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Frodella CM, Liu L, Tan W, Pruett SB, Kaplan BLF. The mechanism by which cannabidiol (CBD) suppresses TNF-α secretion involves inappropriate localization of TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE). Cell Immunol 2024; 397-398:104812. [PMID: 38245915 PMCID: PMC10947891 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid derived from Cannabis sativa that exerts anti-inflammatory mechanisms. CBD is being examined for its putative effects on the neuroinflammatory disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). One of the major immune mediators that propagates MS and its mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are macrophages. Macrophages can polarize into an inflammatory phenotype (M1) or an anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2a). Therefore, elucidating the impact on macrophage polarization with CBD pre-treatment is necessary to understand its anti-inflammatory mechanisms. To study this effect, murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were pre-treated with CBD (10 µM) or vehicle (ethanol 0.1 %) and were either left untreated (naive; cell media only), or stimulated under M1 (IFN-γ + lipopolysaccharide, LPS) or M2a (IL-4) conditions for 24 hr. Cells were analyzed for macrophage polarization markers, and supernatants were analyzed for cytokines and chemokines. Immunofluorescence staining was performed on M1-polarized cells for the metalloprotease, tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (TACE), as this enzyme is responsible for the secretion of TNF-α. Overall results showed that CBD decreased several markers associated with the M1 phenotype while exhibiting less effects on the M2a phenotype. Significantly, under M1 conditions, CBD increased the percentage of intracellular and surface TNF-α but decreased secreted TNF-α. This phenomenon might be mediated by TACE as staining showed that CBD sequestered TACE intracellularly. CBD also prevented RelA nuclear translocation. These results suggest that CBD may exert its anti-inflammatory effects by reducing M1 polarization and decreasing TNF-α secretion via inappropriate localization of TACE and RelA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa M Frodella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Liyuan Liu
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Stephen B Pruett
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Barbara L F Kaplan
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
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Ibrahim SM, Kamel AS, Ahmed KA, Mohammed RA, Essam RM. The preferential effect of Clemastine on F3/Contactin-1/Notch-1 compared to Jagged-1/Notch-1 justifies its remyelinating effect in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111481. [PMID: 38232534 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Clemastine (CLM) is repurposed to enhance remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. CLM blocks histamine and muscarinic receptors as negative regulators to oligodendrocyte differentiation. These receptors are linked to the canonical and non-canonical Notch-1 signaling via specific ligands; Jagged-1 and F3/Contactin-1, respectively. Yet, there are no previous studies showing the influence of CLM on Notch entities. Herein, the study aimed to investigate to which extent CLM aligns to one of the two Notch-1 arms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat model. Three groups were utilized where first group received vehicles. The second group was injected by spinal cord homogenate mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant on days 0 and 7. In the third group, CLM (5 mg/kg/day; p.o) was administered for 15 days starting from the day of the first immunization. CLM ameliorated EAE-associated motor and gripping impairment in rotarod, open-field, and grip strength arena beside sensory anomalies in hot plate, cold allodynia, and mechanical Randall-Selitto tests. Additionally, CLM alleviated depressive mood observed in tail suspension test. These findings harmonized with histopathological examinations of Luxol-fast blue stain together with enhanced immunostaining of myelin basic protein and oligodendrocyte lineage gene 2 in corpus callosum and spinal cord. Additionally, CLM enhanced oligodendrocyte myelination and maturation by increasing 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, proteolipid protein, aspartoacylase as well. CLM restored the level of F3/Contactin-1 in the diseased rats over Jagged-1 level; the ligand of the canonical pathway. This was accompanied by elevated gene expression of Deltex-1 and reduced hairy and enhancer-of-split homologs 1 and 5. Additionally, CLM suppressed microglial and astrocyte activation via reducing the expression of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 as well as glial fibrillary acidic protein, respectively. These results outlined the remyelinating beneficence of CLM which could be due to augmenting the non-canonical Notch-1 signaling over the canonical one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherehan M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Kamel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Technology, Egyptian Chinese University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kawkab A Ahmed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Reham A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham M Essam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt
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Fu XX, Qu H, Wang J, Cai HY, Jiang H, Chen HH, Han S. Novel nano-carriers with N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-modified liposomes improve effects of C16-angiopoietin 1 in acute animal model of multiple sclerosis. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2241664. [PMID: 37545034 PMCID: PMC10987045 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2241664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gradual loss of neuronal structure and function due to impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuroinflammation are important factors in multiple sclerosis (MS) progression. Our previous studies demonstrated that the C16 peptide and angiopoietin 1 (Ang-1) compound (C + A) could modulate inflammation and vascular protection in many models of MS. In this study, nanotechnology and a novel nanovector of the leukocyte chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) were used to examine the effects of C + A on MS. The acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS was established in Lewis rats. The C + A compounds were conjugated to control nano-carriers and fMLP-nano-carriers and administered to animals by intravenous injection. The neuropathological changes in the brain cortex and spinal cord were examined using multiple approaches. The stimulation of vascular injection sites was examined using rabbits. The results showed that all C + A compounds (C + A alone, nano-carrier C + A, and fMLP-nano-carrier C + A) reduced neuronal inflammation, axonal demyelination, gliosis, neuronal apoptosis, vascular leakage, and BBB impairment induced by EAE. In addition, the C + A compounds had minimal side effects on liver and kidney functions. Furthermore, the fMLP-nano-carrier C + A compound had better effects compared to C + A alone and the nano-carrier C + A. This study indicated that the fMLP-nano-carrier C + A could attenuate inflammation-related pathological changes in EAE and may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MS and EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Fu
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Han Qu
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hua-Ying Cai
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Electrophysiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hao-Hao Chen
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, PR China
| | - Shu Han
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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Zhang S, Su Y, Ying Z, Guo D, Pan C, Guo J, Zou Z, Wang L, Zhang Z, Jiang Z, Zhang Z, Wang X. RIP1 kinase inhibitor halts the progression of an immune-induced demyelination disease at the stage of monocyte elevation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5675-5680. [PMID: 30837313 PMCID: PMC6431233 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819917116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) underlies many human diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). We report here the findings of our study of the CNS demyelination process using immune-induced [experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)] and chemical-induced [cuprizone (CPZ)] mouse models of demyelination. We found that necroptosis, a receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) kinase and its substrate mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL)-dependent cell death program, played no role in the demyelination process, whereas the MLKL-dependent, RIP3-independent function of MLKL in the demyelination process initially discovered in the peripheral nervous system in response to nerve injury, also functions in demyelination in the CNS in these models. Moreover, a receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) kinase inhibitor, RIPA-56, blocked disease progression in the EAE-induced model but showed no effect in the CPZ-induced model. It does so most likely at a step of monocyte elevation downstream of T cell activation and myelin-specific antibody generation, although upstream of breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. RIP1-kinase dead knock-in mice shared a similar result as mice treated with the RIP1 inhibitor. These results indicate that RIP1 kinase inhibitor is a potential therapeutic agent for immune-mediated demyelination diseases that works by prevention of monocyte elevation, a function previously unknown for RIP1 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Yaning Su
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxin Ying
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Dejia Guo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206 Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Chenjie Pan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206 Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jia Guo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Ziye Zou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Zhaodi Jiang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China;
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206 Beijing, China
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5
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Severa M, Zhang J, Giacomini E, Rizzo F, Etna MP, Cruciani M, Garaci E, Chopp M, Coccia EM. Thymosins in multiple sclerosis and its experimental models: moving from basic to clinical application. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 27:52-60. [PMID: 30317071 PMCID: PMC7104151 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) afflicts more than 2.5 million individuals worldwide and this number is increasing over time. Within the past years, a great number of disease-modifying treatments have emerged; however, efficacious treatments and a cure for MS await discovery. Thymosins, soluble hormone-like peptides produced by the thymus gland, can mediate immune and non-immune physiological processes and have gained interest in recent years as therapeutics in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. METHODS Pubmed was searched with no time constraints for articles using a combination of the keywords "thymosin/s" or "thymus factor/s" AND "multiple sclerosis", mesh terms with no language restriction. RESULTS Here, we review the state-of-the-art on the effects of thymosins on MS and its experimental models. In particular, we describe what is known in this field on the roles of thymosin-α1 (Tα1) and -β4 (Tβ4) as potential anti-inflammatory as well as neuroprotective and remyelinating molecules and their mechanisms of action. CONCLUSION Based on the data that Tα1 and Tβ4 act as anti-inflammatory molecules and as inducers of myelin repair and neuronal protection, respectively, a possible therapeutic application in MS for Tα1 and Tβ4 alone or combined with other approved drugs may be envisaged. This approach is reasonable in light of the current clinical usage of Tα1 and data demonstrating the safety, tolerability and efficacy of Tβ4 in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Severa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Elena Giacomini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Rizzo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marilena Paola Etna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Cruciani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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Kreisel T, Wolf B, Keshet E, Licht T. Unique role for dentate gyrus microglia in neuroblast survival and in VEGF-induced activation. Glia 2018; 67:594-618. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tirzah Kreisel
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research; Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University; Jerusalem Israel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC); The Hebrew University; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Brachi Wolf
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research; Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Eli Keshet
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research; Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Tamar Licht
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research; Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University; Jerusalem Israel
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The Beneficial Effect of Human Amnion Mesenchymal Cells in Inhibition of Inflammation and Induction of Neuronal Repair in EAE Mice. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5083797. [PMID: 30035132 PMCID: PMC6035808 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5083797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Currently, there is still lack of curative treatment for MS. Mesenchymal stem cell- (MSC-) based therapy is recently the subject of intense interest in autoimmune diseases. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of human amnion mesenchymal cells (hAMC) on inflammation and remyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55 peptide. hAMC were injected intraperitoneal when EAE was successfully established. The results demonstrated that application of hAMC significantly ameliorated the disease severity and histopathological changes in EAE mice. The production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17A in the spleen and CNS was dramatically inhibited. Moreover, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in the CNS were also significantly decreased in EAE mice after hAMC treatment. In addition, hAMC treatment also promoted the production of neuron-repair factors (NGF, CNTF, and BDNF) in the CNS of EAE mice. In conclusion, these results indicated that hAMC could attenuate the inflammation and promote the remyelination in EAE mice, which might be a promising cell source for the therapy of MS.
