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Walker CH, Bennett T. Cytokinin and reproductive shoot architecture: bigger and better? Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1885-1893. [PMID: 39083016 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Cytokinin (CK) is a key plant hormone, but one whose effects are often misunderstood, partly due to reliance on older data from before the molecular genetic age of plant science. In this mini-review, we examine the role of CK in controlling the reproductive shoot architecture of flowering plants. We begin with a long overdue re-examination of the role of CK in shoot branching, and discuss the relatively paucity of genetic evidence that CK does play a major role in this process. We then examine the role of CK in determining the number of inflorescences, flowers, fruit and seed that plants initiate during reproductive development, and how these are arranged in space and time. The genetic evidence for a major role of CK in controlling these processes is much clearer, and CK has profound effects in boosting the size and number of most reproductive structures. Conversely, the attenuation of CK levels during the reproductive phase likely contributes to reduced organ size seen later in flowering, and the ultimate arrest of inflorescence meristems during end-of-flowering. We finish by discussing how this information can potentially be used to improve crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona H Walker
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Tom Bennett
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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2
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Ahmad S, Lu C, Gao J, Wei Y, Xie Q, Jin J, Zhu G, Yang F. Integrated proteomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic profiling reveals that the gibberellin-abscisic acid hub runs flower development in the Chinese orchid Cymbidium sinense. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae073. [PMID: 38738212 PMCID: PMC11088716 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The seasonal flowering Chinese Cymbidium produce an axillary floral meristem and require a dormancy period during cold conditions for flower development. However, the bud activation mechanism remains elusive. This study evaluates the multi-omics across six stages of flower development, along with functional analysis of core genes to decipher the innate mechanism of floral bud initiation and outgrowth in the Chinese orchid Cymbidium sinense. Transcriptome and proteome analyses identified 10 modules with essential roles in floral bud dormancy and activation. Gene clusters in the early stages of flower development were mainly related to flowering time regulation and meristem determination, while the late stages were correlated with hormone signaling pathways. The metabolome identified 69 potential hormones in which gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were the main regulatory hubs, and GA4 and GA53 exhibited a reciprocal loop. Extraneous GA application caused rapid elongation of flower buds and promoted the expression of flower development genes. Contrarily, exogenous ABA application extended the dormancy process and ABA inhibitors induced dormancy release. Moreover, CsAPETALA1 (CsAP1) was identified as the potential target of ABA for floral bud activation. Transformation of CsAP1 in Arabidopsis and its transient overexpression in C. sinense protoplasts not only affected flowering time and floral organ morphogenesis in Arabidopsis but also orchestrated the expression of flowering and hormone regulatory genes. The presence of ABA response elements in the CsAP1 promoter, rapid downregulation of CsAP1 after exogenous ABA application, and the activation of the floral bud after ABA inhibitor treatment suggest that ABA can control bud outgrowth through CsAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagheer Ahmad
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chuqiao Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yonglu Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianpeng Jin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Genfa Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fengxi Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
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3
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Zhu J, Yu Z, He L, Jiang Y, Cao X, Song X. The molecular mechanisms and environmental effects of modified clay control algal blooms in aquacultural water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 337:117715. [PMID: 36934499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Modified clay (MC) technology is an effective method for controlling harmful algal blooms (HABs). Based on field experience, a bloom does not continue after treatment with MC, even though the residual HAB biomass accounts for 20-30% of the initial biomass. Laboratory studies using unialgal cultures have found that MC could inhibit the growth of the residual algal cells to prevent HABs. Nevertheless, the phytoplankton in field waters is diverse. Therefore, unclassified complex mechanisms may exist. To illustrate the molecular mechanisms through which MC controls HABs in the field and verify the previous laboratory findings, a series of experiments and bioinformatics analyses were conducted using bloom waters from aquacultural ponds. The results showed that a 72.29% removal efficiency of algal biomass could effectively control blooms. The metatranscriptomic results revealed that the number of downregulated genes (131,546) was greater than that of upregulated genes (24,318) at 3 h after MC addition. Among these genes, several genes related to DNA replication were downregulated; however, genes involved in DNA repair were upregulated. Metabolism-related pathways were the most significantly upregulated (q < 0.05), including photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation. The results also showed that MC reduced most of the biomass of the dominant phytoplankton species, likely by removing apical dominance, which increased the diversity and stability of the phytoplankton community. In addition to reducing the pathogenic bacterial density, MC reduced the concentrations of PO43- (96.22%) and SiO32- (66.77%), thus improving the aquaculture water quality, altering the phytoplankton community structure (the proportion of Diatomea decreased, and that of Chlorophyta increased), and inhibiting phytoplankton growth. These effects hindered the rapid development of large phytoplankton biomasses and allowed the community structure to remain stable, reducing HAB threats. This study illustrates the molecular mechanisms through which MC controls HABs in the field and provides a scientific method for removing HABs in aquacultural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Liyan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yuxin Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xihua Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiuxian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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4
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Soliman S, Wang Y, Han Z, Pervaiz T, El-kereamy A. Strigolactones in Plants and Their Interaction with the Ecological Microbiome in Response to Abiotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3499. [PMID: 36559612 PMCID: PMC9781102 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones play an essential role in enhancing plant tolerance by responding to abiotic stresses, such as nutrient deficiency, drought, high temperature, and light stress. Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid derivatives that occur naturally in plants and are defined as novel phytohormones that regulate plant metabolism, growth, and development. Strigolactone assists plants in the acquisition of defensive characteristics against drought stress by initiating physiological responses and mediating the interaction with soil microorganisms. Nutrient deficiency is an important abiotic stress factor, hence, plants perform many strategies to survive against nutrient deficiency, such as enhancing the efficiency of nutrient uptake and forming beneficial relationships with microorganisms. Strigolactone attracts various microorganisms and provides the roots with essential elements, including nitrogen and phosphorus. Among these advantageous microorganisms are arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), which regulate plant metabolic activities through phosphorus providing in roots. Bacterial nodulations are also nitrogen-fixing microorganisms found in plant roots. This symbiotic relationship is maintained as the plant provides organic molecules, produced in the leaves, that the bacteria could otherwise not independently generate. Related stresses, such as light stress and high-temperature stress, could be affected directly or indirectly by strigolactone. However, the messengers of these processes are unknown. The most prominent connector messengers have been identified upon the discovery of SLs and the understanding of their hormonal effect. In addition to attracting microorganisms, these groups of phytohormones affect photosynthesis, bridge other phytohormones, induce metabolic compounds. In this article, we highlighted the brief information available on SLs as a phytohormone group regarding their common related effects. In addition, we reviewed the status and described the application of SLs and plant response to abiotic stresses. This allowed us to comprehend plants' communication with the ecological microbiome as well as the strategies plants use to survive under various stresses. Furthermore, we identify and classify the SLs that play a role in stress resistance since many ecological microbiomes are unexplained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabry Soliman
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tariq Pervaiz
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ashraf El-kereamy
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Eisa EA, Tilly-Mándy A, Honfi P, Shala AY, Gururani MA. Chrysanthemum: A Comprehensive Review on Recent Developments on In Vitro Regeneration. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1774. [PMID: 36552283 PMCID: PMC9775112 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum is a flowering plant grown worldwide and is one of the most popular ornamental plants. Chrysanthemums are usually cultivated using root suckers and shoot cuttings. This conventional technique is relatively slow. In addition, as cuttings are gained regularly from mother plants, there is a chance of viral infection and degeneration, which raises the production cost. The hurdles mentioned above have been managed by applying in vitro propagation techniques, which can enhance reproduction rates through in vitro culture and use very small explants, which are impossible with the conventional approach. Usually, it is difficult to get true-to-type plants as the parents with good quality, but clonal propagation of a designated elite species makes it possible. Hence, this review highlights recent studies of the in vitro propagation of Chrysanthemum included; the appropriate explant sources, medium compositions, alternative disinfection of culture media, plant growth regulators (PGRs), different mutagenesis applications, acclimatization efficiency, and alternative light sources to overcome the shortcomings of conventional propagation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abdelhakim Eisa
- Department of Floriculture and Dendrology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science (MATE), 1118 Budapest, Hungary
- Botanical Gardens Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Andrea Tilly-Mándy
- Department of Floriculture and Dendrology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science (MATE), 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Honfi
- Department of Floriculture and Dendrology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science (MATE), 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Awad Yousef Shala
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Mayank Anand Gururani
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Belhassine F, Pallas B, Pierru-Bluy S, Martinez S, Fumey D, Costes E. A genotype-specific architectural and physiological profile is involved in the flowering regularity of apple trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2306-2318. [PMID: 35951430 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In polycarpic plants, meristem fate varies within individuals in a given year. In perennials, the proportion of floral induction (FI) in meristems also varies between consecutive years and among genotypes of a given species. Previous studies have suggested that FI of meristems could be determined by the within-plant competition for carbohydrates and by hormone signaling as key components of the flowering pathway. At the genotypic level, variability in FI was also associated with variability in architectural traits. However, the part of genotype-dependent variability in FI that can be explained by either tree architecture or tree physiology is still not fully understood. This study aimed at deciphering the respective effect of architectural and physiological traits on FI variability within apple trees by comparing six genotypes with contrasted architectures. Shoot type demography as well as the flowering and fruit production patterns were followed over 6 years and characterized by different indexes. Architectural morphotypes were then defined based on architectural traits using a clustering approach. For two successive years, non-structural starch content in leaf, stem and meristems, and hormonal contents (gibberellins, cytokinins, auxin and abscisic acid) in meristems were quantified and correlated to FI within-tree proportions. Based on a multi-step regression analysis, cytokinins and gibberellins content in meristem, starch content in leaves and the proportion of long shoots in tree annual growth were shown to contribute to FI. Although the predictive linear model of FI was common to all genotypes, each of the explicative variables had a different weight in FI determination, depending on the genotype. Our results therefore suggest both a common determination model and a genotype-specific architectural and physiological profile linked to its flowering behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Belhassine
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, TA A-108/01 Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- ITK, 34830, Clapiers, France
| | - Benoît Pallas
