1
|
Ahn YH, Lee H, Kim DY, Lee HW, Yu SJ, Cho YY, Jang JW, Jang BK, Kim CW, Kim HY, Park H, Cho HJ, Park B, Kim SS, Cheong JY. Independent Risk Factors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence after Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. Gut Liver 2021; 15:410-419. [PMID: 32893194 PMCID: PMC8129654 DOI: 10.5009/gnl20151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in Korean patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to investigate the risk factors associated with HCC recurrence. Methods A total of 100 patients with HCV-related HCC, who were treated with DAAs between May 2015 and December 2016, were recruited from seven university hospitals in Korea. Claim data of 526 patients with HCC obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in South Korea were used for external validation of the results. Results Among the 100 patients, 88% achieved a sustained virological response (SVR) 12 weeks after the end of DAA therapy (SVR12), and 37% experienced HCC recurrence after DAA therapy. Short last HCC treatment durability (<12 months) before DAA commencement was independently associated with HCC recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 2.89; p=0.011). In the nationwide validation cohort, 20.3% of the patients experienced HCC recurrence. The last HCC treatment with a noncurative method, a short last HCC treatment durability (<12 months), and a longer total duration of HCC treatment (≥18 months) were independently related with HCC recurrence (HR 3.73, p<0.001; HR 3.34, p<0.001; and HR 1.74, p=0.006; respectively). Conclusions DAA therapy showed an acceptable SVR12 rate in patients with HCV-related HCC. Short last HCC treatment durability (<12 months) was associated with HCC recurrence after DAA therapy. This finding suggests that the last HCC treatment durability is an important predictor of HCC recurrence after DAA therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hwan Ahn
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Ajou Research Institute for Innovative Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Heirim Lee
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou Research Institute for Innovative Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Office of Biostatistics, Ajou Research Institute for Innovative Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Jong Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Youn Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Won Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung Kuk Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang Wook Kim
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Yeon Kim
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hana Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Cho
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Ajou Research Institute for Innovative Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Bumhee Park
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou Research Institute for Innovative Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Office of Biostatistics, Ajou Research Institute for Innovative Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Soon Sun Kim
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Ajou Research Institute for Innovative Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Youn Cheong
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Ajou Research Institute for Innovative Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Liver cancer is a global problem and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for about 85% of this cancer. In the USA, etiologies and risk factors for HCC include chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, diabetes, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), obesity, excessive alcohol drinking, exposure to tobacco smoke, and genetic factors. Chronic HCV infection appears to be associated with about 30% of HCC. Chronic HCV infection induces multistep changes in liver, involving metabolic disorders, steatosis, cirrhosis and HCC. Liver carcinogenesis requires initiation of neoplastic clones, and progression to clinically diagnose malignancy. Tumor progression associates with profound exhaustion of tumor-antigen-specific CD8+T cells, and accumulation of PD-1hi CD8+T cells and Tregs. In this chapter, we provide a brief description of HCV and environmental/genetic factors, immune regulation, and highlight mechanisms of HCV associated HCC. We also underscore HCV treatment and recent paradigm of HCC progression, highlighted the current treatment and potential future therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kobayashi M, Kudo M, Izumi N, Kaneko S, Azuma M, Copher R, Meier G, Pan J, Ishii M, Ikeda S. Cost-effectiveness analysis of lenvatinib treatment for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC) compared with sorafenib in Japan. J Gastroenterol 2019; 54:558-570. [PMID: 30788569 PMCID: PMC6536477 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-019-01554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lenvatinib demonstrated a treatment effect on overall survival by the statistical confirmation of non-inferiority to sorafenib for the first-line treatment of uHCC. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of lenvatinib compared with sorafenib for patients with uHCC in Japan. METHODS A partitioned-survival model was developed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of lenvatinib versus sorafenib when treating uHCC patients over a lifetime horizon and considering total public healthcare expenditure. Efficacy and safety data were extracted from the REFLECT trial. Utility values were derived from the European Quality-of-Life 5-Dimension Questionnaire, conducted with patients enrolled in the REFLECT trial. Direct medical costs, such as primary drug therapy, outpatient visits, diagnostic tests, hospitalization, post-progression therapy, and adverse-event treatments, were included. Cost parameters unavailable in the clinical trial or publications were obtained based on the consolidated clinical standards from a Delphi panel of four Japanese medical experts. RESULTS For lenvatinib versus sorafenib, the incremental cost was - 406,307 Japanese Yen (JPY), and the incremental life years and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were 0.27 and 0.23, respectively. Thus, lenvatinib dominated sorafenib, due to the mean incremental cost-effectiveness ratio falling in the fourth quadrant, conferring more benefit at lower costs compared with sorafenib. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that 81.3% of the simulations were favorable to lenvatinib compared with sorafenib, with a payer's willingness-to-pay-per-QALY of 5 million JPY. CONCLUSIONS Lenvatinib was cost-effective compared with sorafenib for the first-line treatment of uHCC in Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Namiki Izumi
- Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Mie Azuma
- Eisai Co., Ltd., Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Mika Ishii
- Eisai Co., Ltd., Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunya Ikeda
- International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee SS, Kim CY, Kim BR, Cha RR, Kim WS, Kim JJ, Lee JM, Kim HJ, Ha CY, Kim HJ, Kim TH, Jung WT, Lee OJ. Hepatitis C virus genotype 3 was associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea. J Viral Hepat 2019; 26:459-465. [PMID: 30516858 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3 infection is thought to be an important risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), current evidence is limited because only a few Western studies have evaluated the occurrence of HCC in patients with HCV genotype 3 infection. We evaluated the impact of genotype 3 and non-3 on HCC incidence and on disease progression in chronic HCV patients; this is the first study reporting such findings in an Asian population. We performed a retrospective cohort study using the data of 1448 consecutive chronic HCV patients evaluated at three centres in Korea between January 2005 and December 2016. Of these, 604, 675 and 169 had genotype 1, genotype 2 and genotype 3 HCV infections, respectively. Over a mean follow-up period of 53.2 months, 75 and 143 patients of all the patients developed HCC and experienced disease progression, respectively. The incidences of HCC were 1.10, 0.92 and 2.50 per 100 person-years, and those of disease progression were 1.95, 1.62 and 6.72 per 100 person-years for HCV genotypes 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, genotype 3 was associated with an increased risk of HCC (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.02-8.97) and an increased risk of disease progression (HR = 4.88, 95%; CI = 2.94-8.08). Our study proposes that HCV genotype 3 is an independent risk factor for HCC and disease progression in chronic HCV patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.,Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Cha Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chinju Jeil Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Bo Ra Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ra Ri Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Wan Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Jin Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Jae Min Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.,Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Hong Jun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.,Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Chang Yoon Ha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.,Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.,Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Tae Hyo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.,Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Woon Tae Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.,Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ok-Jae Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.,Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahmed KT, Almashhrawi AA, Ibdah JA, Tahan V. Is the 25-year hepatitis C marathon coming to an end to declare victory? World J Hepatol 2017; 9:921-929. [PMID: 28824743 PMCID: PMC5545137 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i21.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) which was originally recognized as posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis has been a major global health problem affecting 3% of the world population. Interferon/peginterferon and ribavirin combination therapy was the backbone of chronic HCV therapy for two decades of the journey. However, the interferon based treatment success rate was around 50% with many side effects. Many chronic HCV patients with psychiatric diseases, or even cytopenias, were ineligible for HCV treatment. Now, we no longer need any injectable medicine. New direct-acting antiviral agents against HCV allowed the advance of interferon-free and ribavirin-free oral regimens with high rates of response and tolerability. The cost of the medications should not be a barrier to their access in certain parts of the world. While we are getting closer, we should still focus on preventing the spread of the disease, screening and delivering the cure globally to those in need. In the near future, development of an effective vaccine against HCV would make it possible to eradicate HCV infection worldwide completely.
