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Dambrova M, Makrecka-Kuka M, Kuka J, Vilskersts R, Nordberg D, Attwood MM, Smesny S, Sen ZD, Guo AC, Oler E, Tian S, Zheng J, Wishart DS, Liepinsh E, Schiöth HB. Acylcarnitines: Nomenclature, Biomarkers, Therapeutic Potential, Drug Targets, and Clinical Trials. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:506-551. [PMID: 35710135 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acylcarnitines are fatty acid metabolites that play important roles in many cellular energy metabolism pathways. They have historically been used as important diagnostic markers for inborn errors of fatty acid oxidation and are being intensively studied as markers of energy metabolism, deficits in mitochondrial and peroxisomal β -oxidation activity, insulin resistance, and physical activity. Acylcarnitines are increasingly being identified as important indicators in metabolic studies of many diseases, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, depression, neurologic disorders, and certain cancers. The US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug L-carnitine, along with short-chain acylcarnitines (acetylcarnitine and propionylcarnitine), is now widely used as a dietary supplement. In light of their growing importance, we have undertaken an extensive review of acylcarnitines and provided a detailed description of their identity, nomenclature, classification, biochemistry, pathophysiology, supplementary use, potential drug targets, and clinical trials. We also summarize these updates in the Human Metabolome Database, which now includes information on the structures, chemical formulae, chemical/spectral properties, descriptions, and pathways for 1240 acylcarnitines. This work lays a solid foundation for identifying, characterizing, and understanding acylcarnitines in human biosamples. We also discuss the emerging opportunities for using acylcarnitines as biomarkers and as dietary interventions or supplements for many wide-ranging indications. The opportunity to identify new drug targets involved in controlling acylcarnitine levels is also discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review provides a comprehensive overview of acylcarnitines, including their nomenclature, structure and biochemistry, and use as disease biomarkers and pharmaceutical agents. We present updated information contained in the Human Metabolome Database website as well as substantial mapping of the known biochemical pathways associated with acylcarnitines, thereby providing a strong foundation for further clarification of their physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Dambrova
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Marina Makrecka-Kuka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Janis Kuka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Reinis Vilskersts
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Didi Nordberg
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Misty M Attwood
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Stefan Smesny
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Zumrut Duygu Sen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - An Chi Guo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Eponine Oler
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Siyang Tian
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Jiamin Zheng
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - David S Wishart
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Edgars Liepinsh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
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Škrlep M, Poklukar K, Kress K, Vrecl M, Fazarinc G, Batorek Lukač N, Weiler U, Stefanski V, Čandek-Potokar M. Effect of immunocastration and housing conditions on pig carcass and meat quality traits. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa055. [PMID: 32705051 PMCID: PMC7284115 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of immunocastration and housing conditions on carcass, meat, and fat quality traits. Immunocastrates (IC, n = 48), entire (EM, n = 48), and surgical castrates (SC, n = 48) male pigs were reared under three different housing conditions. The conditions were standard (n = 36), enriched (n = 36, twice as much space as standard and additional outdoor access), or standard with repeated social mixing (n = 72). Pigs of the IC group were vaccinated at the age of 12 and 22 wk. The animals were slaughtered in four batches, balanced for sex category and housing, at the age of 27 wk reaching 124.7 ± 1.0 kg. Immunocastration led to increased fat deposition (i.e., thicker subcutaneous fat at different anatomical locations, more leaf fat, fatter belly in IC than EM, P < 0.05) but did not affect muscularity traits. As a result, EM exhibited higher and SC lower (P < 0.05) carcass leanness than IC. Fatty acids composition of either subcutaneous or intramuscular fat (IMF) agreed with general adiposity, that is, IC were intermediate between EM and SC exhibiting the lowest and highest fat saturation (P < 0.05), respectively. Compared to SC, EM exhibited higher (P < 0.05) levels of muscle oxidation and collagen content than SC, with IC taking an intermediate position in the case of the level of peroxidation and collagen content, or closer to SC as regards to oxidation of muscle proteins (i.e., carbonyl groups). Meat quality (including marbling score, cooking loss, subjective color redness, and chroma) of IC was similar to EM, and both differed (P < 0.05) from SC. However, IC and SC had less (P < 0.05) tough meat than EM, consistent with protein oxidation. The effect of housing was less evident. Mixing of pigs resulted in lower (P < 0.05) carcass weight and fatness in all sex categories with lower (P < 0.05) oleic and higher (P < 0.05) arachidonic acid in IMF of EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Škrlep
- Animal Production Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klavdija Poklukar
- Animal Production Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kevin Kress
- Department of Behavioural Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Fazarinc
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Batorek Lukač
- Animal Production Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ulrike Weiler
- Department of Behavioural Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Department of Behavioural Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marjeta Čandek-Potokar
- Animal Production Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola, Hoče, Slovenia