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Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Naaldijk Y, Sardá-Arroyo L, Gonçalves MCB, Corrêa-Velloso J, Pillat MM, de Souza HDN, Ulrich H. Purinergic Receptors in Neurological Diseases With Motor Symptoms: Targets for Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:325. [PMID: 29692728 PMCID: PMC5902708 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since proving adenosine triphosphate (ATP) functions as a neurotransmitter in neuron/glia interactions, the purinergic system has been more intensely studied within the scope of the central nervous system. In neurological disorders with associated motor symptoms, including Parkinson's disease (PD), motor neuron diseases (MND), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's Disease (HD), restless leg syndrome (RLS), and ataxias, alterations in purinergic receptor expression and activity have been noted, indicating a potential role for this system in disease etiology and progression. In neurodegenerative conditions, neural cell death provokes extensive ATP release and alters calcium signaling through purinergic receptor modulation. Consequently, neuroinflammatory responses, excitotoxicity and apoptosis are directly or indirectly induced. This review analyzes currently available data, which suggests involvement of the purinergic system in neuro-associated motor dysfunctions and underlying mechanisms. Possible targets for pharmacological interventions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Sardá-Arroyo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C. B. Gonçalves
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Corrêa-Velloso
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Micheli M. Pillat
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Héllio D. N. de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Miller LG, Young JA, Ray SK, Wang G, Purohit S, Banik NL, Dasgupta S. Sphingosine Toxicity in EAE and MS: Evidence for Ceramide Generation via Serine-Palmitoyltransferase Activation. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2755-2768. [PMID: 28474276 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disorder characterized by massive neurodegeneration and profound axonal loss. Since myelin is enriched with sphingolipids and some of them display toxicity, biological function of sphingolipids in demyelination has been investigated in MS brain tissues. An elevation of sphingosine with a decrease in monoglycosylceramide and psychosine (myelin markers) was observed in MS white matter and plaque compared to normal brain tissue. This indicated that sphingosine toxicity might mediate oligodendrocyte degeneration. To explain the source of sphingosine accumulation, total sphingolipid profile was investigated in Lewis rats after inducing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and also in human oligodendrocytes in culture. An intermittent increase in ceramide followed by sphingosine accumulation in EAE spinal cord along with a stimulation of serine-palmitoyltransferase (SPT) activity was observed. Apoptosis was identified in the lumbar spinal cord, the most prominent demyelinating area, in the EAE rats. TNFα and IFNγ stimulation of oligodendrocytes in culture also led to an accumulation of ceramide with an elevation of sphingosine. Ceramide elevation was drastically blocked by myriocin, an inhibitor of SPT, and also by FTY720. Myriocin treatment also protected oligodendrocytes from cytokine mediated apoptosis or programmed cell death. Hence, we propose that sphingosine toxicity may contribute to demyelination in both EAE and MS, and the intermittent ceramide accumulation in EAE may, at least partly, be mediated via SPT activation, which is a novel observation that has not been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence G Miller
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Jennifer A Young
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Guanghu Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sharad Purohit
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Somsankar Dasgupta
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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10
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Madsen PM, Sloley SS, Vitores AA, Carballosa-Gautam MM, Brambilla R, Hentall ID. Prolonged stimulation of a brainstem raphe region attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience 2017; 346:395-402. [PMID: 28147248 PMCID: PMC5337132 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory disease, has few treatment options, none entirely adequate. We studied whether prolonged electrical microstimulation of a hindbrain region (the nucleus raphe magnus) can attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a murine model of MS induced by MOG35-55 injection. Eight days after symptoms emerged, a wireless electrical stimulator with an attached microelectrode was implanted cranially, and daily intermittent stimulation was begun in awake, unrestrained mice. The thoracic spinal cord was analyzed for changes in histology (on day 29) and gene expression (on day 37), with a focus on myelination and cytokine production. Controls, with inactive implants, showed a phase of disease exacerbation on days 19-25 that stimulation for >16days eliminated. Prolonged stimulation also reduced numbers of infiltrating immune cells and increased numbers of myelinated axons. It additionally lowered genetic expression of some pro-inflammatory cytokines (interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, a marker of oligodendrocyte precursors, while raising expression of myelin basic protein. Studies of restorative treatments for MS might profitably consider ways to stimulate the raphe magnus, directly or via its inputs, or to emulate its serotonergic and peptidergic output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille M Madsen
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA; Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stephanie S Sloley
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Alberto A Vitores
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | | | - Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA.
| | - Ian D Hentall
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA.
