Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Inflammatory Diseases

Epicatechin as a promising agent against arsenic-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in NMRI mice: behavioral and biochemical alterations

Epicatechin (Epi) is one of the most abundant flavonoids present in different fruits and tea leaves. Emerging research illuminates the promising potential of catechins to serve as a shield against the damaging effects of arsenic (As) exposure in diverse organs.This study sought to discern whether Epi exhibits a therapeutic efficacy against arsenic-induced neurotoxicity in a murine model.The Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice were randomly partitioned into six distinct groups, which included a control group receiving normal saline, a group receiving a daily oral dose of arsenic (10 mg/kg) for 5 weeks, groups receiving As (10 mg/kg/day) orally for 5 weeks along with different doses of Epi (25-100 mg/kg) orally for the last 2 weeks, and a group receiving Epi (100 mg/kg) orally for 2 weeks. To assess the potential effects of Epi, neurobehavioral tests, various parameters of oxidative stress, and inflammation were evaluated.The findings of this investigation revealed that As-induced neurobehavioral toxicity was associated with a notable surge in lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide (NO) concentration, accompanied by a reduction in the levels of antioxidant markers. As heightened pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were observed alongside amplified nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression. However, treatment with Epi reversed these effects.On the whole, these findings indicate that Epi may hold promise therapeutic efficacy on As-induced neurotoxicity by improving antioxidant status and mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation. Nevertheless, further research is imperative to comprehensively grasp the potential protective effects of Epi in this particular context.

Anti-inflammatory effects and related mechanisms in vitro and in vivo of Hedychium coccineum rhizome essential oil

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Hedychium coccineum rhizome is an anti-inflammatory ethnomedicine used to remedy inflammation-related swelling and bronchial asthma.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study aimed to analyze the phytochemical constituents of H. coccineum rhizome essential oil (EO) and evaluate its in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects and underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Phytochemical constituents of H. coccineum rhizome EO were analyzed using GC-FID/MS. In RAW264.7 macrophages induced by LPS, blockade of PGE2, NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α secretion by H. coccineum rhizome EO was measured, and then Western blot, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescent staining were used to evaluate its underlying mechanisms. Moreover, we used the xylene-induced ear edema model for testing anti-inflammatory potential in vivo and examined auricular swelling as well as tissue and serum contents of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.

RESULTS

EO's main components were E-nerolidol (40.5%), borneol acetate (24.8%), spathulenol (4.5%), linalool (3.8%), elemol (3.5%), and borneol (3.4%). In RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS, EO downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory enzyme (iNOS and COX-2) genes and proteins, thereby suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators (NO and PGE2) secretion. Simultaneously, it reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 release by downregulating their mRNA expression. Besides, H. coccineum EO attenuated LPS-stimulated activation of NF-κB (by reducing IκBα phosphorylation and degradation to inhibit NF-κB nuclear translocation) and MAPK (by downregulating JNK, p38, and ERK phosphorylation). In xylene-induced mouse ear edema, EO relieved auricular swelling and lowered serum and tissue levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.

CONCLUSIONS

H. coccineum EO had powerful in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB activation. Hence, H. coccineum EO should have great potential for application in the pharmaceutical field as a novel anti-inflammatory agent.

Discovery of dibenzylbutane lignan LCA derivatives as potent anti-inflammatory agents

Inflammation is the body's response to defence against infection or injury, and is associated with the progression of many diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). LCA, a dibenzylbutane lignan extracted from the roots of traditional medicinal plant Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers., has demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, a series of novel LCA derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cell model experiments showed that compound 10h (at 20 μM of concentration) had the strongest inhibitory effect on NO release, and inhibited the secretion and gene expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in vitro. In addition, western blot, immunofluorescence, and molecular docking showed that the anti-inflammatory mechanism of compound 10h may be related to the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling pathway. In vivo studies based on a carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema model have shown significant anti-inflammatory activity of compound 10h at 20 mg kg-1. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that compound 10h has the potential to be developed as a novel anti-inflammatory agent.

Repurposing Castanea sativa Spiny Burr By-Products Extract as a Potentially Effective Anti-Inflammatory Agent for Novel Future Biotechnological Applications

The concept of a "circular bioeconomy" holds great promise for the health, cosmetic, and nutrition sectors by re-using Castanea sativa (Mill.) by-products. This sustainable resource is rich in bioactive secondary metabolites with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. By transforming these by-products into high-value products for human health, we can promote sustainable economic growth and reduce the environmental impact of traditional waste disposal, adding value to previously underutilized resources. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidant capacity, phytochemical composition, and in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of C. sativa burr (CSB) aqueous extract. The spectrophotometric study revealed high total phenolic content (TPC) values with significant antioxidant and anti-radical properties. Using UPLC-MS/MS techniques, the phytochemical investigation identified 56 metabolites, confirming the presence of phenolic compounds in CSBs. In addition, CSBs significantly downregulated pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells without significant cell toxicity. Lastly, in silico studies pinpointed three kinases from RAW 264.7 cells as binding partners with ellagic acid, the predominant compound found in our extract. These findings strongly advocate for the recycling and valorization of C. sativa by-products, challenging their conventional classification as mere "waste".

Effects of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) Gene Knockout on the Diversity, Composition, and Function of Gut Microbiota in Adult Zebrafish

The gut microbiota constitutes a complex ecosystem that has an important impact on host health. In this study, genetically engineered zebrafish with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS or NOS2) knockout were used as a model to investigate the effects of nos2a/nos2b gene single knockout and nos2 gene double knockout on intestinal microbiome composition and function. Extensive 16S rRNA sequencing revealed substantial changes in microbial diversity and specific taxonomic abundances, yet it did not affect the functional structure of the intestinal tissues. Notably, iNOS-deficient zebrafish demonstrated a decrease in Vibrio species and an increase in Aeromonas species, with more pronounced effects observed in double knockouts. Further transcriptomic analysis of the gut in double iNOS knockout zebrafish indicated significant alterations in immune-related and metabolic pathways, including the complement and PPAR signaling pathways. These findings underscore the crucial interplay between host genetics and gut microbiota, indicating that iNOS plays a key role in modulating the gut microbial ecology, host immune system, and metabolic responses.

Therapeutic potential of ginseng leaf extract in inhibiting mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation and atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation in DNCB-treated mice

Ginseng leaves are known to contain high concentrations of bioactive compounds, such as ginsenosides, and have potential as a treatment for various conditions, including fungal infections, cancer, obesity, oxidative stress, and age-related diseases. This study assessed the impact of ginseng leaf extract (GLE) on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation and atopic dermatitis (AD) in DNCB-treated mice. GLE reduced skin thickness and lymph node nodules and suppressed the expression and secretion of histamine and pro-inflammatory cytokines. It also significantly lowered the production of inflammatory response mediators including ROS, leukotriene C4 (LTC4), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). GLE inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPKs (ERK, P38, JNK) and the activation of NF-κB, which are both linked to inflammatory cytokine expression. We demonstrated that GLE's inhibitory effect on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation is due to the blockade of the NF-κB and inflammasome pathways. Our findings suggest that GLE can be an effective therapeutic agent for mast-cell mediated and allergic inflammatory conditions.

