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Niepsuj J, Piwowar A, Franik G, Bizoń A. Impact of Smoking and Obesity on the Selected Peptide Hormones and Metabolic Parameters in the Blood of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Preliminary Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8713. [PMID: 39201400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of tobacco smoke exposure and abnormal body weight on selected peptide hormones and their association with metabolic and hormonal disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The study group included 88 women with PCOS and 28 women without the disease. In women with PCOS, chemerin, lipocalin, and apelin concentrations were influenced by overweight and obesity status, with the highest concentrations observed in those with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30.0. Exposure to tobacco smoke significantly increased only lipocalin-2 concentration. The disease itself did not affect the concentrations of chemerin, lipocalin, and apelin. Additionally, we found a positive correlation between chemerin concentration and fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and triglycerides levels, while a negative correlation was observed with high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) concentration. In the smoking subgroup, chemerin concentration was positively correlated with free testosterone concentration and the free androgen index and negatively associated with sex hormone-binding globulin concentration. Our findings indicate that abnormal body weight has a stronger impact than tobacco smoke exposure on metabolic and hormonal disorders in women with PCOS, highlighting the important role of weight control in such individuals. However, smoking appears to be an additional factor that intensifies hormonal disorders associated with adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Niepsuj
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piwowar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Franik
- Department of Endocrinological Gynecology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Bizoń
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Krizanac M, Mass Sanchez PB, Weiskirchen R, Schröder SK. Overview of the expression patterns and roles of Lipocalin 2 in the reproductive system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1365602. [PMID: 38645429 PMCID: PMC11026566 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1365602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The 25 kDa-sized protein Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) was originally isolated from human neutrophil granulocytes more than 30 years ago. LCN2 is an emerging player in innate immune defense, as it reduces bacterial growth due to its ability to sequester iron-containing bacterial siderophores. On the other hand, LCN2 also serves as a transporter for various hydrophobic substances due to its β-barrel shaped structure. Over the years, LCN2 has been detected in many other cell types including epithelial cells, astrocytes, and hepatocytes. Studies have clearly shown that aberrant expression of LCN2 is associated with a variety of disorders and malignancies, including several diseases of the reproductive system. Furthermore, LCN2 was proposed as a non-invasive prognostic and/or diagnostic biomarker in this context. Although several studies have shed light on the role of LCN2 in various disorders of the female and male reproductive systems, including tumorigenesis, a comprehensive understanding of the physiological function of LCN2 in the reproductive tract is still lacking. However, there is evidence that LCN2 is directly related to fertility, as global depletion of Lcn2 in mice has a negative effect on their pregnancy rate. Since LCN2 expression can be regulated by steroid hormones, it is not surprising that its expression fluctuates greatly during remodeling processes in the female reproductive tract, especially in the uterus. Well-founded details about the expression and regulation of LCN2 in a healthy reproductive state and also about possible changes during reproductive aging could contribute to a better understanding of LCN2 as a target in various diseases. Therefore, the present review summarizes current knowledge about LCN2 in the reproductive system, including studies in rodents and humans, and discusses changes in LCN2 expression during pathological events. The limited data suggest that LCN2 is expressed and regulated differently in healthy male and female reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah K. Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Liu S, Zhang Y, Yang F, Gu J, Zhang R, Kuang Y, Mai W, Zheng C, Yu Y, Lu R, Zeng L, Cao H, Long Y. Modified Cangfu Daotan decoction ameliorates polycystic ovary syndrome with insulin resistance via NF-κB/LCN-2 signaling pathway in inflammatory microenvironment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:975724. [PMID: 36440213 PMCID: PMC9686851 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.975724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the possible connection between the insulin resistance-targeting protein adipokine lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) and NF-κB signaling pathway in the inflammatory microenvironment in PCOS-IR model rats to determine the pharmacological mechanism of modified Cangfu Daotan decoction (MCDD) intervention for PCOS-IR. We used a high-fat diet (42 days) combined with letrozole (1 mg/kg/day, 42 days) to establish a PCOS-IR rat model. From the third week after modeling, the rats were given continuous administration of MCDD (high dose with 31.68 g/kg, medium dose with 15.84 g/kg, and low dose with 7.92 g/kg) for 28 days. Serum, ovarian tissue, liver, and adipose tissue were collected after the last gavage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Masson staining, qRT-PCR, and Western blot experiments were performed to detect various indicators. Our results showed that MCDD could reduce body weight and abdominal fat weight; restore normal estrous cycle and ovarian function; alleviate fatty liver; regulate HOMA-IR and OGTT index; reduce serum inflammatory factor levels, LCN-2 level, and gene expression; and regulate the insulin signal transduction and NF-κB pathways in PCOS-IR rats. Thus, MCDD may play a role in improving ovarian function in PCOS-IR rats by downregulating NF-κB/LCN-2 proteins and upregulating the gene expression of Insr/Irs-1/Glut4 in the insulin signaling pathway in the inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuowen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingna Gu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruyue Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Kuang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wantong Mai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengbo Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruling Lu