Collapse
|
6
|
Weiler N, Zeuzem S, Welker MW. Concise review: Interferon-free treatment of hepatitis C virus-associated cirrhosis and liver graft infection. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:9044-9056. [PMID: 27895394 PMCID: PMC5107588 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i41.9044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C is a major reason for development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and a leading cause for liver transplantation. The development of direct-acting antiviral agents lead to (pegylated) interferon-alfa free antiviral therapy regimens with a remarkable increase in sustained virologic response (SVR) rates and opened therapeutic options for patients with advanced cirrhosis and liver graft recipients. This concise review gives an overview about most current prospective trials and cohort analyses for treatment of patients with liver cirrhosis and liver graft recipients. In patients with compensated cirrhosis Child-Pugh-Turcotte (CTP) class A, all approved agents are safe and SVR rates do not significantly differ from patients without cirrhosis in general. In patients with decompensated cirrhosis CTP class B or C, daclastasvir, ledipasvir, velpatasvir, and sofosbuvir are approved, and SVR rates higher than 90% can be achieved. Especially for patients with a model of end stage liver disease score higher than 15 and therefore eligible for liver transplantation, data is scarce. Reported SVR rates in patients with cirrhosis CTP class C are lower compared to patients with a less severe liver disease. In liver transplant recipients with a maximum of CTP class A, SVR rates are comparable to patients without LT. Patients with decompensated graft cirrhosis should be treated on an individual basis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Younossi ZM, Birerdinc A, Henry L. Hepatitis C infection: A multi-faceted systemic disease with clinical, patient reported and economic consequences. J Hepatol 2016; 65:S109-S119. [PMID: 27641981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) affects approximately 170-200 million individuals globally. HCV is one of the primary causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis and has been identified as the leading indication for liver transplantation in most Western countries. Because HCV is a systemic disease with hepatic, extrahepatic, economic and patient reported consequences, it is important for healthcare practitioners to understand the comprehensive and multi-faceted picture of this disease. In this context, it is important to fully appreciate the impact of HCV on the individual patient and the society. With the recent advent of the new generation of direct antiviral agents, the long standing goal of eradicating HCV in most infected patients has been accomplished. Therefore, now more than ever, it is critical to assess the total benefits of sustained virological response in a comprehensive manner. This should not be limited to the clinical benefits of HCV cure, but also to account for the improvement of patient reported health and economic outcomes of HCV cure. It is only through this comprehensive approach to HCV and its treatment that we will understand the full impact of this disease and the tremendous gains that have been achieved with the new antiviral regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zobair M Younossi
- Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, USA.
| | - Aybike Birerdinc
- Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, USA
| | - Linda Henry
- Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee SS, Jeong SH, Jang ES, Kim YS, Lee YJ, Jung EU, Kim IH, Bae SH, Lee HC, Kee MK, Kang C. Prospective cohort study on the outcomes of hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis in South Korea. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:1281-7. [PMID: 25778783 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The outcomes of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver cirrhosis was limitedly studied in a hepatitis B virus-endemic area. This multicenter, prospective cohort study was conducted to elucidate the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and mortality in the Korean patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. METHODS From January 2007 through June 2012, 196 patients with HCV-related cirrhosis were prospectively enrolled and regularly followed at six university hospitals to determine HCC occurrence and mortality. A multivariable analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to clarify the related factors to the outcomes. RESULTS During a mean follow-up period of 39.2 months, 31 (15.8%) patients developed HCC, and 33 (16.8%) patients died or underwent liver transplantation. The estimated HCC incidence was 5.8 per 100 person-years, and the independent factors for HCC were absence of anti-HBV surface antibody (HBs hazard ratio [HR], 5.018; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.710-14.726; P = 0.003) and serum albumin < 3.8 g/dL (HR, 3.051; 95% CI, 1.318-7.067; P = 0.009). The overall mortality rate was 5.1 per 100 person-years, and the related independent factors were the presence of ascites (HR, 2.448; 95% CI, 1.142-5.210; P = 0.022), serum albumin < 3.8 g/dL (HR, 3.067; 95% CI, 1.254-8.139, P = 0.014), and nonachievement of sustained virologic response (SVR) (HR, 0.066; 95% CI, 0.001-0.484, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION The incidence of HCC in HCV-related cirrhosis seems to be high in Korea, and advanced liver disease and no achievement of SVR were associated with mortality. The absence of anti-HBs in hepatocarcinogenesis related to HCV warrants further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, *Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Sook-Hyang Jeong
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jang
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Young Seok Kim
- Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Youn Jae Lee
- Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Eun Uk Jung
- Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - In Hee Kim
- Chonbuk National University Hopital, Chonbuk National University College of Medicine, Chonju, South Korea
| | - Si Hyun Bae
- The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Saint Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Chu Lee
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mee-Kyung Kee
- Division of AIDS, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, South Korea
| | - Chun Kang
- Division of AIDS, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alcohol consumption and liver cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:1205-31. [PMID: 26134046 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alcohol is a confirmed risk factor of liver cancer. Yet, its dose-response function and synergistic effects with other risk factors remain unclear. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis on publications up to May 2014. A total of 112 publications were identified. The meta-relative risk (mRR) and the dose-response trend were calculated. Tests for heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analyses were performed. The synergy index (SI) was recorded or calculated, whenever possible. RESULTS Compared to individuals who never drank or drank at very low frequencies, the mRR for ever drinkers was 1.29 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.16-1.42) and 1.46 (95% CI 1.27-1.65) for case-control studies, and 1.07 (95% CI 0.87-1.27) for cohort studies. Being a current drinker was associated with an increased liver cancer risk in case-control studies (mRR = 1.55, 95% CI 0.38-2.73), but not in cohort studies (mRR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.74-0.97). The dose-response relation between alcohol and liver cancer was apparent with RR = 1.08 (95% CI 1.04-1.11) for 12 g/day (~1 drink), 1.54 (95% CI 1.36-1.74) for 50 g/day, 2.14 (95% CI 1.74-2.62) for 75 g/day, 3.21 (95% CI 2.34-4.40) for 100 g/day, and 5.20 (95% CI 3.25-8.29) for 125 g/day of alcohol consumption. There were synergistic effects of alcohol consumption with hepatitis (S = 2.14, 95% CI 1.31-2.98) and with diabetes (S = 3.57, 95% CI 2.29-4.84) on the risk of liver cancer, although this may be subject to publication bias. CONCLUSION Overall, one alcoholic drink per day (~12 g/day) may be associated with a 1.1 times higher liver cancer risk. Further studies on the synergistic effects of alcohol consumption and other major risk factors are warranted.
