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Xu Z, Wen C, Wang W. Role of MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways in cuprizone-induced demyelination and cognitive impairment in mice. Behav Brain Res 2024; 458:114755. [PMID: 37949321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to find the genes and signaling pathways underlying cuprizone-induced demyelination and cognitive impairments in mice. We used the cuprizone-exposed mice as an animal model of schizophrenia and assessed cognitive function in mice. Total RNA was extracted from mouse brain tissues for RNA sequencing. The DESeq2 R package was utilized to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed simultaneously. We also constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to screen potential hub genes, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to validate the screened genes. After 6 weeks of cuprizone treatment, the cognitive function of mice was impaired. Compared to the controls, the cuprizone-exposed mice contained 351 DEGs, including 167 upregulated and 184 downregulated genes. Enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in some biological processes involved in demyelination, including the MAPK pathway. Functional pathway analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, which may be associated with cognitive impairments. MBP, IGF1, GFAP, PTPRC, CD14, CD68, ITGB2, LYN, TLR2, TLR4, VAV1, and PLEK were considered as potential hub genes. Except for MBP, all genes were upregulated in the cuprizone models, as verified by qRT-PCR. We suggest that the MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways may be associated with demyelination and cognitive impairments, respectively. GFAP and IGF-1 expression levels increased in cuprizone-exposed mice, suggesting that astrocytes may play a role in protecting the myelin sheath following treatment with cuprizone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhong Xu
- Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xianyue Hospital Affiliated with Xiamen Medical College, Fujian Psychiatric Center, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Xiamen, Fujian 361012, China.
| | - Chunyan Wen
- Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xianyue Hospital Affiliated with Xiamen Medical College, Fujian Psychiatric Center, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Xiamen, Fujian 361012, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xianyue Hospital Affiliated with Xiamen Medical College, Fujian Psychiatric Center, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Xiamen, Fujian 361012, China
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2
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Sarkar SK, Willson AML, Jordan MA. The Plasticity of Immune Cell Response Complicates Dissecting the Underlying Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:5383099. [PMID: 38213874 PMCID: PMC10783990 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5383099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath of the neuronal axon in the central nervous system. Many risk factors, including environmental, epigenetic, genetic, and lifestyle factors, are responsible for the development of MS. It has long been thought that only adaptive immune cells, especially autoreactive T cells, are responsible for the pathophysiology; however, recent evidence has indicated that innate immune cells are also highly involved in disease initiation and progression. Here, we compile the available data regarding the role immune cells play in MS, drawn from both human and animal research. While T and B lymphocytes, chiefly enhance MS pathology, regulatory T cells (Tregs) may serve a more protective role, as can B cells, depending on context and location. Cells chiefly involved in innate immunity, including macrophages, microglia, astrocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, eosinophils, and mast cells, play varied roles. In addition, there is evidence regarding the involvement of innate-like immune cells, such as γδ T cells, NKT cells, MAIT cells, and innate-like B cells as crucial contributors to MS pathophysiology. It is unclear which of these cell subsets are involved in the onset or progression of disease or in protective mechanisms due to their plastic nature, which can change their properties and functions depending on microenvironmental exposure and the response of neural networks in damage control. This highlights the need for a multipronged approach, combining stringently designed clinical data with carefully controlled in vitro and in vivo research findings, to identify the underlying mechanisms so that more effective therapeutics can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Annie M. L. Willson
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Margaret A. Jordan