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Pakiet A, Jakubiak A, Mierzejewska P, Zwara A, Liakh I, Sledzinski T, Mika A. The Effect of a High-Fat Diet on the Fatty Acid Composition in the Hearts of Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030824. [PMID: 32245049 PMCID: PMC7146498 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Western diet can lead to alterations in cardiac function and increase cardiovascular risk, which can be reproduced in animal models by implementing a high-fat diet (HFD). However, the mechanism of these alterations is not fully understood and may be dependent on alterations in heart lipid composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an HFD on the fatty acid (FA) composition of total lipids, as well as of various lipid fractions in the heart, and on heart function. C57BL/6 mice were fed an HFD or standard laboratory diet. The FA composition of chow, serum, heart and skeletal muscle tissues was measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Cardiac function was evaluated by ultrasonography. Our results showed an unexpected increase in polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) and a significant decrease in monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) in the heart tissue of mice fed the HFD. For comparison, no such effects were observed in skeletal muscle or serum samples. Furthermore, we found that the largest increase in PUFAs was in the sphingolipid fraction, whereas the largest decrease in MUFAs was in the phospholipid and sphingomyelin fractions. The hearts of mice fed an HFD had an increased content of triacylglycerols. Moreover, the HFD treatment altered aortic flow pattern. We did not find significant changes in heart mass or oxidative stress markers between mice fed the HFD and standard diet. The above results suggest that alterations in FA composition in the heart may contribute to deterioration of heart function. A possible mechanism of this phenomenon is the alteration of sphingolipids and phospholipids in the fatty acid profile, which may change the physical properties of these lipids. Since phospho- and sphingolipids are the major components of cell membranes, alterations in their structures in heart cells can result in changes in cell membrane properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Pakiet
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (A.P.); (A.Z.)
| | - Agnieszka Jakubiak
- Tri-City Academic Laboratory Animal Centre - Research & Services Centre, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Paulina Mierzejewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Agata Zwara
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (A.P.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ivan Liakh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (I.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (I.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Adriana Mika
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (A.P.); (A.Z.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (I.L.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-585-230-810
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Yoshinaga K, Beppu F, Yamatani Y, Kubo A, Yoshinaga-Kiriake A, Nagai T, Yoshida A, Kanda J, Gotoh N. Effect of Calcium Treatment on Catabolic Rates of 13C-Labeled Fatty Acids Bound to the α and β Positions of Triacylglycerol. J Oleo Sci 2019; 68:1149-1155. [PMID: 31611519 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The absorption efficacies and catabolic rates of fatty acids are affected by their binding position on triacylglycerol (TAG). However, the kind of effect calcium treatment has on the catabolism of fatty acids is unclear. In this study, the catabolic rates of 13C-labeled palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid bound to sn-1, 3 (α) and sn-2 (β) position of TAG in the presence of calcium were compared using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The catabolic rates of 13C-labeled fatty acids were evaluated using the ratio of 13C to 12C in the carbon dioxide expired by mice. The catabolic rate of palmitic acid bound to the α position was significantly lower than that of palmitic acid bound to the β position of TAG. The rates of 13CO2 formation from palmitic acid at the β position remained higher for a long time. In contrast, oleic and linoleic acids at the α position were as well catabolized as those at the β position. These results indicate that in the presence of calcium, the saturated fatty acid bound to the β position is highly catabolized, whereas that bound to the α position is not well catabolized. Saturated fatty acid at the α position is hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase to promptly form insoluble complexes with calcium, which are excreted from the body, and thereby reducing the catabolic rate of these fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Yoshinaga
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University.,Tsukishima Foods Industry Co. Ltd
| | - Fumiaki Beppu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Yoshio Yamatani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | | | - Aya Yoshinaga-Kiriake
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | | | | | - Jota Kanda
- Department of Ocean Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Naohiro Gotoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
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Gonzalez-Armenta JL, Gao Z, Appt SE, Vitolins MZ, Michalson KT, Register TC, Shively CA, Molina AJA. Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Respiration Is Elevated in Female Cynomolgus Macaques Fed a Western Compared with a Mediterranean Diet. J Nutr 2019; 149:1493-1502. [PMID: 31112997 PMCID: PMC6736071 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Western diets are associated with increased incidences of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia, whereas Mediterranean diets, richer in polyphenols, monounsaturated fats, fruits, vegetables, poultry, and fish, appear to have cardiometabolic health benefits. Previous work has included population-based studies with limited evidence for causation or animal studies focused on single macro- or micronutrients; therefore, primate animal models provide an opportunity to determine potential mechanisms underlying the effects of dietary patterns on health and disease. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effects of whole dietary patterns, either a Western or Mediterranean diet, on skeletal muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics in cynomolgus macaques. METHODS In this study, 22 adult female cynomolgus macaques (∼11-14 y by dentition) were fed either a Western or Mediterranean diet for 30 mo. The Western diet was designed to mimic the diet of a middle-aged American woman and the Mediterranean diet included key aspects of Mediterranean diets studied in humans, such as plant-based proteins and fat, complex carbohydrates, and fiber. Diets were matched on macronutrient composition (16% protein, 54% carbohydrate, and 31% fat) and cholesterol content. Skeletal muscle was collected for high-resolution respirometry, citrate synthase activity, and western blot measurements. Pearson correlation analysis between respirometry measures and measures of carbohydrate metabolism was also performed. RESULTS We found that consumption of a Western diet resulted in significantly higher mitochondrial respiration with fatty acid oxidation (FAO) (53%), FAO + complex I (52%), complex I + II (31%), max electron transport system (ETS) (31%), and ETS rotenone sensitive (31%) than did consumption of a Mediterranean diet. In addition, measures of respiration in response to fatty acids were significantly and positively correlated with both insulin resistance and plasma insulin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of dietary composition in mitochondrial bioenergetics and that diet can influence skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration independently of other factors such as macronutrient composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Gonzalez-Armenta
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC,Section on Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC,J Paul Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Zhengrong Gao