Collapse
|
10
|
Immunization with Recombinant Adenoviral Vectors Expressing HCV Core or F Proteins Leads to T Cells with Reduced Effector Molecules Granzyme B and IFN-γ: A Potential New Strategy for Immune Evasion in HCV Infection. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:309-24. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
11
|
Hsu YC, Wu CY, Lin JT. Hepatitis C Virus Infection, Antiviral Therapy, and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Semin Oncol 2015; 42:329-38. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
12
|
SNPs in the promoter region of the osteopontin gene as a possible host factor for sex difference in hepatocellular carcinoma development in patients with HCV. Hepatol Int 2013. [PMID: 26201802 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-012-9404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) exist in the promoter region of the osteopontin (OPN) gene, namely, the SNPs at nucleotide (nt) -155, -616, and -1748 showing linkage disequilibrium to each other, and an independent SNP at nt -443. The significance of these SNPs in the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development was examined in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS The SNPs at nt -155 and nt -443 were analyzed in 120 patients with HCC. The promoter activity was measured in HepG2 cells by the dual-luciferase reporter assay. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay was performed using nuclear extracts from the cells. RESULTS Peripheral platelet counts at the time of HCC detection were greater in women with homozygous deletion at nt -155 and C/C or C/T at nt -443 than in those showing other allelic combinations, while no such difference was observed in men. The promoter activity was greater in oligonucleotides with deletions at nt -155 and C at nt -443 than in those with other haplotypes. The mobility shift assay showed double and single complexes with oligonucleotides around nt -155 and nt -443, respectively. Binding activities were greater in deletion than in G in the case of the retarded complex in the former assay and in T than in C in the latter assay. The other complex in the former assay included SRY, showing an equivalent binding activity to oligonucleotides with both alleles. CONCLUSION OPN promoter SNPs may play a role in the sexual difference in the risk of HCC development through the regulation of OPN expression in patients with HCV.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ghosh S, Kaplan KJ, Schrum LW, Bonkovsky HL. Cytoskeletal proteins: shaping progression of hepatitis C virus-induced liver disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 302:279-319. [PMID: 23351713 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407699-0.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, which results in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in most patients (70-85%), is a major cause of liver disease and remains a major therapeutic challenge. The mechanisms determining liver damage and the key factors that lead to a high rate of CHC remain imperfectly understood. The precise role of cytoskeletal (CS) proteins in HCV infection remains to be determined. Some studies including our recent study have demonstrated that changes occur in the expression of CS proteins in HCV-infected hepatocytes. A variety of host proteins interact with HCV proteins. Association between CS and HCV proteins may have implications in future design of CS protein-targeted therapy for the treatment for HCV infection. This chapter will focus on the interaction between host CS and viral proteins to signify the importance of this event in HCV entry, replication and transportation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sriparna Ghosh
- Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sato A, Sata M, Ikeda K, Kumada T, Izumi N, Asahina Y, Osaki Y, Chayama K, Kaneko S, Sakai A, Onji M, Hiasa Y, Omura T, Ozeki I, Yokosuka O, Shiina S, Itsubo M, Nishiguchi S, Hirano K, Ide T, Sakisaka S, Yamasaki T, Hidaka I, Tanaka M, Kim SR, Ichida T. Clinical characteristics of patients who developed hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatitis C virus eradication with interferon therapy: current status in Japan. Intern Med 2013; 52:2701-6. [PMID: 24334571 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.52.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We attempted to elucidate the clinical features of chronic hepatitis C patients who develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after achieving a sustained viral response (SVR) to interferon (IFN) therapy. METHODS The clinical features of 130 patients at 19 hospitals who developed HCC after obtaining an SVR were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Overall, 107 (82%) of the 130 patients were men, with 92 (71%) being ≥60 years of age and 76, 38 and 16 developing HCC within 5, 5-10 and 10-16.9 years after IFN therapy, respectively. Before receiving IFN therapy, 92 (71%) patients had cirrhosis and/or a low platelet count (<15×10(4) cells/μL). Lower albumin (<3.9 g/dL) and higher alpha fetoprotein (AFP) (≥10 ng/mL) levels were identified in a multivariate analysis to be independent variables of the development of HCC within five years after IFN therapy. Among 4,542 SVR patients, HCC occurred in 109 (2.4%) during a 5.5-year follow-up period, thus resulting in an occurrence rate of 4.6% for men and 0.6% for women. CONCLUSION SVR patients with lower albumin or higher AFP levels require careful assessments to prevent early HCC development after IFN therapy. HCC occurrence within >10 years of IFN therapy is not uncommon, and the risk factors remain uncertain, thus suggesting that all SVR patients should undergo long-term follow-up examinations for HCC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nagaoki Y, Aikata H, Miyaki D, Murakami E, Hashimoto Y, Katamura Y, Azakami T, Kawaoka T, Takaki S, Hiramatsu A, Waki K, Imamura M, Kawakami Y, Takahashi S, Chayama K. Clinical features and prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma that developed after hepatitis C virus eradication with interferon therapy. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:799-808. [PMID: 21373851 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-011-0384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the clinical features and the prognostic factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed after hepatitis C virus (HCV) eradication with interferon (IFN) therapy. METHODS Forty-one consecutive patients who developed HCC after HCV eradication with IFN therapy were enrolled. Clinical features were reviewed, and overall survival and associated factors were analyzed. The recurrence rate in 26 patients receiving radical therapy was also analyzed. RESULTS Twenty patients developed HCC within 5 years after the end of IFN therapy, 9 patients developed the disease from 5 to 10 years after the end of the therapy, 9 patients developed the disease from 10 to 15 years after the end of the therapy, and 3 patients developed the disease from 15 years after the end of the therapy. Multivariate analysis of independent variables for the development of HCC within 5 years identified age >55 years at HCV eradication (P = 0.007) and heavy alcohol intake (P = 0.009). The 5-year survival rate was 64%. On multivariate analysis of overall survival for the 41 patients, the only risk factor with prognostic influence was radical therapy (P = 0.010), which was associated with a cumulative 5-year survival rate of 91%. The only independent factor for the receipt of radical therapy was regular surveillance for HCC (P = 0.004). Among patients receiving radical therapy, the 3- and 5-year recurrence rates were 18 and 18%, respectively. CONCLUSION We found that, despite HCV eradication, patients with the risk factors of high age at HCV eradication and heavy alcohol intake might be at heightened risk for the development of HCC within 5 years after HCV eradication. In contrast, risk factors for the development of HCC more than 10 years after HCV eradication were uncertain. These findings indicate the need for long-term surveillance for HCC after HCV eradication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nagaoki
- Programs for Biomedical Research, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kalaitzakis E, Gunnarsdottir SA, Josefsson A, Björnsson E. Increased risk for malignant neoplasms among patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9:168-74. [PMID: 21029788 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS It is not clear how cirrhosis affects the risks for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and non-HCC cancers, which are rare among these patients. We assessed the risk for malignant neoplasms in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS Patients diagnosed with cirrhosis in Gothenburg, Sweden, from 1994 to 2005 were identified and linked to the National Cancer and Death registers. We studied data from 1019 patients with cirrhosis: 68% men, 48% with alcoholic liver disease (ALD), 10% with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and 12% with HCV + ALD. Standardized incidence ratios for malignant neoplasms were calculated (corrected for sex, age, and calendar year according to data from the general Swedish population). The follow-up period was 3290 person-years. RESULTS Overall, 114 (11%) patients developed HCC; HCC occurred more frequently among patients with HCV than other diseases (P < .05). HCC risk did not differ among patients with HCV, with or without ALD (P > .05). Compared with the general population, cirrhotic patients had increased risk for HCC (26-fold); cholangiocarcinoma (13-fold); and esophageal (8-fold), pancreatic (5-fold), and colorectal and lung cancers (each 4-fold). The risk for cholangiocarcinoma increased mainly among patients with non-ALD cirrhosis, whereas the risk for extrahepatic malignancies increased mainly among patients with ALD and cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS The overall risk for non-HCC malignancies is more than 2-fold greater for patients with cirrhosis (mostly in biliary and gastrointestinal malignancies) than of the general population. The risk for non-HCC cancers differs between patients with ALD and non-ALD cirrhosis. The increased risk for HCC among patients with cirrhosis is associated with HCV; it is the same among patients with HCV, with or without ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Kalaitzakis
- Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Banerjee A, Ray RB, Ray R. Oncogenic potential of hepatitis C virus proteins. Viruses 2010; 2:2108-2133. [PMID: 21994721 PMCID: PMC3185750 DOI: 10.3390/v2092108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major risk factor for liver disease progression, and may lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The HCV genome contains a single-stranded positive sense RNA with a cytoplasmic lifecycle. HCV proteins interact with many host-cell factors and are involved in a wide range of activities, including cell cycle regulation, transcriptional regulation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and cell growth promotion. Increasing experimental evidences suggest that HCV contributes to HCC by modulating pathways that may promote malignant transformation of hepatocytes. At least four of the 10 HCV gene products, namely core, NS3, NS5A and NS5B play roles in several potentially oncogenic pathways. Induction of both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress by HCV proteins may also contribute to hepatocyte growth promotion. The current review identifies important functions of the viral proteins connecting HCV infections and potential for development of HCC. However, most of the putative transforming potentials of the HCV proteins have been defined in artificial cellular systems, and need to be established relevant to infection and disease models. The new insight into the mechanisms for HCV mediated disease progression may offer novel therapeutic targets for one of the most devastating human malignancies in the world today.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arup Banerjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., 8th Floor, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Ratna B. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., 2nd Floor, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., 8th Floor, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; E-Mail:
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., 8th Floor, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: 1-314- 977-9034; Fax: 1-314-771-3816
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Konishi I, Hiasa Y, Shigematsu S, Hirooka M, Furukawa S, Abe M, Matsuura B, Michitaka K, Horiike N, Onji M. Diabetes pattern on the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus. Liver Int 2009; 29:1194-201. [PMID: 19422477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) frequently show glucose intolerance. Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been proposed to be a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). AIMS The aim of this study is to clarify the influence of glucose intolerance as evaluated by the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on hepatocarcinogenesis in patients with HCV. METHODS This study was carried out in a cohort of 197 patients with HCV who had not been previously diagnosed as having DM. All patients underwent the 75 g OGTT at entry. They were also screened for HCC and, thereafter, the rate of hepatocarcinogenesis was compared between the patients with and without glucose intolerance. RESULTS Based on the results of the 75 g OGTT, 125 (63%) had normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 49 (25%) had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 23 (12%) had the DM pattern. HCC occurred more frequently in patients with the DM pattern than in patients with either NGT or IGT. Even in patients without advanced liver fibrosis, HCC was more frequently observed in patients with DM than in patients with NGT. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed advanced liver fibrosis, the DM pattern on the 75 g OGTT, an older age and gamma-glutamyltransferase to all be independent risk factors related to hepatocarcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS A DM pattern on the 75 g OGTT was thus found to be associated with hepatocarcinogenesis and the 75 g OGTT is considered to be useful for identifying this risk factor for HCC in patients with HCV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Konishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma development: a meta-analysis. J Hepatol 2009; 50:1142-54. [PMID: 19395111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a known risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but whether the risk varies among patients infected with different HCV genotypes is still controversial. We performed a meta-analysis to clarify whether the genotype 1b is associated with a higher risk of HCC than other genotypes. METHODS We identified 57 relevant papers through a literature search to December 2007 but, since age could represent a major confounder, we focused the meta-analysis on the 21 studies presenting age-adjusted risk estimates for HCV genotype 1b vs. other genotypes. We used random-effects models with the DerSimonian-Laird method and assessed heterogeneity between studies and publication bias. RESULTS Patients infected with HCV genotype 1b have almost double the risk to develop HCC than those infected with other genotypes (Relative Risk (95% Confidence Intervals) = 1.78(1.36-2.32)). The pooled risk estimate was somewhat lower when we restricted the analysis to the eight studies conducted in patients with liver cirrhosis (1.60;1.07-2.39) or considering the 36 studies presenting only crude data (1.63;1.30-2.06). In seven studies excluding patients with liver cirrhosis, the RR (95% CI) increased to 2.46(1.69-3.59). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that HCV genotype 1b plays an important role in HCC development, especially in patients with early stage liver disease.
Collapse
|
20
|
Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Keio Affiliated Hospitals — Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of this Disease —. Keio J Med 2009; 58:161-75. [DOI: 10.2302/kjm.58.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
21
|
Clinicopathological features of elderly patients with hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2008; 43:550-7. [PMID: 18648742 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-008-2194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) correlates with progression of liver fibrosis. However, there is little information on the impact of aging on hepatocarcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinicopathological features of elderly patients with HCV-related HCC. METHODS The study subjects were 693 consecutive patients newly diagnosed with HCC with anti-HCV. First, we divided them into a younger group (<70 years) and an elderly group (> or =70 years) and compared clinicopathological features between the two groups. Next, we selected pure HCV-related HCC patients by excluding the patients with other probable factors for hepatocarcinogenesis (anti-HBc, interferon therapy, and alcohol) and compared the two groups again. RESULTS Higher platelet count, lower male/female ratio, lower rate of habitual alcohol consumption, and better Child-Pugh class were recognized in the elderly group thant the younger group, statistically. In 133 cases of hepatic resection, fibrosis stage was lower in the elderly than the younger group. After selection of pure HCV-related HCC patients, in a stepwise multi variate analysis, male sex and platelet count <10 x 10(4)/mm3 were significant variables associated with age <70. Regarding the latency period to HCC development, the patients who received a blood transfusion at an older age developed HCC sooner despite their lower grade of fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS The elderly patients developed HCC more often, despite their lower grade of fibrosis, compared with the younger patients. In addition to fibrosis, aging could be a factor affecting HCV-related hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
22
|
Tanaka K, Tsuji I, Wakai K, Nagata C, Mizoue T, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Alcohol drinking and liver cancer risk: an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence among the Japanese population. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2008; 38:816-38. [PMID: 18945722 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyn108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although alcohol consumption has been recognized as a risk factor for primary liver cancer, it will be informative to summarize relevant epidemiologic data in the Japanese who have characteristic environmental determinants (e.g. hepatitis C virus infection) and genetic traits (e.g. presence of poor acetaldehyde metabolizers). METHODS We systematically reviewed epidemiologic studies on alcohol drinking and liver cancer among Japanese populations. Original data were obtained through searches of the MEDLINE (PubMed) and Ichushi databases, complemented with manual searches. The evaluation was performed in terms of the magnitude of association ('strong', 'moderate', 'weak' or 'no association') in each study and the strength of evidence ('convincing', 'probable', 'possible' or 'insufficient'), together with biological plausibility as previously assessed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. RESULTS Among 22 cohort studies identified, 14 (64%) reported weak to strong positive associations between alcohol and liver cancer risk, 3 (14%) reported no association and five (23%) reported weak to moderate inverse associations; such inverse associations were found mostly in follow-up studies of patients with chronic liver disease (particularly, cirrhotic patients), yet recent studies on patients with chronic hepatitis C presented fairly consistent positive associations. Of 24 case-control studies identified, 19 (79%) showed weak to strong positive associations, whereas the remainder demonstrated no association (n = 4) or a moderate inverse association (n = 1). CONCLUSION We conclude that there is 'convincing' evidence that alcohol drinking increases the risk of primary liver cancer among the Japanese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Tanaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Couvert P, Carrié A, Pariès J, Vaysse J, Miroglio A, Kerjean A, Nahon P, Chelly J, Trinchet JC, Beaugrand M, Ganne-Carrié N. Liver insulin-like growth factor 2 methylation in hepatitis C virus cirrhosis and further occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:5419-27. [PMID: 18803353 PMCID: PMC2744164 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.5419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the predictive value of the insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) methylation profile for the occurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in hepatitis C (HCV) cirrhosis.
METHODS: Patients with: (1) biopsy-proven compensated HCV cirrhosis; (2) available baseline frozen liver sample; (3) absence of detectable HCC; (4) regular screening for HCC; (5) informed consent for genetic analysis were studied. After DNA extraction from liver samples and bisulfite treatment, unbiased PCR and DHPLC analysis were performed for methylation analysis at the Igf2 locus. The predictive value of the Igf2 methylation profile for HCC was assessed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox methods.