Phytochemical Composition, Anti-Inflammatory Property, and Anti-Atopic Effect of Chaetomorpha linum Extract

Utilizing plant-based resources, particularly their by-products, aligns with sustainability principles and circular bioeconomy, contributing to environmental preservation. The therapeutic potential of plant extracts is garnering increasing interest, and this study aimed to demonstrate promising outcomes from an extract obtained from an underutilized plant waste. Chaetomorpha linum, an invasive macroalga found in the Orbetello Lagoon, thrives in eutrophic conditions, forming persistent mats covering approximately 400 hectares since 2005. The biomass of C. linum undergoes mechanical harvesting and is treated as waste, requiring significant human efforts and economic resources-A critical concern for municipalities. Despite posing challenges to local ecosystems, the study identified C. linum as a natural source of bioactive metabolites. Phytochemical characterization revealed lipids, amino acids, and other compounds with potential anti-inflammatory activity in C. linum extract. In vitro assays with LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 and TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells showed the extract inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) productions, and reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions via NF-κB nuclear translocation, in RAW 264.7 cells. It also reduced chemokines (TARC/CCL17, RANTES/CCL5, MCP-1/CCL2, and IL-8) and the cytokine IL-1β production in HaCaT cells, suggesting potential as a therapeutic candidate for chronic diseases like atopic dermatitis. Finally, in silico studies indicated palmitic acid as a significant contributor to the observed effect. This research not only uncovered the untapped potential of C. linum but also laid the foundation for its integration into the circular bioeconomy, promoting sustainable practices, and innovative applications across various industries.

Adjuvant-induced arthritis promotes vascular hyporesponsiveness to phenylephrine through a nitric oxide-related mechanism

Arthritis has important cardiovascular repercussions. Phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction is impaired in rat aortas in the early phase of the adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA), around the 15th day post-induction. Therefore, the present study aimed to verify the effects of AIA on hyporesponsiveness to phenylephrine in rat aortas. AIA was induced by intradermal injection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (3.8 mg/dL) in the right hind paw of male Wistar rats (n=27). Functional experiments in isolated aortas were carried out 15 days after AIA induction. Morphometric and stereological analyses of the aortas were also performed 36 days after the induction of AIA. AIA did not promote structural modifications in the aortas at any of the time points studied. AIA reduced phenylephrine-induced contraction in endothelium-intact aortas, but not in endothelium-denuded aortas. However, AIA did not change KCl-induced contraction in either endothelium-intact or denuded aortas. L-NAME (non-selective NOS inhibitor), 1400W (selective iNOS inhibitor), and ODQ (guanylyl cyclase inhibitor) reversed AIA-induced hyporesponsiveness to phenylephrine in intact aortas. 7-NI (selective nNOS inhibitor) increased the contraction induced by phenylephrine in aortas from AIA rats. In summary, the hyporesponsiveness to phenylephrine induced by AIA was endothelium-dependent and mediated by iNOS-derived NO through activation of the NO-guanylyl cyclase pathway.

Spermidine Exerts Protective Effects in Random-Pattern Skin Flap Survival in Rats: Possible Involvement of Inflammatory Cytokines, Nitric Oxide, and VEGF

BACKGROUND

Distal necrosis and inflammation are two of the most common health consequences of random-pattern skin flaps survival (SFS). Anti-inflammatory effects of spermidine have been identified in various studies. On the other hand, considering the involvement of the nitric oxide molecule in the spermidine mode of action and also its role in skin tissue function, we analyzed the possible effects of spermidine on the SFS and also, potential involvement of nitrergic pathway and inflammatory cytokine in these phenomena.

METHODS

Each rat was pretreated with either a vehicle (control) or various doses of spermidine (0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 30 mg/kg) and then was executed a random-pattern skin flap paradigm. Also, spermidine at the dose of 5 mg/kg was selected and one group rats received spermidine 20 min prior to surgery and one additional dose 1 day after operation. Then, 7 days after operations, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and nitrite levels were inquired in the tissue samples by ELIZA kit. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression was assessed by DAPI staining and fluorescent microscopes. The concentrations of three polyamines, including spermidine, spermine, and cadaverine, were analyzed using HPLC.

RESULTS

Pretreatment with spermidine 5 mg/kg improved SFS considerably in microscopic skin H&E staining analysis and decreased the percentage of necrotic area. Moreover, spermidine exerted promising anti-inflammatory effects via the modulation of nitric oxide and reducing inflammatory cytokines.

CONCLUSIONS

Spermidine could improve skin flaps survival, probably through the nitrergic system and inflammation pathways. This preclinical study provides level III evidence for the potential therapeutic effects of spermidine on SFS in rats, based on the analysis of animal models. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings in clinical settings.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Effects of Sodium Nitroprusside on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Disruption of Blood-Brain Barrier

In various neurodegenerative conditions, inflammation plays a significant role in disrupting the blood-brain barrier (BBB), contributing to disease progression. Nitric oxide (NO) emerges as a central regulator of vascular function, with a dual role in inflammation, acting as both a pro- and anti-inflammatory molecule. This study investigates the effects of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in protecting the BBB from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, using bEnd.3 endothelial cells as a model system. Additionally, Raw 264.7 macrophages were employed to assess the effects of LPS and SNP on their adhesion to a bEnd.3 cell monolayer. Our results show that LPS treatment induces oxidative stress, activates the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, and increases pro-inflammatory markers. SNP administration effectively mitigates ROS production and IL-6 expression, suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory role. However, SNP did not significantly alter the adhesion of Raw 264.7 cells to bEnd.3 cells induced by LPS, probably because it did not have any effect on ICAM-1 expression, although it reduced VCAM expression. Moreover, SNP did not prevent BBB disruption. This research provides new insights into the role of NO in BBB disruption induced by inflammation.

DT-13 attenuates inflammation by inhibiting NLRP3-inflammasome related genes in RAW264.7 macrophages

Plant derived saponins or other glycosides are widely used for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-viral properties in therapeutic medicine. In this study, we focus on understanding the function of the less known steroidal saponin from the roots of Liriope muscari L. H. Bailey - saponin C (also known as DT-13) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages in comparison to the well-known saponin ginsenoside Rk1 and anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone. We proved that DT-13 reduces LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production, interleukin-6 (IL-6) release, cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene expression, and nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) translocation into the nucleus. It also inhibits the inflammasome component NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) regulating the inflammasome activation. This was supported by the significant inhibition of caspase-1 and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) expression and release. This study demonstrates the anti-inflammatory effect of saponins on LPS-stimulated macrophages. For the first time, an in vitro study shows the attenuating effect of DT-13 on NLRP3-inflammasome activation. In comparison to the existing anti-inflammatory drug, dexamethasone, and triterpenoid saponin Rk1, DT-13 more efficiently inhibits inflammation in the applied cell culture model. Therefore, DT-13 may serve as a lead compound for the development of new more effective anti-inflammatory drugs with minimised side effects.

Human antigen R: Exploring its inflammatory response impact and significance in cardiometabolic disorders

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a crucial role in the regulation of posttranscriptional RNA networks, which can undergo dysregulation in many pathological conditions. Human antigen R (HuR) is a highly researched RBP that plays a crucial role as a posttranscriptional regulator. HuR plays a crucial role in the amplification of inflammatory signals by stabilizing the messenger RNA of diverse inflammatory mediators and key molecular players. The noteworthy correlations between HuR and its target molecules, coupled with the remarkable impacts reported on the pathogenesis and advancement of multiple diseases, position HuR as a promising candidate for therapeutic intervention in diverse inflammatory conditions. This review article examines the significance of HuR as a member of the RBP family, its regulatory mechanisms, and its implications in the pathophysiology of inflammation and cardiometabolic illnesses. Our objective is to illuminate potential directions for future research and drug development by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the existing body of research on HuR.