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC,J Paul Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Susan E Appt
- Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mara Z Vitolins
- Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Thomas C Register
- J Paul Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Winston-Salem, NC,Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Carol A Shively
- J Paul Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Winston-Salem, NC,Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Anthony J A Molina
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC,J Paul Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Winston-Salem, NC,Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA,Address correspondence to AJAM (e-mail: )
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6
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Yoshinaga K, Beppu F, Yamatani Y, Kubo A, Yoshinaga-Kiriake A, Nagai T, Yoshida A, Kanda J, Gotoh N. Examination of the Catabolic Rates of 13C-Labeled Fatty Acids Bound to the α and β Positions of Triacylglycerol Using 13CO 2 Expired from Mice. J Oleo Sci 2019; 68:591-598. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Yoshinaga
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University
- Tsukishima Foods Industry Co. Ltd
| | - Fumiaki Beppu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Yoshio Yamatani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | | | - Aya Yoshinaga-Kiriake
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | | | | | - Jota Kanda
- Department of Ocean Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Naohiro Gotoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
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7
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Stöckli J, Fisher-Wellman KH, Chaudhuri R, Zeng XY, Fazakerley DJ, Meoli CC, Thomas KC, Hoffman NJ, Mangiafico SP, Xirouchaki CE, Yang CH, Ilkayeva O, Wong K, Cooney GJ, Andrikopoulos S, Muoio DM, James DE. Metabolomic analysis of insulin resistance across different mouse strains and diets. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19135-19145. [PMID: 28982973 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.818351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a major risk factor for many diseases. However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear in part because it is triggered by a complex relationship between multiple factors, including genes and the environment. Here, we used metabolomics combined with computational methods to identify factors that classified insulin resistance across individual mice derived from three different mouse strains fed two different diets. Three inbred ILSXISS strains were fed high-fat or chow diets and subjected to metabolic phenotyping and metabolomics analysis of skeletal muscle. There was significant metabolic heterogeneity between strains, diets, and individual animals. Distinct metabolites were changed with insulin resistance, diet, and between strains. Computational analysis revealed 113 metabolites that were correlated with metabolic phenotypes. Using these 113 metabolites, combined with machine learning to segregate mice based on insulin sensitivity, we identified C22:1-CoA, C2-carnitine, and C16-ceramide as the best classifiers. Strikingly, when these three metabolites were combined into one signature, they classified mice based on insulin sensitivity more accurately than each metabolite on its own or other published metabolic signatures. Furthermore, C22:1-CoA was 2.3-fold higher in insulin-resistant mice and correlated significantly with insulin resistance. We have identified a metabolomic signature composed of three functionally unrelated metabolites that accurately predicts whole-body insulin sensitivity across three mouse strains. These data indicate the power of simultaneous analysis of individual, genetic, and environmental variance in mice for identifying novel factors that accurately predict metabolic phenotypes like whole-body insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Stöckli
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- the Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia.,the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Rima Chaudhuri
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Xiao-Yi Zeng
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Kristen C Thomas
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nolan J Hoffman
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | | - Chieh-Hsin Yang
- the Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia, and
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Kari Wong
- the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- the Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Deborah M Muoio
- the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - David E James
- From the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia, .,the Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
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8
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Metabolic Conversion of C20 Polymethylene-Interrupted Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to Essential Fatty Acids. Lipids 2014; 49:423-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Hommelberg PPH, Langen RCJ, Schols AMWJ, van Essen ALM, Snepvangers FJM, Mensink RP, Plat J. Trans Fatty Acid-Induced NF-κB Activation Does Not Induce Insulin Resistance in Cultured Murine Skeletal Muscle Cells. Lipids 2010; 45:285-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Yamashita H, Bharadwaj KG, Ikeda S, Park TS, Goldberg IJ. Cardiac metabolic compensation to hypertension requires lipoprotein lipase. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E705-13. [PMID: 18647880 PMCID: PMC2536729 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90338.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are acquired from free FA associated with albumin and lipoprotein triglyceride that is hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase (LpL). Hypertrophied hearts shift their substrate usage pattern to more glucose and less FA. However, FAs may still be an important source of energy in hypertrophied hearts. The aim of this study was to examine the importance of LpL-derived FAs in hypertensive hypertrophied hearts. We followed cardiac function and metabolic changes during 2 wk of angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension in control and heart-specific lipoprotein lipase knockout (hLpL0) mice. Glucose metabolism was increased in ANG II-treated control (control/ANG II) hearts, raising it to the same level as hLpL0 hearts. FA uptake-related genes, CD36 and FATP1, were reduced in control/ANG II hearts to levels found in hLpL0 hearts. ANG II did not alter these metabolic genes in hLpL0 mice. LpL activity was preserved, and mitochondrial FA oxidation-related genes were not altered in control/ANG II hearts. In control/ANG II hearts, triglyceride stores were consumed and reached the same levels as in hLpL0/ANG II hearts. Intracellular ATP content was reduced only in hLpL0/ANG II hearts. Both ANG II and deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt induced hypertension caused heart failure only in hLpL0 mice. Our data suggest that LpL activity is required for normal cardiac metabolic compensation to hypertensive stress.
