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Tanenbaum ME, Gilbert LA, Qi LS, Weissman JS, Vale RD. A protein-tagging system for signal amplification in gene expression and fluorescence imaging. Cell 2014; 159:635-46. [PMID: 25307933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1039] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Signals in many biological processes can be amplified by recruiting multiple copies of regulatory proteins to a site of action. Harnessing this principle, we have developed a protein scaffold, a repeating peptide array termed SunTag, which can recruit multiple copies of an antibody-fusion protein. We show that the SunTag can recruit up to 24 copies of GFP, thereby enabling long-term imaging of single protein molecules in living cells. We also use the SunTag to create a potent synthetic transcription factor by recruiting multiple copies of a transcriptional activation domain to a nuclease-deficient CRISPR/Cas9 protein and demonstrate strong activation of endogenous gene expression and re-engineered cell behavior with this system. Thus, the SunTag provides a versatile platform for multimerizing proteins on a target protein scaffold and is likely to have many applications in imaging and controlling biological outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin E Tanenbaum
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Luke A Gilbert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Center for RNA Systems Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research (QB3), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Center for RNA Systems Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research (QB3), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Center for RNA Systems Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research (QB3), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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2
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Pfrieger FW, Slezak M. Genetic approaches to study glial cells in the rodent brain. Glia 2011; 60:681-701. [PMID: 22162024 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development, function, and pathology of the brain depend on interactions of neurons and different types of glial cells, namely astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Understanding neuron-glia interactions in vivo requires dedicated experimental approaches to manipulate each cell type independently. In this review, we first summarize techniques that allow for cell-specific gene modification including targeted mutagenesis and viral transduction. In the second part, we describe the genetic models that allow to target the main glial cell types in the central nervous system. The existing arsenal of approaches to study glial cells in vivo and its expansion in the future are key to understand neuron-glia interactions under normal and pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Pfrieger
- CNRS UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI), 67084 Strasbourg, France.
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3
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WU ZZ, Huang ACJ, de Vellis J, LI YH. Effect of Tiantai No.1 on beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity and NF-kappa B and cAMP responsive element-binding protein. Chin J Integr Med 2008; 14:286-92. [PMID: 19082801 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-008-0286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and molecular mechanism of Tiantai No.1, a compound Chinese herbal preparation, for the prevention and reduction of neurotoxicity induced by beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta) in vitro and its effects on nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB) pathways using the gene transfection technique. METHODS B104 neuronal cells were used to examine the effects of Tiantai No.1 on lowering the neurotoxicity induced by Abeta. The cells were pre-treated with Tiantai No.1 at doses of 50, 100, 150, or 200 micro g/mL respectively for 3 days and co-treated with Tiantai No.1 and beta-amyloid peptide1-40 (A beta 1-40, 10 micro mol/L) for 48 h or post-treated with Tiantai No.1 for 48 h after the cells were exposed to beta-amyloid peptides25-35 (A beta 25-35) for 8 h. In gene transfection assays, cells were treated with Tiantai No.1 at 50 micro g/mL and 150 micro g/mL for 5 days or co-treated with Tiantai No.1 and A beta 1-40 (5 micro mo/L) for 3 days after electroporation for the evaluation of NF-kappa B and CREB expression. RESULTS Pre-treating and co-treating B104 neuronal cells with Tiantai No.1 lowered the neurotoxicity induced by Abeta, and post-treating with Tiantai No.1 reduced or blocked B104 neuronal apoptotic death induced by Abeta (P<0.05, P<0.01). With a dose-dependent relationship, the same treatments increased the expression of NF-kappa B or CREB in B104 neuronal cells (P<0.05, P<0.01). Meanwhile, Tiantai No.1 reduced A beta -40 induced inhibition on NF-kappa B expression (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Tiantai No.1 can protect neurons against the neurotoxicity induced by Abeta. The neuroprotective mechanisms may be associated with the activation of NF-kappa B and cAMP cellular signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-zhi WU
- Shenzhen Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (Shenzhen), 518035, China.