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11
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Wang Y, Cao Y, Mangalam AK, Guo Y, LaFrance-Corey RG, Gamez JD, Atanga PA, Clarkson BD, Zhang Y, Wang E, Angom RS, Dutta K, Ji B, Pirko I, Lucchinetti CF, Howe CL, Mukhopadhyay D. Neuropilin-1 modulates interferon-γ-stimulated signaling in brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3911-3921. [PMID: 27591257 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.190702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory response of blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells plays an important role in pathogenesis of many central nervous system inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis; however, the molecular mechanism mediating BBB endothelial cell inflammatory response remains unclear. In this study, we first observed that knockdown of neuropilin-1 (NRP1), a co-receptor of several structurally diverse ligands, suppressed interferon-γ (IFNγ)-induced C-X-C motif chemokine 10 expression and activation of STAT1 in brain microvascular endothelial cells in a Rac1-dependent manner. Moreover, endothelial-specific NRP1-knockout mice, VECadherin-Cre-ERT2/NRP1flox/flox mice, showed attenuated disease progression during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse neuroinflammatory disease model. Detailed analysis utilizing histological staining, quantitative PCR, flow cytometry and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that deletion of endothelial NRP1 suppressed neuron demyelination, altered lymphocyte infiltration, preserved BBB function and decreased activation of the STAT1-CXCL10 pathway. Furthermore, increased expression of NRP1 was observed in endothelial cells of acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Our data identify a new molecular mechanism of brain microvascular endothelial inflammatory response through NRP1-IFNγ crosstalk that could be a potential target for intervention of endothelial cell dysfunction in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Ying Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa city, IA 52242, USA
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey D Gamez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | - Yuebo Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Enfeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Ramcharan Singh Angom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Kirthica Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Baoan Ji
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Istvan Pirko
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Charles L Howe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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12
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Kipp M, Hochstrasser T, Schmitz C, Beyer C. Female sex steroids and glia cells: Impact on multiple sclerosis lesion formation and fine tuning of the local neurodegenerative cellular network. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 67:125-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Chapman DL, Vroegop SM, Galinet LA, Ready KA, Dunn CJ, Vidmar TJ, Buxser SE. Quantitative Evaluation of Leukocyte Infiltration into the Spinal Cord in a Model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Statistical-Analytical Techniques for Use in Evaluating Drugs. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/039463209801100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is considered a useful animal model for preclinical development of drugs to treat human multiple sclerosis. The relationship between clinical disease signs and leukocyte infiltration into the lower spinal cord was studied in EAE in order to assess analytical and statistical methods for evaluating drug candidates. As expected, the degree of clinical disease was correlated with the amount of leukocyte infiltration into the lower spinal cord. Additionally, we were able to distinguish patterns of clinical signs and leukocyte infiltration for classes of recurring-remitting and progressive forms of the disease. The distributions of leukocyte infiltration sites correspond to negative binomial distributions, and the parameters calculated from the respective distributions differ significantly among disease classes. We determined the sensitivity of histological measures of the leukocyte infiltration and calculated the magnitude of differences required in order to observe statistically significant changes in leukocyte infiltration. Using immunohistochemistry to assess cell surface markers of leukocytes in the lower spinal cord, we measured the infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and cells of the macrophage/microglial lineage stained with the monoclonal antibody, F4/80. Treatment with an anti-4 integrin monoclonal antibody, PS/2, served as an indicator of how we may expect to measure the effects of new pharmaceutical agents tested using our particular model of EAE. PS/2 treatment affected clinical signs of disease only when administered very early in the time course of the disease, despite a marked statistically significant decline in CD4+ cells regardless of when the PS/2 was administered. The analytical and statistical techniques applied here may be used to design efficient and sensitive assays for the evaluation of new drugs that may prove useful in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. L. Chapman
- Discovery Technologies, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc. Kalamazoo, MI 49007-4940
| | - S. M. Vroegop
- Discovery Technologies, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc. Kalamazoo, MI 49007-4940
| | - L. A. Galinet
- Pharmacology, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc. Kalamazoo, MI 49007-4940
| | - K. A. Ready
- Pharmacology, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc. Kalamazoo, MI 49007-4940
| | - C. J. Dunn
- Pharmacology, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc. Kalamazoo, MI 49007-4940
| | - T. J. Vidmar
- Clinical Research & Biostatistics, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc. Kalamazoo, MI 49007-4940
| | - S. E. Buxser
- Discovery Technologies, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc. Kalamazoo, MI 49007-4940
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Yokobori S, Spurlock MS, Lee SW, Gajavelli S, Bullock RM. Microdialysis as Clinical Evaluation of Therapeutic Hypothermia in Rat Subdural Hematoma Model. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1462:413-31. [PMID: 27604731 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3816-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral microdialysis (MD) is a fine laboratory technique which has been established for studying physiological, pharmacological, and pathological changes in the experimental studies of traumatic brain injury (TBI). This technique has also been well translated and widely applied to clinical bedside monitoring to provide pathophysiological analysis in severe TBI patients. The MD technique is thus well suited for straightforward translation from basic science to clinical application.In this chapter, we describe our evaluation of MD method in acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) rat model. With 100 kDa cut-off microdialysis membrane, we could measure several biomarkers such as ubiquitin carboxy hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), a neuronal marker and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and a glial marker in extracellular fluid. In this experiment, we could detect that the peak of extracellular UCH-L1 in the early hypothermia group was significantly lower than in the normothermia group. Also, in the late phase of reperfusion (>2.5 h after decompression), extracellular GFAP in the early hypothermia group was lower than in the normothermia. These data thus suggested that early, preoperatively induced hypothermia could mediate the reduction of neuronal and glial damage in the reperfusion phase of ischemia/reperfusion brain injury.Microdialysis allows for the direct measurement of extracellular molecules in an attempt to characterize metabolic derangements before they become clinically relevant. Advancements in technology have allowed for the bedside assay of multiple markers of ischemia and metabolic dysfunction, and the applications for traumatic brain injury have been well established. As clinicians become more comfortable with these tools their widespread use and potential for clinical impact with continue to rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Yokobori
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan.
| | - Markus S Spurlock
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Stephanie W Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shyam Gajavelli
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ross M Bullock
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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15
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Seo JE, Hasan M, Han JS, Kim NK, Lee JE, Lee KM, Park JH, Kim HJ, Son J, Lee J, Kwon OS. Dependency of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Induction on MOG35-55 Properties Modulating Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Interleukin-6. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:666-76. [PMID: 26464215 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is commonly induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55; occasionally, EAE is not well induced despite MOG35-55 immunization. To confirm that EAE induction varies with difference in MOG35-55 properties, we compared three MOG35-55 from different commercial sources, which are MOG-A, MOG-B, and MOG-C. The peptides induced EAE disease with 100, 40, and 20 % incidence, respectively. Compared with others, MOG-A showed higher peptide purity (99.2 %) and content (92.2 %) and presented a sheet shape with additional sodium and chloride chemical elements. In MOG-A-treated group, MMP-9 activity and IL-6 levels were considerably higher than the other groups in CNS tissues, and significantly increased VCAM-1, IFN-γ, and decreased IL-4 were also shown compared to MOG-B- and/or MOG-C-treated group. In conclusion, the immunological and toxicological changes by the difference in MOG35-55 properties modulate EAE induction, and MOG35-55 which affects MMP-9 activity and IL-6 levels may be the most effective EAE-inducing antigen. This study can be potentially applied by researchers using MOG35-55 peptide and manufacturers for MOG35-55 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Seo
- Toxicology Laboratory, Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Mahbub Hasan
- Toxicology Laboratory, Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Joon-Seung Han
- Toxicology Laboratory, Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Nak-Kyoon Kim
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Kang Mi Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyung Park
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Ho Jun Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Junghyun Son
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Oh-Seung Kwon
- Toxicology Laboratory, Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea.
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea.
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16
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He J, Wang Y, Kastin AJ, Pan W. Increased sleep fragmentation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 38:53-8. [PMID: 24566387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbance in patients with multiple sclerosis is prevalent and has multifactorial causes. In mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis, we determined the dynamic changes of sleep architecture and the interactions between sleep changes and EAE symptoms. The changes of sleep patterns were mainly reflected by altered sleep stage distribution and increased sleep fragmentation. Increased waking and decreased non-rapid eye movement sleep occurred after EAE onset and persisted through the symptomatic phase. There also was increased sleep state transition, indicating a reduction of sleep cohesiveness. Furthermore, the extent of sleep fragmentation correlated with the severity of disease. This is the first study of sleep characteristics in EAE mice demarcating specific changes related to the autoimmune disorder without confounding factors such as psychosocial impact and treatment effects. The reduction of sleep efficiency and cohesiveness supports the notion that enhancing sleep might facilitate the recovery of mice from EAE, pertinent to the multimodality treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyun He
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Yuping Wang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Abba J Kastin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Weihong Pan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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17
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Fang L, Zheng Q, Yang T, Zhao H, Zhang Q, Li K, Zhou L, Gong H, Fan Y, Wang L. Bushen Yisui Capsule ameliorates axonal injury in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:3306-15. [PMID: 25206652 PMCID: PMC4145949 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.35.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A preliminary clinical study by our group demonstrated Bushen Yisui Capsule (formerly called Erhuang Formula) in combination with conventional therapy is an effective prescription for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. However, its effect on axonal injury during early multiple sclerosis remains unclear. In this study, a MOG35-55-immunized C57BL/6 mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was intragastrically administered Bushen Yisui Capsule. The results showed that Bushen Yisui Capsule effectively improved clinical symptoms and neurological function of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In addition, amyloid precursor protein expression was down-regulated and microtubule-associated protein 2 was up-regulated. Experimental findings indicate that the disease-preventive mechanism of Bushen Yisui Capsule in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was mediated by amelioration of axonal damage and promotion of regeneration. But the effects of the high-dose Bushen Yisui Capsule group was not better than that of the medium-dose and low-dose Bushen Yisui Capsule group in preventing neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Fang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qiuxia Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Kangning Li
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Haiyang Gong
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yongping Fan
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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18
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Bernardes D, Oliveira-Lima OC, da Silva TV, Faraco CCF, Leite HR, Juliano MA, dos Santos DM, Bethea JR, Brambilla R, Orian JM, Arantes RME, Carvalho-Tavares J. Differential brain and spinal cord cytokine and BDNF levels in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are modulated by prior and regular exercise. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 264:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Li K, Fan Y, Yang T, Wang L. Mechanism of Erhuang capsule for treatment of multiple sclerosis. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:523-31. [PMID: 25206695 PMCID: PMC4146050 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Erhuang capsule, a typical formula based on traditional Chinese medicine theory, is widely used to ameliorate multiple sclerosis, inflammation and side effects of glucocorticoid treatment. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells are neural stem cells that are important for myelin repair and regeneration. In the present study, Erhuang capsule effectively improved clinical symptoms and neurological function scores, reduced mortality and promoted recovery of neurological functions of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The mechanism of action involved significant increases in oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation in specific regions of the brain and spinal cord, increased oligodendrocyte lineage gene 2 expression and enhanced oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangning Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China ; Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yongping Fan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Prescription, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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20
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Schmidt F, van den Eijnden M, Pescini Gobert R, Saborio GP, Carboni S, Alliod C, Pouly S, Staugaitis SM, Dutta R, Trapp B, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R. Identification of VHY/Dusp15 as a regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation through a systematic genomics approach. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40457. [PMID: 22792334 PMCID: PMC3394735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease characterized by a progressive loss of myelin and a failure of oligodendrocyte (OL)-mediated remyelination, particularly in the progressive phases of the disease. An improved understanding of the signaling mechanisms that control differentiation of OL precursors may lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets for remyelination in MS. About 100 mammalian Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (PTPs) are known, many of which are involved in signaling both in health and disease. We have undertaken a systematic genomic approach to evaluate PTP gene activity in multiple sclerosis autopsies and in related in vivo and in vitro models of the disease. This effort led to the identification of Dusp15/VHY, a PTP previously believed to be expressed only in testis, as being transcriptionally regulated during OL differentiation and in MS lesions. Subsequent RNA interference studies revealed that Dusp15/VHY is a key regulator of OL differentiation. Finally, we identified PDGFR-beta and SNX6 as novel and specific Dusp15 substrates, providing an indication as to how this PTP might exert control over OL differentiation.