RESULTS: Among 94 included patients, 20 developed an HCC during follow-up (6.9 ± 3.2 years). The methylation profile was hypomethylated, intermediate and hypermethylated in 13, 64 and 17 cases, respectively. In univariate analysis, two baseline parameters were associated with the occurrence of HCC: age (P = 0.01) and prothrombin (P = 0.04). The test of linear tendency between the three ordered levels of Igf2 methylation and probability of HCC occurrence was significant (Log Rank, P = 0.043; Breslow, P = 0.037; Tarone-Ware, P = 0.039).
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that hypome-thylation at the Igf2 locus in the liver could be predictive for HCC occurrence in HCV cirrhosis.
Collapse
|
24
|
Adachi S, Shibuya A, Miura Y, Takeuchi A, Nakazawa T, Saigenji K. Impact of occult hepatitis B virus infection and prior hepatitis B virus infection on development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43:849-56. [PMID: 18584524 DOI: 10.1080/00365520801935459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA can be detected in liver or sera of patients without serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), its clinical relevance in hepatocarcinogenesis remains controversial. This observational cohort study was conducted to clarify the risk factors, including the presence of serum HBV DNA and hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc), for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver cirrhosis (LC). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study comprised 123 patients with LC due to HCV, and negative for HBsAg. The risk factors for HCC development were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis. Serum samples were assayed for HBV DNA using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Serum HBV DNA was detectable in 14 patients (11.4%) and serum anti-HBc in 96 (78.0%). During the follow-up period (mean 53.3 months), 80 patients (65.0%) developed HCC. The cumulative HCC development rate was significantly higher in the anti-HBc-positive group than in the anti-HBc-negative group (p=0.0039), but did not differ between the serum HBV DNA-positive and -negative groups (p=0.8570). The multivariate analysis indicated that male gender, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) 20 ng/ml or greater, average serum alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) 80 IU/l or greater and the presence of anti-HBc were independent risk factors for development of HCC (p=0.038, p=0.013, p=0.020 and p=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Serum anti-HBc, which indicates a previous HBV infection, has clinical significance in hepatocarcinogenesis in patients with HCV-related LC, but serum HBV DNA does not. Therefore, anti-HBc in serum is a significant predictor for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Adachi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ko C, Siddaiah N, Berger J, Gish R, Brandhagen D, Sterling RK, Cotler SJ, Fontana RJ, McCashland TM, Han SHB, Gordon FD, Schilsky ML, Kowdley KV. Prevalence of hepatic iron overload and association with hepatocellular cancer in end-stage liver disease: results from the National Hemochromatosis Transplant Registry. Liver Int 2007; 27:1394-401. [PMID: 17927713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether mild to moderate iron overload in liver diseases other than hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma. This study examined the association between hepatic iron grade and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with end-stage liver disease of diverse aetiologies. METHODS The prevalence of hepatic iron overload and hepatocellular carcinoma was examined in 5224 patients undergoing liver transplantation. Explant pathology reports were reviewed for the underlying pathological diagnosis, presence of hepatocellular carcinoma and degree of iron staining. The distribution of categorical variables was studied using chi(2) tests. RESULTS Both iron overload and hepatocellular carcinoma were the least common with biliary cirrhosis (1.8 and 2.8% respectively). Hepatocellular carcinoma was the most common in patients with hepatitis B (16.7%), followed by those with hepatitis C (15.1%) and HH (14.9%). In the overall cohort, any iron overload was significantly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (P=0.001), even after adjustment for the underlying aetiology of liver disease. The association between hepatic iron content and hepatocellular carcinoma was the strongest in patients with biliary cirrhosis (P<0.001) and hepatitis C (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Iron overload is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with end-stage liver disease, suggesting a possible carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic role for iron in chronic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Ko
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lin L, Verslype C, van Pelt JF, van Ranst M, Fevery J. Viral interaction and clinical implications of coinfection of hepatitis C virus with other hepatitis viruses. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 18:1311-9. [PMID: 17099381 DOI: 10.1097/01.meg.0000243881.09820.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coinfection with other hepatitis viruses modifies the viral profile in serum and leads to more liver damage and more rapid progression during the course of hepatitis C virus infection. The viral interference is not only carried out by virus-virus or by virus-cell interactions but also by an enhanced immune response. A superinfecting viral infection does not crossactivate protective immune responses to the pre-existing virus albeit the latter can become undetectable. The induced cytokine stimulation might enhance the hepatic inflammation. Moreover, hepatitis B virus coinfection increases the risk of development of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus patients through common necro-inflammatory pathways or by direct oncogenic activity of hepatitis B virus. Viral interaction also complicates the management of the coinfection because hepatitis C virus impairs the humoral response to hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus vaccines, and because pharmacological suppression of hepatitis C virus endangers dually infected patients with reactivation of coinfected hepatitis B virus. Optimized strategies and follow-up are thus necessary in the treatment of infection with multiple viruses. It seems thus necessary to look for markers of hepatitis B virus and/or hepatitis D virus infection in chronic hepatitis patients positive for hepatitis C virus antibodies but negative for hepatitis C virus RNA, and equally well to search for hepatitis C virus RNA in HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc-positive patients with a low level of serum hepatitis B virus DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bialek SR, Terrault NA. The changing epidemiology and natural history of hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Liver Dis 2006; 10:697-715. [PMID: 17164113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Injection drug use remains the predominant mode of transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Growing numbers of persons who have been chronically infected with HCV for 20 or more years are coming to medical attention and are at risk for serious complications of chronic infection, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Factors linked with the development of advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis include age at infection, duration of infection, heavy alcohol use, coinfections with HIV or hepatitis B virus, and male sex. Emerging risk factors for disease progression include steatosis, insulin resistance (and factors associated with the metabolic syndrome), and host genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Bialek
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shimauchi Y, Tanaka M, Koga K, Itano S, Ishii K, Kumashiro R, Sakisaka S, Sata M. Clinical Characteristics of Patients in Their 40s With HCV Antibody-Positive Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb00015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Shimauchi
- Second Department of Medicine; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tanaka
- Second Department of Medicine; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Japan
| | - Kenshi Koga
- Second Department of Medicine; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Japan
| | - Satoshi Itano
- Second Department of Medicine; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Japan
| | - Kunihide Ishii
- Second Department of Medicine; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Japan
| | - Ryukichi Kumashiro
- Second Department of Medicine; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Japan
| | - Shotaro Sakisaka
- Second Department of Medicine; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Japan
| | - Michio Sata
- Second Department of Medicine; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Solà R, Alvarez MA, Ballesté B, Montoliu S, Rivera M, Miquel M, Cirera I, Morillas RM, Coll S, Planas R. Probability of liver cancer and survival in HCV-related or alcoholic-decompensated cirrhosis. A study of 377 patients. Liver Int 2006; 26:62-72. [PMID: 16420511 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although chronic alcohol intake and chronic hepatitis C may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), few data are available about survival and probability of developing HCC in decompensated cirrhosis of both aetiologies. METHODS This study identified factors related with probability of developing HCC and survival in a cohort of 377 consecutive patients with decompensated HCV-related cirrhosis (200 cases) or alcoholic cirrhosis (177 cases) without known HCC, hospitalized for their first hepatic decompensation, as well as to evaluate differences between both aetiologies. Patients were followed for a mean period of 39 +/- 2 months. RESULTS During follow-up, 42 patients (11.1%) developed HCC (16.5% vs 5.1%) in groups HCV and alcohol, respectively; p = 0.0008), and 131 patients (34.7%) died (42% vs 26.6% in groups HCV and alcohol, respectively; p = 0.002). Age and HCV-cirrhosis were independently related to HCC development, while baseline age and Child-Turcotte-Pugh score were independently correlated with survival. CONCLUSION Survival in decompensated HCV-related or alcoholic cirrhosis is influenced by age and baseline Child-Turcotte-Pugh score, without differences in cirrhosis aetiology. The risk of developing HCC is greater in HCV-related cirrhosis than in alcoholic cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricard Solà
