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Sun Y, Sun B, Han X, Shan A, Ma Q. Leucine Supplementation Ameliorates Early-Life Programming of Obesity in Rats. Diabetes 2023; 72:1409-1423. [PMID: 37196349 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The advanced cessation of lactation elevates the risk of programmed obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders in adulthood. This study used multiomic analysis to investigate the mechanism behind this phenomenon and the effects of leucine supplementation on ameliorating programmed obesity development. Wistar/SD rat offspring were subjected to early weaning (EW) at day 17 (EWWIS and EWSD groups) or normal weaning at day 21 (CWIS and CSD groups). Half of the rats from the EWSD group were selected to create a new group with 2-month leucine supplementation at day 150. The results showed that EW impaired lipid metabolic gene expression and increased insulin, neuropeptide Y, and feed intake, inducing obesity in adulthood. Six lipid metabolism-related genes (Acot1, Acot2, Acot4, Scd, Abcg8, and Cyp8b1) were influenced by EW during the entire experimental period. Additionally, adult early-weaned rats exhibited cholesterol and fatty acid β-oxidation disorders, liver taurine reduction, cholestasis, and insulin and leptin resistance. Leucine supplementation partly alleviated these metabolic disorders and increased liver L-carnitine, retarding programmed obesity development. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of programmed obesity development and the potential benefits of leucine supplementation, which may offer suggestions for life planning and programmed obesity prevention. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS Early-weaned adult rats showed excess lipid accumulation and metabolic defects. Early weaning disrupts lipid metabolism and secretion of neuropeptide Y and insulin. The altered lipid metabolic gene expression in this study is vital in programming. Leucine mitigates metabolic disorders and hampers programmed obesity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuesong Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Anshan Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingquan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Huang B, Lin Z, Chen Z, Chen J, Shi B, Jia J, Li Y, Pan Y, Liang Y, Cai Z. Strain differences in the drug transport capacity of intestinal glucose transporters in Sprague-Dawley versus Wistar rats, C57BL/6J versus Kunming mice. Int J Pharm 2023; 640:123000. [PMID: 37254285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Designing oral drug delivery systems using intestinal glucose transporters (IGTs) may be one of the strategies for improving oral bioavailability of drugs. However, little is known about the biological factors affecting the drug transport capacity of IGTs. Gastrodin is a sedative drug with a structure very similar to glucose. It is a highly water-soluble phenolic glucoside. It can hardly enter the intestine through simple diffusion but exhibits good oral bioavailability of over 80%. We confirmed that gastrodin is absorbed via the intestinal glucose transport pathway. It has the highest oral bioavailability among the reported glycosides' active ingredients through this pathway. Thus, gastrodin is the most selective drug substrate of IGTs and can be used to evaluate the drug transport capacity of IGTs. Obviously, strain is one of the main biological factors affecting drug absorption. This study firstly compared the drug transport capacity of IGTs between SD rats and Wistar rats and between C57 mice and KM mice by pharmacokinetic experiments and single-pass intestinal perfusion experiments of gastrodin. Then, the sodium-dependent glucose transporter type 1 (SGLT1) and sodium-independent glucose transporters type 2 (GLUT2) in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon of these animals were quantified using RT-qPCR and Western blot. The results showed that the oral bioavailability of gastrodin in Wistar rats was significantly higher than in SD rats and significantly higher in KM mice than in C57 mice. Gastrodin absorption significantly differed among different intestinal segments in SD rats, C57 mice and KM mice, except Wistar rats. RT-qPCR and Western blot demonstrated that the intestinal expression distribution of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in SD rats and C57 mice was duodenum ≈ jejunum > ileum > colon. SGLT1 expression did not differ among different intestinal segments in KM mice, whereas the intestinal expression distribution of GLUT2 was duodenum ≈ jejunum ≈ ileum > colon. However, the expression of SGLT1 and GLUT2 did not differ among different intestinal segments in Wistar rats. It was reported that the intestinal expression distribution of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in humans is duodenum > jejunum > ileum > colon. Hence, the intestinal expression distribution of SGLT1 and GLUT2 of SD rats and C57 mice was more similar to that in humans. In conclusion, the drug transport capacity of IGTs differs in different strains of rats and mice. SD rats and C57 mice are more suitable for evaluating the pharmacokinetics of glycosides' active ingredients absorbed via the intestinal glucose transport pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, 511500 Qingyuan, China
| | - Zimin Lin
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiasheng Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Birui Shi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, 511500 Qingyuan, China
| | - Jingjing Jia
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, 511500 Qingyuan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueqing Pan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Liang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Cai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510315 Guangzhou, China.
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Lu Z, Yao C, Tan B, Dong X, Yang Q, Liu H, Zhang S, Chi S. Effects of Lysophospholipid Supplementation in Feed with Low Protein or Lipid on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, and Intestinal Flora of Largemouth Bass ( Micropterus salmoides). AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2022; 2022:4347466. [PMID: 36860448 PMCID: PMC9973218 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4347466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were fed diets with three experimental feeds, a control diet (Control, crude protein (CP): 54.52%, crude lipid (CL): 11.45%), a low-protein diet with lysophospholipid (LP-Ly, CP: 52.46%, CL: 11.36%), and a low-lipid diet with lysophospholipid (LL-Ly, CP: 54.43%, CL: 10.19%), respectively. The LP-Ly and LL-Ly groups represented the addition of 1 g/kg of lysophospholipids in the low-protein and low-lipid groups, respectively. After a 64-day feeding trial, the experimental results showed that the growth performance, hepatosomatic index, and viscerosomatic index of largemouth bass in both the LP-Ly and LL-Ly groups were not significantly different compared to those in the Control group (P > 0.05). The condition factor and CP content of whole fish were significantly higher in the LP-Ly group than those in the Control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the Control group, the serum total cholesterol level and alanine aminotransferase enzyme activity were significantly lower in both the LP-Ly group and the LL-Ly group (P < 0.05). The protease and lipase activities in the liver and intestine of both group LL-Ly and group LP-Ly were significantly higher than those of the Control group (P < 0.05). Compared to both the LL-Ly group and the LP-Ly group, significantly lower liver enzyme activities and gene expression of fatty acid synthase, hormone-sensitive lipase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 were found in the Control group (P < 0.05). The addition of lysophospholipids increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Cetobacterium and Acinetobacter) and decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria (Mycoplasma) in the intestinal flora. In conclusion, the supplementation of lysophospholipids in low-protein or low-lipid diets had no negative effect on the growth performance of largemouth bass, but increased the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes, enhanced the hepatic lipid metabolism, promoted the protein deposition, and regulated the structure and diversity of the intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Lu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunfeng Yao
- Guangdong Yuehai Feed Group Co., Ltd., Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Beiping Tan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohui Dong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Qihui Yang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuyan Chi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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Chen Y, Wu X, Lai J, Liu Y, Song M, Li F, Gong Q. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis reveals the effect of feeding rhythm on the immunity and metabolism of Acipenser dabryanus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:276-287. [PMID: 35181444 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acipenser dabryanus is a species endemic to Yangtze River drainage in China and is listed as a critical endangered species on the IUCN Red List. In the present study, the liver and spleen transcriptomes were analyzed by comparing the data of A. dabryanus that experienced nine different feeding rhythms (once a day diurnal, T1; two times a day diurnal, T2; three times a day diurnal, T3; four times a day, T4; five times a day, T5; six times a day, T6; once a day nocturnal, Tn1; two times a day nocturnal, Tn2; and three times a day nocturnal, Tn3). Transcriptome sequencing generated 1,901,236,482 clean reads, encompassing 570.4 Gb of sequence data. The reads were assembled into 287,372 unigenes with an average length of 803 bp and an N50 of 1004 bp. KEGG analysis showed that 1,080, 1,030, and 1216 unigenes were annotated to lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, respectively, and 2549 unigenes were annotated to the immune system category. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different feeding frequency groups or between nighttime and daytime feeding were obtained and functionally enriched. Importantly, DEGs participating in nutrition metabolism and various immunoregulation pathways and their expression profiles in A. dabryanus were discussed. Interestingly, the majority of key genes related to lipid metabolism or in immunodependent gene families, such as antimicrobial peptides, Toll-like receptors, chemokines, NOD-like receptors, B cell receptors and the major histocompatibility complex, were all significantly upregulated in animals in the T6 group compared to the characteristics of animals in the T2 group that had a normal feeding frequency. In addition, light/dark rhythm also affected the immunity of A. dabryanus, and fish fed at night possessed an improved immune response than fish fed at daytime. Our study suggested that feeding six times a day is optimal for A. dabryanus juvenile growth as it enhances the organism's nutrition metabolism and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyu Chen
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Jiansheng Lai
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Ya Liu
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Mingjiang Song
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Feiyang Li
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Quan Gong
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China.