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongying Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongling Long
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Yongling Long,
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Cheng F, Ng NYH, Tam CHT, Zhang Y, Lim CKP, Jiang G, Ng ACW, Yau TTL, Cheung LP, Xu A, Chan JCN, Ma RCW. Association between FGF19, FGF21 and lipocalin-2, and diabetes progression in PCOS. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:1243-1252. [PMID: 34473082 PMCID: PMC8494400 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. FGF19, FGF21 and lipocalin-2 have emerged as important markers of metabolic risk. This study aims to compare the levels of FGF19, FGF21 and lipocalin-2 between subjects with or without PCOS, and to investigate the relationship between proteins and diabetes progression. In this nested case-control cohort study, 128 Chinese PCOS women and 128 controls were recruited and followed-up. All subjects underwent the oral glucose tolerance test for the evaluation of glycaemic status. Baseline serum protein levels were measured using ELISA. Compared with controls, PCOS subjects had higher levels of FGF19 (P < 0.001) and FGF21 (P = 0.022), but had lower lipocalin-2 (P < 0.001). In total, 20.8% of PCOS and 9.2% of controls developed diabetes over a mean duration of 10.4 ± 1.2 and 11.3 ± 0.5 years, respectively. Logistic regression analyses suggested FGF19 was positively associated with diabetes progression in controls, after adjusting for age, follow-up duration, waist and fasting glucose (P = 0.026, odds ratio (OR) (95% CI): 7.4 (1.3-43.6)), and the positive relationship between FGF21 and diabetes progression in controls was attenuated by adjusting for age and follow-up duration (P = 0.183). Lipocalin-2 was positively correlated with diabetes progression in PCOS group (P = 0.026, OR (95% CI)): 2.5 (1.1-5.6)); however, this became attenuated after adjusting for waist and fasting glucose (P = 0.081). In conclusion, there is differential expression of FGF19, FGF21, and lipocalin-2 in PCOS. The serum level of FGF19, and FGF21 is associated with diabetes progression in women without PCOS, while lipocalin-2 was related to diabetes progression in PCOS women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Cheng
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Noel Yat Hey Ng
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Claudia Ha Ting Tam
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Cadmon King Poo Lim
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Guozhi Jiang
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Alex Chi Wai Ng
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tiffany Tse Ling Yau
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lai Ping Cheung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Juliana C N Chan
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre in Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre in Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Correspondence should be addressed to R C W Ma:
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Dekens DW, Eisel ULM, Gouweleeuw L, Schoemaker RG, De Deyn PP, Naudé PJW. Lipocalin 2 as a link between ageing, risk factor conditions and age-related brain diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101414. [PMID: 34325073 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic (neuro)inflammation plays an important role in many age-related central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and vascular dementia. Inflammation also characterizes many conditions that form a risk factor for these CNS disorders, such as physical inactivity, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is an inflammatory protein shown to be involved in different age-related CNS diseases, as well as risk factor conditions thereof. Lcn2 expression is increased in the periphery and the brain in different age-related CNS diseases and also their risk factor conditions. Experimental studies indicate that Lcn2 contributes to various neuropathophysiological processes of age-related CNS diseases, including exacerbated neuroinflammation, cell death and iron dysregulation, which may negatively impact cognitive function. We hypothesize that increased Lcn2 levels as a result of age-related risk factor conditions may sensitize the brain and increase the risk to develop age-related CNS diseases. In this review we first provide a comprehensive overview of the known functions of Lcn2, and its effects in the CNS. Subsequently, this review explores Lcn2 as a potential (neuro)inflammatory link between different risk factor conditions and the development of age-related CNS disorders. Altogether, evidence convincingly indicates Lcn2 as a key constituent in ageing and age-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doortje W Dekens
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie Gouweleeuw
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Regien G Schoemaker
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Petrus J W Naudé
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Lim D, Jeong JH, Song J. Lipocalin 2 regulates iron homeostasis, neuroinflammation, and insulin resistance in the brains of patients with dementia: Evidence from the current literature. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:883-894. [PMID: 33945675 PMCID: PMC8265939 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia accompanied by memory loss is considered one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide, and its prevalence is gradually increasing. Known risk factors for dementia include genetic background, certain lifestyle and dietary patterns, smoking, iron overload, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose metabolism in the brain. Here, we review recent evidence on the regulatory role of lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in dementia from various perspectives. LCN2 is a neutrophil gelatinase-associated protein that influences diverse cellular processes, including the immune system, iron homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory responses. Although its functions within the peripheral system are most widely recognized, recent findings have revealed links between LCN2 and central nervous system diseases, as well as novel roles for LCN2 in neurons and glia. Furthermore, LCN2 may modulate diverse pathological mechanisms involved in dementia. Taken together, LCN2 is a promising therapeutic target with which to address the neuropathology of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daejin Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Bhusal A, Lee WH, Suk K. Lipocalin-2 in Diabetic Complications of the