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Ushine N, Ozawa M, Nakayama SMM, Ishizuka M, Kato T, Hayama SI. Evaluation of the Effect of Pb Pollution on Avian Influenza Virus-Specific Antibody Production in Black-Headed Gulls ( Chroicocephalus ridibundus). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2338. [PMID: 37508115 PMCID: PMC10376737 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb), an environmental pollutant, has been widely reported to have contaminated mammals, including humans and birds. This study focuses on the effects of Pb pollution on avian influenza virus (AIV) antibody production. A total of 170 black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) were captured in Tokyo Bay (TBP) from January 2019 to April 2020 and in Mikawa Bay (MBP) from November 2019 to April 2021. The gulls were weighed, subjected to blood sampling, and released with a ring band on their tarsus. The samples were used to measure blood Pb levels (BLL) and AIV-specific antibodies. The BLL were compared using the Wilcoxon two-sample test between the period when black-headed gulls arrived and the wintering period, defined by the number of gulls counted in each area. A significant increase was found in the TBP. A decrease in BLL significantly increased antibody titer during wintering in TBP and MBP. Pb pollution had a negative effect on the production of AIV antibodies. These findings suggest that wild birds that were contaminated by Pb in the environment may facilitate the spread of zoonotic diseases, further increasing the possibility that environmental pollutants may threaten human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ushine
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino 180-0023, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Health Technology, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, Hachioji 192-0364, Japan
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Takuya Kato
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino 180-0023, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hayama
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino 180-0023, Japan
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2
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Han B, García‐Mendoza D, van den Berg H, van den Brink NW. Modulatory Effects of Pb 2+ on Virally Challenged Chicken Macrophage (HD-11) and B-Lymphocyte (DT40) Cell Lines In Vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1060-1070. [PMID: 32124477 PMCID: PMC7277059 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of lead have been found in waterfowl, due to human activities. Lead may cause immunomodulatory effects, but the mechanisms are largely unknown, especially after viral challenges. To characterize avian immunomodulatory hazards of lead (Pb)2+ , we used chicken macrophage (HD-11) and B-lymphocyte (DT40) cell lines, as in vitro models for the innate and adaptive immune systems, respectively. The cells were activated via toll-like receptor-3 by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid sodium salt (poly I:C), mimicking viral infections. Our results indicate that Pb2+ is cytotoxic to both cell lines, macrophages being more sensitive. De novo synthesis of glutathione plays an important role in protecting macrophages from Pb2+ intoxication, which might also be closely involved in the induction of nitric oxide after Pb2+ exposure. Stimulatory effects on cell proliferation were noticed at noncytotoxic Pb2+ concentrations as well. Exposure to Pb2+ could also affect the inflammatory status by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory interferon (IFN)-γ while promoting the production of anti-inflammatory type I IFNs in both macrophages and B-cells, and increasing intracellular IgM levels in B-cells. These results suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of Pb2+ in birds are probably closely associated with disruption of immune cell proliferation and cytokine production, potentially causing disorders of the avian immune system. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1060-1070. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyao Han
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Diego García‐Mendoza
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Hans van den Berg
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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3
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Metryka E, Kupnicka P, Kapczuk P, Simińska D, Tarnowski M, Goschorska M, Gutowska I, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Lead (Pb) as a Factor Initiating and Potentiating Inflammation in Human THP-1 Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062254. [PMID: 32214022 PMCID: PMC7139839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of lead (Pb) at low concentrations (imitating Pb levels in human blood in chronic environmental exposure to this metal) on interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentrations and the activity and expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in THP-1 macrophages. Macrophages were cultured in vitro in the presence of Pb at concentrations of: 1.25 μg/dL; 2.5 μg/dL; 5 μg/dL; 10 μg/dL. The first two concentrations of Pb were selected on the basis of our earlier study, which showed that Pb concentration in whole blood (PbB) of young women living in the northern regions of Poland and in the cord blood of their newborn children was within this range (a dose imitating environmental exposure). Concentrations of 5 μg/dL and 10 μg/dL correspond to the previously permissible PbB concentrations in children or pregnant women, and adults. Our results indicate that even low concentrations of Pb cause an increase in production of