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, TA A-108/01 Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sylvie Pierru-Bluy
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, TA A-108/01 Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sébastien Martinez
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, TA A-108/01 Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Evelyne Costes
- AGAP Institut, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, TA A-108/01 Avenue d'Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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7
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Xiao F, Zhao Y, Wang X, Yang Y. Targeted Metabolic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Pinus yunnanensis var. pygmaea with Loss of Apical Dominance. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5485-5497. [PMID: 36354683 PMCID: PMC9688957 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44110371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pinus yunnanensis var. pygmaea demonstrates obvious loss of apical dominance, inconspicuous main trunk, which can be used as an ideal material for dwarfing rootstocks. In order to find out the reasons for the lack of apical dominance of P. pygmaea, endogenous phytohormone content determination by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and comparative transcriptomes were performed on the shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem of three pine species (P. massoniana, P. pygmaea, and P. elliottii). The results showed that the lack of CK and the massive accumulation of ABA and GA-related hormones may be the reasons for the loss of shoot apical dominance and the formation of multi-branching, the abnormal synthesis of diterpenoid biosynthesis may lead to the influence of GA-related synthesis, and the high expression of GA 2-oxidase (GA2ox) gene may be the cause of dwarfing. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) screened some modules that were highly expressed in the shoot apical meristem of P. pygmaea. These findings provided valuable information for identifying the network regulation of shoot apical dominance loss in P. pygmaea and enhanced the understanding of the molecular mechanism of shoot apical dominance growth differences among Pinus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou/Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province/College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou/Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province/College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou/Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province/College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yao Yang
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou/Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province/College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Thelander M, Landberg K, Muller A, Cloarec G, Cunniffe N, Huguet S, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Brunaud V, Coudert Y. Apical dominance control by TAR-YUC-mediated auxin biosynthesis is a deep homology of land plants. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3838-3846.e5. [PMID: 35841890 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A key aim in biology is to identify which genetic changes contributed to the evolution of form through time. Apical dominance, the inhibitory effect exerted by shoot apices on the initiation or outgrowth of distant lateral buds, is a major regulatory mechanism of plant form.1 Nearly a century of studies in the sporophyte of flowering plants have established the phytohormone auxin as a front-runner in the search for key factors controlling apical dominance,2,3 identifying critical roles for long-range polar auxin transport and local auxin biosynthesis in modulating shoot branching.4-10 A capacity for lateral branching evolved by convergence in the gametophytic shoot of mosses and primed its diversification;11 however, polar auxin transport is relatively unimportant in this developmental process,12 the contribution of auxin biosynthesis genes has not been assessed, and more generally, the extent of conservation in apical dominance regulation within the land plants remains largely unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we sought to identify genetic determinants of apical dominance in the moss Physcomitrium patens. Here, we show that leafy shoot apex decapitation releases apical dominance through massive and rapid transcriptional reprogramming of auxin-responsive genes and altering auxin biosynthesis gene activity. We pinpoint a subset of P. patens TRYPTOPHAN AMINO-TRANSFERASE (TAR) and YUCCA FLAVIN MONOOXYGENASE-LIKE (YUC) auxin biosynthesis genes expressed in the main and lateral shoot apices and show that they are essential for coordinating branch initiation and outgrowth. Our results demonstrate that local auxin biosynthesis acts as a pivotal regulator of apical dominance in moss and constitutes a shared mechanism underpinning shoot architecture control in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Thelander
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Landberg
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arthur Muller
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, Lyon 69007, France; Experimental Biology Research Group, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gladys Cloarec
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, Lyon 69007, France; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Nik Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Stéphanie Huguet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France; Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France; Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Véronique Brunaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France; Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Yoan Coudert
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, Lyon 69007, France.
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Yang L, Zhu S, Xu J. Roles of auxin in the inhibition of shoot branching in 'Dugan' fir. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1411-1431. [PMID: 35088089 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Shoot branching substantially impacts vegetative and reproductive growth as well as wood characteristics in perennial woody species by shaping the shoot system architecture. Although plant hormones have been shown to play a fundamental role in shoot branching in annual species, their corresponding actions in perennial woody plants are largely unknown, in part due to the lack of branching mutants. Here, we demonstrated the role of plant hormones in bud dormancy transition toward activation and outgrowth in woody plants by comparing the physiological and molecular changes in the apical shoot stems of 'Yangkou' 020 fir and 'Dugan' fir, two Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) clones with normal and completely abolished branching phenotypes, respectively. Our studies showed that the defect in bud outgrowth was the cause of failed shoot branching in 'Dugan' fir whereas apically derived signals acted as triggers of this ectopic bud activity. Further studies indicated that auxin played a key role in inhibiting bud outgrowth in 'Dugan' fir. During bud dormancy release, the differential auxin resistant 1/Like AUX1 (AUX1/LAX) and PIN-formed (PIN) activity resulted in an ectopic auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) accumulation in the apical shoot stem of 'Dugan' fir, which could inhibit the cell cycle in the axillary meristem by decreasing cytokinin (CK) biosynthesis but increasing abscisic acid (ABA) production and response through the signaling pathway. In contrast, during bud activation and outgrowth, the striking increase in auxin biosynthesis and PIN activity in the shoot tip of 'Dugan' fir may trigger the correlative inhibition of axillary buds by modulating the polar auxin transport stream (PATS) and connective auxin transport (CAT) in shoots, and by influencing the biosynthesis of secondary messengers, including CK, gibberellin (GA) and ABA, thereby inducing the paradormancy of axillary buds in 'Dugan' fir by apical dominance under favorable conditions. The findings of this study provide important insights into the roles of plant hormones in bud outgrowth control in perennial woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Yang
- Department of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Sheng Zhu
- Department of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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10
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Rehman OU, Uzair M, Chao H, Fiaz S, Khan MR, Chen M. Role of the type-B authentic response regulator gene family in fragrant rice under alkaline salt stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13696. [PMID: 35502736 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, rice is being consumed as a main staple food and faces different kinds of biotic and abiotic stresses such drought, salinity, and pest attacks. Through the cytokinin signaling, Type-B authentic response regulators (ARR-Bs) respond positively towards the environmental stimuli. ARR-Bs are involved in abiotic stress tolerance and plant development but their molecular mechanisms in fragrant rice are still not fully explored. The current study showed the genome-wide characterization of OsARR-B genes under alkaline salt stress. Results showed that in total, 24 OsARR-B genes were found and divided into four subgroups on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis. These genes were located on all rice chromosomes except 8 and 10. Analysis of gene duplications, gene structure, cis-elements, protein-protein interactions, and miRNA were performed. Gene ontology analysis showed that OsARR-B genes are involved in plant development through the regulation of molecular functions, biological processes, and cellular components. Furthermore, 117 and 192 RNA editing sites were detected in chloroplast and mitochondrial genes, respectively, encoding proteins of OsARR-B. In chloroplast and mitochondrial genes, six and nine types of amino acid changes, respectively, were caused by RNA editing, showing that RNA editing has a role in the alkaline salt stress tolerance in fragrant rice. We also used a comparative transcriptome approach to study the gene expression changes in alkaline tolerant and susceptible genotypes. Under alkaline salt stress, OsARR-B5, OsARR-B7, OsARR-B9, OsARR-B10, OsARR-B16, OsARR-B22, and OsARR-B23 showed higher transcript levels in alkaline salt tolerant genotypes as compared to susceptible ones. Quantitative RT-PCR showed upregulation of gene expression in the alkaline tolerant genotypes under alkaline stress. Our study explored the gene expression profiling and RESs of two rice contrasting genotypes, which will help to understand the molecular mechanisms of alkaline salt tolerance in fragrant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaid Ur Rehman
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Uzair
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haoyu Chao
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sajid Fiaz
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | | | - Ming Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Yi M, Yang H, Yang S, Wang J. Overexpression of SHORT-ROOT2 transcription factor enhances the outgrowth of mature axillary buds in poplar trees. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2469-2486. [PMID: 35107566 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SHORT-ROOT (SHR) transcription factors play important roles in asymmetric cell division and radial patterning of Arabidopsis roots. In hybrid poplar (P. tremula × P. alba clone INRA 717-1B4), PtaSHR2 was preferentially expressed in axillary buds (AXBs) and transcriptionally up-regulated during AXB maturation and activation. Overexpression of SHR2 (PtSHR2OE) induced an enhanced outgrowth of AXBs below the bud maturation point, with a simultaneous transition of an active shoot apex into an arrested terminal bud. The larger and more mature AXBs of PtSHR2OE trees revealed altered expression of genes involved in axillary meristem initiation and bud activation, as well as a higher ratio of cytokinin to auxin. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of PtSHR2OE-induced high branching, subsequent molecular and biochemical studies showed that compared with wild-type trees, decapitation induced a quicker bud outburst in PtSHR2OE trees, which could be fully inhibited by exogenous application of auxin or cytokinin biosynthesis inhibitor, but not by N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid. Our results indicated that overexpression of PtSHR2B disturbed the internal hormonal balance in AXBs by interfering with the basipetal transport of auxin, rather than causing auxin biosynthesis deficiency or auxin insensitivity, thereby releasing mature AXBs from apical dominance and promoting their outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglei Yi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Heyu Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaohui Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiehua Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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12
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Khuvung K, Silva Gutierrez FAO, Reinhardt D. How Strigolactone Shapes Shoot Architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:889045. [PMID: 35903239 PMCID: PMC9315439 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.889045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite its central role in the control of plant architecture, strigolactone has been recognized as a phytohormone only 15 years ago. Together with auxin, it regulates shoot branching in response to genetically encoded programs, as well as environmental cues. A central determinant of shoot architecture is apical dominance, i.e., the tendency of the main shoot apex to inhibit the outgrowth of axillary buds. Hence, the execution of apical dominance requires long-distance communication between the shoot apex and all axillary meristems. While the role of strigolactone and auxin in apical dominance appears to be conserved among flowering plants, the mechanisms involved in bud activation may be more divergent, and include not only hormonal pathways but also sugar signaling. Here, we discuss how spatial aspects of SL biosynthesis, transport, and sensing may relate to apical dominance, and we consider the mechanisms acting locally in axillary buds during dormancy and bud activation.