Nervous System: Physiology, Pathology, and Beyond. Front Physiol 2021; 12:638112. [PMID: 33613327 PMCID: PMC7892766 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.638112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a 25 kDa secreted protein that belongs to the family of lipocalins, a group of transporters of small hydrophobic molecules such as iron, fatty acids, steroids, and lipopolysaccharide in circulation. LCN2 was previously found to be involved in iron delivery, pointing toward a potential role for LCN2 in immunity. This idea was further validated when LCN2 was found to limit bacterial growth during infections in mice by sequestering iron-laden siderophores. Recently, LCN2 was also identified as a critical regulator of energy metabolism, glucose and lipid homeostasis, and insulin function. Furthermore, studies using Lcn2 knockout mice suggest an important role for LCN2 in several biobehavioral responses, including cognition, emotion, anxiety, and feeding behavior. Owing to its expression and influence on multiple metabolic and neurological functions, there has emerged a great deal of interest in the study of relationships between LCN2 and neurometabolic complications. Thorough investigation has demonstrated that LCN2 is involved in several neurodegenerative diseases, while more recent studies have shown that LCN2 is also instrumental for the progression of diabetic complications like encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. Preliminary findings have shown that LCN2 is also a promising drug target and diagnostic marker for the treatment of neuropathic complications from diabetes. In particular, future translational research related to LCN2, such as the development of small-molecule inhibitors or neutralizing antibodies against LCN2, appears essential for exploring its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Mierzyński R, Poniedziałek-Czajkowska E, Dłuski D, Kamiński M, Mierzyńska A, Leszczyńska-Gorzelak B. The Potential Role of Chemerin, Lipocalin 2, and Apelin in the Diagnosis and Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:5547228. [PMID: 34212049 PMCID: PMC8211493 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5547228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The exact role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) still remains not fully clear, and multiple studies have analyzed their potential contribution to the pathophysiology of this pregnancy complication. This study is aimed at evaluating serum chemerin, lipocalin 2, and apelin concentrations in GDM and healthy pregnant patients, assessing the correlation between these adipokines, and suggesting the potential role of these cytokines in the diagnosis and pathophysiology of GDM. The study comprised 237 pregnant women: 153 with GDM and 84 with physiological pregnancy. Serum concentrations of chemerin, lipocalin 2, and apelin were obtained at 24-29 weeks of gestation. The mean concentrations of chemerin and lipocalin 2 were significantly higher in the GDM group. The concentration of apelin was slightly higher in the GDM group, but not statistically significant. The strong positive correlation between chemerin and lipocalin 2 concentrations was noticed in both groups. Our data suggest that maternal chemerin and lipocalin 2 may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of GDM. We imply that these adipokines could potentially be established as novel biomarkers for the early identification of GDM. However, more studies are needed to analyze the effect of these adipokines on glucose metabolism during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radzisław Mierzyński
- Chair and Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Dominik Dłuski
- Chair and Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Maciej Kamiński
- Chair and Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mierzyńska
- Chair and Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
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Zhang P, Konja D, Wang Y. Adipose tissue secretory profile and cardiometabolic risk in obesity. ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2020.100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Metabolic Cytokines at Fasting and During Macronutrient Challenges: Influence of Obesity, Female Androgen Excess and Sex. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112566. [PMID: 31652917 PMCID: PMC6893420 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scope: Cytokines have pleiotropic functions within the organism and their levels may be influenced by obesity, visceral adiposity and sex hormones. Diet composition may also affect their systemic concentrations during fasting and in the postprandial period. Hence, we studied the influence of sex steroids and obesity on the circulating levels of a panel of metabolic cytokines in the fasting state and after single macronutrient challenges. Methods: On alternate days we submitted 17 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (9 non-obese, 8 obese), 17 non-hyperandrogenic control women (9 non-obese, 8 obese) and 19 control men (10 non-obese, 9 obese) to isocaloric oral glucose, lipid and protein loads. Serum levels of omentin-1, vaspin, lipocalin-2, adipsin, PAI-1, chemerin, FGF-21 and FGF-23 were determined by Luminex multiplex technology. Results: During fasting, obese patients presented higher levels of PAI-1, chemerin and adipsin but decreased FGF-23 and omentin-1 compared with non-obese subjects. Vaspin showed sexual dimorphism with lower levels in men than women with PCOS and female controls. Following macronutrient ingestion, most metabolic cytokines presented a similar physiological response consisting of a decrease in circulating concentrations, which was inversely associated with the fasting levels of these molecules. Protein intake caused the major postprandial decrease whereas glucose did not significantly reduce PAI-1, FGF-23 and vaspin, and even increased FGF-21. Regardless of the macronutrient administered, vaspin levels showed a larger reduction in non-obese individuals while the decrease in PAI-1 was particularly noticeable in the obese subgroup. The postprandial reductions of omentin-1 and FGF-23 after glucose and protein loads were influenced by obesity. No major differences were found between patients with PCOS and male and female controls. Conclusions: Obesity, but not PCOS or sex, markedly influences metabolic cytokine levels at fasting and after macronutrient ingestion. The observed postprandial decrease in their circulating concentrations might represent a physiological compensatory mechanism against food-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. This mechanism is altered by obesity and is differently modulated by macronutrients, suggesting a larger contribution of glucose to stressful postprandial responses.