inflammatory interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6), increases expression of COX-1 and COX-2, and increases thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 concentration in macrophages. This clearly suggests that the development of inflammation is associated not only with COX-2 but also with COX-1, which, until recently, had only been attributed constitutive expression. It can be concluded that environmental Pb concentrations are able to activate the monocytes/macrophages similarly to the manner observed during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Metryka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Patrycja Kapczuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Donata Simińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Marta Goschorska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Vallverdú-Coll N, Mateo R, Mougeot F, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME. Immunotoxic effects of lead on birds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:505-515. [PMID: 31279197 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ingestion of lead (Pb) shot pellets is a well-known cause of avian mortality, but exposure of birds to Pb may have other sublethal effects that can affect population sustainability. One of these effects is the alteration of the immunological status. Pb can affect most components of the avian immune system and imbalance the relationship among them. Pb exposure typically alters the ratio between Th1- and Th2-type responses mounted by different classes of T-lymphocytes, causing the depression of the Th1 responses that are associated with cell-mediated immunity. Immunodepressing effects of Pb on birds are observed at blood levels above 50 μg dL-1, but developing birds show immunodepressing effects at much lower concentrations (> 10 μg dL-1). Impacts of Pb on the avian immune system also relate to reduced resistance to infection. We review immunotoxic effects of Pb on birds affected by shot ingestion as well as by other sources of exposure to this element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Vallverdú-Coll
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - François Mougeot
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel E Ortiz-Santaliestra
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Williams RJ, Karpuzoglu E, Connell H, Hurley DJ, Holladay SD, Gogal RM. Lead alters intracellular protein signaling and suppresses pro-inflammatory activation in TLR4 and IFNR-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 cells, in vitro. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:279-298. [PMID: 30890031 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1591315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a persistent environmental pollutant that has a structure and charge similar to many ions, such as calcium, that are essential for normal cellular function. Pb may compete with calcium for protein binding sites and inhibit signaling pathways within the cell affecting many organ systems including the immune system. The aim of the current study was to assess whether the calcium/calmodulin pathway is a principal target of environmentally relevant Pb during pro-inflammatory activation in a RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. RAW 264.7 cells were cultured with 5 μM Pb(NO3)2, LPS, rIFNγ, or LPS+rIFNγ for 12, 24, or 48 hr. Intracellular protein signaling and multiple functional endpoints were investigated to determine Pb-mediated effects on macrophage function. Western blot analysis revealed that Pb initially modulated nuclear localization of NFκB p65 and cytoplasmic phosphorylation of CaMKIV accompanied by increased phosphorylation of STAT1β at 24 hr. Macrophage proliferation was significantly decreased at 12 hr in the presence of Pb, while nitric oxide (NO) was significantly reduced at 12 and 24 hr. Cells cultured with Pb for 12, 24, or 48 hr exhibited altered cytokine levels after specific stimuli activation. Our findings are in agreement with previous reports suggesting that macrophage pro-inflammatory responses are significantly modulated by Pb. Further, Pb-induced phosphorylation of CaMKIV (pCaMKIV), observed in the present study, may be a contributing factor in metal-induced autophagy noted in our previous study with this same cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Williams
- a Department of Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - E Karpuzoglu
- a Department of Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - H Connell
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy South , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - D J Hurley
- c Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - S D Holladay
- a Department of Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - R M Gogal
- a Department of Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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6