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4
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Duale H, Kasparov S, Paton JFR, Teschemacher AG. Differences in transductional tropism of adenoviral and lentiviral vectors in the rat brainstem. Exp Physiol 2004; 90:71-8. [PMID: 15542614 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2004.029173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors (AVVs) and lentiviral vectors (LVVs) are highly useful research tools which can be used to investigate the function of specific cell phenotypes in the brain. The transductional tropism of viral vectors has a critical impact upon the transgene expression in different brain areas. This largely depends on the properties of the viral particles, which for AVVs are most commonly analogous to the serotype 5 adenovirus and, in the case of LVVs, are determined by the envelope used for pseudotyping, for example the vesicular stomatitis virus coat (VSVG). We have created a matching set of shuttle plasmids that allow a one-step transfer of an entire expression cassette between the backbones of AVVs and LVVs. This has permitted a fair assessment of the impact of the vector type on tropism for both AVVs and LVVs. Thus, the aims of this study were twofold: (i) to develop and demonstrate the validity of a transgene 'swap' system between AVVs and LVVs; and (ii) using this system, to assess the tropism of AVVs and LVVs for neuronal versus glial cell types. We have constructed AVVs and VSVG-coated LVVs to express monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP) driven by the human cytomegalovirus promoter (hCMV). Transgene expression in neurones and glia in the hypoglossal and dorsal vagal motor nuclei of the rat brainstem was compared by determining the colocalization with immunostaining for the neuronal marker NeuN (neuronal nuclear antigen) and the glial marker GFAP (glial fibrillatory acidic protein). We found that 55% of mRFP-expressing cells transduced with AVVs were immunopositive for GFAP, while only 38% were NeuN-immunoreactive. In contrast, when the same expression cassette was delivered by VSVG-coated LVVs, the neurone/glia ratio of mRFP expression was reversed with 56% of mRFP-positive cells identified as neurones and 26% as glia. Thus, the present study provides compelling evidence that VSVG-coated LVVs significantly shift transgene expression towards neurones while transduction with AVVs favours glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanad Duale
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Caslini C, Serna A, Rossi V, Introna M, Biondi A. Modulation of cell cycle by graded expression of MLL-AF4 fusion oncoprotein. Leukemia 2004; 18:1064-71. [PMID: 14990976 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALLs) expressing MLL-AF4, the fusion product of t(4;11)(q21;q23), show marked leucocytosis and extramedullary disease in multiple organs, respond poorly to chemotherapy and have poor prognosis. In vitro, leukemic cells with the t(4;11) show resistance to serum deprivation-induced or interferon gamma-regulated CD95-mediated apoptosis. In addition, t(4;11) cells have prolonged doubling time and lower percentage of cells in cycle compared to non-t(4;11) B lineage cell lines. In this study, we examine the time- and level-dependent effects of MLL-AF4 conditional expression on cell cycle and differentiation of myelomonocytic leukemia cell line U937. By varying the concentration of tetracycline in growth media, we found that increasing levels of MLL-AF4 expression result in a progressive decrease in growth rate and fraction of S phase cells, paralleled by an increase in percentage of cells expressing CD11b. Our results demonstrate a dosage-dependent effect of MLL-AF4 fusion oncoprotein on cell cycle progression, with increasing expression levels resulting in the accumulation in G1, prolonged doubling time, both findings that might be responsible for the increased resistance to etoposide-mediated cytotoxicity. We propose the cell cycle control exerted by MLL-AF4 may be responsible of resistance to cell-death promoting stimuli in leukemia carrying the t(4;11) translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Caslini
- Centro Ricerche M Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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Kasparov S, Teschemacher AG, Hwang DY, Kim KS, Lonergan T, Paton JFR. Viral vectors as tools for studies of central cardiovascular control. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 84:251-77. [PMID: 14769439 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2003.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the last few years physiological genomics has been the most rapidly developing area of physiology. Given the current ease of obtaining information about nucleotide sequences found in genomes and the vast amount of readily available clones, one of the most pertinent tasks is to find out about the roles of the individual genes and their families under normal and pathological conditions. Viral gene delivery into the brain is a powerful tool, which can be used to address a wide range of questions posed by physiological genomics including central nervous mechanisms regulating the cardio-vascular system. In this paper, we will give a short overview of current data obtained in this field using viral vectors and then look critically at the technology of viral gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kasparov