Exploring the Chemical Profile, In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Santolina rosmarinifolia Extracts

In this study, the phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous and 60% ethanolic (EtOH) extracts of Santolina rosmarinifolia leaf, flower, and root were examined. The antioxidant activity of S. rosmarinifolia extracts was determined by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts was monitored by the Griess assay. The chemical composition of S. rosmarinifolia extracts was analysed using the LC-MS technique. According to our findings, 60% EtOH leaf extracts showed the highest Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values in both ABTS (8.39 ± 0.43 µM) and DPPH (6.71 ± 0.03 µM) antioxidant activity assays. The TPC values of the samples were in good correspondence with the antioxidant activity measurements and showed the highest gallic acid equivalent value (130.17 ± 0.01 µg/mL) in 60% EtOH leaf extracts. In addition, the 60% EtOH extracts of the leaves were revealed to possess the highest anti-inflammatory effect. The LC-MS analysis of S. rosmarinifolia extracts proved the presence of ascorbic acid, catalpol, chrysin, epigallocatechin, geraniol, isoquercitrin, and theanine, among others, for the first time. However, additional studies are needed to investigate the direct relationship between the chemical composition and physiological effects of the herb. The 60% EtOH extracts of S. rosmarinifolia leaves are potential new sources of natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory molecules in the production of novel nutraceutical products.

Photobiomodulation effects on synovial morphology, iNOS gene, and protein expression in a model of acute inflammation

PURPOSE

To evaluate morphological aspects and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene and protein expression in a model of acute inflammation.

METHODS

Thirty-six female Wistar rats were assigned into three groups: control (saline, n = 12), sham (arthritis, n = 12), and PBM (arthritis and photobiomodulation, n = 12). Arthritis induction was performed with 200 μg of intra-articular Zymosan in sham and PBM animals. PBM was performed 24 h after induction with a laser device (λ = 808 nm, 25 mW of nominal power, fluence of 20 J/cm2, beam area of 0.02 mm2, time of 33 s, total energy of 0.825 J) with punctual and single dose application. Morphological analysis of joint structure (HE) and immunohistochemistry (anti-iNOS antibody) were performed on knee samples, and synovial tissue was submitted to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and gene expression analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analyses were performed with p < 0.05.

RESULTS

It was observed an increase in the thickness of the synovial lining epithelium and inflammatory infiltrate in sham compared to PBM. Gene expression analysis showed higher iNOS expression in PBM, and iNOS protein expression decreased in PBM compared to sham.

CONCLUSIONS

Photobiomodulation decreased inflammation in PBM animals, upregulated iNOS gene expression, however down egulated protein expression compared to sham.

ROS signaling in innate immunity via oxidative protein modifications

The innate immune response represents the first-line of defense against invading pathogens. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have been implicated in various aspects of innate immune function, which involves respiratory bursts and inflammasome activation. These reactive species widely distributed within the cellular environment are short-lived intermediates that play a vital role in cellular signaling and proliferation and are likely to depend on their subcellular site of formation. NADPH oxidase complex of phagocytes is known to generate superoxide anion radical (O2 •-) that functions as a precursor for antimicrobial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, and H2O2 is utilized by myeloperoxidase (MPO) to generate hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that mediates pathogen killing. H2O2 modulates the expression of redox-responsive transcriptional factors, namely NF-kB, NRF2, and HIF-1, thereby mediating redox-based epigenetic modification. Survival and function of immune cells are under redox control and depend on intracellular and extracellular levels of ROS/RNS. The current review focuses on redox factors involved in the activation of immune response and the role of ROS in oxidative modification of proteins in macrophage polarization and neutrophil function.

Isobavachin, a main bioavailable compound in Psoralea corylifolia, alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages and zebrafish by suppressing the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Psoralea corylifolia L. (PC) is widely used in traditional medicines to treat inflammatory and infectious diseases. Isobavachin (IBC) is a bioavailable prenylated flavonoid derived from PC that has various biological properties. However, little information is available on its anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of action.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In this study, we aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of IBC in vitro and in vivo by conducting a mechanistic study using murine macrophages.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We evaluated the modulatory effects of IBC on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators in murine macrophages. In addition, we examined whether IBC inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in a zebrafish model. Alterations in inflammatory response-associated genes and proteins were determined using quantitative reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting analysis.

RESULTS

IBC markedly reduced the overproduction of inflammatory mediators, pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). In addition, excessive NO, ROS, and neutrophil level induced by LPS, were suppressed by IBC treatment in a zebrafish inflammation model.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, bioavailable IBC inhibited on the inflammatory responses by LPS via MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that it may be a potential modulatory agent against inflammatory disorders.

Immunomodulatory and anti-angiogenesis effects of excavatolide B and its derivatives in alleviating atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition primarily driven by T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines, resulting in skin barrier defects, angiogenesis, and inflammatory responses. The marine natural product excavatolide B (EXCB), isolated from the Formosan Gorgonian coral Briareum stechei, exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. To enhance solubility, EXCB is chemically modified into the derivatives EXCB-61 salt and EXCB-79. The study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of these compounds on dinitrochlorbenzene (DNCB)-induced skin damage and to elucidate the underlying anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenesis mechanism. In vitro, using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells, all compounds at 10 μM significantly inhibited expression of inflammatory proteins (inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A). In vivo, topical application of these compounds on DNCB-induced AD mice alleviated skin symptoms, reduced serum levels of IgE, IL-4, IL-13, IL-17, and interferon-γ, and moderated histological phenomena such as hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, and angiogenesis. The three compounds restored the expression of skin barrier-related proteins (loricrin, filaggrin, and claudin-1) and reduced the expression of angiogenesis-related proteins (VEGF and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-CD31) in the tissues. This is the first study to indicate that EXCB, EXCB-61 salt, and EXCB-79 can treat AD disease by reducing inflammation and angiogenesis. Hence, they may be considered potential candidates for the development of new drugs for AD.

Anti-Apoptotic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Grapefruit IntegroPectin on Human Microglial HMC3 Cell Line

In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of grapefruit IntegroPectin, derived from industrial waste grapefruit peels via hydrodynamic cavitation, on microglia cells exposed to oxidative stress conditions. Grapefruit IntegroPectin fully counteracted cell death and the apoptotic process induced by cell exposure to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH), a powerful hydroperoxide. The protective effects of the grapefruit IntegroPectin were accompanied with a decrease in the amount of ROS, and were strictly dependent on the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt cascade. Finally, IntegroPectin treatment inhibited the neuroinflammatory response and the basal microglia activation by down-regulating the PI3K- nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB)- inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) cascade. These data strongly support further investigations aimed at exploring IntegroPectin's therapeutic role in in vivo models of neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by a combination of chronic neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.

The potential effect of natural antioxidants on endothelial dysfunction associated with arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension represents a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the identification of effective solutions for treating the early stages of elevated blood pressure (BP) is still a relevant issue for cardiovascular risk prevention. The pathophysiological basis for the occurrence of elevated BP and the onset of arterial hypertension have been widely studied in recent years. In addition, consistent progress in the development of novel, powerful, antihypertensive drugs and their appropriate applications in controlling BP have increased our potential for successfully managing disease states characterized by abnormal blood pressure. However, the mechanisms responsible for the disruption of endogenous mechanisms contributing to the maintenance of BP within a normal range are yet to be fully clarified. Recently, evidence has shown that several natural antioxidants containing active ingredients originating from natural plant extracts, used alone or in combination, may represent a valid solution for counteracting the development of arterial hypertension. In particular, there is evidence to show that natural antioxidants may enhance the viability of endothelial cells undergoing oxidative damage, an effect that could play a crucial role in the pathophysiological events accompanying the early stages of arterial hypertension. The present review aims to reassess the role of oxidative stress on endothelial dysfunction in the onset and progression of arterial hypertension and that of natural antioxidants in covering several unmet needs in the treatment of such diseases.

Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Oxygenated Isocoumarins and Xanthone from Thai Mangrove-Associated Endophytic Fungus Setosphaeria rostrata

Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the development and progression of numerous chronic diseases. To search for anti-inflammatory metabolites from endophytic fungi isolated from plants growing in Thai mangrove areas, a chemical investigation of those fungi was performed. Five new oxygenated isocoumarins, setosphamarins A-E (1-5) were isolated from the EtOAc extract of an endophytic fungus Setosphaeria rostrata, along with four known isocoumarins and one xanthone. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of the undescribed compounds were established by comparative analysis between experimental and calculated circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy. All the compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity by monitoring nitric oxide inhibition in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage J774A.1 cells. Only a xanthone, ravenelin (9), showed potent activity, with an IC50 value of 6.27 μM, and detailed mechanistic study showed that it suppressed iNOS and COX-2 expression.

Direct assessment of nitrative stress in lipid environments: Applications of a designer lipid-based biosensor for peroxynitrite

Lipid membranes and lipid-rich organelles are targets of peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a highly reactive species generated under nitrative stress. We report a membrane-localized phospholipid (DPPC-TC-ONOO-) that allows the detection of ONOO- in diverse lipid environments: biomimetic vesicles, mammalian cell compartments, and within the lung lining. DPPC-TC-ONOO- and POPC self-assemble to membrane vesicles that fluorogenically and selectively respond to ONOO-. DPPC-TC-ONOO-, delivered through lipid nanoparticles, allowed for ONOO- detection in the endoplasmic reticulum upon cytokine-induced nitrative stress in live mammalian cells. It also responded to ONOO- within lung tissue murine models upon acute lung injury. We observed nitrative stress around bronchioles in precision cut lung slices exposed to nitrogen mustard and in pulmonary macrophages following intratracheal bleomycin challenge. Results showed that DPPC-TC-ONOO- functions specifically toward iNOS, a key enzyme modulating nitrative stress, and offers significant advantages over its hydrophilic analog in terms of localization and signal generation.

Anti-Inflammatory Phomalones from the Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Trichobotrys effuse FS522

Four new phomalones A-D (1-4), together with five known analogues (5-9) were isolated from the deep-sea-derived fungus Trichobotrys effuse FS522. Their structures of the new compounds established by analysis of their NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic data, and the absolute configurations of 2 was determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. compounds 4, 6 and 8 substantially inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) with IC50 values of 4.64, 13.90, and 34.07 μM.

6-Pentyl-α-Pyrone from Trichoderma gamsii Exert Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Mouse Macrophages

Filamentous fungi produce several beneficial secondary metabolites, including bioactive compounds, food additives, and biofuels. Trichoderma, which is a teleomorphic Hypocrea that falls under the taxonomic groups Ascomycota and Dikarya, is an extensively studied fungal genus. In an ongoing study that seeks to discover bioactive natural products, we investigated potential bioactive metabolites from the methanolic extract of cultured Trichoderma gamsii. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), one major compound was isolated and structurally identified as 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6PP) based on nuclear magnetic resonance data and LC-MS analysis. To determine its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, as well as the underlying mechanisms, we treated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw264.7 mouse macrophages with 6PP. We found that 6PP suppresses LPS-induced increase in the levels of nitric oxide, a mediator of oxidative stress and inflammation, and restores LPS-mediated depletion of total glutathione by stabilizing nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an antioxidative factor, and elevating heme oxygenase-1 levels. Furthermore, 6PP inhibited LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines, which are, at least in part, regulated by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). 6PP suppressed proinflammatory responses by inhibiting the nuclear localization of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), as well as by dephosphorylating the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). These results indicate that 6PP can protect macrophages against oxidative stress and LPS-induced excessive inflammatory responses by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway while inhibiting the proinflammatory, NF-κB, and MAPK pathways.

Lipid mediators derived from DHA alleviate DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis and improve the gut microbiome in BALB/c mice

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that primarily results from immune dysregulation. We determined the potential therapeutic benefits of lipid mediators (LM, 17S-monohydroxy DHA, resolvin D5, and protectin DX in a ratio of 3:47:50) produced by soybean lipoxygenase from DHA. The underlying molecular mechanisms involved in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells as well as its effect in an AD mouse model induced by DNCB in BALB/c mice were examined. The results indicated that LM effectively attenuates the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1β) and chemokines (IL-8 and MCP-1) by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells. The oral administration of LM at 5 or 10 μg/kg/day significantly reduced skin lesions, epidermal thickness, and mast cell infiltration in AD mice. Furthermore, LM reduced the production of IgE and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in the serum, modulated gut microbiota diversity, and restored the microbial composition. Overall, our findings suggest that LM represents a potential therapeutic agent for improving AD symptoms through its ability to suppress inflammatory cytokines and alter the composition of gut microbiota.

Structure-activity relationship of fucoidans and alginates obtained from Cystoseira indica in a biorefinery concept

A sequential extraction process was employed to isolate fucoidan and alginate from brown seaweed Cystoseira indica. Extraction process was designed to evaluate the effects of acid concentrations (0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 M HCl) and temperatures (room temperature, 60 °C and 80 °C) on sensory, structural and immunostimulatory properties of fucoidans and following results on Na+-alginates. The amounts of isolated fucoidans (0.193-0.658 g/5 g powder) and Na+-alginates (2.877-3.383 g/ 5 g powder) greatly varied among different extractions. Fucoidans were composed of neutral sugars, mainly fucose (15.74-47.64 %) and galactose (18.66-26.88 %) units, with varying amounts of sulfates (8.76-12.40 %) and uronic acids (0.46-8.90 %). The weight average molecular weights (Mw) of fucoidans (234.6-1990.0 × 103 g/mol) and Na+-alginates (358.4-2318.3 × 103 g/mol) were closely controlled by extraction condition. Both fucoidan and Na+-alginate molecules noticeably induced RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells to exert proinflammatory response, producing considerable levels of NO, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 through NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. Altogether, extraction process of fucoidan not only exerted determining effect on its structure and cell activation capacity, but also influenced the quality of Na+-alginate obtained in the next step.

New Monoterpene Glycoside Paeoniflorin Derivatives as NO and IL-1β Inhibitors: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation

Several monoterpene glycoside compounds were extracted from Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Among them, paeoniflorin, a water-soluble monoterpene glycoside found in the root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall, exhibits excellent antioxidant pharmacological functions. Initially, Sc(CF3SO3)3 was employed as the catalyst for paeoniflorin's dehydration and rearrangement reactions with alcohols. Subsequently, structural modifications were performed on paeoniflorin through a series of responses, including acetylation, deacetylation, and debenzoylation, ultimately yielding 46 monoterpene glycoside derivatives. The potential inhibitory effects on the pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and nitric oxide (NO) were assessed in vitro. The results revealed that compounds 29 and 31 demonstrated notable inhibition of NO production, while eight derivatives (3, 8, 18, 20, 21, 29, 34, and 40) displayed substantial inhibitory effects on the secretion of IL-1β. Computational research was also undertaken to investigate the binding affinity of the ligands with the target proteins. Interactions between the proteins and substrates were elucidated, and corresponding binding energies were calculated accordingly. The findings of this study could provide valuable insights into the design and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents with enhanced pharmacological properties.