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11
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Tardy AL, Giraudet C, Rousset P, Rigaudière JP, Laillet B, Chalancon S, Salles J, Loreau O, Chardigny JM, Morio B. Effects of trans MUFA from dairy and industrial sources on muscle mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1445-55. [PMID: 18375997 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700561-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that chronic consumption of trans MUFA may alter muscle insulin sensitivity. The major sources of dietary trans MUFA (dairy fat vs. industrially hydrogenated oils) have different isomeric profiles and thus probably different metabolic consequences. These effects may involve alterations in muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity, which may in turn promote insulin resistance if fatty acid oxidation is reduced. We report that in Wistar rats, an 8 week diet enriched (4% of energy intake) in either dairy, industrial, or control MUFA did not alter insulin and glucose responses to an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (1g/kg). In C2C12 myotubes, vaccenic and elaidic acids did not modify insulin sensitivity compared with oleic acid. Furthermore, the ex vivo total, mitochondrial and peroxisomal oxidation rates of [1-(14)C]oleic, vaccenic, and elaidic acids were similar in soleus and tibialis anterior rat muscle. Finally, an 8 week diet enriched in either dairy or industrial trans MUFA did not alter mitochondrial oxidative capacity in these two muscles compared with control MUFA but did induce a specific reduction in soleus mitochondrial ATP and superoxide anion production (P<0.01 vs. control). In conclusion, dietary trans MUFA of dairy or industrial origin have similar effects and do not impair muscle mitochondrial capacity and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Tardy
- INRA, UMR 1019 Nutrition Humaine, F-63122 Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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12
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Murphy CC, Murphy EJ, Golovko MY. Erucic Acid is Differentially Taken up and Metabolized in Rat Liver and Heart. Lipids 2008; 43:391-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Effects of dietary coconut oil on fatty acid oxidation capacity of the liver, the heart and skeletal muscles in the preruminant calf. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114599001506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative capacity of the liver, the heart and skeletal muscles for fatty acids were investigated in preruminant calves fed for 19 d on a milk-replacer containing either coconut oil (CO, rich in 12:0) or tallow (rich in 16:0 and 18:1). Weights of the total body and tissues did not differ significantly between the two groups of animals but plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were lower in the CO group. Feeding on the CO diet induced an 18-fold increase in the hepatic concentration of triacylglycerols. Rates of total and peroxisomal oxidation of [1-14C]laurate, [1-14C]palmitate and [1-14C]oleate were measured in fresh tissue homogenates. Higher rates of total oxidation in liver homogenate and of peroxisomal oxidation in liver, heart and rectus abdominis muscle homogenates were observed with laurate used as substrate. Furthermore, the relative contribution of peroxisomes to total oxidation was 1·9-fold higher in the liver and in the heart with laurate than with oleate or palmitate. Finally, the peroxisomal oxidation rate of oleate was 1·5-fold higher in the hearts of calves fed on the CO diet. Whatever the tissue, citrate synthase (CS, EC 4.1.3.7) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX, EC 1.9.3.1) activities were similar between the two groups of calves but the COX : CS activity ratio was lower in the liver of the CO group. In conclusion, laurate is better catabolized by peroxisomes than long-chain fatty acids, especially in the liver. Elongation of lauric acid after partial oxidation might explain the hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation in calves fed on the CO diet.