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Investigation of galectin-3, lipocalin 2, retinol binding protein (RBP), small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) in patients with hirsutism. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2019; 36:177-183. [PMID: 31320851 PMCID: PMC6627252 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2019.84593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hirsutism is defined as excessive terminal hair in androgen-dependent areas in women. Adipose tissue is no longer regarded as a storage site for triglycerides or as a source of free fatty acids but is currently emerging as a key constituent of energy metabolism secreting numerous enzymes, cytokines, growth factors, and hormones. Aim To evaluate serum levels of galectin-3 (Gal3), lipocalin-2 (LCN2), retinol binding protein (RBP), and small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) in patients with hirsutism and patients co-presenting with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hirsutism. Material and methods The study included 90 patients that were divided into three groups: (I) patients with idiopathic hirsutism (IH) (n = 30), (II) PCOS patients with hirsutism (H-PCOS) (n = 30), and (III) the control group (n = 30). Informed consent was obtained from each participant. Idiopathic hirsutism was scored using the modified Ferriman-Gallwey (mFG) scoring system and the diagnosis of PCOS was established based on the modified Rotterdam criteria. Human Gal3, LCN2, RBP, and sdLDL levels were analysed using a commercially available double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results No significant difference was found between the three groups with regard to serum Gal3, LCN2, RBP, and sdLDL levels (p > 0.05). Median values were higher in the H-PCOS group than in the other two groups: body weight (median: 76.5 kg) (p < 0.001), waist circumference (median: 82.5 cm) (p = 0.001). Conclusions No significant correlation was found between the adipokines that play a role in the aetiology of numerous diseases and some mediators of the lipid metabolism and hirsutism.
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Song J, Kim OY. Perspectives in Lipocalin-2: Emerging Biomarker for Medical Diagnosis and Prognosis for Alzheimer's Disease. Clin Nutr Res 2018; 7:1-10. [PMID: 29423384 PMCID: PMC5796918 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2018.7.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the lipocalin superfamily was reported to participate in various biological processes including cell migration, cell survival, inflammatory responses, and insulin sensitivity. LCN2 is expressed in the multiple tissues such as kidney, liver, uterus, and bone marrow. The receptors for LCN2 were additionally found in microglia, astrocytes, epithelial cells, and neurons, but the role of LCN2 in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been fully understood yet. Recently, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies reported the association between LCN2 and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we reviewed the significant evidences showing that LCN2 contributes to the onset and progression of AD. It may suggest that the manipulation of LCN2 in the CNS would be a crucial target for regulation of the pathogenesis and risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.,Human Life Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Oh Yoen Kim
- Human Life Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Brain Busan 21 Project, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
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13
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Chan YK, Sung HK, Jahng JWS, Kim GHE, Han M, Sweeney G. Lipocalin-2 inhibits autophagy and induces insulin resistance in H9c2 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 430:68-76. [PMID: 27090568 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2; also known as neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin, NGAL) levels are increased in obesity and diabetes and associate with insulin resistance. Correlations exist between Lcn2 levels and various forms or stages of heart failure. Insulin resistance and autophagy both play well-established roles in cardiomyopathy. However, little is known about the impact of Lcn2 on insulin signaling in cardiomyocytes. In this study, we treated H9c2 cells with recombinant Lcn2 for 1 h followed by dose- and time-dependent insulin treatment and found that Lcn2 attenuated insulin signaling assessed via phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K. We used multiple assays to demonstrate that Lcn2 reduced autophagic flux. First, Lcn2 reduced pULK1 S555, increased pULK1 S757 and reduced LC3-II levels determined by Western blotting. We validated the use of DQ-BSA to assess autolysosomal protein degradation and this together with MagicRed cathepsin B assay indicated that Lcn2 reduced lysosomal degradative activity. Furthermore, we generated H9c2 cells stably expressing tandem fluorescent RFP/GFP-LC3 and this approach verified that Lcn2 decreased autophagic flux. We also created an autophagy-deficient H9c2 cell model by overexpressing a dominant-negative Atg5 mutant and found that reduced autophagy levels also induced insulin resistance. Adding rapamycin after Lcn2 could stimulate autophagy and recover insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, our study indicated that acute Lcn2 treatment caused insulin resistance and use of gain and loss of function approaches elucidated a causative link between autophagy inhibition and regulation of insulin sensitivity by Lcn2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Kwan Chan
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Hye Kyoung Sung
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Grace Ha Eun Kim
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Meng Han
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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14
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Kamble PG, Pereira MJ, Sidibeh CO, Amini S, Sundbom M, Börjesson JL, Eriksson JW. Lipocalin 2 produces insulin resistance and can be upregulated by glucocorticoids in human adipose tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 427:124-32. [PMID: 26973291 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The adipokine lipocalin 2 is linked to obesity and metabolic disorders. However, its role in human adipose tissue glucose and lipid metabolism is not explored. Here we show that the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone dose-dependently increased lipocalin 2 gene expression in subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue from pre-menopausal females, while it had no effect in post-menopausal females or in males. Subcutaneous adipose tissue from both genders treated with recombinant human lipocalin 2 showed a reduction in protein levels of GLUT1 and GLUT4 and in glucose uptake in isolated adipocytes. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, lipocalin 2 increased IL-6 gene expression whereas expression of PPARγ and adiponectin was reduced. Our findings suggest that lipocalin 2 can contribute to insulin resistance in human adipose tissue. In pre-menopausal females, it may partly mediate adverse metabolic effects exerted by glucocorticoid excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad G Kamble