Review of Phytochemicals Present in Psidium guajava Plant and Its Mechanism of Action on Medicinal Activities

For centuries, herbal remedies have been employed to address a variety of human ailments, and Psidium guajava Linn (Myrtaceae), commonly known as guava, stands out as a noteworthy medicinal plant with significant pharmacological potential. In India, particularly in rural areas where access to conventional medicines can be limited, the various parts of the Psidium guajava plant, including its leaves, bark, roots, and fruit, have been harnessed for their therapeutic properties to tackle various health issues. Psidium guajava Linn proves to be a valuable repository of essential nutrients along with bioactive compounds such as α-terpineol, β-caryophyllene (trans-caryophyllene), rutin, α-humulene, oleanolic acid, flavonoids, and quercetin. These components exhibit diverse medicinal activities, encompassing anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bronchitis, anti-proliferative, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, and anti-diabetic effects. Every facet of the guava plant holds economic significance and is cultivated on a large scale. Taxonomically, Psidium guajava can be classified within the Plantae kingdom, Magnoliophyta division, Magnoliopsida class, Rosidae subclass, Myrtales order, Myrtaceae family, Myrtoideae subfamily, Myrteae tribe, Psidium genus, Guajava species. This adaptability of guava to various soils and environmental conditions facilitates relatively easy cultivation, yielding rapid fruit production. Its widespread cultivation across India is attributed to its manifold commercial applications. To comprehensively comprehend how this plant can effectively address the array of health challenges encountered by the Indian populace, this review delves into its multifaceted therapeutic properties, highlighting its significance in healthcare practices. Ongoing research endeavors by investigators continue to uncover novel medicinal attributes associated with Psidium guajava, enriching our understanding of its potential benefits.

Nitric Oxide: Physiological Functions, Delivery, and Biomedical Applications

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule that has a central role in signaling pathways involved in numerous physiological processes (e.g., vasodilation, neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and tumor growth). Due to its gaseous form, NO has a short half-life, and its physiology role is concentration dependent, often restricting its function to a target site. Providing NO from an external source is beneficial in promoting cellular functions and treatment of different pathological conditions. Hence, the multifaceted role of NO in physiology and pathology has garnered massive interest in developing strategies to deliver exogenous NO for the treatment of various regenerative and biomedical complexities. NO-releasing platforms or donors capable of delivering NO in a controlled and sustained manner to target tissues or organs have advanced in the past few decades. This review article discusses in detail the generation of NO via the enzymatic functions of NO synthase as well as from NO donors and the multiple biological and pathological processes that NO modulates. The methods for incorporating of NO donors into diverse biomaterials including physical, chemical, or supramolecular techniques are summarized. Then, these NO-releasing platforms are highlighted in terms of advancing treatment strategies for various medical problems.

Modulation of the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway in cardiac contraction and relaxation: Potential role in heart failure treatment

Evidence exists that heart failure (HF) has an overall impact of 1-2 % in the global population being often associated with comorbidities that contribute to increased disease prevalence, hospitalization, and mortality. Recent advances in pharmacological approaches have significantly improved clinical outcomes for patients with vascular injury and HF. Nevertheless, there remains an unmet need to clarify the crucial role of nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (NO/cGMP) signalling in cardiac contraction and relaxation, to better identify the key mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of myocardial dysfunction both with reduced (HFrEF) as well as preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Indeed, NO signalling plays a crucial role in cardiovascular homeostasis and its dysregulation induces a significant increase in oxidative and nitrosative stress, producing anatomical and physiological cardiac alterations that can lead to heart failure. The present review aims to examine the molecular mechanisms involved in the bioavailability of NO and its modulation of downstream pathways. In particular, we focus on the main therapeutic targets and emphasize the recent evidence of preclinical and clinical studies, describing the different emerging therapeutic strategies developed to counteract NO impaired signalling and cardiovascular disease (CVD) development.

Efficient Nitric Oxide Scavenging by Urea-Functionalized Push-Pull Chromophore Modulates NO-Mediated Diseases

The excess nitric oxide (NO) produced in the body in response to bacterial/proinflammatory stimuli is responsible for several pathological conditions. The current approaches that target the production of excess NO, either through the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase enzyme or its downstream mediators have been clinically unsuccessful. With an aim to regulate the excess NO, urea-functionalized push-pull chromophores containing 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobuta-1,3-dienes (TCBD) or expanded TCBD (eTCBD) were developed as NO scavengers. The NMR mechanistic studies revealed that upon NO binding, these molecules are converted to uncommon stable NONOates. The unique emissive property of Urea-eTCBD enables its application in vitro, as a NO-sensor. Furthermore, the cytocompatible Urea-eTCBD, rapidly inactivated the NO released from LPS-activated cells. The therapeutic efficacy of the molecule in modulating NO-mediated pathological condition was confirmed using a carrageenan-induced inflammatory paw model and a corneal injury model. While the results confirm the advantages of scavenging the excess NO to address a multitude of NO-mediated diseases, the promising sensing and bioactivity of Urea-eTCBD can motivate further exploration of such molecules in allied areas of research.

Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease in the African American Population

Black/African American (AA) individuals have a higher risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) than White non-Hispanic persons of European ancestry (EUR) for reasons that may include economic disparities, cardiovascular health, quality of education, and biases in the methods used to diagnose AD. AD is also heritable, and some of the differences in risk may be due to genetics. Many AD-associated variants have been identified by candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and genome-sequencing studies. However, most of these studies have been performed using EUR cohorts. In this paper, we review the genetics of AD and AD-related traits in AA individuals. Importantly, studies of genetic risk factors in AA cohorts can elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying AD risk in AA and other populations. In fact, such studies are essential to enable reliable precision medicine approaches in persons with considerable African ancestry. Furthermore, genetic studies of AA cohorts allow exploration of the ways the impact of genes can vary by ancestry, culture, and economic and environmental disparities. They have yielded important gains in our knowledge of AD genetics, and increasing AA individual representation within genetic studies should remain a priority for inclusive genetic study design.

Zingerone-Induced Autophagy Suppresses IL-1β Production by Increasing the Intracellular Killing of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in THP-1 Macrophages

Periodontitis is caused by the inflammation of tooth-supporting tissue by pathogens such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, triggers a series of inflammatory reactions and promotes bone resorption. The aim of this study was to examine the molecular mechanism and anti-inflammatory function of zingerone, a dietary phenolic found in Zingiber officinale, on periodontal inflammation induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans. Zingerone attenuated A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced nitric oxide (NO) production by inhibiting the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in THP-1 macrophages. Zingerone also inhibited the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, and their signal pathway molecules including the toll-like receptor (TLR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKase). In particular, zingerone suppressed the expression of absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome components on IL-1β production. Moreover, zingerone enhanced autophagosome formation and the expressions of autophagy-associated molecules. Interestingly, zingerone reduced the intracellular survival of A. actinomycetemcomitans. This was blocked by an autophagy inhibitor, which reversed the decrease in IL-1β production by zingerone. Finally, zingerone alleviated alveolar bone absorption in an A. actnomycetemcomitans-induced periodontitis mice model. Our data suggested that zingerone has potential use as a treatment for periodontal inflammation induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans.

Castanopsis sieboldii Extract Alleviates Acute Liver Injury by Antagonizing Inflammasome-Mediated Pyroptosis

Castanopsis sieboldii (CS), a subtropical species, was reported to have antioxidant and antibacterial effects. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of CS have not been studied. This study aimed to investigate whether the 70% ethanol extract of the CS leaf (CSL3) inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses and LPS and ATP-induced pyroptosis in macrophages. CSL3 treatment inhibited NO release and iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated cells. CSL3 antagonized NF-κB and AP-1 activation, which was due to MAPK (p38, ERK, and JNK) inhibition. CSL3 successfully decreased NLRP3 inflammasome activation and increased IL-1β expression. CSL3 treatment diminished LPS and ATP-induced pore formation in GSDMD. The in vivo effect of CSL3 on acute liver injury was evaluated in a CCl4-treated mouse model. CCl4 treatment increased the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, which decreased by CSL3. In addition, CCl4-induced an increase in TNF-α, and IL-6 levels decreased by CSL3 treatment. Furthermore, we verified that the CCl4-induced inflammasome and pyroptosis-related gene expression in liver tissue and release of IL-1β into serum were suppressed by CSL3 treatment. Our results suggest that CSL3 protects against acute liver injury by inhibiting inflammasome formation and pyroptosis.