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14
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Seidel A, Gueck T, Fuhrmann H. The Influence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on total lipid fatty acid composition of a canine mastocytoma cell line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:219-24. [PMID: 15943605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2005.00711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous mast cells are considered as key immune effectors in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD). These cells release immediate-phase and late-phase mediators of inflammation. Dietary fatty acids are incorporated in cellular membranes and seem to influence mediator production and release. A dietary intervention with n6- and n3-fatty acids is thought to alleviate clinical symptoms in atopic dogs. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of n6- and n3-fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of canine mastocytoma cells (C2) as a possible model for CAD. The C2 was cultured in a basic medium called Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DEH) or with additional 14 mum linoleate (C18:2n6, DEH-LA), gamma-linolenate (C18:3n6, DEH-GLA), arachidonate (C20:4n6, DEH-AA), alpha-linolenate (C18:3n3, DEH-LnA), eicosapentaenoate (C20:5n3, DEH-EPA) or docosahexaenoate (C22:6n3, DEH-DHA). Cell growth was examined for 11 days in all media. Cell growth increased from days 1 to 8 and decreased thereafter in all media conditions. The fatty acids supplied did not influence cell growth. The cells were harvested after 8 days for fatty acid analysis. The fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography after extraction and trans-esterification of the lipids. The added fatty acids increased the concentration of these fatty acids in C2 differently (LA 4.9-fold, GLA 6.9-fold, AA 6-fold, LNA 9.3-fold, EPA 6.5-fold and DHA 8.4-fold). Furthermore, elongated and Delta6-desaturated products of the corresponding fatty acids were significantly elevated. However, Delta5-desaturated products were not measurable. These results let us assume that C2 has no measurable activity of the Delta5-desaturase. In case the low activity of Delta5-desaturase is one of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of CAD, C2 seems to be an adequate model for investigations in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seidel
- Veterinär-Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Significant utilization of dietary arachidonic acid is for brain adrenic acid in baboon neonates. J Lipid Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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16
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Danam RP, Lu MH, Lewis SM, Djuric Z, Tang N, Hart RW. The effect of dietary fat on malondialdehyde concentrations in Fischer 344 rats. Mech Ageing Dev 1999; 110:87-99. [PMID: 10580694 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(99)00057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary fat and age on the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, were investigated in cerebellum, kidney, and liver tissues of female Fischer 344 rats. Groups of rats were fed diets containing various levels of corn oil (3, 5, 10, 15, or 20%), starting at 57 days of age, for a duration of 2, 10, or 20 weeks. High fat diets are thought to promote tumor formation, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases via induction of oxidation stress, and this can begin early in the lifespan. However, it was observed that rats chronically consuming 3 and 5% corn oil diets yielded significantly higher levels of MDA, as analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, compared with those fed higher fat diets. After 20 weeks of feeding, the concentration of MDA in each of the three organs studied showed no significant differences among rats consuming diets containing 10, 15, or 20% corn oil. The levels of MDA were highest in the cerebellum, followed by kidney, and lowest in liver. Over the 20-week feeding period, a decrease in MDA level in both cerebellum and liver was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Danam
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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17
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The metabolic fate of the amido-N group of glutamine in the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract in 24 h-fasted sheep. Br J Nutr 1999. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114599000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Whole-body and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) metabolism of [5-15N]glutamine were monitored in lambs (33 kg live weight) fasted for 24 h. Animals were previously prepared with vascular catheters across the mesenteric-(MDV) and portal-drained viscera (PDV) to permit quantification of mass and isotopic transfers of metabolites by arterio-venous difference. Continuous infusions of [5-15N]glutamine into the jugular vein were conducted for 10 h and integrated blood samples withdrawn over 75 min intervals for the last 5 h of infusion. The lambs were then killed and portions from various tissues of the digestive tract and other body organs removed for determination of15N enrichment in RNA, DNA and protein (the latter obtained by difference using total acid-precipitable N). Whole-body glutamine flux was 108 μmol/min of which 23 and 47 % could be attributed to MDV and PDV metabolism (P< 0·001) respectively. There was a small net production of glutamine across the MDV. GIT blood-flows and NH3production were partitioned 3:2 between MDV and non-MDV components. Less than 5 % of the NH3produced was derived from the amido-N of glutamine, while across the small intestine (MDV) 26 % of the glutamine flux was converted to NH3, compared with 18 % for non-MDV transfers. The15N enrichments in protein were of the order jejunum > duodenum > ileum with mucosal cells more labelled than serosal (P< 0·001). Lesser enrichments were observed for other GIT tissues (abomasum > caecum > rumen) while liver and lymph were comparable with the abomasum; kidney, spleen and muscle were lower still (P< 0·05). Enrichments of RNA were similar to that of protein and followed the same pattern, except for higher relative values for liver, spleen and lymphoid tissue. The lowest enrichments were observed for DNA, but again the pattern order was similar except for increased label in lymph, caecum and the spleen. For the MDV there was reasonable agreement between15N-disappearance as glutamine and appearance in NH3(24 %), protein (81 %), RNA (3·6 %) and DNA (2·1 %). For the total PDV there was a shortfall (−12 %), however, which may be due to losses in lumen components. These results show the importance of the GIT as a contributor to total glutamine plasma flux, but indicate a lesser reliance on glutamine metabolism by the digestive tract of the ruminant compared with observations from non-ruminants.