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Tan R, Hong R, Sui C, Yang D, Tian H, Zhu T, Yang Y. The role and potential therapeutic targets of astrocytes in central nervous system demyelinating diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1233762. [PMID: 37720543 PMCID: PMC10502347 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1233762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play vital roles in the central nervous system, contributing significantly to both its normal functioning and pathological conditions. While their involvement in various diseases is increasingly recognized, their exact role in demyelinating lesions remains uncertain. Astrocytes have the potential to influence demyelination positively or negatively. They can produce and release inflammatory molecules that modulate the activation and movement of other immune cells. Moreover, they can aid in the clearance of myelin debris through phagocytosis and facilitate the recruitment and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, thereby promoting axonal remyelination. However, excessive or prolonged astrocyte phagocytosis can exacerbate demyelination and lead to neurological impairments. This review provides an overview of the involvement of astrocytes in various demyelinating diseases, emphasizing the underlying mechanisms that contribute to demyelination. Additionally, we discuss the interactions between oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells and astrocytes as therapeutic options to support myelin regeneration. Furthermore, we explore the role of astrocytes in repairing synaptic dysfunction, which is also a crucial pathological process in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxiao Sui
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Dianxu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengli Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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4
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Mohammed SR, Elmasry K, El-Gamal R, El-Shahat MA, Sherif RN. Alteration of Aquaporins 1 and 4 immunohistochemical and gene expression in the cerebellum of diabetic albino rat. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102076. [PMID: 36989704 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of transmembrane channel proteins. AQP1 and AQP4 are expressed in cerebellum amongst others. This study was designed to assess the effect of diabetes on AQP1 and AQP4 expression in cerebellum of rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin 45 mg/kg in 24 adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Six rats from control and diabetic groups were sacrificed at one, four, and eight weeks post diabetic confirmation. After eight weeks, measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations, and cerebellar mRNA expression for AQP1 and AQP4 genes were performed. Immunohistochemical evaluation of AQP1, AQP4, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for cerebellar sections was performed for all groups. Diabetes caused degenerative changes in Purkinje cells with a significant increase in the cerebellar level of MDA and AQP1 immunoreactivity and a significant decrease in GSH level and AQP4 expression levels. However, the alteration in the AQP1 mRNA level was not statistically significant. GFAP immunoreactivity was increased in 8 W diabetic rats following its decrease in 1 W diabetic rats. Diabetes caused some alteration in the AQPs 1 and 4 expression in the cerebellum of diabetic rats which may contribute to diabetes-induced cerebellar complications.
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Barmpagiannos K, Theotokis P, Petratos S, Pagnin M, Einstein O, Kesidou E, Boziki M, Artemiadis A, Bakirtzis C, Grigoriadis N. The Diversity of Astrocyte Activation during Multiple Sclerosis: Potential Cellular Targets for Novel Disease Modifying Therapeutics. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11111585. [PMID: 37297725 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroglial cells, and especially astrocytes, constitute the most varied group of central nervous system (CNS) cells, displaying substantial diversity and plasticity during development and in disease states. The morphological changes exhibited by astrocytes during the acute and chronic stages following CNS injury can be characterized more precisely as a dynamic continuum of astrocytic reactivity. Different subpopulations of reactive astrocytes may be ascribed to stages of degenerative progression through their direct pathogenic influence upon neurons, neuroglia, the blood-brain barrier, and infiltrating immune cells. Multiple sclerosis (MS) constitutes an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS. Despite the previously held notion that reactive astrocytes purely form the structured glial scar in MS plaques, their continued multifaceted participation in neuroinflammatory outcomes and oligodendrocyte and neuronal function during chronicity, suggest that they may be an integral cell type that can govern the pathophysiology of MS. From a therapeutic-oriented perspective, astrocytes could serve as key players to limit MS progression, once the integral astrocyte-MS relationship is accurately identified. This review aims toward delineating the current knowledge, which is mainly focused on immunomodulatory therapies of the relapsing-remitting form, while shedding light on uncharted approaches of astrocyte-specific therapies that could constitute novel, innovative applications once the role of specific subgroups in disease pathogenesis is clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Barmpagiannos
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Maurice Pagnin
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Ofira Einstein