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Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Olszowski T, Gutowska I, Korbecki J, Rębacz-Maron E, Barczak K, Lubkowska A, Chlubek D. Fatty acid levels alterations in THP-1 macrophages cultured with lead (Pb). J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 52:222-231. [PMID: 30732887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As cardiovascular events are one of the main causes of death in developed countries, each factor potentially increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease deserves special attention. One such factor is the potentially atherogenic effect of lead (Pb) on lipid metabolism, and is significant in view of the still considerable Pb environmental pollution and the non-degradability of Pb compounds. METHODS Analysis of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (caprylic acid (C8:0), decanoic acid (C10:0), lauric acid (C12:0), tridecanoic acid (C13:0), myristic acid (C14:0), pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), stearic acid (C18:0), and behenic acid (C22:0)), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (18:1w9), trans-vaccenic acid (C18:1 trans11)), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (linoleic acid (C18:2n6), gamma-linolenic acid (C18:3n6), arachidonic acid (C20:4n6)), was conducted by gas chromatography. Analysis of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) expression was performed using qRT-PCR. Oxidative stress intensity (malondialdehyde - MDA concentration) was measured using spectrophotometric method. Intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophages was visualized by fluorescence microscopy and quantitatively measured by plate reader. RESULTS Pb caused quantitative alterations in FAs profile in macrophages; the effect was Pb-concentration dependent and selective (i.e. concerned only selected FAs). In general, the effect of Pb was biphasic, with Pb levels of 1.25 μg/dL and 2.5 μg/dL being stimulatory, and 10 μg/dL being inhibitory on concentrations of selected FAs. The most potent Pb concentration, resulting in increase in levels of 9 FAs, was 2.5 μg/dL, the Pb-level corresponding to the mean blood Pb concentrations of people living in urban areas not contaminated by Pb. Pb was found to exert similar, biphasic effect on the expression of FADS1. However, Pb decreased, in a concentration-dependent manner, the expression of SCD and FADS2. Pb significantly increased MDA and ROS concentration in macrophages. CONCLUSION Environmental Pb exposure might be a risk factor resulting in alterations in FAs levels, oxidative stress and increased MDA concentration in macrophages, which might lead to the formation of foam cells and to inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 St., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Olszowski
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 St., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 St., 71-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 St., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Rębacz-Maron
- University of Szczecin, Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Anthropology, Institute for Research on Biodiversity, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13 St., 71-415, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Barczak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Lubkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 St., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
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7
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Perturbations of erythrocyte membrane integrity by subchronic low-level lead exposure in New Zealand white rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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8
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Vallverdú-Coll N, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, Mougeot F, Vidal D, Mateo R. Sublethal Pb exposure produces season-dependent effects on immune response, oxidative balance and investment in carotenoid-based coloration in red-legged partridges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3839-50. [PMID: 25674808 DOI: 10.1021/es505148d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of lead (Pb) shot pellets constitutes the main cause of Pb poisoning in avifauna. We studied the effects of sublethal Pb exposure on immunity, carotenoid-based coloration, oxidative stress and trade-offs among these types of responses during spring and autumn in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa). We evaluated constitutive immunity testing lysozyme and natural antibody levels, and blood bactericidal and phagocytic activities. We studied induced immunity by testing PHA and humoral responses. We analyzed fecal parasite and bacterial abundance and oxidative stress biomarkers. Pb exposure in spring reduced natural antibody levels, whereas in autumn, it reduced lysozyme levels and increased phagocytic activity. Pb exposure increased PHA response in both seasons, and decreased T-independent humoral response in autumn. Pb exposure also increased noncoliform and decreased coliform Gram-negative gut bacteria. In spring, Pb exposure decreased antioxidant levels and increased coloration in males, whereas in autumn, it increased retinol levels but reduced coloration in both genders. Our results suggest that in spring, Pb-exposed females used antioxidants to cope with oxidative stress at the expense of coloration, whereas Pb-exposed males increased coloration, which may reflect an increased breeding investment. In autumn, both genders prioritized oxidative balance maintenance at the expense of coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Vallverdú-Coll
- †Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel E Ortiz-Santaliestra
- †Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
- ‡Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - François Mougeot
- §Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA), CSIC, Ctra. De Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Dolors Vidal
- ∥Facultad de Medicina, UCLM, Edificio Polivalente, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- †Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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9