- Department of Physiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Program in Motility and Invasion, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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Wilsey J, Zolotukhin S, Prima V, Shek EW, Matheny MK, Scarpace PJ. Hypothalamic delivery of doxycycline-inducible leptin gene allows for reversible transgene expression and physiological responses. Gene Ther 2002; 9:1492-9. [PMID: 12407421 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2001] [Accepted: 06/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Our purpose was to incorporate regulation into the recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding leptin by introducing a tet-inducible promotor. This system, TET-Ob, allows for control of leptin gene expression via doxycycline in drinking water. F344XBN rats (aged 4 months) were given a hypothalamic injection of TET-Ob or control virus. During 34 days of doxycycline (doxy) administration to all rats (STAGE 1), TET-Ob rats gained 50.7% less mass, ate 10.4% less food, and had a 77.5% reduction in serum leptin as compared with controls. Doxy was then withdrawn from half of the TET-Ob rats for 32 days (TET-Ob-OFF), while half continued to receive doxy (TET-Ob-ON) (stage 2). During stage 2, TET-Ob-ON rats gained 44.8% less mass than TET-Ob-OFF and ate significantly less food than both TET-Ob-OFF and controls. Serum leptin increased to 83.4% of control values in TET-Ob-OFF, but remained very low in the in TET-Ob-ON. At death, visceral adiposity was 14.5% of controls in TET-Ob-ON animals, but had risen to 76.9% of controls in TET-Ob-OFF. A reversible increase in both leptin signal transduction in the hypothalamus and uncoupling protein expression in brown adipose was recorded. This system allows for more precise regulation of gene therapy-mediated fat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wilsey
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Huang CJ, Nazarian R, Lee J, Zhao PM, Espinosa-Jeffrey A, de Vellis J. Tumor necrosis factor modulates transcription of myelin basic protein gene through nuclear factor kappa B in a human oligodendroglioma cell line. Int J Dev Neurosci 2002; 20:289-96. [PMID: 12175864 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(02)00022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a major mediator of inflammation and it is involved in many neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Levels of TNF-alpha and lymphotoxin-alpha have been found elevated in plaques, bloods, and cerebral spinal fluids from multiple sclerosis patients. The expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), a major protein of the myelin sheath, is affected by cytokines secreted by activated immune cells. To determine the signal transduction pathway involving tumor necrosis factor's action in myelination and demyelination, we have cloned and analyzed cis-elements on promoters of the human and mouse MBP genes. There are two putative nuclear factors kappa-B (NF-kappaB) cis-elements on the human and one on the mouse gene promoter. In an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, all three NF-kappaB cis-elements showed binding to a protein, which was recognized by an antibody against NF-kappaB P65 component. The specificity of the binding was demonstrated in a competitive assay using NF-kappaB consensus oligonucleotides. A two base pair site-directed mutation on the mouse NF-kappaB cis-element abolished its binding activity. We created a DNA construct by linking the mouse MBP gene promoter containing the NF-kappaB cis-element to luciferase gene. Transfection of this construct into a human oligodendroglioma cell line showed TNF-alpha increased the transgene expression. Furthermore the mutation of NF-kappaB site abolished TNF-alpha -induction of the transgene. The data demonstrate that NF-kappaB is the mediator between tumor necrosis factor's action and MBP gene expression. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying TNF-alpha regulation of MBP gene expression provides new scientific bases for the development of therapy against oligodendrocyte-specific and myelin-related disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang J Huang
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Mental Retardation Research Center, UCLA School of Medicine, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Castro M, Hurtado-Lorenzo A, Umana P, Smith-Arica JR, Zermansky A, Abordo-Adesida E, Löwenstein PR. Regulatable and cell-type specific transgene expression in glial cells: prospects for gene therapy for neurological disorders. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 132:655-81. [PMID: 11545027 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(01)32109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Castro
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy Unit, Room 1.302, Stopford Building, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Castro MG, Williams JC, Southgate TD, Smith-Arica J, Stone D, Hurtado-Lorenzo A, Umana P, Lowenstein PR. Cell Type Specific and Inducible Transgenesis in the Anterior Pituitary Gland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1633-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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Lai CM, Robertson T, Papadimitriou J, Shen WY, Daw N, Constable IJ, Rakoczy PE. Controlled production of active cathepsin D in retinal pigment epithelial cells following adenovirus-mediated gene delivery. Mol Ther 2000; 2:476-84. [PMID: 11082321 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2000.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transduction of a low cathepsin D-producing retinal pigment epithelial cell line with a recombinant adenovirus, Ad.proCatD, carrying a viral promoter and the precursor form of the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D, procathepsin D, led to the upregulation of proCatD expression. However, the resultant aspartic protease activity did not exceed that observed in normal primary human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Following the injection of Ad. proCatD into rat eyes, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis localized the expression of procathepsin D to the retinal pigment epithelial cell layer and to the sclera/choroid/retinal epithelial cell layers, respectively. This upregulation of procathepsin D expression was accompanied by a limited increase in aspartic protease activity. The injected eyes did not demonstrate any of the retinal changes that have been associated with the overproduction and secretion of active cathepsin D. Immunoelectronmicroscopy of Ad.proCatD-transduced retinal pigment epithelial cells demonstrated the presence of cathepsin D not only in cytoplasmic vesicles and lysosomes but also in the nucleoli and, less strongly, elsewhere in euchromatic regions of some 10% of cells. In spite of the upregulated expression of procathepsin D, the production of active cathepsin D in Ad.proCatD-transduced retinal pigment epithelial cells was strictly controlled. It is proposed that active cathepsin D production is controlled at the point of posttranslational modification by an intranuclear feedback mechanism initiated by the relative excess of procathepsin D in Ad. proCatD-transduced retinal pigment epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lai