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Bau-Gaudreault L, Arndt T, Provencher A, Brayton CF. Research-Relevant Clinical Pathology Resources: Emphasis on Mice, Rats, Rabbits, Dogs, Minipigs, and Non-Human Primates. ILAR J 2021; 62:203-222. [PMID: 34877602 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical pathology testing for investigative or biomedical research and for preclinical toxicity and safety assessment in laboratory animals is a distinct specialty requiring an understanding of species specific and other influential variables on results and interpretation. This review of clinical pathology principles and testing recommendations in laboratory animal species aims to provide a useful resource for researchers, veterinary specialists, toxicologists, and clinical or anatomic pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Bau-Gaudreault
- Clinical Laboratories, Charles River Laboratories - ULC, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tara Arndt
- Labcorp Drug Development, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Anne Provencher
- Clinical Laboratories, Charles River Laboratories - ULC, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, John Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Della Torre S. Beyond the X Factor: Relevance of Sex Hormones in NAFLD Pathophysiology. Cells 2021; 10:2502. [PMID: 34572151 PMCID: PMC8470830 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health issue worldwide, being frequently associated with obesity, unbalanced dietary regimens, and reduced physical activity. Despite their greater adiposity and reduced physical activity, women show a lower risk of developing NAFLD in comparison to men, likely a consequence of a sex-specific regulation of liver metabolism. In the liver, sex differences in the uptake, synthesis, oxidation, deposition, and mobilization of lipids, as well as in the regulation of inflammation, are associated with differences in NAFLD prevalence and progression between men and women. Given the major role of sex hormones in driving hepatic sexual dimorphism, this review will focus on the role of sex hormones and their signaling in the regulation of hepatic metabolism and in the molecular mechanisms triggering NAFLD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Della Torre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Wang C, Niimi M, Kitajima S, Matsuhisa F, Yan H, Dong S, Liang J, Fan J. Sex hormones affect endothelial lipase-mediated lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:226. [PMID: 31870448 PMCID: PMC6929444 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial lipase (EL) plays an important role in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. To study the functional roles of EL, we recently generated transgenic (Tg) rabbits and reported that increased hepatic expression of EL in male Tg rabbits significantly reduced diet-induced hypercholesterolemia compared with non-Tg controls. This gender difference suggests that sex hormones may mediate EL functions thereby influencing lipoprotein metabolism. To examine this hypothesis, we compared the effects of orchiectomy and ovariectomy on plasma lipids and diet-induced atherosclerosis in both Tg and non-Tg rabbits. METHODS Male rabbits were under orchiectomy whereas female rabbits were under ovariectomy. We compared plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins of rabbits before and after surgery in each group fed either a chow diet or cholesterol-rich diet. RESULTS On a chow diet, both male and female Tg rabbits showed lower plasma lipids than non-Tg counterparts and this lipid-lowering effect of EL was not affected by either orchiectomy in male or ovariectomy in female Tg rabbits. On a cholesterol diet; however, male Tg rabbits but not female Tg rabbits showed significant resistance to diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. The EL-mediated atheroprotective effect was eliminated after orchiectomy in male Tg rabbits. Female Tg rabbits showed similar levels of total cholesterol and lesion size of atherosclerosis compared with non-Tg rabbits and ovariectomy did not affect diet-induced hypercholesterolemia or atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION These results suggest that increased EL protects against diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. The beneficial effect of EL was dependent upon the presence of androgenic hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China.,Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Manabu Niimi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Shuji Kitajima
- Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Matsuhisa
- Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Haizhao Yan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Sijun Dong
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingyan Liang
- Research Center for Vascular Biology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan. .,School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Dongcheng Cun No. 22, Jiangmen, 529020, China.
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Kimura N, Kikumori A, Kawase D, Okano M, Fukamachi K, Ishida T, Nakajima K, Shiomi M. Species differences in lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities: comparative studies of animal models of lifestyle-related diseases. Exp Anim 2019; 68:267-275. [PMID: 30745527 PMCID: PMC6699980 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL) have an important role in lifestyle-related diseases. To evaluate species differences, we compared LPL and HTGL activities in different animal models of lifestyle-related diseases using the same assay kit. Normal animals (JW rabbits, ICR mice, and SD rats), a hypercholesterolemic animal model (WHHLMI rabbits), and obese animal models (KK-Ay mice and Zucker fatty rats) fed standard chow were used in this study. Plasma was prepared before and after an intravenous injection of heparin sodium under fasting and feeding. LPL and HTGL activities were measured with the LPL/HTGL activity assay kit (Immuno-Biological Laboratories) using an auto-analyzer. Only in mice, high HTGL activity was observed in pre-heparin plasma. In normal animals, LPL and HTGL activities were high in ICR mice and SD rats but low in JW rabbits. Compared to normal animals, LPL activity was high in Zucker fatty rats and WHHLMI rabbits at both fasting and feeding, while LPL activity after feeding was low in KK-Ay mice. HTGL activity was higher in fasted and fed WHHLMI rabbits and fasted Zucker fatty rats, but was lower in fed KK-Ay mice. Gender difference was observed in HTGL activity in SD rats and LPL activity in WHHLMI rabbits but not in ICR mice. In conclusion, this simple assay method was effective for measuring LPL and HTGL activities of experimental animals, and the activities are highly regulated depending on animal species, animal models, feeding/fasting conditions and genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norie Kimura
- Division of Comparative Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Akio Kikumori
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawase
- Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Okano
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kumiko Fukamachi
- Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishida
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 4-2 Aramaki-cho, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8510, Japan
| | - Masashi Shiomi
- Division of Comparative Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.,Institute for Experimental Animals, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.,Present address: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.,Present address: Devision of Biological Resources and Development, Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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Lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and liver from diet-induced obese rats: a comparison between Wistar and Sprague-Dawley strains. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 74:655-666. [PMID: 30411231 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-018-0654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Some researchers have proposed important variations in adipose tissue among different strains of rats and mice in response to a high-caloric (hc) diet, but data concerning the mechanisms underlying these differences are scarce. The aim of the present research was to characterize different aspects of triacylglycerol (TG) metabolism and clock genes between Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. For this purpose, 16 male Sprague-Dawley and 16 male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups (n = 8) and fed either a normal-caloric (nc) diet or a hc diet for 6 weeks. After sacrifice, liver and epididymal, perirenal, mesenteric, and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots were dissected, weighed and immediately frozen. Liver TG content was quantified, RNA extracted for gene expression analysis and fatty acid synthase enzyme activity measured. Two-way ANOVA and Student's t test were used to perform the statistical analyses. Under hc feeding conditions, Wistar rats were more prone to fat accumulation in adipose tissue, especially in the epididymal fat depot, due to their increased lipogenesis and fatty acid uptake. By contrast, both strains of rats showed similarly fatty livers after hc feeding. Peripheral clock machinery seems to be a potential explanatory mechanism for Wistar and Sprague-Dawley strain differences. In conclusion, Wistar strain seems to be the best choice as animal model in dietary-induced obesity studies.