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Kasten-Jolly J, Lawrence DA. Lead modulation of macrophages causes multiorgan detrimental health effects. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2014; 28:355-72. [PMID: 24863546 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The environmental toxicant lead (Pb) has detrimental effects on a number of organ systems, including the immune system. Pb exposure decreases host immune defenses against numerous microorganisms and cancer. Although Pb effects on humoral and cell-mediated immunity as well as on erythrocyte, neural, and renal pathophysiology have been well documented, there are few reports regarding Pb's impact on innate immunity, which can affect multiorgan processes. This review focuses on Pb modulation of a key innate immune cell, the macrophage. The impact of Pb on macrophages in different organs, on immature versus mature macrophages, and on low versus high Pb concentrations is discussed. Pb decreases phagocytosis and chemotaxis of macrophages and affects nitric oxide production and eicosanoid metabolism in mature macrophages. Pretreatment of macrophages with Pb increases TNF-α secretion after in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide; however, Pb exposure decreases in vivo intracellular pathogen killing. More recent evidence from mouse studies indicates that even low, environmentally relevant, blood concentrations of Pb result in increased phagocytosis of erythrocytes and decreased expression of interferon-gamma-inducible GTPases, p65-GBP, and p47-IRG, which are necessary for intracellular pathogen killing. Taking into account the effects of Pb on macrophages, the review describes posited mechanisms to account for Pb-altered health effects; Pb effects on heme levels may play a key role as well as Pb's preferential induction of helper type-2 T (Th2) cells and M2 macrophages, which is related to oxidative stress. The discussion links old findings with new, thereby adding new insight into the effects of Pb on macrophages and the resultant compromised immunity and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kasten-Jolly
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
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10
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Arukwe A, Cangialosi MV, Letcher RJ, Rocha E, Mortensen AS. Changes in morphometry and association between whole-body fatty acids and steroid hormone profiles in relation to bioaccumulation patterns in salmon larvae exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonic or perfluorooctane carboxylic acids. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 130-131:219-230. [PMID: 23435358 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have used salmon embryos whose continuous exposure to waterborne PFOA or PFOS at 100 μg/L started as freshly fertilized eggs, and lasted for a total of 52 days. PFOS and PFOA were dissolved in methanol (carrier vehicle) whose concentration never exceeded 0.01% of total tank volume. Samples were collected at day 21, 28, 35, 52, 49 and 56 after the start of the exposure. Note that days 49 and 56 represent end of exposure and 1 week after a recovery period, respectively. Tissue bioaccumulations were determined by HPLC/MS/MS, steroid hormones, fatty acids (FAs) and lipids were determined by GC-MS, while mRNA expression levels of genes were determined by qPCR in whole body homogenate. We observed that PFOS and PFOA showed a steady increase in whole body burden during the exposure period, with a slight decrease after the recovery period. Calculated somatic indexes showed that PFOA produced increases in heart-, thymus-, liver- and kidney somatic indexes (HSI, TSI, LSI and KSI). PFOA and PFOS exposure produced significant decreases in whole body dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), estrone and testosterone at sampling day 21 and a strong increase of cortisol and cholesterol at the end of recovery period (day 56). PFOA and PFOS effects differed with DHEA and estrone. While PFOS decreased DHEA levels, PFOA produced an increase at day 49, and while PFOS decreased estrone, PFOA produced a slight increase at day 56. We observed changes in FA composition that predominantly involved increases in FA methyl esters (FAMEs), mono- and poly-unsaturated FA (MUFA and PUFA) and a decrease in n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio by both PFOA and PFOS. Particularly, an increase in - pentadecenoic MUFA (15:1), two n-3 PUFAs α-linolenic acid [ALA: 18:3 n3] and eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA: 20:5 n-3] and n-6 PUFA: arachidonic acid [ARA: 20:4 n6], docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) by PFOA and PFOS were observed. These effects were associated with changes in mRNA expression of FA elongase (FAE), Δ5-desaturase (FAD5) and Δ6-desaturase (FAD6) genes. In summary, the changes in hormonal and FA profiles may represent cellular and/or physiological adaptation to continuous PFOS and PFOA exposure by increasing membrane fluidity, and/or overt developmental effects. The present findings provide some potential insights and basis for a better understanding on the possible mechanisms of PFCs toxicity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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11
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Wågbø AM, Cangialosi MV, Cicero N, Letcher RJ, Arukwe A. Perfluorooctane Sulfonamide-Mediated Modulation of Hepatocellular Lipid Homeostasis and Oxidative Stress Responses in Atlantic Salmon Hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1253-64. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300110u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ane Marit Wågbø
- Department
of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maria V. Cangialosi
- Department of Food and Environmental
Science “Prof. G. Stagno d’Alcontres”, University of Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166, S.