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Evangelia Kesidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marina Boziki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Christos Bakirtzis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Alatrash R, Golubenko M, Martynova E, Garanina E, Mukhamedshina Y, Khaiboullina S, Rizvanov A, Salafutdinov I, Arkhipova S. Genetically Engineered Artificial Microvesicles Carrying Nerve Growth Factor Restrains the Progression of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in an Experimental Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098332. [PMID: 37176039 PMCID: PMC10179478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an incurable, progressive chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease. Therapy for MS is based on slowing down the processes of neurodegeneration and suppressing the immune system of patients. MS is accompanied by inflammation, axon-degeneration and neurogliosis in the central nervous system. One of the directions for a new effective treatment for MS is cellular, subcellular, as well as gene therapy. We investigated the therapeutic potential of adipose mesenchymal stem cell (ADMSC) derived, cytochalasin B induced artificial microvesicles (MVs) expressing nerve growth factor (NGF) on a mouse model of multiple sclerosis experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). These ADMSC-MVs-NGF were tested using histological, immunocytochemical and molecular genetic methods after being injected into the tail vein of animals on the 14th and 21st days post EAE induction. ADMSC-MVs-NGF contained the target protein inside the cytoplasm. Their injection into the caudal vein led to a significant decrease in neurogliosis at the 14th and 21st days post EAE induction. Artificial ADMSC-MVs-NGF stimulate axon regeneration and can modulate gliosis in the EAE model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Alatrash
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Maria Golubenko
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Martynova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Garanina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Yana Mukhamedshina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ilnur Salafutdinov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana Arkhipova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
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7
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Hashemi B, Abdollahi M, Abbaspour-Aghdam S, Hazrati A, Malekpour K, Meshgi S, Kafil HS, Ghazi F, Yousefi M, Roshangar L, Ahmadi M. The effect of probiotics on immune responses and their therapeutic application: A new treatment option for multiple sclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114195. [PMID: 36630847 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is known as a chronic inflammatory disease (CID) that affects the central nervous system and leads to nerve demyelination. However, the exact cause of MS is unknown, but immune system regulation and inhibiting the function of inflammatory pathways may have a beneficial effect on controlling and improving the disease. Studies show that probiotics can alter the gut microbiome, thereby improving and affecting the immune system and inflammatory responses in patients with MS. The results show that probiotics have a good effect on the recovery of patients with MS in humans and animals. The present study investigated the effect of probiotics and possible therapeutic mechanisms of probiotics on immune cells and inflammatory cytokines. This review article showed that probiotics could improve immune cells and inflammatory cytokines in patients with MS and can play an effective role in disease management and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Hashemi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abdollahi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Abbaspour-Aghdam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Hazrati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kosar Malekpour
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahla Meshgi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhood Ghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Crosstalk between Oxidative Stress and Aging in Neurodegeneration Disorders. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050753. [PMID: 36899889 PMCID: PMC10001353 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The world population is aging rapidly, and increasing lifespan exacerbates the burden of age-related health issues. On the other hand, premature aging has begun to be a problem, with increasing numbers of younger people suffering aging-related symptoms. Advanced aging is caused by a combination of factors: lifestyle, diet, external and internal factors, as well as oxidative stress (OS). Although OS is the most researched aging factor, it is also the least understood. OS is important not only in relation to aging but also due to its strong impact on neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, we will discuss the aging process in relation to OS, the function of OS in neurodegenerative disorders, and prospective therapeutics capable of relieving neurodegenerative symptoms associated with the pro-oxidative condition.