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Senese R, de Lange P, Petito G, Moreno M, Goglia F, Lanni A. 3,5-Diiodothyronine: A Novel Thyroid Hormone Metabolite and Potent Modulator of Energy Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:427. [PMID: 30090086 PMCID: PMC6068267 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 30 years of research has demonstrated that 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2), an endogenous metabolite of thyroid hormones, exhibits interesting metabolic activities. In rodent models, exogenously administered 3,5-T2 rapidly increases resting metabolic rate and elicits short-term beneficial hypolipidemic effects; however, very few studies have evaluated the effects of endogenous and exogenous T2 in humans. Further analyses on larger cohorts are needed to determine whether 3,5-T2 is a potent additional modulator of energy metabolism. In addition, while several lines of evidence suggest that 3,5-T2 mainly acts through Thyroid hormone receptors (THRs)- independent ways, with mitochondria as a likely cellular target, THRs-mediated actions have also been described. The detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms through which 3,5-T2 elicits a multiplicity of actions remains unknown. Here, we provide an overview of the most recent literature on 3,5-T2 bioactivity with a particular focus on short-term and long-term effects, describing data obtained through in vivo and in vitro approaches in both mammalian and non-mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Senese
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli” , Caserta, Italy
| | - Pieter de Lange
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli” , Caserta, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Petito
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli” , Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Moreno
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Fernando Goglia
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli” , Caserta, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonia Lanni
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Moreno M, Giacco A, Di Munno C, Goglia F. Direct and rapid effects of 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:121-126. [PMID: 28192176 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of researchers are focusing their attention on the possibility that thyroid hormone metabolites, particularly 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2), may actively regulate energy metabolism at the cellular, rather than the nuclear, level. Due to their biochemical features, mitochondria have been the focus of research on the thermogenic effects of thyroid hormones. Indeed, mitochondrial activities have been shown to be regulated both directly and indirectly by T2-specific pathways. Herein, we describe the effects of T2 on energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moreno
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonia Giacco
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Celia Di Munno
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Fernando Goglia
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.
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Dalziel JE, Fraser K, Young W, McKenzie CM, Bassett SA, Roy NC. Gastroparesis and lipid metabolism-associated dysbiosis in Wistar-Kyoto rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G62-G72. [PMID: 28408641 PMCID: PMC5538835 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00008.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered gastric accommodation and intestinal morphology suggest impaired gastrointestinal (GI) transit may occur in the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat strain, as common in stress-associated functional GI disorders. Because changes in GI transit can alter microbiota composition, we investigated whether these are altered in WKY rats compared with the resilient Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats under basal conditions and characterized plasma lipid and metabolite differences. Bead transit was tracked by X-ray imaging to monitor gastric emptying (4 h), small intestine (SI) transit (9 h), and large intestine transit (12 h). Plasma extracts were analyzed by lipid and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Cecal microbial composition was determined by Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and analysis using the QIIME pipeline. Stomach retention of beads was 77% for WKY compared with 35% for SD rats. GI transit was decreased by 34% (9 h) and 21% (12 h) in WKY compared with SD rats. Excluding stomach retention, transiting beads moved 29% further along the SI over 4-9 h for WKY compared with SD rats. Cecal Ruminococcus, Roseburia, and unclassified Lachnospiraceae genera were less abundant in WKY rats, whereas the minor taxa Dorea, Turicibacter, and Lactobacillus were higher. Diglycerides, triglycerides, phosphatidyl-ethanolamines, and phosphatidylserine were lower in WKY rats, whereas cholesterol esters and taurocholic acids were higher. The unexpected WKY rat phenotype of delayed gastric emptying, yet rapid SI transit, was associated with altered lipid and metabolite profiles. The delayed gastric emptying of the WKY phenotype suggests this rat strain may be useful as a model for gastroparesis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study reveals that the stress-prone Wistar-Kyoto rat strain has a baseline physiology of gastroparesis and rapid small intestine transit, together with metabolic changes consistent with lipid metabolism-associated dysbiosis, compared with nonstress-prone rats. This suggests that the Wistar-Kyoto rat strain may be an appropriate animal model for gastroparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Dalziel
- 1Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand;
| | - Karl Fraser
- 1Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand;
| | - Wayne Young
- 1Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand;
| | - Catherine M. McKenzie
- 2Bioinformatics Mathematics and Statistics, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
| | - Shalome A. Bassett
- 1Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand;
| | - Nicole C. Roy
- 1Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand; ,3Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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13
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Jeckel KM, Veeramachaneni DNR, Chicco AJ, Chapman PL, Mulligan CM, Hegarty JR, Pagliassotti MJ, Ferguson LA, Bouma GJ, Frye MA. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation does not improve Western diet-induced cardiomyopathy in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51994. [PMID: 23300587 PMCID: PMC3530602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases risk for cardiomyopathy in the absence of hypertension, diabetes or ischemia. The fatty acid milieu, modulated by diet, may modify myocardial structure and function, lending partial explanation for the array of cardiomyopathic phenotypy. We sought to identify gross, cellular and ultrastructural myocardial changes associated with Western diet intake, and subsequent modification with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation. Wistar and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats received 1 of 3 diets: control (CON); Western (WES); Western + DHA (WES+DHA). After 12 weeks of treatment, echocardiography was performed and myocardial adiponectin, fatty acids, collagen, area occupied by lipid and myocytes, and ultrastructure were determined. Strain effects included higher serum adiponectin in Wistar rats, and differences in myocardial fatty acid composition. Diet effects were evident in that both WES and WES+DHA feeding were associated with similarly increased left ventricular (LV) diastolic cranial wall thickness (LVW(cr/d)) and decreased diastolic internal diameter (LVID(d)), compared to CON. Unexpectedly, WES+DHA feeding was associated additionally with increased thickness of the LV cranial wall during systole (LVW(cr/s)) and the caudal wall during diastole (LVW(ca/d)) compared to CON; this was observed concomitantly with increased serum and myocardial adiponectin. Diastolic dysfunction was present in WES+DHA rats compared to both WES and CON. Myocyte cross sectional area (CSA) was greater in WES compared to CON rats. In both fat-fed groups, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed myofibril degeneration, disorganized mitochondrial cristae, lipid inclusions and vacuolation. In the absence of hypertension and whole body insulin resistance, WES+DHA intake was associated with more global LV thickening and with diastolic dysfunction, compared to WES feeding alone. Myocyte hypertrophy, possibly related to subcellular injury, is an early change that may contribute to gross hypertrophy. Strain differences in adipokines and myocardial fatty acid accretion may underlie heterogeneous data from rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Jeckel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - D. N. Rao Veeramachaneni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Chicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Applied Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Applied Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Phillip L. Chapman