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21
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McCarthy DP, Richards MH, Miller SD. Mouse models of multiple sclerosis: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 900:381-401. [PMID: 22933080 PMCID: PMC3583382 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-720-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and Theiler's Murine Encephalitis Virus-Induced Demyelinating Disease (TMEV-IDD) are two clinically relevant murine models of multiple sclerosis (MS). Like MS, both are characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration into the CNS and demyelination. EAE is induced by either the administration of myelin protein or peptide in adjuvant or by the adoptive transfer of encephalitogenic T cell blasts into naïve recipients. The relative merits of each of these protocols are compared. Depending on the type of question being asked, different mouse strains and peptides are used. Different disease courses are observed with different strains and different peptides in active EAE. These variations are also addressed. Additionally, issues relevant to clinical grading of EAE in mice are discussed. In addition to EAE induction, useful references for other disease indicators such as DTH, in vitro proliferation, and immunohistochemistry are provided. TMEV-IDD is a useful model for understanding the possible viral etiology of MS. This section provides detailed information on the preparation of viral stocks and subsequent intracerebral infection of mice. Additionally, virus plaque assay and clinical disease assessment are discussed. Recently, recombinant TMEV strains have been created for the study of molecular mimicry which incorporate various 30 amino acid myelin epitopes within the leader region of TMEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick P McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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Schulz I, Engel C, Niestroj AJ, Zeitschel U, Menge K, Kehlen A, Meyer A, Rossner S, Demuth HU. Heteroarylketones inhibit astroglial interleukin-6 expression via a STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:86. [PMID: 21801384 PMCID: PMC3161871 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated brain levels of the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6, which is mainly secreted from activated local astrocytes, contribute to pathological events including neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Thus, inhibition of pathological IL-6 expression provides a rationale strategy for targeting the onset or further progression of neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and traumatic brain injury. The purpose of this study was to identify and to characterize new potent inhibitors of astrocytic IL-6 expression for further therapeutic development of novel anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drugs. Methods Oncostatin M (OSM)-treated human glioma U343 cells were used as model for induction of astrocytic IL-6 expression. This model was characterized by immunoblotting, siRNA technique, ELISA and qRT-PCR and used to screen low molecular weight compound libraries for IL-6-lowering effects. To validate bioactive compounds identified from library screens, bacterial lipopolysaccharide was used to induce IL-6 expression in cultivated primary astrocytes and in mice in vivo. To dissect underlying molecular mechanisms, protein extracts from OSM-treated U343 cells were analyzed by phospho-specific immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry as well as by co-immunoprecipitation. Results OSM-treatment (100 ng/ml; 24 h) led to 30-fold increase of IL-6 secretion from U343 cells. The temporal profile of IL-6 mRNA induction displayed a biphasic induction pattern with peak synthesis at 1 h (6.5-fold) and 16 h (5.5-fold) post stimulation. IL-6 protein release did not show that biphasic pattern and was detected as early as 3 h post stimulation reaching a maximum at 24 h. The screen of compound libraries identified a set of heteroarylketones (HAKs) as potent inhibitors of IL-6 secretion. HAK compounds affected the second peak in IL-6 mRNA synthesis, whereas the first peak was insensitive to HAK treatment. HAK compounds also suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-6 expression in primary murine astrocytes as well as in brain and plasma samples from lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. Finally, HAK compounds were demonstrated to specifically suppress the OSM-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 at serine 727 and the physical interaction of pSTAT3S727 with p65. Conclusion Heteroarylketone compounds are potent inhibitors of IL-6 expression in vitro and in vivo and may represent a new class of potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Schulz
- Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, Halle/Saale, 06120, Germany
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23
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Markowitz CE, Spitsin S, Zimmerman V, Jacobs D, Udupa JK, Hooper DC, Koprowski H. The treatment of multiple sclerosis with inosine. J Altern Complement Med 2009; 15:619-25. [PMID: 19425822 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2008.0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of inosine in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The secondary objectives are to assess the effects of inosine administration on serum urate (UA) levels, the progression of neurologic disability, the cumulative number of new, active lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and changes in serum levels for markers of inflammation. DESIGN Oral administration of inosine was used to raise serum levels of the natural peroxynitrite scavenger UA in 16 patients with RRMS during a 1-year randomized, double-blind trial. OUTCOME MEASURES The endpoints studied were relapse rate, disability assessed by the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), MRI, and analysis of serum levels of nitrotyrosine, and oxidative and pro-inflammatory makers. RESULTS Increased serum UA levels correlated with a significant decrease in the number of gadolinium-enhanced lesions and improved EDSS. A number of MRI intensity-based parameters were altered by inosine treatment, in certain cases correlating with changes in serum UA levels. In a patient with low serum UA and high lesion activity, raising UA levels by inosine treatment decreased serum nitrotyrosine while increasing the ratio of Th2 to Th1 cytokines in circulating cells. The only side-effect correlated with inosine treatment was kidney stone formation in 4/16 subjects. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the use of inosine to raise serum UA levels may have benefits for at least some MS patients. The effect of this treatment is likely to be a consequence of inactivation of peroxynitrite-dependent free radicals. Close monitoring of serum UA levels as well as other measures are required to avoid the potential development of kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde E Markowitz
- Neurology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Singh J, Khan M, Singh I. Silencing of Abcd1 and Abcd2 genes sensitizes astrocytes for inflammation: implication for X-adrenoleukodystrophy. J Lipid Res 2008; 50:135-47. [PMID: 18723473 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800321-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a metabolic disorder arising from a mutation/deletion in the ABCD1 gene, leading to a defect in the peroxisomal adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP), which inhibits the oxidation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Thus, these VLCFAs accumulate. In a cerebral form of ALD (cALD), VLCFA accumulation induces neuroinflammation that leads to loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin, which ultimately shortens the lifespan. To establish a relationship between the metabolic disease and inflammatory disease induction, we document that small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of Abcd1 (ALDP) and Abcd2 [adrenoleukodystrophy-related protein (ALDRP)] genes in mice primary astrocyte cultures resulted in accumulation of VLCFA and induction of an inflammatory response characteristic of human cALD. Correction of the metabolic defect using monoenoic FAs in Abcd1/Abcd2-silenced cultured astrocytes decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase and inflammatory cytokine expression, suggesting a link between VLCFA accumulation and inflammation. The inflammatory response was found to be mediated by transcription factors NF-kappaB, AP-1, and C/EBP in Abcd1/Abcd2-silenced mouse primary astrocytes. Although mechanisms of VLCFA-mediated induction of the inflammatory response have been investigated here in vitro, the in vivo mediators remain elusive. Our data represent the first study to suggest a direct link between the accumulation of VLCFA and the induction of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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25
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Oweida AJ, Dunn EA, Karlik SJ, Dekaban GA, Foster PJ. Iron-oxide labeling of hematogenous macrophages in a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the contribution to signal loss in fast imaging employing steady state acquisition (FIESTA) images. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 26:144-51. [PMID: 17659552 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the contribution of blood-derived macrophages to the signal loss observed in MR images of inflammatory lesions in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MATERIALS AND METHODS A relapsing-remitting form of EAE was induced in transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) specifically in hematopoietic cells of the myelomonocytic lineage. Animals were injected with Feridex, a superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticle, 24 hours prior to in vivo MRI. MRI was performed using a 1.5T whole-body scanner; a high-performance, custom-built gradient coil insert; and a 3D steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging pulse sequence. Comparisons were made between MR images and corresponding anti-GFP and Perl's Prussian blue (PPB)-stained brain sections. RESULTS MR images revealed the presence of discrete regions of signal loss throughout the brains of EAE animals that were administered Feridex. Histological staining showed that regions of signal loss on MR images corresponded anatomically with regions of PPB- and GFP-positive cells. CONCLUSION This experiment provides the first direct evidence that macrophages of hematogenous origin are labeled with SPIO after intravenous administration of Feridex, and contribute to the regions of signal loss detected in MR images of EAE brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman J Oweida
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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26
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O'Neill EJ, Day MJ, Wraith DC. IL-10 is essential for disease protection following intranasal peptide administration in the C57BL/6 model of EAE. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 178:1-8. [PMID: 16872684 PMCID: PMC3399771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that intranasal administration of encephalitogenic peptides in soluble form to H-2u and H-2s mice affords protection from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here we demonstrate that this method of disease protection can be induced in C57BL/6 mice by administration of the soluble peptide 35-55 from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. This protective effect was demonstrated by the evaluation of both clinical EAE scores and central nervous system histopathology; the latter showing minimal inflammatory infiltrates in treated mice. The employment of an IL-10-/- congenic strain allowed an appraisal of the involvement of IL-10 in this process. The lack of disease protection in these mice clearly demonstrates the non-redundant role of IL-10 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J O'Neill