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13
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West NM, Louda SM. Inconsistent annual compensation for floral herbivory by an iterocarpic thistle. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1889-1901. [PMID: 34665459 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plants experiencing steep reproductive losses from herbivores should favor strategies promoting tolerance or resistance to that herbivory. However, the degree to which such strategies succeed in improving plant fitness under natural conditions needs further evaluation, especially for iterocarpic species. We tested whether reproductive effort by the iterocarpic Cirsium undulatum Spreng. (Wavyleaf thistle) provided within-season tolerance for floral herbivory through response to apical damage. METHODS We imposed apical damage and manipulated floral herbivory on later-flowering, non-apical flowerheads for two seasons. We asked: (1) is there evidence of compensatory potential to tolerate apical flowerhead damage? If so, (2) does the amount of herbivore pressure on non-apical flowerheads influence the magnitude of any compensatory response; and (3) is the response to apical damage sufficient to increase plant seed production under ambient floral herbivory over the flowering season? RESULTS Plants showed compensatory potential for apical head loss; apical damage increased seed contributions from later, lower positioned flowerheads. Further, the intensity of subsequent herbivore pressure influenced compensation outcomes. Equitable seed production under both levels of ambient herbivory occurred only in the year in which plants were larger and insect pressure was lower. Finally, the response to apical damage was sufficient to compensate for apical seed loss, but it did not consistently increase overall annual seed production under ambient floral herbivory. CONCLUSIONS Although this iterocarpic species can compensate for apical damage, tolerance for floral herbivory varied between years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M West
- USDA-ARS Pest Management Research Unit, Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, Sidney, Montana, 59270, USA
| | - Svata M Louda
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln Nebraska, 68588-0118, USA
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14
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Perkovich C, Ward D. Aboveground herbivory causes belowground changes in twelve oak
Quercus
species: a phylogenetic analysis of root biomass and non‐structural carbohydrate storage. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Ward
- Kent State Univ., Biological Sciences Kent Ohio USA
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15
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Phenotyping Almond Orchards for Architectural Traits Influenced by Rootstock Choice. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7070159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cropping potential of almond (Prunus amygdalus (L.) Batsch, syn P. dulcis (Mill.)) cultivars is determined by their adaptation to edaphoclimatic and environmental conditions. The effects of scion–rootstock interactions on vigor have a decisive impact on this cropping success. Intensively planted orchards with smaller less vigorous trees present several potential benefits for increasing orchard profitability. While several studies have examined rootstock effects on tree vigor, it is less clear how rootstocks influence more specific aspects of tree architecture. The objective of this current study was to identify which architectural traits of commercially important scion cultivars are influenced by rootstock and which of these traits can be useful as descriptors of rootstock performance in breeding evaluations. To do this, 6 almond cultivars of commercial significance were grafted onto 5 hybrid rootstocks, resulting in 30 combinations that were measured after their second year of growth. We observed that rootstock choice mainly influenced branch production, but the effects were not consistent across the different scion–rootstock combinations evaluated. This lack of consistency in response highlights the importance of the unique interaction between each rootstock and its respective scion genotype.
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16
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Kotov AA, Kotova LM, Romanov GA. Signaling network regulating plant branching: Recent advances and new challenges. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 307:110880. [PMID: 33902848 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Auxin alone or supplemented with cytokinins and strigolactones were long considered as the main player(s) in the control of apical dominance (AD) and correlative inhibition of the lateral bud outgrowth, the processes that shape the plant phenotype. However, past decade data indicate a more sophisticated pathways of AD regulation, with the involvement of mobile carbohydrates which perform both signal and trophic functions. Here we provide a critical comprehensive overview of the current status of the AD problem. This includes insight into intimate mechanisms regulating directed auxin transport in axillary buds with participation of phytohormones and sugars. Also roles of auxin, cytokinin and sugars in the dormancy or sustained growth of the lateral meristems were assigned. This review not only provides the latest data on implicated phytohormone crosstalk and its relationship with the signaling of sugars and abscisic acid, new AD players, but also focuses on the emerging biochemical mechanisms, at first positive feedback loops involving both sugars and hormones, that ensure the sustained bud growth. Data show that sugars act in concert with cytokinins but antagonistically to strigolactone signaling. A complex bud growth regulating network is demonstrated and unresolved issues regarding the hormone-carbohydrate regulation of AD are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Kotov
- Timirjazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Liudmila M Kotova
- Timirjazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy A Romanov
- Timirjazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia.
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17
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Hou M, Wu D, Li Y, Tao W, Chao L, Zhang Y. The role of auxin in nitrogen-modulated shoot branching. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1885888. [PMID: 33570443 PMCID: PMC7971330 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1885888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Shoot branching is determined by axillary bud formation and outgrowth and remains one of the most variable determinants of yield in many crops. Plant nitrogen (N) acquired mainly in the forms of nitrate and ammonium from soil, dominates plant development, and high-yield crop production relies heavily on N fertilization. In this review, the regulation of axillary bud outgrowth by N availability and forms is summarized in plant species. The mechanisms of auxin function in this process have been well characterized and reviewed, while recent literature has highlighted that auxin export from a bud plays a critical role in N-modulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daxia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenqing Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- CONTACT Yali Zhang State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
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18
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Hou M, Luo F, Wu D, Zhang X, Lou M, Shen D, Yan M, Mao C, Fan X, Xu G, Zhang Y. OsPIN9, an auxin efflux carrier, is required for the regulation of rice tiller bud outgrowth by ammonium. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:935-949. [PMID: 32865276 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The degree of rice tillering is an important agronomic trait that can be markedly affected by nitrogen supply. However, less is known about how nitrogen-regulated rice tillering is related to polar auxin transport. Compared with nitrate, ammonium induced tiller development and was paralleled with increased 3 H-indole-acetic acid (IAA) transport and greater auxin into the junctions. OsPIN9, an auxin efflux carrier, was selected as the candidate gene involved in ammonium-regulated tillering based on GeneChip data. Compared with wild-type plants, ospin9 mutants had fewer tillers, and OsPIN9 overexpression increased the tiller number. Additionally, OsPIN9 was mainly expressed in vascular tissue of the junction and tiller buds, and encoded a membrane-localised protein. Heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes and yeast demonstrated that OsPIN9 is a functional auxin efflux transporter. More importantly, its RNA and protein levels were induced by ammonium but not by nitrate, and tiller numbers in mutants did not respond to nitrogen forms. Further advantages, including increased tiller number and grain yield, were observed in overexpression lines grown in the paddy field at a low-nitrogen rate compared with at a high-nitrogen rate. Our data revealed that ammonium supply and an auxin efflux transporter co-ordinately control tiller bud elongation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feifei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Daxia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Manman Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Defeng Shen
- Molecular Biology Group, Wageningen University Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Ming Yan
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Chuanzao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaorong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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19
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Shang Y, Yuan L, Di Z, Jia Y, Zhang Z, Li S, Xing L, Qi Z, Wang X, Zhu J, Hua W, Wu X, Zhu M, Li G, Li C. A CYC/TB1-type TCP transcription factor controls spikelet meristem identity in barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7118-7131. [PMID: 32915968 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Barley possesses a branchless, spike-shaped inflorescence where determinate spikelets attach directly to the main axis, but the developmental mechanism of spikelet identity remains largely unknown. Here we report the functional analysis of the barley gene BRANCHED AND INDETERMINATE SPIKELET 1 (BDI1), which encodes a TCP transcription factor and plays a crucial role in determining barley inflorescence architecture and spikelet development. The bdi1 mutant exhibited indeterminate spikelet meristems that continued to grow and differentiate after producing a floret meristem; some spikelet meristems at the base of the spike formed two fully developed seeds or converted to branched spikelets, producing a branched inflorescence. Map-based cloning analysis showed that this mutant has a deletion of ~600 kb on chromosome 5H containing three putative genes. Expression analysis and virus-induced gene silencing confirmed that the causative gene, BDI1, encodes a CYC/TB1-type TCP transcription factor and is highly conserved in both wild and cultivated barley. Transcriptome and regulatory network analysis demonstrated that BDI1 may integrate regulation of gene transcription cell wall modification and known trehalose-6-phosphate homeostasis to control spikelet development. Together, our findings reveal that BDI1 represents a key regulator of inflorescence architecture and meristem determinacy in cereal crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shang
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/ JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaocan Di
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/ JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Jia
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA, Australia
| | - Zhenlan Zhang
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- Central Laboratory of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liping Xing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/ JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zengjun Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/ JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinghuan Zhu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Hua
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minqiu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/ JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Li
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA, Australia
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
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20