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Mulligan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Applied Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Hegarty
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Pagliassotti
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Applied Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lindsay A. Ferguson
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Gerrit J. Bouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Melinda A. Frye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Jeckel KM, Miller KE, Chicco AJ, Chapman PL, Mulligan CM, Falcone PH, Miller ML, Pagliassotti MJ, Frye MA. The role of dietary fatty acids in predicting myocardial structure in fat-fed rats. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:92. [PMID: 21649916 PMCID: PMC3127789 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity increases the risk for development of cardiomyopathy in the absence of hypertension, diabetes or myocardial ischemia. Not all obese individuals, however, progress to heart failure. Indeed, obesity may provide protection from cardiovascular mortality in some populations. The fatty acid milieu, modulated by diet, may modify obesity-induced myocardial structure and function, lending partial explanation for the array of cardiomyopathic phenotypy in obese individuals. Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 1 of the following 4 diets for 32 weeks: control (CON); 50% saturated fat (SAT); 40% saturated fat + 10% linoleic acid (SAT+LA); 40% saturated fat + 10% α-linolenic acid (SAT+ALA). Serum leptin, insulin, glucose, free fatty acids and triglycerides were quantitated. In vivo cardiovascular outcomes included blood pressure, heart rate and echocardiographic measurements of structure and function. The rats were sacrificed and myocardium was processed for fatty acid analysis (TLC-GC), and evaluation of potential modifiers of myocardial structure including collagen (Masson's trichrome, hydroxyproline quantitation), lipid (Oil Red O, triglyceride quantitation) and myocyte cross sectional area. Results Rats fed SAT+LA and SAT+ALA diets had greater cranial LV wall thickness compared to rats fed CON and SAT diets, in the absence of hypertension or apparent insulin resistance. Treatment was not associated with changes in myocardial function. Myocardial collagen and triglycerides were similar among treatment groups; however, rats fed the high-fat diets, regardless of composition, demonstrated increased myocyte cross sectional area. Conclusions Under conditions of high-fat feeding, replacement of 10% saturated fat with either LA or ALA is associated with thickening of the cranial LV wall, but without concomitant functional changes. Increased myocyte size appears to be a more likely contributor to early LV thickening in response to high-fat feeding. These findings suggest that myocyte hypertrophy may be an early change leading to gross LV hypertrophy in the hearts of "healthy" obese rats, in the absence of hypertension, diabetes and myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Jeckel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Campus delivery #1680, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Fergani A, Eschbach J, Oudart H, Larmet Y, Schwalenstocker B, Ludolph AC, Loeffler JP, Dupuis L. A mutation in the dynein heavy chain gene compensates for energy deficit of mutant SOD1 mice and increases potentially neuroprotective IGF-1. Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:26. [PMID: 21521523 PMCID: PMC3111394 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of motor neurons. ALS patients, as well as animal models such as mice overexpressing mutant SOD1s, are characterized by increased energy expenditure. In mice, this hypermetabolism leads to energy deficit and precipitates motor neuron degeneration. Recent studies have shown that mutations in the gene encoding the dynein heavy chain protein are able to extend lifespan of mutant SOD1 mice. It remains unknown whether the protection offered by these dynein mutations relies on a compensation of energy metabolism defects. RESULTS SOD1(G93A) mice were crossbred with mice harboring the dynein mutant Cramping allele (Cra/+ mice). Dynein mutation increased adipose stores in compound transgenic mice through increasing carbohydrate oxidation and sparing lipids. Metabolic changes that occurred in double transgenic mice were accompanied by the normalization of the expression of key mRNAs in the white adipose tissue and liver. Furthermore, Dynein Cra mutation rescued decreased post-prandial plasma triglycerides and decreased non esterified fatty acids upon fasting. In SOD1(G93A) mice, the dynein Cra mutation led to increased expression of IGF-1 in the liver, increased systemic IGF-1 and, most importantly, to increased spinal IGF-1 levels that are potentially neuroprotective. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the protection against SOD1(G93A) offered by the Cramping mutation in the dynein gene is, at least partially, mediated by a reversal in energy deficit and increased IGF-1 availability to motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Fergani
- Inserm U692, Laboratoire de Signalisations Moléculaires et Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg, F-67085 France.
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Pardina E, Baena-Fustegueras JA, Catalán R, Galard R, Lecube A, Fort JM, Allende H, Vargas V, Peinado-Onsurbe J. Increased expression and activity of hepatic lipase in the liver of morbidly obese adult patients in relation to lipid content. Obes Surg 2008; 19:894-904. [PMID: 18972174 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-008-9739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The types and sources of lipid deposition in the liver of most patients with morbid obesity, as well as the effects of bariatric surgery, are discussed. METHODS In 26 patients with morbid obesity who underwent bariatric surgery, we analyzed different kinds of lipids and hepatic lipase (HL) from both plasma and liver biopsies performed 12-18 months after surgery. RESULTS The HL activity and HL-mRNA in morbidly obese (MO) livers were high (258 +/- 17 mU/g, and 4.5-fold, respectively); after surgery, the activity decreased (137 +/- 15 mU/g, p < 0.001) but not the levels of HL-mRNA (4.3-fold). Plasma HL activity was also high (4.31 +/- 0.94 mU/mL plasma), and it decreased during weight loss (2.01 +/- 0.29 mU/mL, p < 0.01); moreover, it correlated (r = 0.3694, p < 0.05) with decreased liver HL activity. Adrenocorticotropic hormone in MO was higher (27 +/- 3 pg/mL) than after surgery (13 +/- 1 pg/mL, p < 0.001). All hepatic and plasma lipids were significantly increased in MO patients, but, after bariatric surgery, most of those parameters recovered or normalized. Liver HL activity correlated with total and esterified cholesterol (r = 0.4399, p < 0.001 and r = 0.4395, p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION High HL in MO patients could allow for liver intake of cholesterol that could be re-exported to steroidogenic organs to synthesize steroidal hormones. A decrease of plasma HL during weight loss could be a good index for improvement of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pardina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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de Heredia FP, Larque E, Portillo MDP, Canteras M, Zamora S, Garaulet M. Age-related changes in fatty acids from different adipose depots in rat and their association with adiposity and insulin. Nutrition 2008; 24:1013-22. [PMID: 18562171 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied age-related changes in fatty acids (FAs) from serum and adipose tissue in rats by comparing different adipose regions and analyzed their relations to adiposity and insulin function. METHODS Female weaned rats were fed on a high-fat diet until 6, 14, and 20 mo of age (n = 12, n = 6, n = 10, respectively). Body weight, adiposity, serum insulin, serum glucose, and homeostatic model assessment index were measured. FA compositions from serum and interscapular brown, periovarian, mesenteric, and subcutaneous tissues were determined by gas chromatography. RESULTS Body weight and adiposity increased with age; visceral depots grew by hypertrophy, whereas subcutaneous depots grew by hyperplasia and in a higher ratio. Initially, the mesenteric tissue showed greater saturated and trans-FA contents, whereas brown tissue had higher polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) proportions. Aging resulted in a lower saturation degree in adipose tissue, attenuating earlier differences among depots. There was an elevation in omega-6 PUFAs with age, mainly because of C18:2omega-6, whereas omega-3 long-chain PUFAs, C20:5omega-3 and C22:6omega-3, tended to decrease in serum and adipose tissue. Adiposity was associated positively with monounsaturated FAs and inversely with PUFAs; insulin-related variables correlated negatively with serum omega-6 PUFA but positively with serum monounsaturated FAs and subcutaneous depot trans-FAs. CONCLUSION The mesenteric tissue showed the least favorable FA profile compared with the other depots, but differences among adipose regions diminished with age. In rats fed a high-fat diet, aging resulted in a lower saturation degree, with increased values in the cardiometabolic risk factor omega-6/omega-3 ratio in serum and adipose tissue.