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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27
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Das A, Garner DP, Del Re AM, Woodward JJ, Kumar DM, Agarwal N, Banik NL, Ray SK. Calpeptin provides functional neuroprotection to rat retinal ganglion cells following Ca2+ influx. Brain Res 2006; 1084:146-57. [PMID: 16600192 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) impairs vision in glaucoma patients. RGCs are also degenerated in multiple sclerosis (MS), resulting in loss of visual perception in MS patients. We examined the involvement of calpain and caspase cascades in apoptosis of the rat retinal ganglion cell line RGC-5 following 24 h of exposure to 250 nM ionomycin (IMN) or 300 units/ml interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and then evaluated functional neuroprotection with 2 microM calpeptin (CP, a calpain-specific inhibitor). Morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis were detected in RGC-5 cells following exposure to IMN or IFN-gamma. Fura-2 assay determined significant increases in intracellular free [Ca2+] following exposure to IMN or IFN-gamma. Pretreatment with CP for 1 h prevented Ca2+ influx, proteolytic activities, and apoptosis in RGC-5 cells. Western blot analyses showed an increase in activities of calpain and caspase-12, upregulation of Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and increase in caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities during apoptosis. Increased caspase-3 activity was also confirmed by a colorimetric assay. Activation of caspase-8 and cleavage of Bid to tBid in RGC-5 cells following exposure to IFN-gamma indicated co-operation between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis. Patch-clamp recordings showed that pretreatment with CP attenuated apoptosis and maintained normal whole-cell membrane potential, indicating functional neuroprotection. Taken together, our results demonstrated that Ca2+ overload could be responsible for activation of calpain and caspase cascades leading to apoptotic death of RGC-5 cells and CP provided functional neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabinda Das
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 323K, P.O. Box 250606, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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28
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Rolls A, Cahalon L, Bakalash S, Avidan H, Lider O, Schwartz M. A sulfated disaccharide derived from chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan protects against inflammation-associated neurodegeneration. FASEB J 2006; 20:547-9. [PMID: 16396993 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4540fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), a matrix protein that occurs naturally in the central nervous system (CNS), is considered to be a major inhibitor of axonal regeneration and is known to participate in activation of the inflammatory response. The degradation of CSPG by a specific enzyme, chondroitinase ABC, promotes repair. We postulated that a disaccharidic degradation product of this glycoprotein (CSPG-DS), generated following such degradation, participates in the modulation of the inflammatory responses and can, therefore, promote recovery in immune-induced neuropathologies of the CNS, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). In these pathologies, the dramatic increase in T cells infiltrating the CNS is far in excess of the numbers needed for regular maintenance. Here, we show that CSPG-DS markedly alleviated the clinical symptoms of EAE and protected against the neuronal loss in EAU. The last effect was associated with a reduction in the numbers of infiltrating T cells and marked microglia activation. This is further supported by our in vitro results indicating that CSPG-DS attenuated T cell motility and decreased secretion of the cytokines interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Mechanistically, these effects are associated with an increase in SOCS-3 levels and a decrease in NF-kappaB. Our results point to a potential therapeutic modality, in which a compound derived from an endogenous CNS-resident molecule, known for its destructive role in CNS recovery, might be helpful in overcoming inflammation-induced neurodegenerative conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/isolation & purification
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Autoimmune Diseases/complications
- Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Cell Adhesion
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/chemistry
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/isolation & purification
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/pharmacology
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/therapeutic use
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disaccharides/isolation & purification
- Disaccharides/pharmacology
- Disaccharides/therapeutic use
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/complications
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/drug therapy
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/prevention & control
- Immunologic Factors/isolation & purification
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nerve Degeneration/etiology
- Nerve Degeneration/prevention & control
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/biosynthesis
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Uveitis/complications
- Uveitis/drug therapy
- Uveitis/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Asya Rolls
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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29
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Espejo C, Penkowa M, Demestre M, Montalban X, Martínez-Cáceres EM. Time-course expression of CNS inflammatory, neurodegenerative tissue repair markers and metallothioneins during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience 2005; 132:1135-49. [PMID: 16078373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE and MS are characterized by CNS inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration. The inflammatory response occurring within the CNS leads to glial activation, dysfunction and death, as well as axonal damage and neurological deficit. Although the pathogenic mechanisms involved in EAE/MS are not well understood, accumulating data suggest that oxidative stress plays a major role in lesion development, and contributes to axonal dysfunction and degeneration. Metallothionein-I and -II are anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antioxidant proteins expressed during EAE and MS, in which they might play a protective role. The present study aimed to describe the expression profile of a group of inflammatory, neurodegenerative and tissue repair markers as well as metallothioneins during proteolipid protein-induced EAE, and to establish the time-relationships these molecules had during EAE. Interestingly, we found two marker expression profiles. In the first, marker expression increased as clinical signs worsened and reverted to baseline expression during recovery; in the second, marker expression increased at a later point during relapse, peaked at highest clinical score, and remained elevated throughout recovery. Of note, metallothionein expression was found to be related to the second profile, which would suggest that metallothionein proteins are implicated in the clinical recovery of EAE and perhaps these antioxidant proteins may provide therapeutic benefits in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Espejo
- Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
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30
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Stanislaus R, Gilg AG, Singh AK, Singh I. N-acetyl-L-cysteine ameliorates the inflammatory disease process in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats. JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES 2005; 2:4. [PMID: 15869713 PMCID: PMC1097751 DOI: 10.1186/1740-2557-2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report that N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) treatment blocked induction of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IFN-gamma and iNOS in the CNS and attenuated clinical disease in the myelin basic protein induced model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. Infiltration of mononuclear cells into the CNS and induction of inflammatory cytokines and iNOS in multiple sclerosis (MS) and EAE have been implicated in subsequent disease progression and pathogenesis. To understand the mechanism of efficacy of NAC against EAE, we examined its effect on the production of cytokines and the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the CNS. NAC treatment attenuated the transmigration of mononuclear cells thereby lessening the neuroinflammatory disease. Splenocytes from NAC-treated EAE animals showed reduced IFN-gamma production, a Th1 cytokine and increased IL-10 production, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Further, splenocytes from NAC-treated EAE animals also showed decreased nitrite production when stimulated in vitro by LPS. These observations indicate that NAC treatment may be of therapeutic value in MS against the inflammatory disease process associated with the infiltration of activated mononuclear cells into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romesh Stanislaus
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics & Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Anne G Gilg
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Avtar K Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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31
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Kato H, Ito A, Kawanokuchi J, Jin S, Mizuno T, Ojika K, Ueda R, Suzumura A. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing the functions of antigen presenting cells. Mult Scler 2005; 10:651-9. [PMID: 15584490 DOI: 10.1191/1352458504ms1096oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a 38-amino acid neuropeptide belonging to the secretin-glucagon-vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) family, performs a variety of functions in both the nervous and immune systems. In this study, we examined the effects of PACAP on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice. When administrated intraperitoneally every other day after immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35-55, PACAP ameliorated both the clinical and pathological manifestations of EAE Ex vivo examination revealed a significant inhibition of MOG35-55-specific Th1 response in mice treated with PACAP. In vitro analysis revealed that PACAP suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-12, and expression of the costimulatory factor B7-2 on macrophage and microglia, which may function as antigen presenting cells (APC) in the CNS. While PACAP suppressed the differentiation of MOG35-55-specific T cells into Th1 effectors upon restimulation with MOG35-55-expressing APC, it did not affect interferon (IFN)-gamma production by MOG35-55-specific T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. These observations suggested that PACAP suppressed induction of EAE primarily via suppression of APC function and inflammatory cytokine production. PACAP may be useful in the future treatment of Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kato