Agata, Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Food and Environmental
Science “Prof. G. Stagno d’Alcontres”, University of Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166, S.
Agata, Messina, Italy
| | - Robert J. Letcher
- Ecotoxicology
and Wildlife Health
Division, Environment Canada, National
Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3,
Canada
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department
of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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12
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Abstract
The heavy metal lead is a widely deposited environmental toxicant known to impact numerous physiological systems, including the reproductive, neurological, hepatic, renal, and immune systems. Studies illustrating the capacity of lead to impair immune function and/or host resistance to disease date back to at least the 1960s. However, it has only been in recent years that lead has been recognized among a new category of immunotoxicants-those that dramatically shift immune functional capacity while producing only modest changes to immune cell populations and lymphoid organs. These relatively noncytotoxic immunomodulating chemicals and drugs represent the immunotoxic hazards most difficult to identify and problematic for risk assessment using historic approaches. As a result, such environmental factors are also among the most likely to contribute to chronic immune-related disease at relevant exposure levels. This review considers the animal and human evidence that lead exposure can produce a stark shift in immune functional capacity with a skewing predicted to elevate the risk of atopic and certain autoimmune diseases. At the same time, host defenses against infectious agents and cancer may be reduced. Age-based exposure studies also suggest that levels of blood lead previously thought to be safe, that is, below 10 microg/dl, may be associated with later life immune alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney R Dietert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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13
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Souza MJ, Degernes LA. Mortality Due to Aspergillosis in Wild Swans in Northwest Washington State, 2000–02. J Avian Med Surg 2005. [DOI: 10.1647/2004-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Dietert RR, Lee JE, Hussain I, Piepenbrink M. Developmental immunotoxicology of lead. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 198:86-94. [PMID: 15236947 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2003] [Accepted: 08/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The heavy metal, lead, is a known developmental immunotoxicant that has been shown to produce immune alterations in humans as well as other species. Unlike many compounds that exert adverse immune effects, lead exposure at low to moderate levels does not produce widespread loss of immune cells. In contrast, changes resulting from lead exposure are subtle at the immune cell population level but, nevertheless, can be functionally dramatic. A hallmark of lead-induced immunotoxicity is a pronounced shift in the balance in T helper cell function toward T helper 2 responses at the expense of T helper 1 functions. This bias alters the nature and range of immune responses that can be produced thereby influencing host susceptibility to various diseases. Immunotoxic responses to lead appear to differ across life stages not only quantitatively with regard to dose response, but also qualitatively in terms of the spectrum of immune alterations. Experimental studies in several lab animal species suggest the latter stages of gestation are a period of considerable sensitivity for lead-induced immunotoxicity. This review describes the basic characteristics of lead-induced immunotoxicity emphasizing experimental animal results. It also provides a framework for the consideration of toxicant exposure effects across life stages. The existence of and probable basis for developmental windows of immune hyper-susceptibility are presented. Finally, the potential for lead to serve as a perinatal risk factor for childhood asthma as well as other diseases is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney R Dietert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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15
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Fairbrother A, Smits J, Grasman K. Avian immunotoxicology. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2004; 7:105-137. [PMID: 14769546 DOI: 10.1080/10937400490258873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Methods for studying the avian immune system have matured during the past two decades, with laboratory studies predominating in earlier years and field studies being conducted only in the past decade. One application has been to determine the potential for environmental contaminants to produce immune suppression, while another research direction is looking at the evolutionary significance of a robust immune system, and the relationship between immune competence and fitness parameters. Laboratory studies of immunosuppression following exposure of birds to environmental contaminants have adapted conventional mammalian methods to the avian immune system, and both lines of research have developed field-deployable measures of immune function. This review describes the avian immune system with emphasis on how it differs from the better known mammalian system, reviews the literature on contaminant-induced immunosuppression, and discusses the work on evolutionary biology of avian immunocompetence. Evidence indicates that the field of avian immunology is technically robust, even for nontraditional species such as passerines, seabirds, raptors, and other free-ranging species. It is now possible to screen chemicals for immunotoxicological properties following the same tiered approach that has been established for mammals. Despite the increased capacity and interest in avian field studies, there has not yet been a reported study of measured immune suppression associated with an avian epizootic. It is more likely that the immune suppression in adult birds resulting from low-level chronic stress (e.g., crowding onto poor quality habitat, food reductions, or climate stress) and (or) environmental contaminants causes slow but consistent morbidity and mortality associated with multiple pathogens, rather than an acute epizootic with a single pathogen. Increased fitness costs associated with such stress may significantly alter genetic diversity and species survival over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fairbrother
- Western Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA.