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Liu D, Deschamps A, Korach KS, Murphy E. Estrogen-enhanced gene expression of lipoprotein lipase in heart is antagonized by progesterone. Endocrinology 2008; 149:711-6. [PMID: 17974624 PMCID: PMC2219300 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although estrogen has effects on the heart, little is known regarding which genes in the heart are directly responsive to estrogen. We have shown previously that lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression was increased in female hearts compared with male hearts. To test whether LPL gene expression in heart is regulated by estrogen, we perfused mouse hearts from ovariectomized females with 100 nM 17beta-estradiol or vehicle for 2 h, after which hearts were frozen, and RNA was isolated. The SYBR green real-time PCR method was used to detect LPL gene expression. We found that addition of 17beta-estradiol to hearts from ovariectomized females resulted in a significant increase in LPL mRNA. This estrogen effect on LPL gene expression in mouse heart can be blocked by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780 or by progesterone. We also identified a potential estrogen receptor element (ERE) enhancer sequence located in the first intron of the mouse LPL gene. The potential ERE sequence was linked to a TATA-luciferase (LUC) reporter plasmid in HeLa cells. Both ERalpha and ERbeta stimulated strong activity on the heterologous promoter reporter in Hela cells upon estrogen addition. Both ERalpha and ERbeta activities on the LPL ERE reporter were abrogated by the ER antagonist ICI 182,780. Progesterone also dose dependently inhibited the estrogen-mediated increase in LPL ERE reporter activity. These results show that heart LPL is an estrogen-responsive gene exhibiting an intronic regulatory sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianxin Liu
- Laboratories of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Oku H, Koizumi N, Okumura T, Kobayashi T, Umino T. Molecular characterization of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and pancreatic lipase genes: Effects of fasting and refeeding on their gene expression in red sea bream Pagrus major. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 145:168-78. [PMID: 16904358 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the nutritional regulation of lipid metabolism in fish, molecular characterization of lipases was conducted in red sea bream Pagrus major, and the effects of fasting and refeeding on their gene expression was examined. Together with data from a previous study, a total of four lipase genes were identified and characterized as lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hepatic lipase (HL) and pancreatic lipase (PL). These four lipase genes, termed LPL1, LPL2, HL and PL, share a high degree of similarity. LPL1 and LPL2 genes were expressed in various tissues including adipose tissue, gill, heart and hepatopancreas. HL gene was exclusively expressed in hepatopancreas. PL gene expression was detected in hepatopancreas and adipose tissue. Red sea bream LPL1 and LPL2 gene expression levels in hepatopancreas were increased during 48 h of fasting and decreased after refeeding, whereas no significant change in the expression levels of LPL1 and LPL2 was observed in adipose tissue, indicating that LPL1 and LPL2 gene expression is regulated in a tissue-specific manner in response to the nutritional state of fish. HL and PL gene expression was not affected by fasting and refeeding. The results of this study suggested that LPL, HL and PL gene expression is under different regulatory mechanisms in red sea bream with respect to the tissue-specificities and their nutritional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Oku
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Minami-ise, Mie, 516-0193, Japan.
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20
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Qi D, An D, Kewalramani G, Qi Y, Pulinilkunnil T, Abrahani A, Al-Atar U, Ghosh S, Wambolt RB, Allard MF, Innis SM, Rodrigues B. Altered cardiac fatty acid composition and utilization following dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291:E420-7. [PMID: 16608885 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00083.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid therapy is often associated with impaired insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular disease. The present study was designed to evaluate cardiac fatty acid (FA) composition and metabolism following acute dexamethasone (Dex) treatment. Using the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, rats injected with Dex demonstrated a reduced glucose infusion rate. This whole body insulin resistance was also associated with a heart-specific increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 gene expression and a reduction in the rate of glucose oxidation. Dex treatment increased basal and postheparin plasma lipolytic activity. In the heart, palmitic and oleic acid levels were higher after 4 h of Dex and decreased to control (CON) levels within 8 h. Measurement of polyunsaturated FAs demonstrated a drop in linoleic and gamma-linolenic acid, with an increase in arachidonic acid (AA) after acute Dex injection. Tissue FA can be either oxidized or stored as triglyceride (TG). At 4 h, Dex augmented cardiac TG accumulation. However, this increase in tissue TG could not be maintained, such that at 8 h following Dex, TG declined to CON levels. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation is known to promote FA oxidation through its control of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Acute Dex promoted ACC phosphorylation, and increased cardiac palmitate oxidation, likely through its effects in increasing AMPK phosphorylation and total AMPK protein and gene expression. Whether these acute effects of Dex on FA oxidation, TG storage, and arachidonic acid accumulation can be translated into increased cardiovascular risk following chronic therapy has yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dake Qi
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Lladó I, Pons A, Palou A. Effects of fasting on lipoprotein lipase activity in different depots of white and brown adipose tissues in diet-induced overweight rats. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 10:609-14. [PMID: 15539256 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(99)00050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/1999] [Accepted: 07/07/1999] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of 24 hours of starvation on lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in various depots of white and brown adipose tissues in control rats and in rats with two different degrees of overweight, both induced by dietary treatment. In control rats, no changes in LPL immunoreactive mass were observed in either white or brown adipose tissues after fasting, whereas the effects of food deprivation on enzyme activity were opposite in white versus brown adipose tissues. The LPL activity response to fasting was impaired by obesity: White adipose depots of cafeteria obese rats showed a lower ability to downregulate LPL during fasting and the increased LPL activity induced by fasting in brown adipose depots was less intense in the obese rats compared with control animals. When the degree of overweight was reduced, the differences between obese and control rats were also attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lladó
- Laboratori de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Department de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Skavdahl M, Steenbergen C, Clark J, Myers P, Demianenko T, Mao L, Rockman HA, Korach KS, Murphy E. Estrogen receptor-β mediates male-female differences in the development of pressure overload hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288:H469-76. [PMID: 15374829 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00723.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine the role of estrogen receptor subtypes in the development of pressure overload hypertrophy in mice. Epidemiological studies have suggested gender differences in the development of hypertrophy and heart disease, but the mechanism and the role of estrogen receptor subtypes are not established. We performed transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and sham operations in male and female wild-type (WT) mice and mice lacking functional estrogen receptor-α [α-estrogen receptor knockout (α-ERKO)] and mice lacking estrogen receptor-β (β-ERKO). Body, heart, and lung weights were measured 2 wk postsurgery. WT male mice subjected to TAC showed a 64% increase in the heart weight-to-body weight ratio (HW/BW) compared with sham, and WT males have increased lung weight at 2 wk. WT female mice subjected to TAC showed a 31% increase in HW/BW compared with sham, which was significantly less than their male counterparts and with no evidence of heart failure. α-ERKO females developed HW/BW nearly identical to that seen in WT littermate females in response to TAC, indicating that estrogen receptor-α is not essential for the attenuation of hypertrophy observed in WT females. In contrast, β-ERKO females responded to TAC with a significantly greater increase in HW/BW than WT littermate females. β-ERKO females have lower expression of lipoprotein lipase at baseline than WT or α-ERKO females. These data suggest an important role for estrogen receptor-β in attenuating the hypertrophic response to pressure overload in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryanne Skavdahl
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Abstract