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Fan Z, Wang K, Rao J, Cai Z, Tao LZ, Fan Y, Yang J. Interactions Among Multiple Quantitative Trait Loci Underlie Rhizome Development of Perennial Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:591157. [PMID: 33281851 PMCID: PMC7689344 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.591157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perennial crops have some advantages over annuals in soil erosion prevention, lower labor and water requirements, carbon sequestration, and maintenance of thriving soil ecosystems. Rhizome, a kind of root-like underground stem, is a critical component of perenniality, which allows many grass species to survive through harsh environment. Identification of rhizome-regulating genes will contribute to the development of perennial crops. There have been no reports on the cloning of such genes until now, which bring urgency for identification of genes controlling rhizomatousness. Using rhizomatous Oryza longistaminata and rhizome-free cultivated rice as male and female parents, respectively, genetic populations were developed to identify genes regulating rhizome. Both entire population genotyping and selective genotyping mapping methods were adopted to detect rhizome-regulating quantitative trait loci (QTL) in 4 years. Results showed that multiple genes regulated development of rhizomes, with over 10 loci related to rhizome growth. At last, five major-effect loci were identified including qRED1.2, qRED3.1, qRED3.3, qRED4.1, and qRED4.2. It has been found that the individual plant with well-developed rhizomes carried at least three major-effect loci and a certain number of minor-effect loci. Both major-effect and minor-effect loci worked together to control rhizome growth, while no one could work alone. These results will provide new understanding of genetic regulation on rhizome growth and reference to the subsequent gene isolation in rice. And the related research methods and results in this study will contribute to the research on rhizome of other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jianglei Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhongquan Cai
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Li-Zhen Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yourong Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiangyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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21
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Chaturvedi R, Giri M, Chowdhury Z, Venables BJ, Mohanty D, Petros RA, Shah J. CYP720A1 function in roots is required for flowering time and systemic acquired resistance in the foliage of Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6612-6622. [PMID: 32793967 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defense mechanism that systemically enhances resistance against pathogens in foliar tissues. SAR, which engages salicylic acid (SA) signaling, shares molecular components with the autonomous pathway, which is involved in controlling flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana. FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD) is one such autonomous pathway component that is required for flowering time and the systemic accumulation of SA during SAR. Here, we show that CYP720A1, a putative cytochrome P450 monoxygenase, controls FLD expression and is required for the timing of flowering and the manifestation of SAR. The delayed flowering time in the cyp720a1 mutant correlated with the elevated transcript level of the floral repressor FLC, while the SAR deficiency phenotype of the cyp720a1 mutant correlated with the inability to systemically accumulate SA. CYP720A1 transcript abundance in shoots is poor compared with roots. Reciprocal root-shoot grafting confirmed that CYP720A1 function in the roots is critical for flowering time and SAR. We therefore suggest that root to shoot communication involving a CYP720A1-dependent factor contributes to the timing of reproductive development and defense in the foliage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnesh Chaturvedi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Mrunmay Giri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Zulkarnain Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Barney J Venables
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Devasantosh Mohanty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Robby A Petros
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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A Numerical Approach to Estimate Natural Frequency of Trees with Variable Properties. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11090915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Free vibration analysis of a Euler-Bernoulli tapered column was conducted using the finite element method to identify the vibration modes of an equivalent tree structure under a specified set of conditions. A non-prismatic elastic circular column of height L was analysed, taking distributed self-weight into account. Various scenarios were considered: column taper, base fixity, radial and longitudinal stiffness (E) and density (ρ) and crown mass. The effect on the first natural frequency was assessed in each case. Validation against closed form solutions of benchmark problems was conducted satisfactorily. The results show that column taper, base fixity and E/ρ ratio are particularly important for this problem. Comparison of predictions with field observations of natural sway frequency for almost 700 coniferous and broadleaved trees from the published literature showed that the model worked well for coniferous trees, but less well for broadleaved trees with their more complicated crown architecture. Overall, the current study provides an in-depth numerical investigation of material properties, geometric properties and boundary conditions to create further understanding of vibration behaviour in trees.
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Xu X, Feng G, Liang Y, Shuai Y, Liu Q, Nie G, Yang Z, Hang L, Zhang X. Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal different mechanism of high- and low-tillering genotypes controlling tiller growth in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:369. [PMID: 32758131 PMCID: PMC7409468 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tillering is an important agronomic trait underlying the yields and reproduction of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), an important perennial forage grass. Although some genes affecting tiller initiation have been identified, the tillering regulatory network is still largely unknown, especially in perennial forage grasses. Thus, unraveling the regulatory mechanisms of tillering in orchardgrass could be helpful in developing selective strategies for high-yield perennial grasses. In this study, we generated high-throughput RNA-sequencing data from multiple tissues of tillering stage plants to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between high- and low-tillering orchardgrass genotypes. Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analyses connecting the DEGs to tillering number diversity were conducted. RESULTS In the present study, approximately 26,282 DEGs were identified between two orchardgrass genotypes, AKZ-NRGR667 (a high-tillering genotype) and D20170203 (a low-tillering genotype), which significantly differed in tiller number. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs related to the biosynthesis of three classes of phytohormones, i.e., strigolactones (SLs), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellic acid (GA), as well as nitrogen metabolism dominated such differences between the high- and low-tillering genotypes. We also confirmed that under phosphorus deficiency, the expression level of the major SL biosynthesis genes encoding DWARF27 (D27), 9-cis-beta-carotene 9',10'-cleaving dioxygenase (CCD7), carlactone synthase (CCD8), and more axillary branching1 (MAX1) proteins in the high-tillering orchardgrass genotype increased more slowly relative to the low-tillering genotype. CONCLUSIONS Here, we used transcriptomic data to study the tillering mechanism of perennial forage grasses. We demonstrated that differential expression patterns of genes involved in SL, ABA, and GA biosynthesis may differentiate high- and low-tillering orchardgrass genotypes at the tillering stage. Furthermore, the core SL biosynthesis-associated genes in high-tillering orchardgrass were more insensitive than the low-tillering genotype to phosphorus deficiency which can lead to increases in SL biosynthesis, raising the possibility that there may be distinct SL biosynthesis way in tillering regulation in orchardgrass. Our research has revealed some candidate genes involved in the regulation of tillering in perennial grasses that is available for establishment of new breeding resources for high-yield perennial grasses and will serve as a new resource for future studies into molecular mechanism of tillering regulation in orchardgrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoheng Xu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangyan Feng
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueyang Liang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Shuai
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuxu Liu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Nie
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongfu Yang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linkai Hang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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24
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Vayssières A, Mishra P, Roggen A, Neumann U, Ljung K, Albani MC. Vernalization shapes shoot architecture and ensures the maintenance of dormant buds in the perennial Arabis alpina. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:99-115. [PMID: 32022273 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Perennials have a complex shoot architecture with axillary meristems organized in zones of differential bud activity and fate. This includes zones of buds maintained dormant for multiple seasons and used as reservoirs for potential growth in case of damage. The shoot of Arabis alpina, a perennial relative of Arabidopsis thaliana, consists of a zone of dormant buds placed between subapical vegetative and basal flowering branches. This shoot architecture is shaped after exposure to prolonged cold, required for flowering. To understand how vernalization ensures the maintenance of dormant buds, we performed physiological and transcriptome studies, followed the spatiotemporal changes of auxin, and generated transgenic plants. Our results demonstrate that the complex shoot architecture in A. alpina is shaped by its flowering behavior, specifically the initiation of inflorescences during cold treatment and rapid flowering after subsequent exposure to growth-promoting conditions. Dormant buds are already formed before cold treatment. However, dormancy in these buds is enhanced during, and stably maintained after, vernalization by a BRC1-dependent mechanism. Post-vernalization, stable maintenance of dormant buds is correlated with increased auxin response, transport, and endogenous indole-3-acetic acid levels in the stem. Here, we provide a functional link between flowering and the maintenance of dormant buds in perennials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Vayssières
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, Cologne, 50674, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences 'From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules', Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Priyanka Mishra
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, Cologne, 50674, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences 'From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules', Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Adrian Roggen
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, Cologne, 50674, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences 'From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules', Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Maria C Albani
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, Cologne, 50674, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences 'From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules', Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
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25
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Yuan C, Shi J, Zhao L. The CmbZIP1 transcription factor of chrysanthemum negatively regulates shoot branching. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:69-76. [PMID: 32200192 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors play key roles in regulating diverse biological processes in plants. However, their participation in shoot branching has been rarely reported. Here, we isolated a CmbZIP1 transcription factor gene, a member of the bZIP family, from chrysanthemum. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that CmbZIP1 is a nuclear protein. Tissue-specific expression analysis indicated that CmbZIP1 was principally expressed in apical bud and axillary bud. Expression patterns analysis results showed that CmbZIP1 expression was suppressed in axillary buds in response to decapitation but increased in response to shade. Overexpression of CmbZIP1 in Arabidopsis inhibits its shoot branching. In addition, expression of auxin efflux protein PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1) and auxin signaling components AUXIN RESISTANT 1/3 (AXR1, AXR3) were significantly up-regulated in overexpressing plants in comparison with wild type plants. Moreover, the transcript expression of BRANCHED 2 (AtBRC2) was also significantly up-regulated in overexpressing plants compared with the wild type. Altogether, these results suggest important and negative roles of CmbZIP1 in shoot branching. Our study extends the understanding of the function of bZIP transcription factors in plants and provides valuable gene resources for improving the architectural traits of ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunquan Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Jingtian Shi