- Liver Section, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen SL, Morgan TR. The natural history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Int J Med Sci 2006; 3:47-52. [PMID: 16614742 PMCID: PMC1415841 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.3.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as the most common indication for liver transplantation in many countries. Although the incidence of hepatitis C infection has dramatically decreased during the past decade, the worldwide reservoir of chronically infected persons is estimated at 170 million, or 3% of the global population. There is much controversy surrounding the natural history of hepatitis C infection. The rate of chronic HCV infection is affected by a person's age, gender, race, and viral immune response. Approximately 75%-85% of HCV-infected persons will progress to chronic HCV infection, and are at risk for the development of extrahepatic manifestations, compensated and decompensated cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The rate of progression to cirrhosis is highly variable, and is influenced by several factors, including the amount of alcohol consumption, age of initial HCV infection, degree of inflammation and fibrosis on liver biopsy, HIV and HBV coinfection, and comordid conditions. An estimated 10%-15% of HCV-infected persons will advance to cirrhosis within the first 20 years. Persons with cirrhosis are at increased risk of developing HCC. An understanding of the natural history of hepatitis C is essential to effectively manage, treat, and counsel individuals with HCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L. Chen
- 1. Gastroenterology Section, VA Medical Center, Long Beach, California
- 2. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Timothy R. Morgan
- 1. Gastroenterology Section, VA Medical Center, Long Beach, California
- 2. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Naas T, Ghorbani M, Alvarez-Maya I, Lapner M, Kothary R, De Repentigny Y, Gomes S, Babiuk L, Giulivi A, Soare C, Azizi A, Diaz-Mitoma F. Characterization of liver histopathology in a transgenic mouse model expressing genotype 1a hepatitis C virus core and envelope proteins 1 and 2. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:2185-2196. [PMID: 16033966 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine how the HCV structural proteins affect the dynamic structural and functional properties of hepatocytes and measure the extra-hepatic manifestations induced by these viral proteins. A transgenic mouse model was established by expressing core, E1 and E2 proteins downstream of a CMV promoter. HCV RNA was detected using RT-PCR in transgenic mouse model tissues, such as liver, kidney, spleen and heart. Expression of the transgene was analysed by real-time PCR to quantify viral RNA in different tissues at different ages. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed the expression of core, E1 and E2 proteins predominantly in hepatocytes. Lower levels of protein expression were detected in spleen and kidneys. HCV RNA and viral protein expression increased in the liver with age. Histological analysis of liver cells demonstrated steatosis in transgenic mice older than 3 months, which was more progressed with age. Electron microscopy analysis revealed alterations in nuclei, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. HCV structural proteins induce a severe hepatopathy in the transgenic mouse model. These mice became more prone to liver and lymphoid tumour development and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this model, the extra-hepatic effects of HCV, which included swelling of renal tubular cells, were mild. It is likely that the HCV structural proteins mediate some of the histological alterations in hepatocytes by interfering with lipid transport and liver metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Turaya Naas
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
- Division of Virology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8L1
| | - Masoud Ghorbani
- Division of Virology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8L1
| | - Ikuri Alvarez-Maya
- Division of Virology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8L1
| | - Michael Lapner
- Division of Virology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8L1
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, Molecular Medicine Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8L6
| | - Yves De Repentigny
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, Molecular Medicine Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8L6
| | - Susantha Gomes
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B4
| | - Lorne Babiuk
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E3
| | - Antonio Giulivi
- Division of Blood Borne Pathogens, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0L2
| | - Catalina Soare
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
- Division of Virology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8L1
| | - Ali Azizi
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
- Division of Virology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8L1
| | - Francisco Diaz-Mitoma
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
- Division of Virology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8L1
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Imazeki F, Yokosuka O, Fukai K, Kawai S, Kanda T, Kojima H, Saisho H. Lower incidence of hepatic failure than hepatocellular carcinoma in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis C. Liver Int 2005; 25:772-8. [PMID: 15998428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that the development of hepatic failure was found more frequently than that of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis C in the United States and European countries. We investigated the status in Japan in a retrospective cohort study. METHODS The incidences of HCC and hepatic failure were accessed in 459 patients with biopsy-proven C-viral chronic liver disease with a mean follow-up period of 8.9+/-3.2 years and the cause of death was also analyzed in the cohort. RESULTS HCC developed in 63 patients, 46 of 355 interferon (IFN)-treated and 17 of 104 untreated patients. In contrast, the development of hepatic failure was found in 18 patients, 12 of 355 IFN-treated and six of 104 untreated patients. HCC developed in four of 116 with sustained virological response (SVR), and hepatic failure developed in one of them. Thirty-two of 63 patients developing HCC and eight of 18 patients developing hepatic failure died. CONCLUSIONS Development of hepatic failure was less frequent than that of HCC in Japan. It is important for a favorable prognosis of patients with C viral chronic liver disease to achieve a higher SVR and thus inhibit the development of HCC in Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Imazeki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yotsuyanagi H, Hashidume K, Suzuki M, Maeyama S, Takayama T, Uchikoshi T. Role of hepatitis B virus in hepatocarcinogenesis in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005. [PMID: 15318109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2004.tb03240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in alcoholics is not understood well. Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may have some roles. METHODS We compared the clinical features of HCC in patients with and without a history of excessive alcohol consumption. For hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative, anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV)-negative (NBNC) patients, HBV DNA in the tumor was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-Southern blotting. Integrated and episomal forms of HBV DNA were detected using agarose gel electrophoresis after nested PCR and were quantified by real-time PCR. RESULTS For patients who were anti-HCV positive in serum, the age at diagnosis of HCC was lower for alcoholics than nonalcoholics. For serum HBsAg-positive patients and those who were NBNC, the age at diagnosis of HCC was the same for alcoholics and nonalcoholics. The numbers of tumors and of patients with vascular invasion did not differ between alcoholics and nonalcoholics in any subset. In three NBNC-HCC patients with a history of alcohol abuse, HBV DNA was detected in the tumor. Integrated HBV DNA was detected in one patient, and the episomal form of HBV DNA was detected in two patients. CONCLUSION HBV may be found in episomal and integrated forms in the chromosomal DNA of the livers of habitual drinkers who are negative for HBsAg and anti-HCV and may have a direct role in hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Epidemiologic, clinical, and virologic data have shown a close association between chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In many countries of the developed world, HCV infection accounts for more than half of the cases of HCC. HCC usually arises after 2-4 decades of infection, typically in the context of an underlying cirrhosis. Treatment of hepatitis C with interferon-alfa can lead to sustained clearance of HCV, and small prospective studies as well as larger retrospective analyses suggest that interferon therapy leads to a decrease in the incidence of HCC. Without a reliable tissue culture system or a small animal model of HCV infection, analysis of the mechanisms by which HCV leads to cancer has been difficult. Nevertheless, both in vitro expression systems and in vivo transgenic mice studies suggest that HCV has an inherent carcinogenic potential. Understanding the pathogenesis of HCV-associated HCC is important in developing effective means of prevention and treatment of this highly malignant form of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Emerging data indicate that the mortality rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with cirrhosis is rising in some developed countries, whereas mortality from non-HCC complications of cirrhosis is decreasing or is stable. Cohort studies indicate that HCC is currently the major cause of liver-related death in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with the highest HCC incidence in persons with cirrhosis, occurring twice as commonly in Japan than in the West (5-year cumulative incidence, 30% and 17%, respectively), followed by hereditary hemochromatosis (5-year cumulative incidence, 21%). In hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis, the 5-year cumulative HCC risk is 15% in high endemic areas and 10% in the West. In the absence of HCV and HBV infection, the HCC incidence is lower in alcoholic cirrhotics (5-year cumulative risk, 8%) and subjects with advanced biliary cirrhosis (5-year cumulative risk, 4%). There are limited data on HCC risk in cirrhosis of other causes. Older age, male sex, severity of compensated cirrhosis at presentation, and sustained activity of liver disease are important predictors of HCC, independent of etiology of cirrhosis. In viral-related cirrhosis, HBV/HCV and HBV/HDV coinfections increase the HCC risk (2- to 6-fold relative to each infection alone) as does alcohol abuse (2- to 4-fold relative to alcohol abstinence). Sustained reduction of HBV replication lowers the risk of HCC in HBV-related cirrhosis. Further studies are needed to investigate other viral factors (eg, HBV genotype/mutant, occult HBV, HIV coinfection) and preventable or treatable comorbidities (eg, obesity, diabetes) in the HCC risk in cirrhosis.