Effects of Natural Product-Derived Compounds on Inflammatory Pain via Regulation of Microglial Activation

Inflammatory pain is a type of pain caused by tissue damage associated with inflammation and is characterized by hypersensitivity to pain and neuroinflammation in the spinal cord. Neuroinflammation is significantly increased by various neurotransmitters and cytokines that are expressed in activated primary afferent neurons, and it plays a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory pain. The activation of microglia and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are the hallmark features of neuroinflammation. During the development of neuroinflammation, various intracellular signaling pathways are activated or inhibited in microglia, leading to the regulation of inflammatory proteins and cytokines. Numerous attempts have been conducted to alleviate inflammatory pain by inhibiting microglial activation. Natural products and their compounds have gained attention as potential candidates for suppressing inflammatory pain due to verified safety through centuries of use. Many studies have also shown that natural product-derived compounds have the potential to suppress microglial activation and alleviate inflammatory pain. Herein, we review the literature on inflammatory mediators and intracellular signaling involved in microglial activation in inflammatory pain, as well as natural product-derived compounds that have been found to suppress microglial activation. This review suggests that natural product-derived compounds have the potential to alleviate inflammatory pain through the suppression of microglial activation.

Therapeutic Effects and Molecular Mechanism of Chlorogenic Acid on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Role of HIF-1alpha

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a powerful antioxidant polyphenol molecule found in many diets and liquid beverages, playing a preventive and therapeutic role in various diseases caused by oxidative stress and inflammation. Recent research has found that CGA can not only improve clinical symptoms in PCOS patients but also improve follicular development, hormone status, and oxidative stress in PCOS rats, indicating the therapeutic effect of CGA on PCOS. Notably, our previous series of studies has demonstrated the expression changes and regulatory mechanisms of HIF-1alpha signaling in PCOS ovaries. Considering the regulatory effect of CGA on the HIF-1alpha pathway, the present article systematically elucidates the therapeutic role and molecular mechanisms of HIF-1alpha signaling during the treatment of PCOS by CGA, including follicular development, steroid synthesis, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance, in order to further understand the mechanisms of CGA effects in different types of diseases and to provide a theoretical basis for further promoting CGA-rich diets and beverages simultaneously.

Diagnostic value and underlying mechanism of nasal nitric oxide in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

PURPOSE

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important messenger molecule widely present in the human body. However, the role of nasal NO (nNO) in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (Eos CRSwNP) remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value and underlying mechanism of nNO in Eos CRSwNP.

METHODS

The medical records of 84 non-Eos CRSwNP patients, 55 Eos CRSwNP patients, and 37 control subjects were retrospectively reviewed. The diagnostic value of nNO for Eos CRSwNP was assessed. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and tight junctions (TJs) components claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1 was detected in the nasal polyps. Primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) were co-treated with eNOS inhibitor (L-NAME) or Akt inhibitor (MK-2206), interleukin (IL)-13, and dexamethasone (Dex). The level of NO and the expression of TJs and Akt/eNOS pathways were examined.

RESULTS

The nNO levels of the CRSwNP group were significantly lower than those of the control group. Compared with the non-Eos CRSwNP group, the Eos CRSwNP group showed higher nNO level. The combination of nNO level, eosinophilic percentage, and posterior ethmoid score had a better predictive value for Eos CRSwNP (AUC = 0.855). The expression of iNOS, eNOS, and p-eNOS was higher in the CRSwNP groups than in the control group, and p-eNOS expression was higher in the Eos CRSwNP group than in the non-Eos CRSwNP group. The expression of TJs was lower in the Eos CRSwNP group than in the non-Eos CRSwNP and control group. IL-13 decreased TJ expression in HNECs, while Dex promoted Akt and eNOS phosphorylation, NO production and TJ expression. Furthermore, these effects of Dex were inhibited by L-NAME and MK-2206 in HNECs.

CONCLUSION

nNO may have a high diagnostic value in Eos CRSwNP, and Akt/eNOS pathway may promote the generation of NO to protect TJs. NO may have a potentially important role in the diagnosis and treatment of Eos CRSwNP.

Interferon-gamma is quintessential for NOS2 and COX2 expression in ER- breast tumors that lead to poor outcome

A strong correlation between NOS2 and COX2 tumor expression and poor clinical outcomes in ER breast cancer has been established. However, the mechanisms of tumor induction of these enzymes are unclear. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed correlations between NOS2 and COX2 expression and Th1 cytokines. Herein, single-cell RNAseq analysis of TNBC cells shows potent NOS2 and COX2 induction by IFNγ combined with IL1β or TNFα. Given that IFNγ is secreted by cytolytic lymphocytes, which improve clinical outcomes, this role of IFNγ presents a dichotomy. To explore this conundrum, tumor NOS2, COX2, and CD8⁺ T cells were spatially analyzed in aggressive ER-, TNBC, and HER2 + breast tumors. High expression and clustering of NOS2-expressing tumor cells occurred at the tumor/stroma interface in the presence of stroma-restricted CD8⁺ T cells. High expression and clustering of COX2-expressing tumor cells extended into immune desert regions in the tumor core where CD8⁺ T cell penetration was limited or absent. Moreover, high NOS2-expressing tumor cells were proximal to areas with increased satellitosis, suggestive of cell clusters with a higher metastatic potential. Further in vitro experiments revealed that IFNγ + IL1β/TNFα increased the elongation and migration of treated tumor cells. This spatial analysis of the tumor microenvironment provides important insight into distinct neighborhoods where stroma-restricted CD8⁺ T cells exist proximal to NOS2-expressing tumor niches that could have increased metastatic potential.

Central Facial Nervous System Biomolecules Involved in Peripheral Facial Nerve Injury Responses and Potential Therapeutic Strategies

Peripheral facial nerve injury leads to changes in the expression of various neuroactive substances that affect nerve cell damage, survival, growth, and regeneration. In the case of peripheral facial nerve damage, the injury directly affects the peripheral nerves and induces changes in the central nervous system (CNS) through various factors, but the substances involved in these changes in the CNS are not well understood. The objective of this review is to investigate the biomolecules involved in peripheral facial nerve damage so as to gain insight into the mechanisms and limitations of targeting the CNS after such damage and identify potential facial nerve treatment strategies. To this end, we searched PubMed using keywords and exclusion criteria and selected 29 eligible experimental studies. Our analysis summarizes basic experimental studies on changes in the CNS following peripheral facial nerve damage, focusing on biomolecules that increase or decrease in the CNS and/or those involved in the damage, and reviews various approaches for treating facial nerve injury. By establishing the biomolecules in the CNS that change after peripheral nerve damage, we can expect to identify factors that play an important role in functional recovery from facial nerve damage. Accordingly, this review could represent a significant step toward developing treatment strategies for peripheral facial palsy.

A multi-targeting bionanomatrix coating to reduce capsular contracture development on silicone implants

BACKGROUND

Capsular contracture is a critical complication of silicone implantation caused by fibrotic tissue formation from excessive foreign body responses. Various approaches have been applied, but targeting the mechanisms of capsule formation has not been completely solved. Myofibroblast differentiation through the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/p-SMADs signaling is one of the key factors for capsular contracture development. In addition, biofilm formation on implants may result chronic inflammation promoting capsular fibrosis formation with subsequent contraction. To date, there have been no approaches targeting multi-facted mechanisms of capsular contracture development.