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Liangjun Zhao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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26
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Yin P, Ma Q, Wang H, Feng D, Wang X, Pei Y, Wen J, Tadege M, Niu L, Lin H. SMALL LEAF AND BUSHY1 controls organ size and lateral branching by modulating the stability of BIG SEEDS1 in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1399-1412. [PMID: 31981419 PMCID: PMC7317789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Organ size is a major agronomic trait that determines grain yield and biomass production in crops. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling organ size, especially in legumes, are poorly understood. Using forward genetic approaches in a Tnt1 insertion mutant population of the model legume Medicago truncatula, we identified SMALL LEAF AND BUSHY1 (SLB1), which is required for the control of organ size and lateral branching. Loss of function of SLB1 led to reduced leaf and flower size but increased lateral branch formation in M. truncatula. SLB1 encodes an F-box protein, an orthologue of Arabidopsis thaliana STERILE APETALA (SAP), that forms part of an SKP1/Cullin/F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Biochemical and genetic analyses revealed that SLB1 controls M. truncatula organ growth and lateral branching by modulating the stability of BIG SEEDS1 (BS1). Moreover, the overexpression of SLB1 increased seed and leaf size in both M. truncatula and soybean (Glycine max), indicating functional conservation. Our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which SLB1 targets BS1 for degradation to regulate M. truncatula organ size and shoot branching, providing a new genetic tool for increasing seed yield and biomass production in crop and forage legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yin
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
- College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Qingxia Ma
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
- College of Life ScienceShanxi UniversityTaiyuan030006China
| | - Hui Wang
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesInstitute for Agricultural BiosciencesOklahoma State UniversityArdmoreOK73401USA
| | - Dan Feng
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
| | - Xianbing Wang
- College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yanxi Pei
- College of Life ScienceShanxi UniversityTaiyuan030006China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLCArdmoreOK73401USA
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesInstitute for Agricultural BiosciencesOklahoma State UniversityArdmoreOK73401USA
| | - Lifang Niu
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
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27
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Koike I, Watanabe S, Okazaki K, Hayashi KI, Kasahara H, Shimomura K, Umehara M. Endogenous auxin determines the pattern of adventitious shoot formation on internodal segments of ipecac. PLANTA 2020; 251:73. [PMID: 32140780 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous auxin determines the pattern of adventitious shoot formation. Auxin produced in the dominant shoot is transported to the internodal segment and suppresses growth of other shoots. Adventitious shoot formation is required for the propagation of economically important crops and for the regeneration of transgenic plants. In most plant species, phytohormones are added to culture medium to induce adventitious shoots. In ipecac (Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson), however, adventitious shoots can be formed without phytohormone treatment. Thus, ipecac culture allows us to investigate the effects of endogenous phytohormones during adventitious shoot formation. In phytohormone-free culture, adventitious shoots were formed on the apical region of the internodal segments, and a high concentration of IAA was detected in the basal region. To explore the relationship between endogenous auxin and adventitious shoot formation, we evaluated the effects of auxin transport inhibitors, auxin antagonists, and auxin biosynthesis inhibitors on adventitious shoot formation in ipecac. Auxin antagonists and biosynthesis inhibitors strongly suppressed adventitious shoot formation, which was restored by exogenously applied auxin. Auxin biosynthesis and transport inhibitors significantly decreased the IAA level in the basal region and shifted the positions of adventitious shoot formation from the apical region to the middle region of the segments. These data indicate that auxin determines the positions of the shoots formed on internodal segments of ipecac. Only one of the shoots formed grew vigorously; this phenomenon is similar to apical dominance. When the largest shoot was cut off, other shoots started to grow. Naphthalene-1-acetic acid treatment of the cut surface suppressed shoot growth, indicating that auxin produced in the dominant shoot is transported to the internodal segment and suppresses growth of other shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imari Koike
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Sachi Watanabe
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Karin Okazaki
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Koichiro Shimomura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Mikihisa Umehara
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan.
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan.
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28
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Katyayini NU, Rinne PLH, Tarkowská D, Strnad M, van der Schoot C. Dual Role of Gibberellin in Perennial Shoot Branching: Inhibition and Activation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:736. [PMID: 32582259 PMCID: PMC7289990 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Shoot branching from axillary buds (AXBs) is regulated by a network of inhibitory and promotive forces, which includes hormones. In perennials, the dwarfed stature of the embryonic shoot inside AXBs is indicative of gibberellin (GA) deficiency, suggesting that AXB activation and outgrowth require GA. Nonetheless, the role of GA in branching has remained obscure. We here carried out comprehensive GA transcript and metabolite analyses in hybrid aspen, a perennial branching model. The results indicate that GA has an inhibitory as well as promotive role in branching. The latter is executed in two phases. While the expression level of GA2ox is high in quiescent AXBs, decapitation rapidly downregulated it, implying increased GA signaling. In the second phase, GA3ox2-mediated de novo GA-biosynthesis is initiated between 12 and 24 h, prior to AXB elongation. Metabolite analyzes showed that GA1/4 levels were typically high in proliferating apices and low in the developmentally inactive, quiescent AXBs, whereas the reverse was true for GA3/6. To investigate if AXBs are differently affected by GA3, GA4, and GR24, an analog of the branch-inhibitor hormone strigolactone, they were fed into AXBs of single-node cuttings. GA3 and GA4 had similar effects on GA and SL pathway genes, but crucially GA3 induced AXB abscission whereas GA4 promoted outgrowth. Both GA3 and GA4 strongly upregulated GA2ox genes, which deactivate GA1/4 but not GA3/6. Thus, the observed production of GA3/6 in quiescent AXBs targets GA1/4 for GA2ox-mediated deactivation. AXB quiescence can therefore be maintained by GA3/6, in combination with strigolactone. Our discovery of the distinct tasks of GA3 and GA4 in AXB activation might explain why the role of GA in branching has been difficult to decipher. Together, the results support a novel paradigm in which GA3/6 maintains high levels of GA2ox expression and low levels of GA4 in quiescent AXBs, whereas activation and outgrowth require increased GA1/4 signaling through the rapid reduction of GA deactivation and subsequent GA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Päivi L. H. Rinne
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Christiaan van der Schoot
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- *Correspondence: Christiaan van der Schoot,
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29
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Coudert Y, Harris S, Charrier B. Design Principles of Branching Morphogenesis in Filamentous Organisms. Curr Biol 2019; 29:R1149-R1162. [PMID: 31689405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The radiation of life on Earth was accompanied by the diversification of multicellular body plans in the eukaryotic kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Chromista. Branching forms are ubiquitous in nature and evolved repeatedly in the above lineages. The developmental and genetic basis of branch formation is well studied in the three-dimensional shoot and root systems of land plants, and in animal organs such as the lung, kidney, mammary gland, vasculature, etc. Notably, recent thought-provoking studies combining experimental analysis and computational modeling of branching patterns in whole animal organs have identified global patterning rules and proposed unifying principles of branching morphogenesis. Filamentous branching forms represent one of the simplest expressions of the multicellular body plan and constitute a key step in the evolution of morphological complexity. Similarities between simple and complex branching forms distantly related in evolution are compelling, raising the question whether shared mechanisms underlie their development. Here, we focus on filamentous branching organisms that represent major study models from three distinct eukaryotic kingdoms, including the moss Physcomitrella patens (Plantae), the brown alga Ectocarpus sp. (Chromista), and the ascomycetes Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus nidulans (Fungi), and bring to light developmental regulatory mechanisms and design principles common to these lineages. Throughout the review we explore how the regulatory mechanisms of branching morphogenesis identified in other models, and in particular animal organs, may inform our thinking on filamentous systems and thereby advance our understanding of the diverse strategies deployed across the eukaryotic tree of life to evolve similar forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Coudert
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, INRIA, Lyon 69007, France.
| | - Steven Harris
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Bénédicte Charrier
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins LBI2M, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff 29680, France
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30
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CsBRC1 inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by directly repressing the auxin efflux carrier CsPIN3 in cucumber. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17105-17114. [PMID: 31391306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907968116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shoot branching is an important agronomic trait that directly determines plant architecture and affects crop productivity. To promote crop yield and quality, axillary branches need to be manually removed during cucumber production for fresh market and thus are undesirable. Auxin is well known as the primary signal imposing for apical dominance and acts as a repressor for lateral bud outgrowth indirectly. The TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) family gene BRANCHED1 (BRC1) has been shown to be the central integrator for multiple environmental and developmental factors that functions locally to inhibit shoot branching. However, the direct molecular link between auxin and BRC1 remains elusive. Here we find that cucumber BRANCHED1 (CsBRC1) is expressed in axillary buds and displays a higher expression level in cultivated cucumber than in its wild ancestor. Knockdown of CsBRC1 by RNAi leads to increased bud outgrowth and reduced auxin accumulation in buds. We further show that CsBRC1 directly binds to the auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED (CsPIN3) and negatively regulates its expression in vitro and in vivo. Elevated expression of CsPIN3 driven by the CsBRC1 promoter results in highly branched cucumber with decreased auxin levels in lateral buds. Therefore, our data suggest that CsBRC1 inhibits lateral bud outgrowth by direct suppression of CsPIN3 functioning and thus auxin accumulation in axillary buds in cucumber, providing a strategy to breed for cultivars with varying degrees of shoot branching grown in different cucumber production systems.