Collapse
|
36
|
Kiyosawa K, Umemura T, Ichijo T, Matsumoto A, Yoshizawa K, Gad A, Tanaka E. Hepatocellular carcinoma: recent trends in Japan. Gastroenterology 2004; 127:S17-26. [PMID: 15508082 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During the past 20 years, primary liver cancer, 95% of which is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has ranked third in men and fifth in women as a cause of death from malignant neoplasm in Japan. The numbers of deaths and death rate from HCC showed a sharp increase beginning in 1975. Although both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are important causes, HCV-related HCC has accounted for most of the recent increase and now represents 75% of all HCC in Japan. Geographically, HCC is more frequent in western than eastern Japan, and the death rate of HCC in each prefecture correlates with prevalence of anti-HCV. Among patients with HCV-related HCC, a history of blood transfusion was a relatively important source of infection in the 1990s, whereas community-acquired infections increased after 2000. There was a negative correlation between the duration from onset of infection to development of HCC and the age at onset. Interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C has reduced the risk for HCC, indicating that early detection of HCV carriers and better treatment will contribute to improved outcomes. Nationwide screening for HCV and HBV began in 2002 in Japan, and reduction of HCC is anticipated. Further research should focus on mechanisms of carcinogenesis by HCV and HBV, development of more effective treatments, and establishment of early detection and treatment approaches. Better understanding of HCC unrelated to HCV and HBV and possibly because of steatohepatitis and diabetes should also be a major concern in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendo Kiyosawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano-Prefecture 390-8621, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Planas R, Ballesté B, Alvarez MA, Rivera M, Montoliu S, Galeras JA, Santos J, Coll S, Morillas RM, Solà R. Natural history of decompensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. A study of 200 patients. J Hepatol 2004; 40:823-30. [PMID: 15094231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2003] [Revised: 12/29/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Since few data are available concerning the clinical course of decompensated hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosis, the aim of the present study was to define the natural long-term course after the first hepatic decompensation. METHODS Cohort of 200 consecutive patients with HCV-related cirrhosis, and without known hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hospitalized for the first hepatic decompensation. RESULTS Ascites was the most frequent first decompensation (48%), followed by portal hypertensive gastrointestinal bleeding (PHGB) (32.5%), severe bacterial infection (BI) (14.5%) and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) (5%). During follow-up (34+/-2 months) there were 519 readmissions, HCC developed in 33 (16.5%) patients, and death occurred in 85 patients (42.5%). The probability of survival after diagnosis of decompensated cirrhosis was 81.8 and 50.8% at 1 and 5 years, respectively. HE and/or ascites as the first hepatic decompensation, baseline Child-Pugh score, age, and presence of more than one decompensation during follow-up were independently correlated with survival. CONCLUSIONS Once decompensated HCV-related cirrhosis was established, patients showed not only a very high frequency of readmissions, but also developed decompensations different from the initial one. These results contribute to defining the natural course and prognosis of decompensated HCV-related cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Planas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yano Y, Yamashita F, Sumie S, Kuwaki K, Yamamoto H, Toyoda N, Ando E, Tanaka M, Sata M. Clinical significance of antibody against hepatitis B virus core antigen in patients with hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2003; 23:227-31. [PMID: 12895261 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0676.2003.00831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the unsettled issue of whether seropositivity for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) affects characteristics of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Antibody status was determined by enzyme immunoassay in 243 patients with this cancer, and associations with clinicopathologic characteristics and outcome were analysed. Serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Of 235 patients with unequivocal serologic status, 142 were seropositive and 93 were seronegative. Clinicopathologic characteristics and overall cumulative survival rates were comparable between the two groups. However, seropositivity tended to predict poor outcome for patients in Child class B or C (P=0.068), those in tumour-nodes-metastasis-based stage 3 or 4 (P=0.081), those with tumours exceeding 25 mm (P=0.068), and those with a past history of clinical liver disease (P=0.088). Multivariate analysis identified serum albumin, portal vein tumour thrombosis, and tumour size as independent determinants of survival. Serum HBV DNA was below 1.7 log copies/ml in all 40 patients tested. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the clinical features of HCV-HCC were unaffected by seropositivity for anti-HBc. Seropositivity tended to worsen prognosis for subgroup with poor hepatic reserve or advanced tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Yano
- Department of Medicine, Saga Social Insurance Hospital, Saga-City, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ohata K, Hamasaki K, Toriyama K, Matsumoto K, Saeki A, Yanagi K, Abiru S, Nakagawa Y, Shigeno M, Miyazoe S, Ichikawa T, Ishikawa H, Nakao K, Eguchi K. Hepatic steatosis is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Cancer 2003; 97:3036-43. [PMID: 12784339 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic steatosis is one of the histopathologic features of chronic hepatitis C. It was reported recently that the expression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein in transgenic mice induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in association with steatosis. The objective of this study was to determine the relation between hepatic steatosis and hepatocarcinogenesis in patients with chronic HCV infection. METHODS The authors studied 161 patients with chronic HCV infection who were diagnosed at Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan, between January 1980 and December 1999. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), habitual drinking, diabetes mellitus, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, HCV serotype, serum level of HCV core protein, interferon (IFN) treatment, hepatic fibrosis inflammation, and hepatic steatosis were studied with regard to their significance in the development of HCC using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS The cumulative incidence rates of HCC were 24%, 51%, and 63% at 5 years, 10 years, and 15 years, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified hepatic steatosis, together with aging, cirrhosis, and no IFN treatment, as independent and significant risk factors for HCC (P = 0.0135, P = 0.0390, P = 0.0068, and P = 0.0142, respectively). In addition, hepatic steatosis was correlated with BMI, serum ALT levels, and triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current study indicate that hepatic steatosis is a risk factor for HCC in patients with chronic HCV infection. Patients with chronic HCV and hepatic steatosis should be monitored carefully for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Ohata
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major risk factor for development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In general, HCC develops only after 2 or more decades of HCV infection and the increased risk is restricted largely to patients with cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis. Factors that predispose to HCC among HCV-infected persons include male sex, older age, hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection, heavy alcohol intake, and possibly diabetes and a transfusion-related source of HCV infection. Viral factors play a minor role. The likelihood of development of HCC among HCV-infected persons is difficult to determine because of the paucity of adequate long-term cohort studies; the best estimate is 1% to 3% after 30 years. Once cirrhosis is established, however, HCC develops at an annual rate of 1% to 4%. Successful antiviral therapy of patients with HCV-related cirrhosis may reduce the future risk for HCC. The incidence of and mortality caused by all HCC has doubled in the United States over the past 25 years, an increase that has affected all ethnic groups, both sexes, and younger age groups. Given the current prevalence of HCV infection among persons 30 to 50 years of age, the incidence and mortality rates of HCC are likely to double in the United States over the next 10 to 20 years. Future research should focus on improving understanding of the incidence and risk factors for HCC, causes of HCV-related carcinogenesis, means of early detection, and better treatment for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hashem B El-Serag