METHODS

In this study, we developed a multi-targeting nitric oxide (NO) releasing bionanomatrix coating to reduce capsular contracture formation by targeting myofibroblast differentiation, inflammatory responses, and infections. First, we characterized the bionanomatrix coating on silicon implants by conducting rheology test, scanning electron microcsopy analysis, nanoindentation analysis, and NO release kinetics evaluation. In addition, differentiated monocyte adhesion and S. epidermidis biofilm formation on bionanomatrix coated silicone implants were evaluated in vitro. Bionanomatrix coated silicone and uncoated silicone groups were subcutaneously implanted into a mouse model for evaluation of capsular contracture development for a month. Fibrosis formation, capsule thickness, TGF-β/SMAD 2/3 signaling cascade, NO production, and inflammatory cytokine production were evaluated using histology, immunofluorescent imaging analysis, and gene and protein expression assays.

RESULTS

The bionanomatrix coating maintained a uniform and smooth surface on the silicone even after mechanical stress conditions. In addition, the bionanomatrix coating showed sustained NO release for at least one month and reduction of differentiated monocyte adhesion and S. epidermidis biofilm formation on the silicone implants in vitro. In in vivo implantation studies, the bionanomatrix coated groups demonstrated significant reduction of capsule thickness surrounding the implants. This result was due to a decrease of myofibroblast differentiation and fibrous extracellular matrix production through inhibition of the TGF-β/p-SMADs signaling. Also, the bionanomatrix coated groups reduced gene expression of M1 macrophage markers and promoted M2 macrophage markers which indicated the bionanomatrix could reduce inflammation but promote healing process.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the bionanomatrix coating significantly reduced capsular contracture formation and promoted healing process on silicone implants by reducing myfibroblast differentiation, fibrotic tissue formation, and inflammation. A multi-targeting nitric oxide releasing bionanomatrix coating for silicone implant can reduce capsular contracture and improve healing process. The bionanomatrix coating reduces capsule thickness, α-smooth muscle actin and collagen synthesis, and myofibroblast differentiation through inhibition of TGF-β/SMADs signaling cascades in the subcutaneous mouse models for a month.

Crosstalk between phytochemicals and inflammatory signaling pathways

Novel bioactive constituents from natural sources are actively being investigated. The phytochemicals in these phenolic compounds are believed to have a variety of beneficial effects on human health. Several phenolic compounds have been found in plants. The antioxidant potential of phenols has been discussed in numerous studies along with their anti-inflammatory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine, inducible cyclooxygenase-2, and nitric oxide synthase. Through current study, an attempt is made to outline and highlight a wide variety of inflammation-associated signaling pathways that have been modified by several natural compounds. These signaling pathways include nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-кB), activator protein (AP)-1, protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factors, tyrosine phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In light of the influence of natural substances on signaling pathways, their impact on the production of inflammatory mediator is highlighted in this review.

Interferon-gamma is Quintessential for NOS2 and COX2 Expression in ER - Breast Tumors that Lead to Poor Outcome

A strong correlation between NOS2 and COX2 tumor expression and poor clinical outcomes in ER-breast cancer has been established. However, mechanisms of tumor induction of these enzymes are unclear. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed correlations between NOS2 and COX2 expression and Th1 cytokines. Herein, single cell RNAseq analysis of TNBC cells shows potent NOS2 and COX2 induction by IFNγ combined with IL1β or TNFα. Given that IFNγ is secreted by cytolytic lymphocytes, which improve clinical outcomes, this role of IFNγpresents a dichotomy. To explore this conundrum, tumor NOS2, COX2, and CD8 ⁺ T cells were spatially analyzed in aggressive ER-, TNBC, and HER2+ breast tumors. High expression and clustering of NOS2-expressing tumor cells occurred at the tumor/stroma interface in the presence of stroma-restricted CD8 ⁺ T cells. High expression and clustering of COX2-expressing tumor cells extended into immune desert regions in the tumor core where CD8 ⁺ T cell penetration was limited or absent. Moreover, high NOS2-expressing tumor cells were proximal to areas with increased satellitosis suggestive of cell clusters with a higher metastatic potential. Further in vitro experiments revealed that IFNγ+IL1β/TNFα increased elongation and migration of treated tumor cells. This spatial analysis of the tumor microenvironment provides important insight of distinct neighborhoods where stroma-restricted CD8 ⁺ T cells exist proximal to NOS2-expressing tumor niches that could have increased metastatic potential.

Lutein Encapsulated in PLGA–Phospholipid Nano-Carrier Effectively Mitigates Cytokines by Inhibiting Tumor Necrosis Factor TNF-α and Nuclear Factor NF-κB in Mice Retina

Lutein, a photo- and thermo-labile macular pigment, prevents the retina from suffering ocular inflammation with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. However, its biological activity is poor due to poor solubility and bioavailability. Therefore, we developed a PLGA NCs (+PL), (poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanocarrier with phospholipid) to improve the biological availability and bioefficacy of lutein in the retina of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lutein-devoid (LD) mice. The effect of lutein-loaded NCs with/without PL was studied in comparison with micellar lutein. The induction of inflammation by LPS significantly increased the production of nitrites in the LPS-induced group, revealing higher levels of nitric oxide (NO) in the serum (760%) and retina (891%) compared to the control group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the serum (93%) and retina (205%) of the LPS-induced group were higher compared to the control group. LPS induction resulted in increased protein carbonyls in the serum (481%) and retina (487%) of the LPS group compared to the control group. Further, to conclude, lutein-PLGA NCs (+PL) effectively down-regulated inflammatory complications in the retina.

Inhibitory Effects of Thermolysis Transformation Products of Rotenone on Nitric Oxide Production

Rotenone, isolated from Derris, Lonchocarpus, and Tephrosia from the family Fabaceae, has been shown to have a variety of biological properties and is used in various agricultural industries as a potent biopesticide. However, recent reports have demonstrated that rotenone has the potential to cause several adverse effects such as a neurodegenerative disease. This study aimed to induce thermolysis of the biopesticide rotenone and enhance the functionality of the degraded products. Rotenone (1) was degraded after autoclaving for 12 h, and the thermolytic reactants showed enhanced anti-inflammatory capacity against nitric oxide (NO) production. The structures of the newly modified products were spectroscopically determined. The thermal reaction products included various isoflavonoid derivatives 2-6, whose structures were characterized as being produced via chemical reactions in rotenone at the C-12 positions. Among the degraded products, (-)-tubaic acid (6) exhibited significantly improved anti-inflammatory effects compared to the original rotenone. Quantitative LC-MS analysis of the major thermolysis products generated in Derris extract containing rotenone was performed using isolate 2-5 purified from autoclaved rotenone. These results suggest that the thermal transformation of rotenone can improve the functionality of anti-inflammatory agents.

A novel sorbicillinoid compound as a potent anti-inflammation agent through inducing NLRP3 protein degradation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Chronic inflammation is pathogenic and contributes to human diseases, causing a significant threat to public health. The NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) is the best-characterized factor regulating inflammation. Therefore, targeting NLRP3 has the potential to treat inflammatory diseases and improve human health.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Lipopolysaccharide was used to induce inflammation in cell cultures. Lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine and dextran sulfate sodium salt were used to induce acute liver inflammation and ulcerative colitis respectively in C57BL/6J mice. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to evaluate the activation of the inflammatory response in cell cultures and in mice.