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31
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Li J, Chai M, Zhu X, Zhang X, Li H, Wang D, Xing Q, Zhang J, Sun M, Shi L. Cloning and expression analysis of LoCCD8 during IAA-induced bulbils outgrowth in lily (Oriental Hybrid 'Sorbonne'). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 236:39-50. [PMID: 30878012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerial bulbils, which resemble tiny bulbs, develop from axillary buds and facilitate rapid propagation of Lilium. In most species of lily, bulbils are perpetually dormant and little is known about induction of these vegetative structures. Herein, we proposed that strigolactones (SLs) may regulate the induction of bulbils in Lilium. We tested this hypothesis by isolating and investigating the expression patterns of 2 copies of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase8 (CCD8) gene in lily-LoCCD8a and LoCCD8b-with regard to biosynthesis of SLs. Expression analyses revealed that LoCCD8a principally is expressed during vegetative growth, whereas LoCCD8b mainly is expressed during reproductive growth. The maximum quantity of LoCCD8a transcripts was observed in the basal plate in most developmental stages, which suggests that SLs may originate from underground parts, especially the basal plate, and move upward. The effects of treatments with indole-3-acetic acid or SL analog (GR24) on outgrowth of bulbils and expression of LoCCD8 genes suggested that SLs function downstream of auxin to inhibit the outgrowth of bulbil. The expression patterns of LoCCD8a and LoCCD8b at sprouting and bulblet weighting stages also implied that SLs may function in nutrient redistribution. Our findings are expected to promote the utilization of bulbils as vegetative propagules for commercial practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Chai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaopei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xuhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Quan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jinzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Meiyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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32
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Barbier FF, Dun EA, Kerr SC, Chabikwa TG, Beveridge CA. An Update on the Signals Controlling Shoot Branching. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:220-236. [PMID: 30797425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many new questions on the regulation of shoot branching have been raised in recent years, prompting a review and reassessment of the role of each signal involved. Sugars and their signaling networks have been attributed a major role in the early events of axillary bud outgrowth, whereas cytokinin appears to play a critical role in the modulation of this process in response to the environment. Perception of the recently discovered hormone strigolactone is now quite well understood, while the downstream targets remain largely unknown. Recent literature has highlighted that auxin export from a bud is important for its subsequent growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois F Barbier
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Dun
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; These authors contributed equally to this publication
| | - Stephanie C Kerr
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; These authors contributed equally to this publication
| | - Tinashe G Chabikwa
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christine A Beveridge
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Wang M, Le Moigne MA, Bertheloot J, Crespel L, Perez-Garcia MD, Ogé L, Demotes-Mainard S, Hamama L, Davière JM, Sakr S. BRANCHED1: A Key Hub of Shoot Branching. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:76. [PMID: 30809235 PMCID: PMC6379311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Shoot branching is a key process for plant growth and fitness. Newly produced axes result from axillary bud outgrowth, which is at least partly mediated through the regulation of BRANCHED1 gene expression (BRC1/TB1/FC1). BRC1 encodes a pivotal bud-outgrowth-inhibiting transcription factor belonging to the TCP family. As the regulation of BRC1 expression is a hub for many shoot-branching-related mechanisms, it is influenced by endogenous (phytohormones and nutrients) and exogenous (light) inputs, which involve so-far only partly identified molecular networks. This review highlights the central role of BRC1 in shoot branching and its responsiveness to different stimuli, and emphasizes the different knowledge gaps that should be addressed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Université d’Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Marie-Anne Le Moigne
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Université d’Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jessica Bertheloot
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Université d’Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Laurent Crespel
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Université d’Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Maria-Dolores Perez-Garcia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Université d’Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Laurent Ogé
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Université d’Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Sabine Demotes-Mainard
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Université d’Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Latifa Hamama
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Université d’Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jean-Michel Davière
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Soulaiman Sakr
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Université d’Angers, Beaucouzé, France
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34
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Crane K, Cuthbert RN, Dick JTA, Kregting L, MacIsaac HJ, Coughlan NE. Full steam ahead: direct steam exposure to inhibit spread of invasive aquatic macrophytes. Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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35
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Li M, Wei Q, Xiao Y, Peng F. The effect of auxin and strigolactone on ATP/ADP isopentenyltransferase expression and the regulation of apical dominance in peach. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1693-1705. [PMID: 30182298 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We confirmed the roles of auxin, CK, and strigolactones in apical dominance in peach and established a model of plant hormonal control of apical dominance in peach. Auxin, cytokinin, and strigolactone play important roles in apical dominance. In this study, we analyzed the effect of auxin and strigolactone on the expression of ATP/ADP isopentenyltransferase (IPT) genes (key cytokinin biosynthesis genes) and the regulation of apical dominance in peach. After decapitation, the expression levels of PpIPT1, PpIPT3, and PpIPT5a in nodal stems sharply increased. This observation is consistent with the changes in tZ-type and iP-type cytokinin levels in nodal stems and axillary buds observed after treatment; these changes are required to promote the outgrowth of axillary buds in peach. These results suggest that ATP/ADP PpIPT genes in nodal stems are key genes for cytokinin biosynthesis, as they promote the outgrowth of axillary buds. We also found that auxin and strigolactone inhibited the outgrowth of axillary buds. After decapitation, IAA treatment inhibited the expression of ATP/ADP PpIPTs in nodal stems to impede the increase in cytokinin levels. By contrast, after GR24 (GR24 strigolactone) treatment, the expression of ATP/ADP IPT genes and cytokinin levels still increased markedly, but the rate of increase in gene expression was markedly lower than that observed after decapitation in the absence of IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) treatment. In addition, GR24 inhibited basipetal auxin transport at the nodes (by limiting the expression of PpPIN1a in nodal stems), thereby inhibiting ATP/ADP PpIPT expression in nodal stems. Therefore, strigolactone inhibits the outgrowth of axillary buds in peach only when terminal buds are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinJi Li
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinping Wei
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuansong Xiao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - FuTian Peng
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
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36
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Otori K, Tanabe N, Tamoi M, Shigeoka S. Sugar Transporter Protein 1 (STP1) contributes to regulation of the genes involved in shoot branching via carbon partitioning in Arabidopsis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 83:472-481. [PMID: 30488772 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1550355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that alterations in sugar partitioning affect the expression of genes involved in hormone biosynthesis and responses, including BRANCHED1 (BRC1), resulting in enhanced shoot branching in transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing cyanobacterial fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase-II in the cytosol (AcF). The exogenous treatment of wild-type Arabidopsis plants with sugars showed the same transcript characteristics, indicating that sugars act as a signal for branching. We also found that the reductions induced in BRC1 expression levels in wild-type plants by the sugar treatments were suppressed in the knockout mutant of sugar transporter 1 (stp1-1). Intracellular sugar contents were similar in stp1-1 and wild-type plants following the sugar treatments, suggesting that STP1 acts as a factor for the regulation of shoot branching depending on extracellular sugar contents. Abbreviations: BRC1: BRABCHED1; FBP/SBPase: fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase; Glc: glucose; HXK: hexokinase; SnRK1.1/AKIN10: SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 1.1; Suc: sucrose; SnRK1: sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase; STP: sugar transporter protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Otori
- a Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture , Kindai University , Nara , Japan
| | - Noriaki Tanabe
- a Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture , Kindai University , Nara , Japan
| | - Masahiro Tamoi
- a Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture , Kindai University , Nara , Japan
| | - Shigeru Shigeoka
- a Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture , Kindai University , Nara , Japan
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37
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Brassica yellows virus' movement protein upregulates anthocyanin accumulation, leading to the development of purple leaf symptoms on Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16273. [PMID: 30389981 PMCID: PMC6215002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Poleroviruses are widely distributed and often of great economic importance because they cause a variety of symptoms, such as the rolling of young leaves, leaf color changes, and plant decline, in infected plants. However, the molecular mechanism behind these viral-induced symptoms is still unknown. Here, we verified the pathogenicity of the polerovirus Brassica yellows virus (BrYV) by transforming its full-length amplicon into Arabidopsis thaliana, which resulted in many abnormal phenotypes. To better understand the interactions between BrYV and its host, global transcriptome profiles of the transgenic plants were compared with that of non-transgenic Arabidopsis plants. An association between the BrYV- induced purple leaf symptoms and the activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis was noted. Using the transgenic approach, we found that movement protein of BrYV was responsible for the induction of these coloration symptoms. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the BrYV’ pathogenicity and show that the BrYV-induced purple leaf symptom resulted from its movement protein stimulating anthocyanin accumulation.