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cherno O Sidibeh
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sam Amini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Sundbom
- Department of Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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15
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Ranjbaran J, Farimani M, Tavilani H, Ghorbani M, Karimi J, Poormonsefi F, Khodadadi I. Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and MMP9/NGAL complex activity in women with PCOS. Reproduction 2016; 151:305-11. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It is believed that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in follicular development and pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, conflicting results are available about the alteration of MMP2 and MMP9 concentrations or activities in PCOS. In fact, there is no study entirely investigating both concentration and activity of these MMPs and serum levels of their tissue inhibitors TIMP2 and TIMP1, as well as lipocalin-bound form of MMP9 (MMP9/NGAL). Therefore, the thoroughness of previous studies is questionable. This study was conducted to determine circulatory concentration of MMP2, MMP9, MMP9/NGAL complex, TIMP1 and TIMP2 as well as gelatinase activities of MMP2, MMP9 and MMP9/NGAL complex in women with PCOS and controls. Mean age and BMI as well as serum levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, HDL-C, LDL-C, fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin did not differ between groups, whereas a marked decrease in FSH and significant increases in LH, LH/FSH ratio, testosterone and free androgen index were observed. Women with PCOS and controls showed closed concentrations of MMP2, MMP9, MMP9/NGAL, TIMP1 and TIMP2. Gelatinase activity of MMP9 was found significantly higher in PCOS than in controls (64.53±15.32 vs 44.61±18.95 respectively) while patients and healthy subjects showed similar activities of MMP2 and MMP9/NGAL complex. Additionally, PCOS patients showed a higher MMP9/TIMP1 ratio compared with control women. Direct correlations were also observed between circulatory MMP9 level and the concentration and activity of MMP9/NGAL complex. In conclusion, based on the results of present study, we believe that MMP9 may be involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS.
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16
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Diverse functional roles of lipocalin-2 in the central nervous system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 49:135-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lou Y, Wu C, Wu M, Xie C, Ren L. The changes of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in plasma and its expression in adipose tissue in pregnant women with gestational diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 104:136-42. [PMID: 24530115 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate plasma levels and the expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS The study recruited 260 Chinese women divided into three groups: 96 were healthy pregnant women with pre-pregnancy body mass index (pre-pregnancy BMI) below 25kg/m(2) (GROUP 1), 84 were women with GDM with pre-pregnancy BMI below 25kg/m(2) (GROUP 2) and 80 were women with GDM with pre-pregnancy BMI over 25kg/m(2) (GROUP 3). Laboratory and anthropometric measurements were recorded and NGAL plasma levels were determined by ELISA for subjects in all groups. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to assess the relative mRNA and protein expression of NGAL and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in SAT (30 cases in each group). RESULTS Our results demonstrated statistically significant elevation in plasma NGAL concentrations in GROUP 2 and GROUP 3 compared with GROUP 1 (p<0.001 for both group comparisons). Moreover, SAT NGAL mRNA (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) and protein (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) expression levels were higher in GROUP 3 than in both GROUP 1 and GROUP 2. Correlations were noted between the plasma NGAL concentration and various parameters of insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Plasma NGAL may play a role in the development of insulin resistance in GDM, and the high levels of NGAL expression in SAT in overweight women with GDM suggests that NGAL in SAT is associated with obesity in women with GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Lou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chaoying Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Cui Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lirong Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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18
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Sahin SB, Cure MC, Ugurlu Y, Ergul E, Gur EU, Alyildiz N, Bostan M. Epicardial adipose tissue thickness and NGAL levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:24. [PMID: 24528623 PMCID: PMC3931485 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and early atherosclerosis. Epicardial adipose tissue thickness (EATT) is clinically related to subclinical atherosclerosis. In the present study, considering the major role of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) which is an acute phase protein rapidly releasing upon inflammation and tissue injury, we aimed to evaluate NGAL levels and EATT in PCOS patients and assess their relationship with cardiometabolic factors. METHODS 64 patients with PCOS and 50 age- and body mass index-matched healthy controls were included in the study. We evaluated anthropometric, hormonal and metabolic parameters. EATT was measured by echocardiography above the free wall of the right ventricle. Serum NGAL and high-sensitive C- reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Mean EATT was 0,38 +/-0,16 mm in the PCOS group and 0,34 +/-0,36 mm in the control group (p = 0,144). In the obese PCOS group (n = 44) EAT was thicker compared to the obese control group (n = 41) (p = 0.026). Mean NGAL levels of the patients with PCOS were 101,98 +/-21,53 pg/ml, while mean NGAL levels were 107,40 +/-26,44 pg/ml in the control group (p = 0,228). We found a significant positive correlation between EATT and age, BMI, waist circumference, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, triglyceride and hsCRP levels in PCOS group. CONCLUSIONS Thickness of the epicardial adipose tissue can be used to follow the risk of CVD development in obese PCOS cases. However serum NGAL levels do not differ in patients with PCOS and control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Baydur Sahin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical School, Rize, Turkey
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Training and Research Hospital, 53020 Rize, Turkey
| | - Medine Cumhur Cure