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18
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Papamandjaris AA, MacDougall DE, Jones PJ. Medium chain fatty acid metabolism and energy expenditure: obesity treatment implications. Life Sci 1998; 62:1203-15. [PMID: 9570335 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(97)01143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids undergo different metabolic fates depending on their chain length and degree of saturation. The purpose of this review is to examine the metabolic handling of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) with specific reference to intermediary metabolism and postprandial and total energy expenditure. The metabolic discrimination between varying fatty acids begins in the GI tract, with MCFA being absorbed more efficiently than long chain fatty acids (LFCA). Subsequently, MCFA are transported in the portal blood directly to the liver, unlike LCFA which are incorporated into chylomicrons and transported through lymph. These structure based differences continue through the processes of fat utilization; MCFA enter the mitochondria independently of the carnitine transport system and undergo preferential oxidation. Variations in ketogenic and lipogenic capacity also exist. Such metabolic discrimination is supported by data in animals and humans showing increases in postprandial energy expenditure after short term feeding with MCFA. In long term MCFA feeding in animals, weight accretion has been attenuated. These differences in metabolic handling of MCFA versus LCFA are considered with the conclusion that MCFA hold potential as weight loss agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Papamandjaris
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
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19
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Clouet P, Niot I, Gresti J, Demarquoy J, Boichot J, Durand G, Bézard J. Polyunsaturated n-3 and n-6 fatty acids at a low level in the diet alter mitochondrial outer membrane parameters in Wistar rat liver. J Nutr Biochem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0955-2863(95)00123-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Barbieri B, Papadogiannakis N, Eneroth P, Olding LB. Arachidonic acid is a preferred acetyl donor among fatty acids in the acetylation of p-aminobenzoic acid by human lymphoid cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1257:157-66. [PMID: 7619856 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(95)00070-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that human lymphoid cells, such as peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBML) and the T-cell leukemia line Jurcat, synthesize p-acetamidobenzoic acid from p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and a two carbon fragment from arachidonic acid (AA), conceivably derived from beta-oxidation. Here we demonstrate that AA is a preferred substrate in this acetylation reaction over other common fatty acids such as palmitic (PA), oleic, linoleic or linolenic. This was unexpected because AA is not considered as a fuel fatty acid. In Jurcat cells, AA is also preferred as a substrate for beta-oxidation over PA. In contrast, in PBML, PA was clearly preferred as substrate for beta-oxidation over AA, in accordance with previous observations. The difference between Jurcat cells and PBML was not dependent on culture conditions, because phytohemagglutinin and interleukin-2 activated PBML, kept in culture, showed the same PA preference as freshly prepared non-activated PBML. Furthermore, we observed differences between Jurcat cells and PBML in their relative content of fatty acids and in the incorporation of PA and AA into triacylglycerols and phospholipids. Taken together, our results show differences in beta-oxidation between Jurcat cells and PBML, and suggest the involvement of peroxisomal, besides mitochondrial, beta-oxidation, in the acetylation of PABA with fatty acids as acetyl donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barbieri
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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21
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Tserng KY, Chen LS, Jin SJ. Comparison of metabolic fluxes of cis-5-enoyl-CoA and saturated acyl-CoA through the beta-oxidation pathway. Biochem J 1995; 307 ( Pt 1):23-8. [PMID: 7717980 PMCID: PMC1136740 DOI: 10.1042/bj3070023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic fluxes of cis-5-enoyl-CoAs through the beta-oxidation cycle were studied in solubilized rat liver mitochondrial samples and compared with saturated acyl-CoAs of equal chain length. These studies were accomplished using either spectrophotometric assay of enzyme activities and/or the analysis of metabolites and precursors using a gas chromatographic method after conversion of CoA esters into their free acids. Cis-5-enoyl-CoAs were dehydrogenated by acyl-CoA oxidase or acyl-CoA dehydrogenases at significantly lower rates (10-44%) than saturated acyl-CoAs. However, enoyl-CoA hydratase hydrated trans-2-cis-5-enoyl-CoA at a faster rate (at least 1.5-fold) than trans-2-enoyl-CoA. The combined activities of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase for 3-hydroxy-cis-5-enoyl-CoAs derived from cis-5-enoyl-CoAs were less than 40% of the activity for the corresponding 3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs prepared from saturated acyl-CoAs. Rat liver mitochondrial beta-oxidation enzymes were capable of metabolizing cis-5-enoyl-CoA via one cycle of beta-oxidation to cis-3-enoyl-CoA with two less carbons. However, the overall rates of one cycle of beta-oxidation, as determined with stable-isotope-labelled tracer, was only 15-25%, for cis-5-enoyl-CoA, of that for saturated acyl-CoA. In the presence of NADPH, the metabolism of cis-5-enoyl-CoAs was switched to the reduction pathway.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Tserng
- Medical Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, USA
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22
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Abstract