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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32
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Mi W, Belyavskyi M, Johnson RR, Sieve AN, Storts R, Meagher MW, Welsh CJR. Alterations in chemokine expression following Theiler's virus infection and restraint stress. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 151:103-15. [PMID: 15145609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Revised: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Restraint stress (RS) applied to mice during acute infection with Theiler's virus causes corticosterone-induced immunosuppression. This effect was further investigated by measuring chemokine changes in the spleen and central nervous system (CNS) using an RNase Protection Assay. mRNAs for lymphotactin (Ltn), interferon-induced protein-10 (IP-10), MIP-1 beta, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and TCA-3 were detected in the spleen at day 2 pi, but not in the brain of CBA mice infected with Theiler's virus. Ltn, IP-10 and RANTES were elevated in both the spleen and the brain at day 7 pi, and were significantly decreased by RS in the brain. RS also resulted in decreased inflammation within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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33
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Timoshanko JR, Kitching AR, Iwakura Y, Holdsworth SR, Tipping PG. Leukocyte-derived interleukin-1beta interacts with renal interleukin-1 receptor I to promote renal tumor necrosis factor and glomerular injury in murine crescentic glomerulonephritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:1967-77. [PMID: 15161633 PMCID: PMC1615771 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) is well established. Recently the requirement of intrinsic renal cell participation via their production of TNF in crescentic GN was demonstrated. The current studies address the relative contributions of leukocyte and intrinsic renal cell-derived IL-1beta in the induction of TNF production and glomerular injury by studying bone marrow chimeric mice. Leukocyte-derived IL-1beta was critical in the development of crescentic renal injury because IL-1beta(-/-)-->WT (absent leukocyte IL-1beta) chimeric mice had significantly attenuated TNF expression and were protected from the development of crescentic GN. In contrast, WT-->IL-1beta(-/-) chimeric mice (intact leukocyte but absent renal IL-1beta) developed similar TNF expression and crescentic GN to wild-type mice. To determine the cellular target for IL-1 in this model, IL-RI chimeric mice were studied. IL-1RI(-/-)-->WT chimeric (absent leukocyte IL-1RI expression) mice showed no attenuation of crescentic GN, whereas in the absence of renal IL-1RI (WT-->IL-1RI(-/-) chimeras), glomerular TNF expression and the development of crescentic GN were significantly decreased. These studies demonstrate that leukocytes are the major cellular source of IL-1beta, and that IL-1beta acts principally via the IL-1RI on intrinsic renal cells to induce TNF expression and crescentic glomerular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Timoshanko
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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34
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Paintlia AS, Gilg AG, Khan M, Singh AK, Barbosa E, Singh I. Correlation of very long chain fatty acid accumulation and inflammatory disease progression in childhood X-ALD:. Neurobiol Dis 2003; 14:425-39. [PMID: 14678759 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2003.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to understand the role of inflammatory mediators involved in the neurobiology of childhood adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD) by comparing the differential expression of the inflammatory mediators with metabolite very long chain fatty acids that accumulate in this disease. Histopathological examinations indicated extensive demyelination and accumulation of infiltrates in perivascular cuffs in plaque area (PA) and inflammatory area (IA) compared to normal looking area (NLA) of the cALD brain and controls. The PA had excessive accumulation of cholesterol ester (25-30-fold), VLC fatty acids (8-12-fold), and exhaustive depletion of cholesterol (60-70%) and sphingomyelin (50-55%) in comparison to controls. The mRNA expression of cytokines (IL-1alpha, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and GM-CSF), chemokines (CCL2, -4, -7, -11, -16, -21, -22, CXCL1, CX3CL1, and SDF-2) and iNOS in IA was significantly increased compared to NLA of the cALD and controls determined by gene array, semiquantitative RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. These results indicate that accumulation of VLC fatty acid contents in membrane domains associated with signal transduction pathways may trigger the inflammatory process through activation of resident glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) resulting in loss of myelin and oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaib Singh Paintlia
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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35
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Penkowa M, Hidalgo J. Treatment with metallothionein prevents demyelination and axonal damage and increases oligodendrocyte precursors and tissue repair during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2003; 72:574-86. [PMID: 12749022 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model for the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE and MS are characterized by significant inflammation, demyelination, neuroglial damage, and cell death. Metallothionein-I and -II (MT-I + II) are antiinflammatory and neuroprotective proteins that are expressed during EAE and MS. We have shown recently that exogenous administration of Zn-MT-II to Lewis rats with EAE significantly reduced clinical symptoms and the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis of the infiltrated central nervous system areas. We show for the first time that Zn-MT-II treatment during EAE significantly prevents demyelination and axonal damage and transection, and stimulates oligodendroglial regeneration from precursor cells, as well as the expression of the growth factors basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)beta, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), NT-4/5, and nerve growth factor (NGF). These beneficial effects of Zn-MT-II treatment could not be attributable to its zinc content per se. The present results support further the use of Zn-MT-II as a safe and successful therapy for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Penkowa
- Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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36
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Little AR, Benkovic SA, Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP. Chemically induced neuronal damage and gliosis: enhanced expression of the proinflammatory chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, without a corresponding increase in proinflammatory cytokines(1). Neuroscience 2003; 115:307-20. [PMID: 12401343 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines has long been linked to neuronal and glial responses to brain injury. Indeed, inflammation in the brain has been associated with damage that stems from conditions as diverse as infection, multiple sclerosis, trauma, and excitotoxicity. In many of these brain injuries, disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may allow entry of blood-borne factors that contribute to, or serve as the basis of, brain inflammatory responses. Administration of trimethyltin (TMT) to the rat results in loss of hippocampal neurons and an ensuing gliosis without BBB compromise. We used the TMT damage model to discover the proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are expressed in response to neuronal injury. TMT caused pyramidal cell damage within 3 days and a substantial loss of these neurons by 21 days post dosing. Marked microglial activation and astrogliosis were evident over the same time period. The BBB remained intact despite the presence of multiple indicators of TMT-induced neuropathology. TMT caused large increases in whole hippocampal-derived monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 mRNA (1,000%) by day 3 and in MCP-1 (300%) by day 7. The mRNA levels for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6, cytokines normally expressed during the earliest stage of inflammation, were not increased up to 21 days post dosing. Lipopolysaccharide, used as a positive control, caused large inductions of cytokine mRNA in liver, as well as an increase in IL-1beta in hippocampus, but it did not result in the induction of astrogliosis. The data suggest that enhanced expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6, is not required for neuronal and glial responses to injury and that MCP-1 may serve a signaling function in the damaged CNS that is distinct from its role in proinflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Little
- TMBB-HELD, MS 3014, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888, USA
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37
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Abstract
Inflammation is a primary reaction to infection, allergic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and mechanical injury. The goal of an inflammatory response is to rapidly respond to noxious stimuli, such as trauma or pathogen, with a controlled amplification of cellular activation to eliminate, control, or wall off the triggering agent. Although the inflammatory response is necessary for resolution of the pathogenic event, by stander or collateral tissue damage is caused by the toxic nature of many of its by-products. It is characterized by the infiltration of leukocytes into the affected area. Chemokines and their receptors play an essential role as mediators of leukocyte infiltration. In most cases this response is so vigorous that its control, especially in the central nervous system, would inhibit recovery. The benefits of anti-inflammatory therapy based on interference with the chemokine system has been established in animal models and is being pursued with chemokine antibodies and receptor antagonists. Prolonged treatment with a broad-spectrum chemokine antagonist, vMIPII, has been shown to reduce the rate of infiltration of monocytes into injured rat spinal cord and promote survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F Eng
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service (113), VAPA Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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38