- Department of Biochemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical School, Rize, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Ugurlu
- Department of Cardiology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical School, Rize, Turkey
| | - Elif Ergul
- Department of Cardiology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical School, Rize, Turkey
| | - Emine Uslu Gur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical School, Rize, Turkey
| | - Nese Alyildiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical School, Rize, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bostan
- Department of Cardiology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical School, Rize, Turkey
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19
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Sahin SB, Cure MC, Ugurlu Y, Ergul E, Gur EU, Alyildiz N, Bostan M. Epicardial adipose tissue thickness and NGAL levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Ovarian Res 2014. [PMID: 24528623 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-24.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and early atherosclerosis. Epicardial adipose tissue thickness (EATT) is clinically related to subclinical atherosclerosis. In the present study, considering the major role of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) which is an acute phase protein rapidly releasing upon inflammation and tissue injury, we aimed to evaluate NGAL levels and EATT in PCOS patients and assess their relationship with cardiometabolic factors. METHODS 64 patients with PCOS and 50 age- and body mass index-matched healthy controls were included in the study. We evaluated anthropometric, hormonal and metabolic parameters. EATT was measured by echocardiography above the free wall of the right ventricle. Serum NGAL and high-sensitive C- reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Mean EATT was 0,38 +/-0,16 mm in the PCOS group and 0,34 +/-0,36 mm in the control group (p = 0,144). In the obese PCOS group (n = 44) EAT was thicker compared to the obese control group (n = 41) (p = 0.026). Mean NGAL levels of the patients with PCOS were 101,98 +/-21,53 pg/ml, while mean NGAL levels were 107,40 +/-26,44 pg/ml in the control group (p = 0,228). We found a significant positive correlation between EATT and age, BMI, waist circumference, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, triglyceride and hsCRP levels in PCOS group. CONCLUSIONS Thickness of the epicardial adipose tissue can be used to follow the risk of CVD development in obese PCOS cases. However serum NGAL levels do not differ in patients with PCOS and control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Baydur Sahin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical School, Rize, Turkey.
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20
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Hocking S, Samocha-Bonet D, Milner KL, Greenfield JR, Chisholm DJ. Adiposity and insulin resistance in humans: the role of the different tissue and cellular lipid depots. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:463-500. [PMID: 23550081 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human adiposity has long been associated with insulin resistance and increased cardiovascular risk, and abdominal adiposity is considered particularly adverse. Intra-abdominal fat is associated with insulin resistance, possibly mediated by greater lipolytic activity, lower adiponectin levels, resistance to leptin, and increased inflammatory cytokines, although the latter contribution is less clear. Liver lipid is also closely associated with, and likely to be an important contributor to, insulin resistance, but it may also be in part the consequence of the lipogenic pathway of insulin action being up-regulated by hyperinsulinemia and unimpaired signaling. Again, intramyocellular triglyceride is associated with muscle insulin resistance, but anomalies include higher intramyocellular triglyceride in insulin-sensitive athletes and women (vs men). Such issues could be explained if the "culprits" were active lipid moieties such as diacylglycerol and ceramide species, dependent more on lipid metabolism and partitioning than triglyceride amount. Subcutaneous fat, especially gluteofemoral, appears metabolically protective, illustrated by insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in patients with lipodystrophy. However, some studies suggest that deep sc abdominal fat may have adverse properties. Pericardial and perivascular fat relate to atheromatous disease, but not clearly to insulin resistance. There has been recent interest in recognizable brown adipose tissue in adult humans and its possible augmentation by a hormone, irisin, from exercising muscle. Brown adipose tissue is metabolically active, oxidizes fatty acids, and generates heat but, because of its small and variable quantities, its metabolic importance in humans under usual living conditions is still unclear. Further understanding of specific roles of different lipid depots may help new approaches to control obesity and its metabolic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hocking
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia.
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21
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White UA, Tchoukalova YD. Sex dimorphism and depot differences in adipose tissue function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:377-92. [PMID: 23684841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, characterized by excessive adiposity, is a risk factor for many metabolic pathologies, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Numerous studies have shown that adipose tissue distribution may be a greater predictor of metabolic health. Upper-body fat (visceral and subcutaneous abdominal) is commonly associated with the unfavorable complications of obesity, while lower-body fat (gluteal-femoral) may be protective. Current research investigations are focused on analyzing the metabolic properties of adipose tissue, in order to better understand the mechanisms that regulate fat distribution in both men and women. This review will highlight the adipose tissue depot- and sex-dependent differences in white adipose tissue function, including adipogenesis, adipose tissue developmental patterning, the storage and release of fatty acids, and secretory function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula A White
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Yourka D Tchoukalova
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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22