- Center for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
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Abstract
The possibility of regulating individual gene activities in the mouse brain via the tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation systems has sparked the development of novel mouse models aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms of brain disorders such as Huntington's, prion and Parkinson's diseases. In the past year, novel experimental strategies and methodological advances have emerged, contributing to the resolution of some of the initial limitations of these regulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Mansuy
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Cell Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Hönggerberg, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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Nadeau H, McKinney S, Anderson DJ, Lester HA. ROMK1 (Kir1.1) causes apoptosis and chronic silencing of hippocampal neurons. J Neurophysiol 2000; 84:1062-75. [PMID: 10938328 DOI: 10.1152/jn.2000.84.2.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors were constructed to express the weakly rectifying kidney K(+) channel ROMK1 (Kir1.1), either fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or as a bicistronic message (ROMK1-CITE-EGFP). The channel was stably expressed in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Infected cells were maintained for 2-4 wk without decrease in expression level or evidence of viral toxicity, although 15.4 mM external KCl was required to prevent apoptosis of neurons expressing functional ROMK1. No other trophic agents tested could prevent cell death, which was probably caused by K(+) loss. This cell death did not occur in glia, which were able to support ROMK1 expression indefinitely. Functional ROMK1, quantified as the nonnative inward current at -144 mV in 5.4 mM external K(+) blockable by 500 microM Ba(2+), ranged from 1 to 40 pA/pF. Infected neurons exhibited a Ba(2+)-induced depolarization of 7 +/- 2 mV relative to matched EGFP-infected controls, as well as a 30% decrease in input resistance and a shift in action potential threshold of 2.6 +/- 0.5 mV. This led to a shift in the relation between injected current and firing frequency, without changes in spike shape, size, or timing. This shift, which quantifies silencing as a function of ROMK1 expression, was predicted from Hodgkin-Huxley models. No cellular compensatory mechanisms in response to expression of ROMK1 were identified, making ROMK1 potentially useful for transgenic studies of silencing and neurodegeneration, although its lethality in normal K(+) has implications for the use of K(+) channels in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nadeau
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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Abstract
We present here a new approach which permits us to follow myelin proteins within living, actively myelinating cells. We have developed probes to study the spatial and temporal incorporation of proteins into the myelin sheath by expressing myelin proteins fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria and its derivatives, e.g., blue fluorescent protein (BFP) were used as molecular reporters to monitor the intracellular distribution of myelin proteins. Fusion proteins (14 kD myelin basic protein [MBP]-GFP, 21 kD MBP-GFP) were expressed in primary Schwann cells (SCs) and their distribution was monitored by confocal microscopy. The autofluorescent chimeric proteins were readily visualized and their subcellular localization was unaffected by the GFP reporter. However, because of the length of culturing time necessary to establish permanent cell lines, we found that it was not possible to obtain MBP-GFP stable SCs that also were capable of myelinating neuronal axons. We therefore devised a way of introducing vectors under conditions where cells are dividing in response to endogenous stimuli, and therefore are still capable of myelinating. We designed a protocol in which SCs cocultured with dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are transfected while they are actively dividing. SCs transfected in this way exhibit a good level of protein expression and retain their myelinating phenotype. The fusion protein expression lasts long enough to observe "green myelin. " These fluorescently tagged myelin proteins will allow high-resolution examination of the protein and membrane traffic in normal myelinating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pedraza
- Program in Cell Adhesion, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Raizada MK, Francis SC, Wang H, Gelband CH, Reaves PY, Katovich MJ. Targeting of the renin-angiotensin system by antisense gene therapy: a possible strategy for the long-term control of hypertension. J Hypertens 2000; 18:353-62. [PMID: 10779083 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200018040-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Traditional pharmacological agents have been successfully used for the treatment of hypertension for a number of decades. However, this therapeutic regimen has reached a conceptual plateau and a cure for the disease is far from appearing on the horizon. With this in mind, and recent advances in state of the art gene delivery system coupled with the anticipated completion of the human genome project, it is timely to think about the possibility of treating and/or curing hypertension using genetic means. In this review, we discuss the role of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in hypertension; the current gene delivery/gene transfer systems and the RAS as a target for gene therapy to treat hypertension; the successful use of retroviral vectors to deliver antisense to the AT1 receptor (AT1-AS) to prevent the development of hypertension and cardiovascular pathophysiology; the potential use of the viral vectors for the reversal of hypertension; and the future of antisense gene therapy and potential advantages and limitations of this regimen in the treatment and/or control of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Raizada
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0274, USA.
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