- Sections of Gastroenterology and Health Services Research at the Houston Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major risk factor for development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In general, HCC develops only after 2 or more decades of HCV infection and the increased risk is restricted largely to patients with cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis. Factors that predispose to HCC among HCV-infected persons include male sex, older age, hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection, heavy alcohol intake, and possibly diabetes and a transfusion-related source of HCV infection. Viral factors play a minor role. The likelihood of development of HCC among HCV-infected persons is difficult to determine because of the paucity of adequate long-term cohort studies; the best estimate is 1% to 3% after 30 years. Once cirrhosis is established, however, HCC develops at an annual rate of 1% to 4%. Successful antiviral therapy of patients with HCV-related cirrhosis may reduce the future risk for HCC. The incidence of and mortality caused by all HCC has doubled in the United States over the past 25 years, an increase that has affected all ethnic groups, both sexes, and younger age groups. Given the current prevalence of HCV infection among persons 30 to 50 years of age, the incidence and mortality rates of HCC are likely to double in the United States over the next 10 to 20 years. Future research should focus on improving understanding of the incidence and risk factors for HCC, causes of HCV-related carcinogenesis, means of early detection, and better treatment for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hashem B El-Serag
- Sections of Gastroenterology and Health Services Research at the Houston Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bailey MA, Brunt EM. Hepatocellular carcinoma: predisposing conditions and precursor lesions. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2002; 31:641-62. [PMID: 12134622 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8553(02)00017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The global incidence of HCC is rising; in the United States, its rise is in parallel to that of cirrhosis due to the HCV and obesity epidemics. The lack of adequate treatment for advanced HCC mandates both prevention and early detection of these lesions. The limitations of currently available histopathologic evaluations, serologic markers, and radiographic imaging modalities in detecting HCC and its precursors have been outlined in this review. Refinements of all of these may lead to better HCC detection, earlier intervention, and successful treatment. Randomized controlled trials are necessary to evaluate the most efficacious and cost-effective approach to screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ann Bailey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital of the Medical College of Philadelphia, 7th Floor, 3300 Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
El-Serag HB, Richardson PA, Everhart JE. The role of diabetes in hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study among United States Veterans. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:2462-7. [PMID: 11513191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been reported to increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We carried out a case-control study to examine the role of DM while controlling for several known risk factors of HCC. METHODS All hospitalized patients with primary liver cancer (PLC) during 1997-1999 were identified in the computerized database of the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Patient Treatment File. Controls without cancer were randomly assigned from the Patient Treatment File during the same time period. The inpatient and outpatient files were searched for several conditions including DM, hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), alcoholic cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, hemochromatosis, and nonspecific cirrhosis. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated in a multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS We identified 823 patients with PLC and 3459 controls. The case group was older (62 yr [+/-10] vs 60 [+/-11], p < 0.0001), had more men (99% vs 97%, 0.0004), and a greater frequency of nonwhites (66% vs 71%, 0.0009) compared with controls. However, HCV- and HBV-infected patients were younger among cases than controls. Risk factors that were significantly more frequent among PLC cases included HCV (34% vs 5%, p < 0.0001), HBV (11% vs 2%, p < 0.0001), alcoholic cirrhosis (47% vs 6%, p < 0.0001), hemochromatosis (2% vs 0.3%, p < 0.0001), autoimmune hepatitis (5% vs 0.5%, p < 0.0001), and diabetes (33% vs 30%, p = 0.059). In the multivariable logistic regression, diabetes was associated with a significant increase in the adjusted OR of PLC (1.57, 1.08-2.28, p = 0.02) in the presence of HCV, HBV, or alcoholic cirrhosis. Without markers of chronic liver disease, the adjusted OR for diabetes and PLC was not significantly increased (1.08, 0.86-1.18, p = 0.4). There was an increase in the HCV adjusted OR (17.27, 95% Cl = 11.98-24.89) and HBV (9.22, 95% CI = 4.52-18.80) after adjusting for the younger age of HCV- and HBV-infected cases. The combined presence of HCV and alcoholic cirrhosis further increases the risk with an adjusted OR of 79.21 (60.29-103.41). The population attributable fraction for HCV among hospitalized veterans was 44.8%, whereas that of alcoholic cirrhosis was 51%. CONCLUSION DM increased the risk of PLC only in the presence of other risk factors such as hepatitis C or B or alcoholic cirrhosis. Hepatitis C infection and alcoholic cirrhosis account for most of PLC among veterans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H B El-Serag
- Sections of Gastroenterology and Health Services Research, The Houston Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- S N Khleif
- Medicine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Naval Hospital Bethesda, Building 8, Rm. 5101, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Aizawa Y, Shibamoto Y, Takagi I, Zeniya M, Toda G. Analysis of factors affecting the appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20000701)89:1<53::aid-cncr8>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
47
|
19 Hepatitis C virus infection and alcohol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5326(00)80023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
48
|
Gender Difference in Skin Reactivity to Purified Protein Derivative Among Carriers of HTLV-I in Japan. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999. [DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199911010-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
49
|
Hisada M, Stuver SO, Okayama A, Mueller NE. Gender difference in skin reactivity to purified protein derivative among carriers of HTLV-I in Japan. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999; 22:302-7. [PMID: 10770352 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-199911010-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of malignancies due to oncogenic virus infections tends to be higher in men than in women. Gender-related differences in cell-mediated immunity, which plays a role in viral pathogenesis, may explain this observation. To explore this possibility in the context of HTLV-I infection, we examined skin reactivity to purified protein derivative (PPD) among 128 residents of an HTLV-I endemic area in Japan, who were born before 1921 and are assumed to have been exposed to M. tuberculosis bacilli. The odds ratio (OR) for reduced PPD reactivity (erythema <10 mm in diameter) was calculated by multiple logistic regression analysis. Men were significantly less likely than women to have reduced PPD reactivity among HTLV-I-negative individuals (26% versus 59%; p < .01); whereas this gender difference was not apparent among HTLV-I carriers (63% versus 62%; p = .87). HTLV-I positivity was strongly associated with reduced PPD reactivity in men, but not in women (odds ratio [OR], 7.3 versus 1.2; p = .05). Although this observation may be due, in part, to a longer average duration of HTLV-I infection in men compared with women, the finding also raises the possibility that men may be inherently more susceptible to loss of PPD reactivity by HTLV-I infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hisada
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
A backcalculation approach allows a reconstruction of the history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in France and predictions of mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) related to the virus. The model uses information from the literature about the natural history of the disease, epidemiological data about infected subjects in three French cohorts, and mortality data from national statistics. It seeks to determine the annual transition probabilities from chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis and the HCV incidence per year in the past. These unknowns are found by fitting the observed deaths from HCC that are attributable to HCV. Optimal values for these unknowns then allow to project the number of HCC deaths attributable to HCV for each year through 2025 (for patients infected before 1996). The model traces the HCV epidemic in France back to around the 1940s. It predicts that HCC mortality related to HCV will continue to increase through 2020 in the absence of treatment, with a 150% increase in the yearly incidence among men and 200% among women. The model also confirms that progression to cirrhosis depends strongly on sex and age. At any age, the annual probability of progression is 10 times greater for men than for women. Moreover, for men aged between 61 and 70 years, this probability is 300 times greater than that for men aged between 21 and 40 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Deuffic
- Unité de Recherche "Epidémiologie et Sciences de l'Information" (INSERM U444), Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|