KEY RESULTS

JNUTS013, a novel sorbicillinoid compound recently synthesized by us, significantly inhibited inflammation both in cell cultures and in mouse models. Mechanistically, JNUTS013 induced proteasome-dependent degradation of NLRP3. Hence, it suppressed the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the production of downstream inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The inhibitory effect of JNUTS013 on NLRP3 protein expression was confirmed in mice. Importantly, JNUTS013 failed to ameliorate bowel inflammation in Nlrp3^-/- knockout mice, supporting NLRP3 as the biological target by which JNUTS013 inhibits inflammation. Further studies revealed critical chemical moieties of JNUTS013 required for inducing NLRP3 degradation.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

This study identifies a novel compound JNUTS013 that inhibits inflammation through inducing NLRP3 protein degradation in vitro and in vivo, which not only supports the development of JNUTS013 as an anti-inflammation agent but also creates a new way for the treatment of inflammation by chemically inducing NLRP3 degradation.

Discovery of Anti-Inflammatory Triterpenoid Glucosides from the Heritiera littoralis Dryand

Two new triterpenoid glucosides, Heritiera A (1) and Heritiera B (2), and six known triterpenoid analogs (3-8) were isolated from Heritiera littoralis Dryand. Their structures were identified by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and comparisons with the literature. The anti-inflammatory activity of the isolates from H. littoralis was evaluated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 cells model. The result showed that four triterpenoids exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity. Among these compounds, compound 2 substantially inhibits the release of nitric oxide (NO) with an IC₅₀ value of 10.33 μM. The triterpenoids from H. littoralis could be used as potential candidates for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents.

Anti-inflammatory activity of caffeic acid derivatives from Ilex rotunda

Ilex rotunda Thunb. has been used in traditional medicine for treating rheumatoid arthritis, relieving pain and indigestion. In the present study, we isolated three new caffeic acid benzyl ester (CABE) analogs (1-3) along with eight known compounds (4-11) from the extract of I. rotunda. The absolute configuration of α-hydoxycarboxylic acid in 1 was assigned with the phenylglycine methyl ester (PGME) method. We further investigated their anti-inflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages (RAW 264.7) cells. Among them, compounds 2-4, 7, 8, 10, and 11 suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO), pro-inflammatory mediators. It was additionally confirmed that the anti-inflammatory effect of active compound 2 was through significant suppression of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-8 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and colon epithelial (HT-29) cells. Western blot analysis revealed that compound 2 decreased the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase (pERK)1/2. The following molecular docking simulations showed the significant interactions of compound 2 with the iNOS protein. These results suggested that the compound 2 can be used as potential candidate for treating inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Hedychium flavum flower essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-inflammatory activities and related mechanisms in vitro and in vivo

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Hedychium flavum, an ornamental, edible, and medicinal plant, is extensively cultivated as a source of aromatic essential oils (EO). Its flower is a traditional Chinese medicine for treating inflammation-related diseases like indigestion, diarrhea, and stomach pain. In particular, H. flavum flower EO has been used in cosmetics and as an aromatic stomachic to treat chronic gastritis in China.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This research aimed to analyze H. flavum flower EO's chemical composition and explore its anti-inflammatory activities and related mechanisms in vitro and in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

EO's chemical composition was determined by GC-FID/MS analysis. For in vitro test, the anti-inflammatory activity of EO was demonstrated by measuring the LPS-induced release of NO, PGE₂, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in RAW264.7 macrophages, and then its related mechanisms were explored using qRT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescent staining analysis. Next, EO's in vivo anti-inflammatory potential was further evaluated using a xylene-induced ear edema model, in which ear swelling and TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels in serum and tissue were examined.

RESULTS

The main components of EO were β-pinene (20.2%), α-pinene (9.3%), α-phellandrene (8.3%), 1,8-cineole (7.1%), E-nerolidol (5.4%), limonene (4.4%), borneol (4.1%), and β-caryophyllene (3.7%). For the anti-inflammatory activities in vitro, EO dramatically reduced the LPS-stimulated NO and PGE₂ release by suppressing the mRNA and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2. Meanwhile, it remarkably decreased IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β production by inhibiting their mRNA levels. Related mechanism studies indicated that it not only inhibited IκBα phosphorylation and degradation, leading to blockade of NF-κB nuclear transfer but also suppressed MAPKs (ERK, p38, and JNK) phosphorylation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Further in vivo assay showed that EO ameliorated xylene-induced ear edema in mice and reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels in serum and tissue.

CONCLUSIONS

H. flavum EO exerted significant anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro, and its mechanism of action is related to the inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB activation. Thus, H. flavum EO could be considered a novel and promising anti-inflammatory agent and possess high potential for utilization in the pharmaceutical field.

Regulation of pleiotropic physiological roles of nitric oxide signaling

Nitric Oxide (NO) is a highly diffusible, ubiquitous signaling molecule and a free radical that is naturally synthesized by our body. The pleiotropic effects of NO in biological systems are due to its reactivity with different molecules, such as molecular oxygen (O₂), superoxide anion, DNA, lipids, and proteins. There are several contradictory findings in the literature pertaining to its role in oncology. NO is a Janus-faced molecule shown to have both tumor promoting and tumoricidal effects, which depend on its concentration, duration of exposure, and location. A high concentration is shown to have cytotoxic effects by triggering apoptosis, and at a low concentration, NO promotes angiogenesis, metastasis, and tumor progression. Upregulated NO synthesis has been implicated as a causal factor in several pathophysiological conditions including cancer. This dichotomous effect makes it highly challenging to discover its true potential in cancer biology. Understanding the mechanisms by which NO acts in different cancers helps to develop NO based therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. This review addresses the physiological role of this molecule, with a focus on its bimodal action in various types of cancers.

Seaweed Derived Lipids Are a Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agent: A Review

Chronic, low-grade inflammation is linked to the development of non-communicable diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and others which together contribute to more than 50% of deaths globally. Modulation of inflammatory responses may be a promising strategy, and n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) may offer a new therapeutic option in inflammatory conditions. Seaweeds are characterised by high nutritional quality and are a good source of many bioactive compounds, including n-3 LC-PUFA. This review addresses the potential anti-inflammatory properties of seaweed derived lipids, and their immunomodulating mechanisms in order to identify the possible applications of seaweed as an anti-inflammatory functional food ingredient or dietary supplement. A few studies have evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of seaweed lipids using crude lipid extracts, lipid fractions and isolated complex lipids from several seaweeds belonging to the Ochrophyta and Rhodophyta phyla, with only three Ulva rigida, Ulva sp. and Codium tomentosum within the Chlorophyta phylum. It was reported that seaweed derived lipids suppress inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression and reduce nuclear factor κB p100 and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 protein levels leading to the downregulation of the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide. Further investigations are required to unravel the complex mechanisms underlying their preventive action against chronic inflammation and their potential use as a new functional food ingredient and/or health supplement.

Fungal Bergamotane Sesquiterpenoids-Potential Metabolites: Sources, Bioactivities, and Biosynthesis

The marine environment represents the largest ecosystem on the Earth's surface. Marine-derived fungi are of remarkable importance as they are a promising pool of diverse classes of bioactive metabolites. Bergamotane sesquiterpenoids are an uncommon class of terpenoids. They possess diverse biological properties, such as plant growth regulation, phototoxic, antimicrobial, anti-HIV, cytotoxic, pancreatic lipase inhibition, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive traits. The current work compiles the reported bergamotane sesquiterpenoids from fungal sources in the period ranging from 1958 to June 2022. A total of 97 compounds from various fungal species were included. Among these metabolites, 38 compounds were derived from fungi isolated from different marine sources. Furthermore, the biological activities, structural characterization, and biosynthesis of the compounds are also discussed. The summary in this work provides a detailed overview of the reported knowledge of fungal bergamotane sesquiterpenoids. Moreover, this in-depth and complete review could provide new insights for developing and discovering new valuable pharmaceutical agents from these natural metabolites.