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16
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Rosenberg CE, Fink NE, Arrieta MA, Salibián A. Effect of lead acetate on the in vitro engulfment and killing capability of toad (Bufo arenarum) neutrophils. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 136:225-33. [PMID: 14659456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lead is an element of risk for the environment and human health and has harmful effects that may exceed those of other inorganic toxicants. The immune system is one of the targets of lead. Its immunomodulatory actions depend on the level of exposure, and it has been demonstrated that environmental amounts of the metal alter immune function. Very little information is available regarding the effect of the metal on different aspects of the immune system of lower vertebrates, in particular of amphibians. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sublethal lead (as acetate) on the function of polymorphonuclear cells of Bufo arenarum. The results revealed that phagocytic and lytic functions of the adherent blood cells collected from sublethal lead-injected toads and incubated with suspensions of Candida pseudotropicalis were affected negatively. The decrease of the phagocytic activity was correlated with increased blood lead levels (P < 0.0001). Additional information referred to the total and differential leukocyte counts was presented; the only difference found was in the number of blast-like cells that resulted augmented in the samples of lead-injected toads. It was concluded that the evaluation of these parameters might be a reliable tool for the biological monitoring of the immune status of amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina E Rosenberg
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, La Plata B1900, Argentina
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17
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Mateo R, Beyer WN, Spann JW, Hoffman DJ. Relation of fatty acid composition in lead-exposed mallards to fat mobilization, lipid peroxidation and alkaline phosphatase activity. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 135:451-8. [PMID: 12965190 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(03)00148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The increase of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in animal tissues has been proposed as a mechanism of lead (Pb) poisoning through lipid peroxidation or altered eicosanoids metabolism. We have studied fatty acid (FA) composition in liver and brain of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) feeding for 3 weeks on diets containing combinations of low or high levels of vitamin E (20 or 200 UI/kg) and Pb (0 or 2 g/kg). Saturated FA, n-6 PUFA and total concentrations of FA were higher in livers of Pb-exposed mallards, but not in their brains. The percentage of n-6 PUFA in liver and brain was slightly higher in Pb-exposed mallards. The increase of n-6 PUFA in liver was associated with decreased triglycerides and increased cholesterol in plasma, thus could be in part attributed to feed refusal and fat mobilization. The hepatic ratios between adrenic acid (22:4 n-6) and arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) or between adrenic acid and linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) were higher in Pb exposed birds, supporting the existing hypothesis of increased fatty acid elongation by Pb. Among the possible consequences of increased n-6 PUFA concentration in tissues, we found increased lipid peroxidation in liver without important histopathological changes, and decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase activity that may reflect altered bone metabolism in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mateo
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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18
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Bunn TL, Parsons PJ, Kao E, Dietert RR. Gender-based profiles of developmental immunotoxicity to lead in the rat: assessment in juveniles and adults. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2001; 64:223-240. [PMID: 11594701 DOI: 10.1080/15287390152543708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gender-based differences in immunotoxicity induced by the heavy metal lead (Pb) have been observed both in the juvenile chicken and the adult rat following low-level exposure during embryonic development. To better define the gender-based differences, as related to dose following in utero exposure to Pb, potential differential sensitivities were examined after exposure of F344 rats to low concentrations of Pb (0, 50, 100, or 250 ppm Pb) ad libitum throughout gestation. Immune assessment was performed in juveniles (5 wk old) and young adults (13 wk old). At the highest (250 ppm) Pb concentration examined, the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response was depressed in females relative to gender-matched controls at both ages; relative spleen weights and relative neutrophil numbers were increased while relative and absolute monocyte numbers and relative basophil numbers were decreased at 13 but not 5 wk of age. In contrast, 250 ppm Pb-treated males did not differ in these endpoints. With in utero exposure to 100 ppm Pb, 13-wk-old females again had decreased relative and absolute monocyte numbers and increased relative neutrophil numbers, although the DTH response was unchanged. Males (with 100 ppm Pb) had increased relative neutrophil numbers, decreased relative lymphocytes, and transiently increased nitrite production seen at 5, but not 13, wk of age. After gestational exposure to 50 ppm Pb, minimal immunotoxic effects were observed in either males or females at either developmental age assessed. These results suggest that differential gender-based immunotoxicity profiles exist after gestational Pb exposure depending on the concentration of Pb administered to the dam. In utero exposure of dams to 250 ppm Pb results in more profound immunotoxicity in females than males. Males arenot more sensitive to lower concentrations of Pb than females. Since the 50 ppm exposure produced minimal changes, these data may provide information to establish a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for in utero exposure to Pb. Additionally, while most effects were evident at both juvenile and adult ages, some changes were not fully evident until measured in the adult. Most changes were persistent with only one exception (male nitrite levels at 100 ppm).