Sex steroid hormones are involved in the metabolism, accumulation and distribution of adipose tissues. It is now known that oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and androgen receptor exist in adipose tissues, so their actions could be direct. Sex steroid hormones carry out their function in adipose tissues by both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms. In the genomic mechanism, the sex steroid hormone binds to its receptor and the steroid-receptor complex regulates the transcription of given genes. Leptin and lipoprotein lipase are two key proteins in adipose tissues that are regulated by transcriptional control with sex steroid hormones. In the nongenomic mechanism, the sex steroid hormone binds to its receptor in the plasma membrane, and second messengers are formed. This involves both the cAMP cascade and the phosphoinositide cascade. Activation of the cAMP cascade by sex steroid hormones would activate hormone-sensitive lipase leading to lipolysis in adipose tissues. In the phosphoinositide cascade, diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate are formed as second messengers ultimately causing the activation of protein kinase C. Their activation appears to be involved in the control of preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. In the presence of sex steroid hormones, a normal distribution of body fat exists, but with a decrease in sex steroid hormones, as occurs with ageing or gonadectomy, there is a tendency to increase central obesity, a major risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and certain cancers. Because sex steroid hormones regulate the amount and distribution of adipose tissues, they or adipose tissue-specific selective receptor modulators might be used to ameliorate obesity. In fact, hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women and testosterone replacement therapy in older men appear to reduce the degree of central obesity. However, these therapies have numerous side effects limiting their use, and selective receptor modulators of sex steroid hormones are needed that are more specific for adipose tissues with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Mayes
- Center for Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK 74107-1898, USA
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Galan X, Peinado-Onsurbe J, Julve J, Ricart-Jané D, Robert MQ, Llobera M, Ramírez I. Inactive hepatic lipase in rat plasma. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:2250-6. [PMID: 12951367 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300131-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipase activity is detectable in liver but also in adrenal glands, ovaries, and plasma. The subunit size of hepatic lipase in liver, adrenal glands, and nonheparin plasma was compared. Hepatic lipase in liver and adrenal glands appeared as a 55 kDa band. In liver, a faint band of lower size was also detected. In nonheparin plasma, hepatic lipase appeared as a doublet of 57 kDa and 59 kDa. When activity/mass ratio was calculated, similar values were obtained for liver and adrenal glands. In plasma this value was much lower. After heparin administration in vivo, hepatic lipase activity in plasma increased nearly 100-fold with appearance of an additional 55 kDa band in postheparin plasma. This band coeluted with activity after preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Differences in size persisted after digestion with peptide-N-glycosidase F. A progressive increase in 57 kDa and 59 kDa in postheparin plasma followed disappearance of the 55 kDa band, suggesting that these larger bands originate from the smaller form. In plasma, both smaller and larger forms were associated with HDL, but not with LDL or VLDL. We conclude that rat plasma contains a larger form of hepatic lipase that is inactive in in vitro assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Galan
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, E-08071 Barcelona, Spain
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Galan X, Peinado-Onsurbe J, Robert MQ, Soley M, Llobera M, Ramírez I. Acute regulation of hepatic lipase secretion by rat hepatocytes. Biochem Cell Biol 2003; 80:467-74. [PMID: 12234100 DOI: 10.1139/o02-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipase is involved in cholesterol uptake by the liver. Although it is known that catecholamines are responsible for the daily variation of enzyme activity, the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Rat hepatocytes incubated with adrenaline or other Ca(2+)-mobilizing hormones were used as an experimental model. Adrenaline reduced in a similar proportion the secretion of both hepatic lipase and albumin. The effect of adrenaline disappeared completely in cells exposed to cycloheximide. Adrenaline decreased incorporation of [35S]Met into cellular and secreted proteins, but it affected neither degradation of [35S]Met-prelabeled proteins nor the abundance of total and specific (albumin, hepatic lipase, beta-actin) mRNA. Other Ca(2+)-mobilizing agents had the opposite effect on hepatic lipase secretion: it was decreased by vasopressin but was increased by epidermal growth factor. Vasopressin and epidermal growth factor had the opposite effect on [35S]Met incorporation into cellular and secreted proteins, but neither affected hepatic lipase mRNA. The acute effect of adrenaline, vasopressin, and epidermal growth factor on hepatic lipase secretion is the consequence of the effect of these hormones on protein synthesis and is therefore nonspecific.
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26
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Reginato CF, Backus RC, Rogers QR. Improved growth of lipoprotein lipase deficient kittens by feeding a low-fat, highly digestible diet small star, filled. J Nutr Biochem 2002; 13:149-156. [PMID: 11893479 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(01)00206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adult domestic cats homozygous with a naturally occurring Gly412Arg LPL gene mutation are good models for the study of LPL deficiency. Previous studies report that homozygous LPL deficient kittens have reduced growth rates and develop subnormal body fat mass. It was hypothesized in the present study that homozygote kittens would have normal growth if provided a standard low fat, highly digestible diet at weaning and that their body fat would be increased by provision of a diet high in protein. When fed a nutritionally complete, 10% fat, purified or commercial extruded diet, the body weights of homozygous (n = 24), heterozygous (n = 25) and normal (n = 16) kittens were determined at birth, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 and 18 weeks of age. Male homozygote kittens from homozygote dams had reduced weight gains (p < 0.05) compared to normal males at 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Female heterozygotes and homozygotes from homozygote and heterozygote dams had reduced weight gains (p < 0.05) compared to normal females at 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks. By 6 weeks for males and 18 weeks for females, genotype related differences in weight gain were not observed. At 30 weeks, homozygotes and heterozygotes were given either a 60 or 30% (dry matter) protein diet for two months. As indicated by deuterium dilution estimation of body composition, cats eating the 30% protein diet (n = 12) tended to have a lower increase in lean body mass (p = 0.057) and a greater increase in fat mass (p = 0.092) compared to cats eating the 60% protein diet (n = 12). Increase in lean body mass among homozygotes tended to be not as great as that observed in heterozygotes (p = 0.057). Poor postweaning gains previously reported in homozygotes probably reflected inappropriate selection of diet for this genotype. The high protein diet increased the rate of lean body mass development but not body fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla F. Reginato
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, 95616, Davis, CA, USA
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Galan X, Robert MQ, Llobera M, Ramírez I. Secretion of hepatic lipase by perfused liver and isolated hepatocytes. Lipids 2000; 35:1017-26. [PMID: 11026623 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-000-0613-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic lipase is found in liver and in adrenal glands and ovaries. Because in adult rats, neither adrenals nor ovaries synthesize this enzyme, it is assumed that the liver is the origin of their hepatic lipase. Our aim was to study the secretion of hepatic lipase by the liver. We observed that plasma of both fed and fasted rats contained hepatic lipase activity. This activity was significantly correlated with that in the liver. Isolated livers, perfused with heparin-free medium, secreted fully active hepatic lipase to the perfusate. The addition of heparin resulted in a rapid and larger release of hepatic lipase to the perfusate. In isolated hepatocytes, heparin did not affect the secretion of hepatic lipase mass, although it increased the stability of the enzyme activity. To study the degradation of hepatic lipase by hepatocytes, protein synthesis was blocked with cycloheximide, and both secreted and intracellular hepatic lipases were analyzed by Western blotting. We observed that the amount of hepatic lipase secreted equaled the decrease of intracellular mass. The total mass of the enzyme (inside and outside the cells) remained constant, at least for 90 min. In the next experiment, 0.7 nM 125I-hepatic lipase was added to hepatocyte suspensions, and the appearance of trichloracetic acid-soluble products was analyzed. Only 12% of the radioactivity added was associated with the cells after 90 min of incubation, and less than 2% of the hepatic lipase added was degraded. Although the association was decreased in the presence of heparin, the amount of 125I-hepatic lipase degraded was not affected. Taking all these results into account, we propose a model for the continuous secretion of hepatic lipase by the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Galan