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Chen X, Jia X, Qiao J, Guan Y, Kang J. Adipokines in reproductive function: a link between obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 50:R21-37. [PMID: 23335807 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy associated with infertility and metabolic disorder in women of reproductive age. Dysfunction of adipose tissue has been implicated in the pathophysiology of PCOS. Increasing evidence shows that the dysregulated expression of adipokines, the secreted products of adipose tissue, plays an important role in the pathology of PCOS. Here, we review the role of several identified adipokines that may act as a link between obesity and PCOS. PCOS also reciprocally influences the profile of adipokines. Insight into the underlying mechanisms will help better understand the pathology of PCOS and identify new therapeutic targets of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwang Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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23
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Markopoulos MC, Valsamakis G, Kouskouni E, Boutsiadis A, Papassotiriou I, Creatsas G, Mastorakos G. Study of carbohydrate metabolism indices and adipocytokine profile and their relationship with androgens in polycystic ovary syndrome after menopause. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 168:83-90. [PMID: 23076844 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and altered adipocytokine levels characterize polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women of reproductive age. Hyperandrogenism persists in postmenopausal PCOS women. In the latter, this study aimed at investigating carbohydrate metabolism, adipocytokines, androgens, and their relationships. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Blood sampling from overweight postmenopausal women (25 PCOS and 24 age- and BMI-matched controls) at baseline and during oral glucose tolerance test for measurement of insulin and glucose levels, baseline leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, retinol-binding protein 4, lipocalin-2, androgen, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and for calculation of insulin sensitivity (glucose-to-insulin ratio (G/I), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, and insulin sensitivity index (ISI)), resistance (homeostasis mathematical model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)), secretion (Δ of the area under the curve of insulin (ΔAUCI), first-phase insulin secretion (1st PHIS), and second-phase insulin secretion (2nd PHIS)), and free androgen indices (FAI). RESULTS PCOS women had higher insulin secretion indices, hs-CRP, androgen, and FAI levels than controls without differing in baseline glucose, insulin and adipocytokines levels, insulin sensitivity, and resistance indices. In PCOS women, FAI levels correlated positively with baseline insulin, ΔAUCI, HOMA-IR, and ΔAUCG and negatively with G/I; hs-CRP levels correlated positively with ΔAUCI and negatively with ISI. PCOS status, waist circumference, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) levels were positive predictors for ΔAUCI. In all women, waist circumference was a negative predictor for ISI; 17-OHP and FAI levels were positive predictors respectively for baseline insulin levels and for 1st PHIS and 2nd PHIS. CONCLUSIONS Early postmenopausal PCOS women are characterized by hyperinsulinemia but attenuated insulin resistance. PCOS status and waist circumference are predictors of hyperinsulinemia while insulin sensitivity correlates negatively with FAI. The differences reported in adipocytokine levels between PCOS and non-PCOS women in reproductive years seem to disappear after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios C Markopoulos
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University Medical School, Aretaieion University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Tekkeşin N, Taga Y, İbrişim D, Gündoğan N. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) levels in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Interv Med Appl Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/imas.4.2012.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background/Aims
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the most common forms of chronic liver disease, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Adipokines secreted by adipose tissue have recently been implicated in initiating and perpetuating the chronic inflammatory state observed in obesity and NAFLD. Recent studies suggest neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of IR. The aims of this study were to determine urinary NGAL levels in patients with ultrasonography proven NAFLD and to correlate these levels with the metabolic profile and fibrosis grade in this population.
Methodology
Our cohort consisted of 65 consecutive patients undergoing abdominal ultrasonography for clinical suspicion of NAFLD. Patients were subsequently divided into two groups: no steatosis (n=20) and steatosis (n=45). The stage of fibrosis was measured using a four-point scale. Urinary NGAL was measured by a specific microparticle enzyme immunoassay. The degree of insulin resistance was determined by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). Glucose, insulin, lipid profile, and transaminases were also measured.
Results
Urinary NGAL levels correlated with body mass index, HOMA, fasting glucose, and insulin levels in patients with steatosis. Moreover, uNGAL levels were higher in patients with steatosis compared to those with no steatosis (49.8 ng/mL and 22.7 ng/mL, respectively) with a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). A stepwise increase in uNGAL levels from patients without fibrosis (21.7 ng/mL) to patients with cirrhosis (47.4 ng/mL) was noted (p<0.001).
Conclusions
Our study demonstrates that in adult patients with NAFLD, uNGAL levels correlate with BMI, insulin resistance, and lipid profiles, and identifies a novel association between uNGAL levels and hepatocellular injury in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgün Tekkeşin
- 1 Central Biochemistry Laboratory, Memorial Hospital, Şişli, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Taga
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu İbrişim
- 3 Department of Gastroenterology, Memorial Hospital, Ataşehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgün Gündoğan
- 4 Department of Radiology, Memorial Hospital, Şişli, Istanbul, Turkey
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25
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Wang Y. Small lipid-binding proteins in regulating endothelial and vascular functions: focusing on adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and lipocalin-2. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:603-21. [PMID: 21658023 PMCID: PMC3315034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dysregulated production of adipokines from adipose tissue plays a critical role in the development of obesity-associated cardiovascular abnormalities. A group of adipokines, including adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) and lipocalin-2, possess specific lipid-binding activity and are up-regulated in obese human subjects and animal models. They act as lipid chaperones to promote lipotoxicity in endothelial cells and cause endothelial dysfunction under obese conditions. However, different small lipid-binding proteins modulate the development of vascular complications in distinctive manners, which are partly attributed to their specialized structural features and functionalities. By focusing on A-FABP and lipocalin-2, this review summarizes recent advances demonstrating the causative roles of these newly identified adipose tissue-derived lipid chaperones in obesity-related endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular complications. The specific lipid-signalling mechanisms mediated by these two proteins are highlighted to support their specialized functions. In summary, A-FABP and lipocalin-2 represent potential therapeutic targets to design drugs for preventing vascular diseases associated with obesity. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Fat and Vascular Responsiveness. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Huang Y, Yang Z, Ye Z, Li Q, Wen J, Tao X, Chen L, He M, Wang X, Lu B, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Qu S, Hu R. Lipocalin-2, glucose metabolism and chronic low-grade systemic inflammation in Chinese people. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:11. [PMID: 22292925 PMCID: PMC3295671 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipocalin-2 is a novel adipokine with connection to insulin resistance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of serum lipocalin-2 with glucose metabolism and other metabolic phenotype in a large-scale Chinese population. Methods We evaluated serum lipocalin-2 in a cross-sectional sample of 2519 Chinese aged from 50 to 82 year in a Shanghai downtown district by ELISA. Glucose, insulin, lipid profile, inflammatory markers, and adipokines were also measured. Results Serum lipocalin-2 was significantly higher in subjects with isolated impaired fasting glucose, isolated impaired glucose tolerance, combined impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance and newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes than in those with normal glucose regulation. Lipocalin-2 elevation was clearly associated with a higher risk for impaired glucose regulation (OR 1.30 for each 10 ng/ml increase in serum lipocalin-2, 95% CI 1.23-1.62, p = 0.009) after adjustment of age, gender, smoking, alcohol drinking, family history of diabetes, serum CRP, serum adiponectin, serum CXCL5, HOMA-IR, BMI, and waist/hip ratio. The OR for participants with impaired glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes was 1.31 (95% CI 1.21-1.69, p < 0.001). Conclusions Our findings suggest that elevated serum lipocalin-2 is closely and independently associated with impaired glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Huashan hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Koiou E, Tziomalos K, Katsikis I, Kandaraki EA, Kalaitzakis E, Delkos D, Vosnakis C, Panidis D. Weight loss significantly reduces serum lipocalin-2 levels in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28:20-4. [PMID: 21756081 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2011.588745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum lipocalin-2 levels are elevated in obese patients. We assessed serum lipocalin-2 levels in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the effects of weight loss or metformin on these levels. Forty-seven overweight/obese patients with PCOS [body mass index (BMI) >27 kg/m(2)] were instructed to follow a low-calorie diet, to exercise and were given orlistat or sibutramine for 6 months. Twenty-five normal weight patients with PCOS (BMI <25 kg/m(2)) were treated with metformin for 6 months. Twenty-five normal weight and 25 overweight/obese healthy female volunteers comprised the control groups. Serum lipocalin-2 levels did not differ between overweight/obese patients with PCOS and overweight/obese controls (p = 0.258), or between normal weight patients with PCOS and normal weight controls (p = 0.878). Lipocalin-2 levels were higher in overweight/obese patients with PCOS than in normal weight patients with PCOS (p < 0.001). In overweight/obese patients with PCOS, weight loss resulted in a fall in lipocalin-2 levels (p < 0.001). In normal weight patients with PCOS, treatment with metformin did not affect lipocalin-2 levels (p = 0.484). In conclusion, PCOS per se is not associated with elevated lipocalin-2 levels. Weight loss induces a significant reduction in lipocalin-2 levels in overweight/obese patients with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterini Koiou
- Division of Endocrinology and Human Reproduction, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Panidis D, Tziomalos K, Koiou E, Kandaraki EA, Tsourdi E, Delkos D, Kalaitzakis E, Katsikis I. The effects of obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome on serum lipocalin-2 levels: a cross-sectional study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:151. [PMID: 21143924 PMCID: PMC3004902 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipocalin-2 is a novel adipokine that appears to play a role in the development of insulin resistance. Serum lipocalin-2 levels are elevated in obese patients. Obesity and insulin resistance are cardinal characteristics of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, there are limited data on serum lipocalin-2 levels in patients with PCOS. The aim of the present study was to assess serum lipocalin-2 levels in PCOS. METHODS We studied 200 patients with PCOS and 50 healthy female volunteers. RESULTS Serum lipocalin-2 levels were slightly higher in women with PCOS compared with controls (65.4 +/- 34.3 vs. 60.3 +/- 26.0 ng/ml, respectively) but this difference did not reach statistical significance. In contrast, lipocalin-2 levels were higher in overweight/obese women with PCOS than in normal weight women with the syndrome (76.2 +/- 37.3 vs. 54.5 +/- 27.2 ng/ml, respectively; p < 0.001). Serum lipocalin-2 levels were also higher in overweight/obese controls compared with normal weight controls (70.1 +/- 24.9 vs. 50.5 +/- 23.7 ng/ml, respectively; p = 0.004). In the total study population (patients with PCOS and controls), lipocalin-2 levels were independently correlated with the body mass index (p < 0.001). In women with PCOS, lipocalin-2 levels were independently correlated with the waist (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Obesity is associated with elevated serum lipocalin-2 levels. In contrast, PCOS does not appear to affect lipocalin-2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Panidis
- Division of Endocrinology and Human Reproduction, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tziomalos
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ekaterini Koiou
- Division of Endocrinology and Human Reproduction, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni A Kandaraki
- Division of Endocrinology and Human Reproduction, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elena Tsourdi
- Division of Endocrinology and Human Reproduction, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Delkos
- Division of Endocrinology and Human Reproduction, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanuil Kalaitzakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Human Reproduction, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ilias Katsikis
- Division of Endocrinology and Human Reproduction, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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