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38
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Chen J, Zhang L, Zhu M, Han L, Lv Y, Liu Y, Li P, Jing H, Cai H. Non-dormant Axillary Bud 1 regulates axillary bud outgrowth in sorghum. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:938-955. [PMID: 29740955 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tillering contributes to grain yield and plant architecture and therefore is an agronomically important trait in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Here, we identified and functionally characterized a mutant of the Non-dormant Axillary Bud 1 (NAB1) gene from an ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized sorghum population. The nab1 mutants have increased tillering and reduced plant height. Map-based cloning revealed that NAB1 encodes a carotenoid-cleavage dioxygenase 7 (CCD7) orthologous to rice (Oryza sativa) HIGH-TILLERING DWARF1/DWARF17 and Arabidopsis thaliana MORE AXILLARY BRANCHING 3. NAB1 is primarily expressed in axillary nodes and tiller bases and NAB1 localizes to chloroplasts. The nab1 mutation causes outgrowth of basal axillary buds; removing these non-dormant basal axillary buds restored the wild-type phenotype. The tillering of nab1 plants was completely suppressed by exogenous application of the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24. Moreover, the nab1 plants had no detectable strigolactones and displayed stronger polar auxin transport than wild-type plants. Finally, RNA-seq showed that the expression of genes involved in multiple processes, including auxin-related genes, was significantly altered in nab1. These results suggest that NAB1 functions in strigolactone biosynthesis and the regulation of shoot branching via an interaction with auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Seed Science, China Agricultural University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement; Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, MOE; Beijing 100193, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Mengjiao Zhu
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Seed Science, China Agricultural University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement; Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, MOE; Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lijie Han
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Seed Science, China Agricultural University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement; Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, MOE; Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ya Lv
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Seed Science, China Agricultural University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement; Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, MOE; Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yishan Liu
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Seed Science, China Agricultural University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement; Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, MOE; Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Seed Science, China Agricultural University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement; Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, MOE; Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haichun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Inner Mongolia Research Centre for Practaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongwei Cai
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Seed Science, China Agricultural University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement; Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, MOE; Beijing 100193, China
- Forage Crop Research Institute, Japan Grassland Agricultural and Forage Seed Association, 388-5 Higashiakada, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2742, Japan
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39
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Koldenkova VP, Hatsugai N. How do Plants Keep their Functional Integrity? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1464853. [PMID: 29727257 PMCID: PMC6149517 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1464853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Unlike animals, plants possess a non-strict and sometimes very fuzzy morphology. Mutual proportions of plant parts can vary to a much greater extent than in animals, changing according to the environmental conditions and the plant needs of nutrients, water and light. Despite the existence of this fundamental difference between plants and animals, it passes almost non-reflected in most studies on plants. In this review we make a preliminary attempt to gather together the mechanisms by which plants preserve their integrity, not loosing at the same time the physiological (and morphological) flexibility which allows them adapting to the different environments they can populate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Pérez Koldenkova
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc, 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc. 06720, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Noriyuki Hatsugai
- Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota St Paul, MN, USA
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40
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41
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He Y, Wu D, Wei D, Fu Y, Cui Y, Dong H, Tan C, Qian W. GWAS, QTL mapping and gene expression analyses in Brassica napus reveal genetic control of branching morphogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15971. [PMID: 29162897 PMCID: PMC5698412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15976-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Branch number is an important trait in plant architecture that can influence crop yield and quality in Brassica napus. Here, we detected the QTLs responsible for branch number in a DH population and its reconstructed F2 population over two years. Further, a GWAS research on branch number was performed using a panel of 327 accessions with 33186 genomic SNPs from the 60 K Brassica Illumina® Infinium SNP array. Through combining linkage analysis and association mapping, a new QTL was fine mapped onto C03. Subsequently, we tested the correlations between the SNP polymorphisms and mRNA expression levels of genes in the target interval to identify potential loci or genes that control branch number through expression. The results show that 4 SNP loci are associated with the corresponding gene expression levels, and one locus (BnaC03g63480D) exhibited a significant correlation between the phenotype variation and gene expression levels. Our results provide insights into the genetic basis for branching morphogenesis and may be valuable for optimizing architecture in rapeseed breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun He
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Daoming Wu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Dayong Wei
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ying Fu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yixin Cui
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Hongli Dong
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Chuandong Tan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wei Qian
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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42
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Lortie CJ, Aarssen LW. The advantage of being tall: Higher flowers receive more pollen inVerbascum thapsusL. (Scrophulariaceae). ECOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.1999.11952207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lonnie W. Aarssen
- Department of BiologyQueen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada,
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43
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Shen Y, Sun S, Hua S, Shen E, Ye CY, Cai D, Timko MP, Zhu QH, Fan L. Analysis of transcriptional and epigenetic changes in hybrid vigor of allopolyploid Brassica napus uncovers key roles for small RNAs. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:874-893. [PMID: 28544196 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Heterosis is a fundamental biological phenomenon characterized by the superior performance of a hybrid compared with its parents. The underlying molecular basis for heterosis, particularly for allopolyploids, remains elusive. In this study we analyzed the transcriptomes of Brassica napus parental lines and their F1 hybrids at three stages of early flower development. Phenotypically, the F1 hybrids show remarkable heterosis in silique number and grain yield. Transcriptome analysis revealed that various phytohormone (auxin and salicylic acid) response genes are significantly altered in the F1 hybrids relative to the parental lines. We also found evidence for decreased expression divergence of the homoeologous gene pairs in the allopolyploid F1 hybrids and suggest that high-parental expression-level dominance plays an important role in heterosis. Small RNA and methylation studies aimed at examining the epigenetic effect of the changes in gene expression level in the F1 hybrids showed that the majority of the small interfering RNA (siRNA) clusters had a higher expression level in the F1 hybrids than in the parents, and that there was an increase in genome-wide DNA methylation in the F1 hybrid. Transposable elements associated with siRNA clusters had a higher level of methylation and a lower expression level in the F1 hybrid, implying that the non-additively expressed siRNA clusters resulted in lower activity of the transposable elements through DNA methylation in the hybrid. Our data provide insights into the role that changes in gene expression pattern and epigenetic mechanisms contribute to heterosis during early flower development in allopolyploid B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Shen
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuo Sun
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuijin Hua
- Institute of Crop and Utilization of Nuclear Technology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Enhui Shen
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chu-Yu Ye
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Daguang Cai
- Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Hermann Rodewald Str. 9, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael P Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Longjiang Fan
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Otori K, Tamoi M, Tanabe N, Shigeoka S. Enhancements in sucrose biosynthesis capacity affect shoot branching in Arabidopsis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1470-1477. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1321954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that transgenic tobacco plants expressing cyanobacterial fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase in the cytosol increased the number of lateral shoots and leaves at elevated CO2 levels. These findings suggest that alterations in carbon partitioning affect the development of shoot branching. In order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms at the molecular level, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing cyanobacterial fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase-II in the cytosol (AcF). At elevated CO2 levels, the number of lateral shoots was significantly increased in AcF plants. Sucrose and hexose levels were also higher in AcF plants than in wild-type plants. The expression levels of MAX1, MAX4, YUCCA8, YUCCA9, and BRC1, which are involved in auxin or strigolactone biosynthesis and responses, were lower in AcF plants than in wild-type plants. These results suggest that alterations in sugar partitioning affect hormone metabolism and responses, resulting in enhanced shoot branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Otori
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tamoi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Noriaki Tanabe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shigeoka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Japan
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45
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Maslova SP, Golovko TK. [Tropisms in underground shoots — stolons and rhizomes]. ZHURNAL OBSHCHEI BIOLOGII 2017; 78:47-60. [PMID: 30024677 DOI: 10.1134/s207908641803009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the review, the problem of plant movements (photo- and gravitropism) is discussed. The contemporary data on physiological and molecular mechanisms of tropisms in underground shoots and roots are presented. Special attention is paid to diagravitropism phenomenon in underground shoots (stolons and rhizomes) that grow in perpendicular direction to the Earth's gravitational axis. The role of phytochrome control in maintaining the horizontal growth of stolons and rhizomes is demonstrated, and physiological mechanisms of photo- and diagravitropism are discussed. It is shown that switching of an underground shoot tip from diatropic to ortotropic (vertical) growth is dependent on the carbohydrate and phytohor-mone balance. The perspectives are outlined for further exploratory studies on mechanisms of growth orientation and morphogenesis of underground diagravitropic shoots.