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Sambandam N, Abrahani MA, Craig S, Al-Atar O, Jeon E, Rodrigues B. Metabolism of VLDL is increased in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 278:H1874-82. [PMID: 10843884 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.6.h1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, we previously showed an increased heparin-releasable (luminal) lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity from perfused hearts. To study the effect of this enlarged LPL pool on triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins, we examined the metabolism of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) perfused through control and diabetic hearts. Diabetic rats had elevated TG levels compared with control. However, fasting for 16 h abolished this difference. When the plasma lipoprotein fraction of density <1.006 g/ml from fasted control and diabetic rats was incubated in vitro with purified bovine or rat LPL, VLDL from diabetic animals was hydrolyzed as proficiently as VLDL from control animals. Post-heparin plasma lipolytic activity was comparable in control and diabetic animals. However, perfusion of control and diabetic rats with heparinase indicated that diabetic hearts had larger amounts of LPL bound to heparan sulfate proteoglycan-binding sites. [(3)H]VLDL obtained from control rats, when recirculated through the isolated heart, disappeared at a significantly faster rate from diabetic than from control rat hearts. This increased VLDL-TG hydrolysis was essentially abolished by prior perfusion of the diabetic heart with heparin, implicating LPL in this process. These findings suggest that the enlarged LPL pool in the diabetic heart is present at a functionally relevant location (at the capillary lumen) and is capable of hydrolyzing VLDL. This could increase the delivery of free fatty acid to the heart, and the resultant metabolic changes could induce the subsequent cardiomyopathy that is observed in the chronic diabetic rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sambandam
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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29
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Okada Y, Yoshino T, Takeuchi A, Endoh M, Ohta H, Jinno Y, Yokoyama T, Izawa T, Kobayshi E. Effects of the K+ channel opener KRN4884 on the cardiovascular metabolic syndrome model in rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000; 35:287-93. [PMID: 10672863 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200002000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of the potassium channel opener KRN4884 (5-amino-N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-N'-cyano-3-pyridinecarboxamidine ) on cardiovascular metabolic syndrome (i.e., syndrome X), in rats. High-fructose diet rats developed hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, increased total cholesterol/HDL (high-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol ratio, and hyperinsulinemia, KRN4884 (0.3-3.0 mg/kg, twice a day for 14 days, p.o.) alleviated the risk factors in fructose-fed rats. Furthermore, fructose-fed rats exhibited impairment of glucose tolerance and excess insulin secretion when loaded with glucose orally. Treatment with KRN4884 (1.0 mg/kg, twice a day for 14 days, p.o.) improved the glucose intolerance and inhibited hypersecretion of insulin in the glucose-loaded, fructose-fed rats. In contrast, KRN4884 (0.3-1.0 mg/kg, twice a day for 10 days, p.o.) did not affect serum triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose, or insulin concentrations in normal rats. LPL (lipoprotein lipase) activities in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and HTGL (hepatic triglyceride lipase) activity in liver were measured after administration of KRN4884 or vehicle twice a day for 14 days in fructose-fed rats. KRN4884 caused a significant increase in LPL activity in muscle and tended to increase LPL activity in adipose tissue in fructose-fed rats. HTGL was decreased in fructose-fed rats as compared with normal controls and was unaffected by KRN4884. These findings suggested that KRN4884 enhances insulin sensitivity and LPL activity, which are related to glucose and lipid metabolism and may be useful for the treatment of syndrome X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Okada
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma, Japan.
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Inoue M, Wu CZ, Dou DQ, Chen YJ, Ogihara Y. Lipoprotein lipase activation by red ginseng saponins in hyperlipidemia model animals. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 1999; 6:257-265. [PMID: 10589445 DOI: 10.1016/s0944-7113(99)80018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ginseng saponins isolated from red ginseng (a steamed and dried root of Panax ginseng) has been studied in a cyclophosphamide (CPM)-induced hyperlipidemia model in fasted rabbits. In this model, chylomicrons and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) accumulation was known to occur as a result of reduction in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in the heart and heparin-releasable heart LPL. Oral administration of ginseng saponins at a dose of 0.01 g/kg for 4 weeks was found to reverse the increase in serum triglycerides (TG) and concomitant increase in cholesterol produced by CPM treatment, especially in chylomicrons and VLDL. In addition, ginseng saponins treatment led to a recovery in postheparin plasma LPL activity and heparin-releasable heart LPL activity, which were markedly reduced by CPM treatment. In rats given 15% glycerol/15% fructose solution, postheparin plasma LPL activity declined to two third of normal rats, whereas ginseng saponins reversed it to normal levels. In the present study we first demonstrated that ginseng saponins sustained LPL activity at a normal level or protected LPL activity from being decreased by several factors, resulting in the decrease of serum TG and cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Inoue
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Japan
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31
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Moghadasian MH, McManus BM, Godin DV, Rodrigues B, Frohlich JJ. Proatherogenic and antiatherogenic effects of probucol and phytosterols in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice: possible mechanisms of action. Circulation 1999; 99:1733-9. [PMID: 10190884 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.99.13.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of probucol and a phytosterol mixture (FCP-3PI) on atherosclerotic lesion formation, plasma lipoproteins, hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activities, antioxidant enzyme activities, and plasma fibrinogen were investigated in apolipoprotein E-knockout (apoE-KO) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Three groups of 8 mice were fed a diet containing 9% (wt/wt) fat (controls) or the foregoing diet supplemented with either 1% (wt/wt) probucol (the probucol group) or 2% (wt/wt) FCP-3PI (the FCP-3PI group) for 20 weeks. Compared with controls, atherosclerotic lesion size was 3 times greater in the probucol group, whereas it was decreased by half in the FCP-3PI group. Probucol treatment resulted in high plasma probucol concentrations, which correlated (r=0.69) with the lesion area. HDL cholesterol was reduced (>75%) in the probucol group and slightly increased (14%) in the FCP-3PI-treated group. Postheparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was significantly reduced in both treatment groups, but only FCP-3PI significantly decreased hepatic lipase activity. Plasma fibrinogen was increased 42% by probucol and decreased 19% by FCP-3PI relative to controls. Probucol significantly increased plasma glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities (P<0.05). In contrast to findings in apoE-KO mice, there was no probucol-induced atherosclerosis in their wild-type counterparts fed the same dose for the same period of time. CONCLUSIONS Antiatherogenic activity of FCP-3PI in apoE-KO mice is associated with an increase in HDL cholesterol concentration along with decreases in hepatic lipase activity and plasma fibrinogen concentrations. Proatherogenic effects of probucol may be related to increased plasma fibrinogen, decreased HDL cholesterol concentrations along with decreased LPL activity, or its direct "toxicity" due to very high plasma concentration. Our studies demonstrate that the antioxidant and cholesterol-lowering properties of probucol do not prevent atherogenesis in this particular animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Moghadasian
- Atherosclerosis Specialty Laboratory Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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Hocquette JF, Graulet B, Olivecrona T. Lipoprotein lipase activity and mRNA levels in bovine tissues. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 121:201-12. [PMID: 9972295 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)10090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in cattle has been extensively studied in adipose tissue, milk and mammary gland, but only to a limited extent in muscles. Therefore, we have adapted our in vitro LPL assay method for the measurement of LPL activity and describe, for the first time, sensitive procedures to quantify LPL activity and mRNA levels in bovine muscles. In vitro activation of bovine LPL activity is approximately 5-fold greater with rat than with bovine sera for heart and muscles, but not for adipose tissues. Values of LPL activity are in the upper range of those previously reported for rat or bovine tissues. With rat serum as activator, LPL activity in the heart of seven calves (662-832 mU g-1) is at least 3-fold lower than in the rat heart (2150-2950 mU g-1, P < 0.05). LPL activity is higher in bovine heart and oxidative muscles (412-972 mU g-1), except the diaphragm, than in mixed or glycolytic muscles (33-154 mU g-1, P < 0.05). The levels of LPL transcripts are positively related to LPL activity in bovine tissues, including muscles and adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Hocquette
- INRA, Laboratoire Croissance et Métabolismes des Herbivores, Theix, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France.
