 9:771-81. [PMID: 20377473 DOI: 10.1517/14740331003702384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are used in antiretroviral therapy worldwide for the treatment of HIV infections. These drugs act by blocking reverse transcriptase enzyme activity, causing pro-viral DNA chain termination. As a consequence, NRTIs could cause genomic instability and loss of heterozygosity. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review highlights the toxic and genotoxic effects of NRTIs, particularly lamivudine (3TC) and stavudine (d4T) analogues. In addition, a battery of short-term in vitro and in vivo systems are described to explain the potential genotoxic effects of these NRTIs as a single drug or a complexity of highly active antiretroviral therapy. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The readers will gain an understanding of a secondary effect that could be induced by 3TC and d4T treatments. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Considering that AIDS has become a chronic disease, more comprehensive toxic genetic studies are needed, with particular attention to the genetic alterations induced by NRTIs. These alterations play a primary role in carcinogenesis and are also involved in secondary and subsequent steps of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilza Nascimento Guimarães
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular (DBBM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brasil
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