Fatty acids with greater than 22 carbon atoms (very long chain fatty acids, VLCFA) are present in small amounts in most animal tissues. Saturated and monoenoic VLCFA are major components of brain, while the polyenoic VLCFA occur in significant amounts in certain specialized animal tissues such as retina and spermatozoa. Biosynthesis of VLCFA occurs by carbon chain elongation of shorter chain fatty acid precursors while beta-oxidation takes place almost exclusively in peroxisomes. Mitochondria are unable to oxidize VLCFA because they lack a specific VLCFA coenzyme A synthetase, the first enzyme in the beta-oxidation pathway. VLCFA accumulate in the tissues of patients with inherited abnormalities in peroxisomal assembly, and also in individuals with defects in enzymes catalyzing individual reactions along the beta-oxidation pathway. It is believed that the accumulation of VLCFA in patient tissues contributes to the severe pathological changes which are a feature of these conditions. However, little is known of the role of VLCFA in normal cellular processes, and of the molecular basis for their contribution to the disease process. The present review provides an outline of the current knowledge of VLCFA including their biosynthesis, degradation, possible function and involvement in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Poulos
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia
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23
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Chu C, Mao LF, Schulz H. Estimation of peroxisomal beta-oxidation in rat heart by a direct assay of acyl-CoA oxidase. Biochem J 1994; 302 ( Pt 1):23-9. [PMID: 8068010 PMCID: PMC1137186 DOI: 10.1042/bj3020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of peroxisomes to palmitate beta-oxidation in rat heart was estimated by either inhibiting mitochondrial beta-oxidation or measuring the activity of acyl-CoA oxidase. When respiratory inhibitors such as KCN or antimycin plus rotenone, or inhibitors of mitochondrial fatty acid uptake such as 2-tetradecylglycidic acid or 2-bromopalmitate, were used, degrees of inhibitions ranging from 24% to 87% were observed for palmitate beta-oxidation by a rat heart homogenate. Although the oxidation of palmitoyl-L-carnitine by coupled rat heart mitochondria was almost completely (94%) inhibited by KCN, the inhibition by antimycin plus rotenone was incomplete (77%) and was stimulated by L-carnitine. A direct assay of acyl-CoA oxidase, based on the spectrophotometric measurement at 300 nm of 2,4-decadienoyl-CoA formation from 4-trans-decenoyl-CoA, was evaluated with the aim of obtaining reliable values for the activity of this enzyme, which is presumed to catalyse the rate-limiting step of peroxisomal beta-oxidation. Activities determined by use of this assay were much higher than activities obtained by a coupled assay [Small, Burdett and Connock (1985) Biochem. J. 227, 205-210] commonly used to measure the activity of acyl-CoA oxidase. However, both methods yielded the same relative activities with different tissue homogenates. Based on an estimated palmitoyl-CoA oxidase activity of 0.3 nmol/min per mg of protein, the contribution of peroxisomes to palmitate beta-oxidation in a rat heart homogenate would optimally be 4%, and most likely is several-fold lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chu
- Department of Chemistry, City College of City University of New York, NY 10031
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24
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Wanders RJ, van Roermund CW, Lageweg W, Jakobs BS, Schutgens RB, Nijenhuis AA, Tager JM. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: biochemical diagnosis and enzyme defect. J Inherit Metab Dis 1992; 15:634-44. [PMID: 1528022 DOI: 10.1007/bf01799620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The adrenoleukodystrophies refer to three genetically distinct disorders all characterized by the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids. In this paper we will review the biochemical aspects of these leukodystrophies with particular emphasis on the methods used to measure very long-chain fatty acid levels in plasma and their reliability. Furthermore, we will concentrate on the primary defect in the X-linked form of adrenoleukodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Wanders
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Lapenna D, Del Boccio G, Porreca E, Pennelli A, Mezzetti A, De Gioia S, Marzio L, Di Ilio C, Cuccurullo F. Effects of high fat-, cholesterol-enriched diet on the antioxidant defence mechanisms in the rabbit heart. FREE RADICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1992; 17:87-96. [PMID: 1468687 DOI: 10.3109/10715769209082266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In 7 rabbits fed on hyperlipidic diet (0.5% cholesterol, 5% peanut oil and 5% lard) for 4 weeks, the ventricular myocardium was tested for antioxidant defences and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Seven age-matched rabbits served as controls. The hearts were previously subjected to 45 min Langendorff perfusion to study coronary flow, developed tension and resting tension; coronary effluent values of CPK activity, pH and UV absorbance at 250 nm (i.e., low molecular weight ATP catabolites) were also investigated. After 4 weeks of diet, a significant rise of plasma cholesterol (P < 0.0001) and triglycerides (P < 0.0001) was observed. Total superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione transferase activities underwent a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the hyperlipidemic animals. On the contrary, a depression of glutathione reductase (P < 0.01) and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.01) activities, associated with decreased levels of non proteic thiol compounds (P < 0.01), was assessed. The selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase activity was not detectable in both groups. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels were significantly increased in the hyperlipidemic rabbit myocardium (P < 0.01). Even though heart hemodynamics, CPK release and perfusate pH did not differ in control and experimental animals, higher 250 nm absorbance values (P < 0.05) were detected in the myocardial effluent of hyperlipidemic rabbits. In conclusion, high fat-, cholesterol-enriched diet induces an imbalance in the rabbit heart antioxidant defences, some of which are increased, whereas others are depressed, eventually resulting in enhanced myocardial lipid peroxidation. These biochemical changes are associated with higher perfusate values of UV absorbance at 250 nm, but not with significant CPK leakage or myocardial hemodynamics derangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lapenna