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Bunn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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19
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Kramer J, Visscher AH, Wagenaar JA, Boonstra-Blom AG, Jeurissen SH. Characterization of the innate and adaptive immunity to Salmonella enteritidis PT1 infection in four broiler lines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 79:219-33. [PMID: 11389957 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four broiler lines were inoculated orally with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 1 at the age of 7 days (experiment A: lines 1 and 2) and at the age of 1 day (experiment B: lines 3 and 4). At various days post-infection chickens were sacrificed and the number of Salmonella in the caeca, liver, and spleen were determined. Furthermore, phagocytic activity, cellular immune responses, and humoral responses were determined using, respectively, single-cell suspensions of spleen or intestine and serum. In both experiments, similar trends were seen. Increased numbers of S. enteritidis were found in the caeca of lines 1 and 3, whereas at the same time a decreased colonization was found in the spleen and in the liver, as compared to lines 2 and 4. In the latter two lines, the phagocytic activity of the phagocytes was higher and the humoral responses were lower. Observations from this study suggest that lower activity of phagocytes and higher humoral activity prevent systemic S. enteritidis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kramer
- Department of Genetics and Reproduction, Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-Lelystad), PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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20
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Lee JE, Chen S, Golemboski KA, Parsons PJ, Dietert RR. Developmental windows of differential lead-induced immunotoxicity in chickens. Toxicology 2001; 156:161-70. [PMID: 11164618 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The developing immune system of rodents has been shown to exhibit increased sensitivity to lead-induced immunotoxicity compared with that of adults. However, little is known about potential windows of increased vulnerability during discrete periods of embryonic development. To investigate differential embryonic sensitivity to lead-induced immunotoxicity, sublethal doses of lead ranging from 5 to 400 microg/egg were introduced into fertilized Cornell K Strain White Leghorn chicken eggs via the air sac at one of four different stages of embryonic development (5, 7, 9, and 12 days of incubation, designated as E5, E7, E9, and E12, respectively). Lead levels of blood and bone were determined at hatching and lead-induced immunotoxicity was evaluated in 5-6 week old young chickens using a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction against bovine serum albumin (BSA), macrophage production of nitric oxide, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by splenic lymphocytes as immune indicators. Splenic lymphocyte production of IFN-gamma was significantly suppressed (measured for E7 and E9 exposures only, P<0.05) among lead treated groups when compared with controls. Macrophage production of nitric oxide (measured as nitrite production) was significantly depressed (P<0.05) following E5, E7, and E9 lead exposures but not following E12 lead exposure. In contrast with this pattern, DTH function was unaltered following the E5, E7, and E9 exposures, but was significantly depressed (P<0.05) after E12 exposure to lead. Since the same lead dose (200 microg/egg) given at E9 and E12 produced the same blood and bone lead levels and resulted in a different outcome regarding DTH function, the capacity of lead to influence DTH function appeared to emerge between days 9 and 12 of in ovo development. Based on these results, it is hypothesized that lead exposure during different windows of embryonic development is likely to result in different immunotoxic outcomes in the juvenile.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Comparative and Environmental Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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