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33
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Sambandam N, Lim F, Cam MC, Rodrigues B. Cardiac heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase activity in fructose-hypertensive rats: effect of coronary vasodilation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1997; 30:110-7. [PMID: 9268229 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199707000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is an endothelium-bound enzyme that is rate determining for the clearance of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. We assessed cardiac heparin-releasable LPL activity in an acquired model of hypertension, the fructose-hypertensive rat. Fructose feeding (10% solution in drinking water ad libitum) for 2 (short-term) or 4-6 (long-term) weeks induced hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperinsulinemia in male Wistar rats. After short- and long-term fructose treatment, LPL activity in coronary perfusates was determined by retrogradely perfusing the hearts with heparin. Short-term fructose treatment did not alter cardiac heparin-releasable LPL activity, whereas a significant decrease in LPL activity was seen in the long-term treated group. Discontinuation of fructose treatment for 2 weeks from the long-term group normalized blood pressure and cardiac heparin-releasable LPL activity. Interestingly, acute vasodilation by in vitro perfusion of coronary vasodilators like nifedipine and CGS-21680 increased cardiac heparin-releasable LPL activity in the long-term group to control levels. These studies demonstrate that long-term fructose-induced hypertension may play a significant role in regulating cardiac LPL activity. Whether or not this altered LPL activity has a role in the regulation of fatty acid supply to the hypertensive heart has yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sambandam
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Yokoyama T, Izumi H, Endoh M, Izawa T, Ogawa N, Okada Y. Effects of KRN4884, a novel pyridinecarboxamidine type KATP channel opener, on serum triglyceride levels in rats. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 120:1471-6. [PMID: 9113367 PMCID: PMC1564631 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The effects of KRN4884, a novel pyridinecarboxamidine type KATP channel opener, on serum triglyceride levels were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. 2. Oral administration of KRN4884 (3 mg kg-1) for 10 days caused a significant reduction in serum triglyceride levels, which was comparable to that of clofibrate (160 mg kg-1). Reduction in serum triglyceride levels by KRN4884 and clofibrate were accompanied by a reduction in triglyceride levels both in chylomicron and in very low density lipoprotein. KRN4884 treatment did not affect serum concentrations of total cholesterol and phospholipid, but did increase free fatty acid levels. Clofibrate reduced total cholesterol, phospholipid and free fatty acid levels. 3. Administration of clofibrate significantly decreased triglyceride secretion rate as measured by the Triton WR-1339 injection procedure, while KRN4884 did not. 4. Rats receiving KRN4884 exhibited an increase in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity both in adipose tissue and in skeletal muscle. There was an inverse correlation between serum triglyceride levels and tissue LPL activities. KRN4884 did not change hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL) activity. Clofibrate affected neither LPL nor HTGL activities. 5. It is concluded that administration of KRN4884 results in reduced serum triglyceride levels which may be due to the enhancement of LPL activity in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yokoyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Kirin Brewery, Co., Ltd., Gunma, Japan
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Jian K, Fok E, Cam MC, Sambandam N, Yao J, Rodrigues B. Susceptibility of spontaneously hypertensive rats to the diabetogenic effects of streptozotocin. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1996. [DOI: 10.1139/y96-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sabugal R, Julve J, Llobera M, Peinado-Onsurbe J. Decrease in the expression of hepatic lipase activity following partial hepatectomy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1302:193-8. [PMID: 8765139 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(96)00061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Variations in hepatic lipase (HL) activity were studied for the first time in liver, plasma and adrenal glands of partially hepatectomized (70%), sham-operated and intact rats. Activity profiles performed during 7 days in liver, plasma and adrenal glands of sham-operated rats were similar to those obtained in intact animals. However, HL activity in intact animals appeared to be slightly higher during the first 24 hours. Following surgery, hepatectomized animals showed a reduction of about 300 U in liver HL activity which persisted for 7 days. Plasma HL activity of hepatectomized rats was undetectable at 6 hours post-surgery but in increased afterwards. A high correlation between liver and adrenal gland HL activity was found in hepatectomized but not in sham-operated animals. HL mRNA levels in hepatectomized rats showed a 40% decrease during the first 24 hours after surgery, but they returned to the normal range later. On the other hand, HL mRNA values increased in sham-operated rats but no increase in HL activity was detected in these animals. To conclude, our results show that HL activity decreases dramatically during hepatic regeneration due to a concomitant decrement in the expression of the gene that encodes the enzyme and to other undetermined factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sabugal
- Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Bilogia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Kmiec Z, Kotlarz G, Smiechowska B, Mysliwski A. Thyroid hormones homeostasis in rats refed after short-term and prolonged fasting. J Endocrinol Invest 1996; 19:304-11. [PMID: 8796339 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Effects of starvation on thyroid hormone homeostasis were usually determined after 2 or more days of fasting, however, both in man and in rodents, natural feeding cycles comprise far shorter fasting periods. Therefore serum levels of T4, FT4, T3, FT3 and rT3 were measured in rats refed chow diet for 1, 4, 8 or 24 hours after 14 or 48 hours of starvation. Both short-term (14 h) and long-term fasting (48 h) decreased body weight and serum glucose level. Short-term fast decreased serum FT3 and did not change serum levels of T4, FT4, T3 and rT3. Total T3 and reverse T3 increased after one and 4 hours, free T3 after 4 hours and total T4 after 4 and 8 hours of refeeding. Percent of FT3 did not change after short-term fast, declined after 1 and 4 hours of refeeding, and normalised thereafter. Prolonged starvation (48 h) decreased serum T4, T3, FT3 and % FT3 with no changes in FT4 and rT3. After 24 hours of refeeding only FT3 and % FT3 returned to control levels while total T4 and total T3 were still diminished, and reverse T3 levels did not change. The results suggest that the length of preceding fasting period may strongly influence thyroid hormone homeostasis during fasted-to-fed transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kmiec
- Department of Histology and Immunology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
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