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Huang LH, Pan ZY, Pan YJ, Yang FY. Magnetization transfer ratio for assessing remyelination after transcranial ultrasound stimulation in the lysolecithin rat model of multiple sclerosis. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1403-1411. [PMID: 35368059 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is capable of attenuating myelin loss and providing neuroprotection in animal models of brain disorders. In this study, we investigated the ability of TUS to promote remyelination in the lysolecithin (LPC)-induced local demyelination in the hippocampus. Demyelination was induced by the micro-injection of 1.5 μL LPC (1%) into the rat hippocampus and the treated group received daily TUS for 5 or 12 days. Magnetic resonance imaging techniques, including magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) and T2-weighted imaging, were used to longitudinally characterize the demyelination model. Furthermore, the therapeutic effects of TUS on LPC-induced demyelination were assessed by Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining. Our data revealed that reductions in MTR values observed during demyelination recover almost completely upon remyelination. The MTR values in demyelinated lesions were significantly higher in TUS-treated rats than in the LPC-only group after undergoing TUS. Form histological observation, TUS significantly reduced the size of demyelinated lesion 7 days after LPC administration. This study demonstrated that MTR was a sensitive and reproducible quantitative marker to assess remyelination process in vivo during TUS treatment. These findings might open new promising treatment strategies for demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hsin Huang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Yun Pan
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Sec. 2, Nanya S. Rd., Banciao Dist., New Taipei City 220, Taiwan.,Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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Combination Therapy of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation and Astrocyte Ablation Improve Remyelination in a Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination Mouse Model. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:7278-7292. [PMID: 36175823 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes display an active, dual, and controversial role in multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory demyelination disorder. However, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can affect myelination in demyelinating disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effect of single and combination therapies of astrocyte ablation and MSC transplantation on remyelination in the cuprizone (CPZ) model of MS. C57BL/6 mice were fed 0.2% CPZ diet for 12 weeks. Astrocytes were ablated twice by L-a-aminoadipate (L-AAA) at the beginning of weeks 13 and 14 whereas MSCs were injected in the corpus callosum at the beginning of week 13. Motor coordination and balance were assessed through rotarod test whereas myelin content was evaluated by Luxol-fast blue (LFB) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Glial cells were assessed by immunofluorescence staining while mRNA expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Combination treatment of ablation of astrocytes and MSC transplantation (CPZ + MSC + L-AAA) significantly decreased motor coordination deficits better than single treatments (CPZ + MSCs or CPZ + L-AAA), in comparison to CPZ mice. In addition, L-AAA and MSCs treatment significantly enhanced remyelination compared to CPZ group. Moreover, combination therapy caused a significant decrease in the number of GFAP+ and Iba-1+ cells, whereas oligodendrocytes were significantly increased in comparison to CPZ mice. Finally, MSC administration resulted in a significant upregulation of BDNF and NGF mRNA expression levels. Our data indicate that transient ablation of astrocytes along with MSCs treatment improve remyelination through enhancing oligodendrocytes and attenuating gliosis in a chronic demyelinating mouse model of MS.
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Guerra M, Carvalho NB, Santos S, Nascimento MT, Sá R, Carvalho AM, Carvalho EM, Carvalho LP. TNF-induced metalloproteinase-9 production is associated with neurological manifestations in HTLV-1-infected individuals. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954103. [PMID: 36311773 PMCID: PMC9608347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1-infected individuals may develop a neurologic inflammatory condition known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP), in which the high production of TNF is observed. These patients exhibit higher proviral loads, enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines and lymphocyte proliferation in comparison to asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers and those presenting overactive bladder (OAB-HTLV-infected). Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to degrade the components of the blood-brain barrier, favoring the migration of infected cells into the central nervous system. Moreover, the unbalanced production of MMPs and their inhibitors (TIMPs) has also been associated with tissue damage. The present work studied the production of MMP-9 and TIMPs in HTLV-1-infected individuals with and without neurological manifestations. HAM/TSP patients presented higher concentrations of MMP-9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture supernatants, as well as a higher MMP-9/TIMP-3 ratio when compared to the other groups studied. MMP-9 levels positively correlated with proviral load and TNF in OAB-HTLV-infected individuals, and the in vitro neutralization of TNF significantly decreased MMP-9 levels in PBMC culture supernatants. Our findings indicate an association between MMP-9 production and the proinflammatory state associated with HTLV-1 infection, as well as HAM/TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariele Guerra