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46
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Basile A, Fambrini M, Pugliesi C. The vascular plants: open system of growth. Dev Genes Evol 2017; 227:129-157. [PMID: 28214944 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-016-0572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
What is fascinating in plants (true also in sessile animals such as corals and hydroids) is definitely their open and indeterminate growth, as a result of meristematic activity. Plants as well as animals are characterized by a multicellular organization, with which they share a common set of genes inherited from a common eukaryotic ancestor; nevertheless, circa 1.5 billion years of evolutionary history made the two kingdoms very different in their own developmental biology. Flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, arose during the Cretaceous Period (145-65 million years ago), and up to date, they count around 235,000 species, representing the largest and most diverse group within the plant kingdom. One of the foundations of their success relies on the plant-pollinator relationship, essentially unique to angiosperms that pushed large speciation in both plants and insects and on the presence of the carpel, the structure devoted to seed enclosure. A seed represents the main organ preserving the genetic information of a plant; during embryogenesis, the primary axis of development is established by two groups of pluripotent cells: the shoot apical meristem (SAM), responsible for gene rating all aboveground organs, and the root apical meristem (RAM), responsible for producing all underground organs. During postembryonic shoot development, axillary meristem (AM) initiation and outgrowth are responsible for producing all secondary axes of growth including inflorescence branches or flowers. The production of AMs is tightly linked to the production of leaves and their separation from SAM. As leaf primordia are formed on the flanks of the SAM, a region between the apex and the developing organ is established and referred to as boundary zone. Interaction between hormones and the gene network in the boundary zone is fundamental for AM initiation. AMs only develop at the adaxial base of the leaf; thus, AM initiation is also strictly associated with leaf polarity. AMs function as new SAMs: form axillary buds with a few leaves and then the buds can either stay dormant or develop into shoot branches to define a plant architecture, which in turn affects assimilate production and reproductive efficiency. Therefore, the radiation of angiosperms was accompanied by a huge diversification in growth forms that determine an enormous morphological plasticity helping plants to environmental changes. In this review, we focused on the developmental processes of AM initiation and outgrowth. In particular, we summarized the primary growth of SAM, the key role of positional signals for AM initiation, and the dissection of molecular players involved in AM initiation and outgrowth. Finally, the interaction between phytohormone signals and gene regulatory network controlling AM development was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Basile
- Institute of Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marco Fambrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Ambientali e Agro-alimentari, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Pugliesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Ambientali e Agro-alimentari, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Molecular cloning, phylogenetic analysis, and expression patterns of LATERAL SUPPRESSOR-LIKE and REGULATOR OF AXILLARY MERISTEM FORMATION-LIKE genes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Dev Genes Evol 2016; 227:159-170. [PMID: 28035495 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-016-0571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants develop a highly branched form with numerous small flowering heads. The origin of a no branched sunflower, producing a single large head, has been a key event in the domestication process of this species. The interaction between hormonal factors and several genes organizes the initiation and outgrowth of axillary meristems (AMs). From sunflower, we have isolated two genes putatively involved in this process, LATERAL SUPPRESSOR (LS)-LIKE (Ha-LSL) and REGULATOR OF AXILLARY MERISTEM FORMATION (ROX)-LIKE (Ha-ROXL), encoding for a GRAS and a bHLH transcription factor (TF), respectively. Typical amino acid residues and phylogenetic analyses suggest that Ha-LSL and Ha-ROXL are the orthologs of the branching regulator LS and ROX/LAX1, involved in the growth habit of both dicot and monocot species. qRT-PCR analyses revealed a high accumulation of Ha-LSL transcripts in roots, vegetative shoots, and inflorescence shoots. By contrast, in internodal stems and young leaves, a lower amount of Ha-LSL transcripts was observed. A comparison of transcription patterns between Ha-LSL and Ha-ROXL revealed some analogies but also remarkable differences; in fact, the gene Ha-ROXL displayed a low expression level in all organs analyzed. In situ hybridization (ISH) analysis showed that Ha-ROXL transcription was strongly restricted to a small domain within the boundary zone separating the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and the leaf primordia and in restricted regions of the inflorescence meristem, beforehand the separation of floral bracts from disc flower primordia. These results suggested that Ha-ROXL may be involved to establish a cell niche for the initiation of AMs as well as flower primordia. The accumulation of Ha-LSL transcripts was not restricted to the boundary zones in vegetative and inflorescence shoots, but the mRNA activity was expanded in other cellular domains of primary shoot apical meristem as well as AMs. In addition, Ha-LSL transcript accumulation was also detected in leaves and floral primordia at early stages of development. These results were corroborated by qRT-PCR analyses that evidenced high levels of Ha-LSL transcripts in very young leaves and disc flowers, suggesting a role of Ha-LSL for the early outgrowth of lateral primordia.
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Rinne PLH, Paul LK, Vahala J, Kangasjärvi J, van der Schoot C. Axillary buds are dwarfed shoots that tightly regulate GA pathway and GA-inducible 1,3-β-glucanase genes during branching in hybrid aspen. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5975-5991. [PMID: 27697786 PMCID: PMC5100014 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Axillary buds (AXBs) of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula×P. tremuloides) contain a developing dwarfed shoot that becomes para-dormant at the bud maturation point. Para-dormant AXBs can grow out after stem decapitation, while dormant AXBs pre-require long-term chilling to release them from dormancy. The latter is mediated by gibberellin (GA)-regulated 1,3-β-glucanases, but it is unknown if GA is also important in the development, activation, and outgrowth of para-dormant AXBs. The present data show that para-dormant AXBs up-regulate GA receptor genes during their maturation, but curtail GA biosynthesis by down-regulating the rate-limiting GIBBERELLIN 3-OXIDASE2 (GA3ox2), which is characteristically expressed in the growing apex. However, decapitation significantly up-regulated GA3ox2 and GA4-responsive 1,3-β-glucanases (GH17-family; α-clade). In contrast, decapitation down-regulated γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanases, which were strongly up-regulated in maturing AXBs concomitant with lipid body accumulation. Overexpression of selected GH17 members in hybrid aspen resulted in characteristic branching patterns. The α-clade member induced an acropetal branching pattern, whereas the γ-clade member activated AXBs in recurrent flushes during transient cessation of apex proliferation. The results support a model in which curtailing the final step in GA biosynthesis dwarfs the embryonic shoot, while high levels of GA precursors and GA receptors keep AXBs poised for growth. GA signaling, induced by decapitation, reinvigorates symplasmic supply routes through GA-inducible 1,3-β-glucanases that hydrolyze callose at sieve plates and plasmodesmata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi L H Rinne
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Laju K Paul
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jorma Vahala
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Chen XJ, Xia XJ, Guo X, Zhou YH, Shi K, Zhou J, Yu JQ. Apoplastic H2 O2 plays a critical role in axillary bud outgrowth by altering auxin and cytokinin homeostasis in tomato plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1266-78. [PMID: 27240824 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although phytohormones such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (CK) and strigolactone are important modulators of plant architecture, it remains unclear whether reactive oxygen species are involved in the regulation of phytohormone-dependent axillary bud outgrowth in plants. We used diverse techniques, including transcriptional suppression, HPLC-MS, biochemical methodologies and gene transcript analysis to investigate the signaling pathway for apoplastic hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-induced axillary bud outgrowth. Silencing of tomato RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG 1 (RBOH1) and WHITEFLY INDUCED 1 (WFI1), two important genes involved in H2 O2 production in the apoplast, enhanced bud outgrowth, decreased transcript of FZY - a rate-limiting gene in IAA biosynthesis and IAA accumulation in the apex - and increased the transcript of IPT2 involved in CK biosynthesis and CK accumulation in the stem node. These effects were fully abolished by the application of exogenous H2 O2 . Both decapitation and the silencing of FZY promoted bud outgrowth, and downregulated and upregulated the transcripts for IAA3 and IAA15, and IPT2, respectively. However, these effects were not blocked by treatment with exogenous H2 O2 but by napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) treatment. These results suggest that RBOHs-dependent apoplastic H2 O2 promotes IAA biosynthesis in the apex, which, in turn, inhibits CK biosynthesis and subsequent bud outgrowth in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xie Guo
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Dierck R, De Keyser E, De Riek J, Dhooghe E, Van Huylenbroeck J, Prinsen E, Van Der Straeten D. Change in Auxin and Cytokinin Levels Coincides with Altered Expression of Branching Genes during Axillary Bud Outgrowth in Chrysanthemum. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161732. [PMID: 27557329 PMCID: PMC4996534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the production and breeding of Chrysanthemum sp., shoot branching is an important quality aspect as the outgrowth of axillary buds determines the final plant shape. Bud outgrowth is mainly controlled by apical dominance and the crosstalk between the plant hormones auxin, cytokinin and strigolactone. In this work the hormonal and genetic regulation of axillary bud outgrowth was studied in two differently branching cut flower Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat) genotypes. C17 is a split-type which forms an inflorescence meristem after a certain vegetative period, while C18 remains vegetative under long day conditions. Plant growth of both genotypes was monitored during 5 subsequent weeks starting one week before flower initiation occurred in C17. Axillary bud outgrowth was measured weekly and samples of shoot apex, stem and axillary buds were taken during the first two weeks. We combined auxin and cytokinin measurements by UPLC-MS/MS with RT-qPCR expression analysis of genes involved in shoot branching regulation pathways in chrysanthemum. These included bud development genes (CmBRC1, CmDRM1, CmSTM, CmLsL), auxin pathway genes (CmPIN1, CmTIR3, CmTIR1, CmAXR1, CmAXR6, CmAXR2, CmIAA16, CmIAA12), cytokinin pathway genes (CmIPT3, CmHK3, CmRR1) and strigolactone genes (CmMAX1 and CmMAX2). Genotype C17 showed a release from apical dominance after floral transition coinciding with decreased auxin and increased cytokinin levels in the subapical axillary buds. As opposed to C17, C18 maintained strong apical dominance with vegetative growth throughout the experiment. Here high auxin levels and decreasing cytokinin levels in axillary buds and stem were measured. A differential expression of several branching genes accompanied the different hormonal change and bud outgrowth in C17 and C18. This was clear for the strigolactone biosynthesis gene CmMAX1, the transcription factor CmBRC1 and the dormancy associated gene CmDRM1, that all showed a decreased expression in C17 at floral transition and an increased expression in C18 with continuous vegetative growth. These results offer a case study for Chrysanthemum, showing an altered cytokinin to auxin balance and differential gene expression between vegetative growth with apical dominance and transition to generative growth with loss of apical dominance and axillary bud outgrowth. This suggests a conservation of several aspects of the hormonal and genetical regulation of bud outgrowth in Chrysanthemum. Furthermore, 15 previously uncharacterised genes in chrysanthemum, were described in this study. Of those genes involved in axillary bud outgrowth we identified CmDRM1, CmBRC1 and CmMAX1 as having an altered expression preceding axillary bud outgrowth, which could be useful as markers for bud activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robrecht Dierck
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Caritasstraat 39, Melle, Belgium
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Physiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellen De Keyser
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Caritasstraat 39, Melle, Belgium
| | - Jan De Riek
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Caritasstraat 39, Melle, Belgium
| | - Emmy Dhooghe
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Caritasstraat 39, Melle, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Huylenbroeck
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Caritasstraat 39, Melle, Belgium
| | - Els Prinsen
- University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Physiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, Belgium
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