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università G. D'Annunzio, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Chieti, Italy
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26
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Lageweg W, Sykes JE, Lopes-Cardozo M, Wanders RJ. Oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids in rat brain: cerotic acid is beta-oxidized exclusively in rat brain peroxisomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1085:381-4. [PMID: 1911873 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of sodium 2-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)pentyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate (POCA), a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, on fatty acid oxidation by rat brain cells. In cultured glial cells as well as in dissociated brain cells from adult rats palmitic acid (16:0) oxidation was inhibited by about 85% of control values when 25 microM POCA was added to the medium, whereas no inhibition of cerotic acid (26:0) oxidation was observed. Furthermore, omission of carnitine from the culture medium resulted in a 57.7% decrease in palmitic acid oxidation in cultured glial cells, whereas cerotic acid oxidation was not influenced. These results indicate that rat brain peroxisomes contribute only little (about 15%) to palmitic acid oxidation and provide conclusive evidence that cerotic acid is oxidized exclusively in rat brain peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lageweg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Jakobs BS, Wanders RJ. Conclusive evidence that very-long-chain fatty acids are oxidized exclusively in peroxisomes in human skin fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 178:842-7. [PMID: 1872864 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)90967-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the contribution of peroxisomes and mitochondria to the beta-oxidation of palmitate (C16:0) and cerotate (C26:0) in intact human skin fibroblasts. The oxidation of both fatty acids was found to be inhibited by rotenone plus antimycin and cyanide, respectively, although to a different extent. When 2-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)pentyl]-oxirane-2-carboxylate (POCA) was used to specifically block carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, it was found that palmitate beta-oxidation was inhibited almost completely whereas cerotate beta-oxidation was not affected. Since carnitine palmitoyltransferase is essential for the oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria this result provides conclusive evidence that oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids is initiated in peroxisomes and not in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Jakobs
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Reubsaet FA, Veerkamp JH, Brückwilder ML, Trijbels JM, Hashimoto T, Monnens LA. Immunochemical and biochemical studies of fatty acid oxidation in fibroblasts of Zellweger and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patients. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1083:305-9. [PMID: 2049396 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunoblot analyses of peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes showed that subunit A of acyl-CoA oxidase gave a stronger immunoreaction in fibroblasts of Zellweger and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patients than in those of controls. Subunits B and C and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase were detected in fibroblasts of controls and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patients, but not of Zellweger patients. Total oxidation of palmitic and lignoceric acid was normal in homogenates of fibroblasts from Zellweger and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patients. The peroxisomal oxidation of both acids was only deficient in Zellweger patients. These data may not reflect the situation in vivo, as is evident from the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids in Zellweger and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Reubsaet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Reubsaet FA, Veerkamp JH, Dirven HA, Brückwilder ML, Hashimoto T, Trijbels JM, Monnens LA. The effect of di(ethylhexyl)phthalate on fatty acid oxidation and carnitine palmitoyltransferase in various rat tissues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1047:264-70. [PMID: 2174704 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(90)90525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Male rats were fed a diet with or without 2% di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) for 12 days. Total and peroxisomal oxidation rates of palmitic and arachidonic acid were increased in homogenates of liver and kidney after DEHP administration. The relative peroxisomal contribution to the total oxidation was only higher in liver. The activities of acyl-CoA oxidase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase were also higher in both tissues. Immunoblots showed that the increase of fatty acid oxidation was associated with a higher concentration of enzymes of peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta-oxidation. DEHP did not change total and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase of homogenates of heart and skeletal muscle. The cause for the tissue-specific response is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Reubsaet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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