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de Freitas MS, Spohr TCLS, Benedito AB, Caetano MS, Margulis B, Lopes UG, Moura-Neto V. Neurite outgrowth is impaired on HSP70-positive astrocytes through a mechanism that requires NF-kappaB activation. Brain Res 2002; 958:359-70. [PMID: 12470872 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03682-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the adult central nervous system (CNS), prominent reactive astrocytosis is seen in acute traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases and a variety of viral infections. Reactive astrocytes synthesize a number of factors that could play different roles in neuronal regeneration. In this study, the effects of thermal stress were evaluated on nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion in primary astrocytic cultures. The ability of HSP70-positive astrocytes to support or inhibit neurite outgrowth was investigated in neuron-astrocyte cocultures. Cultured astrocytes from cerebral cortex of rats were exposed to transient hyperthermia (42 degrees C/30 min) and incubated at 37 degrees C for different periods of recovery. During HSP70 accumulation, astrocytes extended large and thick processes associated to rearrangement of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) filaments and an increase in protein synthesis and GFAP, suggesting an astrogliosis event. A delay of NF-kappaB activation appeared closely related to TNF-alpha secretion by HSP70-positive astrocytes. These cells demonstrated a functional shift from neurite growth-promoting to non-permissive substrate. We also found that gliotoxin, a specific NF-kappaB inhibitor, partially abrogated the inhibitory ability of reactive astrocytes. These findings may suggest a involvement of NF-kappaB and TNF-alpha in modulating the failure of HSP70-positive astrocytes to provide functional support to neuritic outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta S de Freitas
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, RJ, Brazil
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39
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Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors govern physiologic and pathologic leukocyte trafficking. The function of the chemokine system may be of particular interest for hematogenous leukocyte infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS) because of the distinct character of CNS inflammation and the exquisite specificity with which the chemokine system regulates cellular migration events. This review summarizes recent information about the expression and function of elements of the chemokine system in CNS inflammatory processes. Animal models of CNS demyelinating disease and the corresponding human disorder, multiple sclerosis are both considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Ransohoff
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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40
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Espejo C, Penkowa M, Sáez-Torres I, Hidalgo J, García A, Montalban X, Martínez-Cáceres EM. Interferon-gamma regulates oxidative stress during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Exp Neurol 2002; 177:21-31. [PMID: 12429207 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2002.7982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an induced inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system which shares many clinical and pathological features with and is considered the animal model of multiple sclerosis. There is extensive evidence that EAE is a Th1 disease eliciting secretion of proinflammatory cytokines like IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha, and it has been suggested that cytokine-induced oxidative stress could have a role in EAE neuropathology. However, the individual roles of these and other cytokines in the pathogenesis of the disease are still uncertain. Here we analyze the role of IFN-gamma during EAE by using both IFN-gamma receptor-knockout (IFN-gamma R(-/-)) and wild-type mice, both strains immunized with peptide 40-55 from rat myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. The levels of oxidative stress were determined through the analysis of immunoreactivity for inducible NO synthase, nitrotyrosine, and malondialdehyde, as well as through the expression of the tissue-protective antioxidant factors metallothionein I+II (MT-I+II). We also examined the number of cells undergoing apoptosis as judged by using the TUNEL technique. The levels of oxidative stress, MT-I+II, and apoptotic cell death by EAE were significantly increased in all mice, though more so in IFN-gamma R(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice. These data support the notion that IFN-gamma has a protective role against EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Espejo
- Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Cli;nica, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Miljkovic D, Samardzic T, Cvetkovic I, Mostarica Stojkovic M, Trajkovic V. Mycophenolic acid downregulates inducible nitric oxide synthase induction in astrocytes. Glia 2002; 39:247-55. [PMID: 12203391 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Free radical nitric oxide (NO), generated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in astrocytes and macrophages, has been implicated in CNS inflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Mycophenolic acid (MPA), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), inhibited interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) + lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production dose-dependently in astrocytes, but not in macrophages. The effect of MPA was not mediated through interference with IMPDH-dependent synthesis of iNOS cofactor BH4 and subsequent suppression of iNOS enzymatic activity, as direct BH4 precursor sepiapterin failed to block the action of the drug. However, MPA markedly inhibited IFN-gamma + LPS-triggered astrocyte expression of mRNA for iNOS and its transcription factor IRF-1, while the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene was not altered. The observed MPA suppression of NO release and iNOS and IRF-1 induction in astrocytes were efficiently prevented by exogenous guanosine, indicating that the drug acted through reduction of IMPDH-dependent synthesis of guanosine nucleotides. This IRF-1-dependent inhibition of iNOS activation might be partly responsible for the protective effect of MPA in EAE, prompting investigation of its potential use in multiple sclerosis.
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42
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Delgado M, Jonakait GM, Ganea D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide inhibit chemokine production in activated microglia. Glia 2002; 39:148-61. [PMID: 12112366 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microglia react to even minor disturbances in CNS homeostasis and function as critical regulators of CNS inflammation. Activated microglia secrete inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines, which contribute to the pathophysiological changes associated with several neuroimmunologic disorders. Microglia-derived inflammatory chemokines recruit various populations of immune cells, which initiate and maintain the inflammatory response against foreign antigens. Entry and retention of activated immune cells in the CNS is a common denominator in a variety of traumatic, ischemic, and degenerative diseases. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are two structurally related neuropeptides that function as potent anti-inflammatory factors in the periphery. Here we investigated the effects of VIP and PACAP on chemokine production by activated microglia. VIP and PACAP inhibit the expression of the microglia-derived CXC chemokines MIP-2 and KC, and of the CC chemokines MIP-1alpha, -1beta, MCP-1, and RANTES. The inhibition of chemokine gene expression correlates with an inhibitory effect of VIP/PACAP on NFkB binding. The VIP/PACAP inhibition of both chemokine production and of NFkB binding is mediated through the specific receptor VPAC1 and involves a cAMP-dependent intracellular pathway. Of biological significance is the fact that the inhibition of chemokine production by VIP/PACAP leads to a significant reduction in the chemotactic activity generated by activated microglia for peripheral leukocytes, i.e., neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Because reduction in the number and activation of infiltrating leukocytes represents an important factor in the control of inflammation in the CNS, VIP and/or PACAP released by neurons during an inflammatory response could serve as neuronal survival factors by limiting the inflammatory process.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Binding Sites/drug effects
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines/immunology
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/immunology
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Chemotaxis/immunology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Encephalitis/drug therapy
- Encephalitis/immunology
- Encephalitis/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/immunology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/immunology
- Neuropeptides/pharmacology
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/drug effects
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/immunology
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/immunology
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Delgado
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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43
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Howard LM, Dal Canto MC, Miller SD. Transient anti-CD154-mediated immunotherapy of ongoing relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induces long-term inhibition of disease relapses. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 129:58-65. [PMID: 12161021 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (R-EAE) is a Th1-mediated central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disease with pathology similar to that of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Among recent therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat relapsing disease is the strategic blockade of the CD154-CD40 ligand pair interactions. We have previously shown that CD154 blockade at the peak of acute disease can, in the short term, inhibit spontaneous disease relapse and this is at least partly associated with the inhibition of T cell effector function and blockade of inflammatory cell recruitment to and/or retention in the CNS. However, little is understood about the long-term effects of CD154 blockade in the inhibition of immune responses to encephalitogenic antigens. Here we demonstrate that transient anti-CD154 blockade of CD154-CD40 interactions at the peak of acute phase of R-EAE resulted in significant long-term inhibition (by >80%) of clinical relapses and that clinical disease in those mice that did relapse was reduced in duration and severity compared to control antibody-treated mice. Additionally, we show that this strategy permanently inhibits DTH responses of T cells specific for relapse-associated encephalitogenic epitopes. Thus, transient CD154 blockade during ongoing disease has a long-term therapeutic efficacy in preventing disease relapses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antibodies/therapeutic use
- CD40 Antigens/drug effects
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/drug effects
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Cytokines/drug effects
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/drug effects
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M Howard
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Medical School, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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44
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Deng C, Minguela A, Hussain RZ, Lovett-Racke AE, Radu C, Ward ES, Racke MK. Expression of the tyrosine phosphatase SRC homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 determines T cell activation threshold and severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:4511-8. [PMID: 11970996 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a CD4 Th1-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the CNS and a well-established animal model for multiple sclerosis. Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) is a cytosolic tyrosine phosphatase that is involved in regulating the T cell activation cascade from signals initiated through the TCR. To study the role of SHP-1 in EAE pathogenesis, we immunized B10.PL mice heterozygous for deletion of the SHP-1 gene (me(v+/-)) and B10.PL wild-type mice with the immunodominant epitope of myelin basic protein (MBP Ac1-11). T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production were significantly increased in me(v+/-) mice after immunization with MBP Ac1-11. The frequency of MBP Ac1-11-specific CD4 T cells, analyzed by staining with fluorescently labeled tetramers (MBP1-11[4Y]: I-A(u) complexes), was increased in the draining lymph node cells of me(v+/-) mice compared with wild-type mice. In addition, me(v+/-) mice developed a more severe course of EAE with epitope spreading to proteolipid protein peptide 43-64. Finally, expansion of MBP Ac1-11-specific T cells in response to Ag was enhanced in me(v+/-) T cells, particularly at lower Ag concentrations. These data demonstrate that the level of SHP-1 plays an important role in regulating the activation threshold of autoreactive T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/enzymology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Protein Phosphatase 1
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Caishu Deng
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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45
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Espejo C, Penkowa M, Sáez-Torres I, Xaus J, Celada A, Montalban X, Martínez-Cáceres EM. Treatment with anti-interferon-gamma monoclonal antibodies modifies experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in interferon-gamma receptor knockout mice. Exp Neurol 2001; 172:460-8. [PMID: 11716570 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2001.7815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The role of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is still controversial. We have studied the function of IFN-gamma and its receptor in the EAE model using two different IFN-gamma receptor knockout (IFN-gamma R(-/-)) mouse types: C57Bl/6x129Sv, with a disruption of the IFN-gamma receptor cytoplasmic domain, and 129Sv, homozygous for a disrupted IFN-gamma receptor gene. Mice were immunized with peptide 40-55 from rat myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. A subgroup of mice was treated with anti-IFN-gamma monoclonal antibodies (mAb) on day 8 postimmunization. Clinical scoring and both histological and immunohistochemical studies were undertaken for all groups. We hereby show that treatment with anti-IFN-gamma mAb worsened the disease course of 129Sv wild-type mice. However, it decreased the mean daily score in IFN-gamma R(-/-) 129Sv and the incidence of the disease down to 50% in C57Bl/6x129Sv IFN-gamma R(-/-) mice. Moreover, after anti-IFN-gamma mAb treatment, oxidative stress levels, metallothionein I and II antioxidant protein expression, and apoptoticneuronal death were increased in wild-type mice while decreased in IFN-gamma R(-/-) mice. These results suggest a putative alternative mechanism of action of this cytokine that works independent of its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Espejo
- Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
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46
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a specialized structure of the central nervous system (CNS) that restricts immune cell migration and soluble molecule diffusion from the systemic compartment into the CNS. Astrocytes and microglia are resident cells of the CNS that contribute to the formation of the BBB. In this article, we consider the influence of these glial cells on the immune regulatory functions of the microvascular endothelium, with special emphasis on the human BBB. A series of in vitro studies demonstrate that soluble factors produced by glial cells, under basal culture conditions, help restrict development of inflammation within the CNS. These soluble factor effects include upregulating expression of molecules including HT7, UEA-1 lectin-binding sites, and angiotensin receptors that help define the phenotype of endothelial cells. These factors also induce tight junction formation between brain endothelial cells, contributing to the restricted permeability of the BBB. In contrast, these factors have little effect on expression of molecules by ECs that either promote lymphocyte migration, such as chemokines and adhesion molecules or molecules that are required for competent antigen presentation, such as MHC and co-stimulatory molecules. Glial cells that become activated in response to signals derived from the immune system or generated within the CNS, produce an array of inflammatory molecules that increase permeability and promote lymphocyte trafficking and persistence. These observations emphasize the bidirectional nature of neural-immune interactions; this dynamic system should be amenable to therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prat
- Neuroimmunology unit, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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47
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De Resende MA, Pimenta Dos Rei WG, Pereira LS, Ferreira W, Perez Garcia MH, Santoro MM, Nogueira de Francischi J. Hyperalgesia and edema responses induced by rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells incubated with carrageenin. Inflammation 2001; 25:277-85. [PMID: 11820454 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012812124461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the role played by mononuclear cells in an acute (nonimmune) inflammatory reaction. Mononuclear cells purified from rat peripheral blood were incubated for 1, 2, or 24 h with 100 or 250 microg/ml carrageenin (Cg). The resultant donor supernatant was injected into recipient rats to test its ability to induce hyperalgesia (reduction in threshold for paw pressure) and edema (increase in paw volume). Mononuclear cell supernatants (MnS) induced a significant time- and dose-dependent hyperalgesia and edema in rat paws, which reached a maximal effect at 3 h, lasted for 6 h, and returned to basal levels at 24 h of injection. Prostaglandins and cytokines (interleukin 1, 2, 6, 8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) accounted for the hyperalgesia induced by MnS, as it was reduced (40 to 90%) by synthesis inhibitors such as indomethacin, dexamethasone, rolipram, and cyclosporin added to the cultures at a microgram dose-range. Edema was dependent on serotonin release in rat paws. These results indicate that mononuclear cells may be important contributors to acute inflammatory reactions, especially under those conditions where pain is an important component.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A De Resende
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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48
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Penkowa M, Espejo C, Martínez-Cáceres EM, Poulsen CB, Montalban X, Hidalgo J. Altered inflammatory response and increased neurodegeneration in metallothionein I+II deficient mice during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 119:248-60. [PMID: 11585628 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metallothionein-I+II (MT-I+II) are antioxidant, neuroprotective proteins, and in this report we have examined their roles during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by comparing MT-I+II-knock-out (MTKO) and wild-type mice. We herewith show that EAE susceptibility is higher in MTKO mice relatively to wild-type mice, and that the inflammatory responses elicited by EAE in the central nervous system (CNS) are significantly altered by MT-I+II deficiency. Thus, during EAE the MTKO mice showed increased macrophage and T-lymphocytes infiltration in the CNS, while their reactive astrogliosis was significantly decreased. In addition, the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha elicited by EAE was further increased in the MTKO mice, and oxidative stress and apoptosis were also significantly increased in MTKO mice compared to normal mice. The present results strongly suggest that MT-I+II are major factors involved in the inflammatory response of the CNS during EAE and that they play a neuroprotective role in this scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Penkowa
- Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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49
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Abstract
Microglia are the resident tissue macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma and are key players in the initiation of an inflammatory response. Microglia rapidly transform from a resting to an activated morphology in response to a variety of disease states. However, they can also be the target of infections, as in the case of HIV. Many of the effector properties of microglia can be attributed to the array of substances they secrete in response to stimuli such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, cytokines, and chemokines. The products of activated microglia include: cytokines (pro- and anti-inflammatory), chemokines, nitric oxide, superoxide radicals, and proteases. Furthermore, microglia have the ability to present antigen to T cells, migrate in response to chemotactic stimuli, and phagocytose cell debris. This report focuses on the immunomodulatory functions of microglia, with particular attention to chemokines, and highlights their pivotal role in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Cross
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom
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50
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Penkowa M, Hidalgo J. Metallothionein treatment reduces proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha and apoptotic cell death during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Exp Neurol 2001; 170:1-14. [PMID: 11421579 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2001.7675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model for the human autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) are considered important for induction and pathogenesis of EAE/MS disease, which is characterized by significant inflammation and neuroglial damage. We have recently shown that the exogenous administration of the antioxidant protein zinc-metallothionein-II (Zn-MT-II) significantly decreased the clinical symptoms, mortality, and leukocyte infiltration of the CNS during EAE. However, it is not known how EAE progression is regulated nor how cytokine production and cell death can be reduced. We herewith demonstrate that treatment with Zn-MT-II significantly decreased the CNS expression of IL-6 and TNF-alpha during EAE. Zn-MT-II treatment could also significantly reduce apoptotic cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes during EAE, as judged by using TUNEL and immunoreactivity for cytochrome c and caspases 1 and 3. In contrast, the number of apoptotic lymphocytes and macrophages was less affected by Zn-MT-II treatment. The Zn-MT-II-induced decrease in proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis during EAE could contribute to the reported diminution of clinical symptoms and mortality in EAE-immunized rats receiving Zn-MT-II treatment. Our results demonstrate that MT-II reduces the CNS expression of proinflammatory cytokines and the number of apoptotic neurons during EAE in vivo and that MT-II might be a potentially useful factor for treatment of EAE/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Penkowa
- Department of Medical Anatomy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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