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Complex Professor Edgard Santos (C-HUPES), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Natália B. Carvalho
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Complex Professor Edgard Santos (C-HUPES), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Silvane Santos
- Biology Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mauricio T. Nascimento
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Renata Sá
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Complex Professor Edgard Santos (C-HUPES), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Augusto M. Carvalho
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Complex Professor Edgard Santos (C-HUPES), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology - Tropical Diseases Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa/Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Complex Professor Edgard Santos (C-HUPES), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology - Tropical Diseases Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa/Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Lucas P. Carvalho,
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Joshi P, Bisht A, Joshi S, Semwal D, Nema NK, Dwivedi J, Sharma S. Ameliorating potential of curcumin and its analogue in central nervous system disorders and related conditions: A review of molecular pathways. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3143-3180. [PMID: 35790042 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, isolated from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is one of the broadly studied phytomolecule owing to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential and has been considered a promising therapeutic candidate in a wide range of disorders. Considering, its low bioavailability, different curcumin analogs have been developed to afford desired pharmacokinetic profile and therapeutic outcome in varied pathological states. Several preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that curcumin ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress apoptosis-mediated neural cell degeneration and could effectively be utilized in the treatment of different neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, in this review, we have summarized key findings of experimental and clinical studies conducted on curcumin and its analogues with special emphasis on molecular pathways, viz. NF-kB, Nrf2-ARE, glial activation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, SOCS/JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2 /MyD88 /p38 MAPK, JNK, iNOS/NO, and MMP pathways involved in imparting ameliorative effects in the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders and associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Joshi
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India.,R & D, Patanjali Ayurved Ltd, Patanjali Food and Herbal Park, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Akansha Bisht
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sushil Joshi
- R & D, Patanjali Ayurved Ltd, Patanjali Food and Herbal Park, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deepak Semwal
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neelesh Kumar Nema
- Paramount Kumkum Private Limited, Prestige Meridian-1, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
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13
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Zhang Q, Yang Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Qin S, Lv R, Zhou M, Yu Q, Li X, Li X, Wang X, You H, Wang Y, Zhou F, Liu X. The LncRNA AK018453 regulates TRAP1/Smad signaling in IL-17-activated astrocytes: A potential role in EAE pathogenesis. Glia 2022; 70:2079-2092. [PMID: 35778934 PMCID: PMC9545958 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 17 (IL-17), that is mainly produced by Th17 cells, has been recognized as a key regulator in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Reactive astrocytes stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines including IL-17 are involved in blood brain barrier destruction, inflammatory cells infiltration and spinal cord injury. However, the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) induced by IL-17 in the pathogenesis of MS and EAE remains unknown. Herein, we found that an IL-17-induced lncRNA AK018453 promoted TGF-β receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) expression and Smad-dependent signaling in mouse primary astrocytes. Knockdown of AK018453 significantly suppressed astrocytosis, attenuated the phosphorylation of Smad2/3, reduced NF-κB p65 and CBP/P300 binding to the TRAP1 promoter, and diminished pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the IL-17-treated astrocytes. AK018453 knockdown in astrocytes by a lentiviral vector in vivo dramatically inhibited inflammation and prevented the mice from demyelination in the spinal cord during the progression of EAE. Together, these results suggest that AK018453 regulates IL-17-dependent inflammatory response in reactive astrocytes and potentially promotes the pathogenesis of EAE via the TRAP1/Smad pathway. Targeting this pathway may have a therapeutic potential for intervening inflammatory demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurology of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suping Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruixue Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Menglu Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaocui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaotian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongjuan You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yugang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Xue Y, Zhu X, Yan W, Zhang Z, Cui E, Wu Y, Li C, Pan J, Yan Q, Chai X, Zhao S. Dietary Supplementation With Acer truncatum Oil Promotes Remyelination in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:860280. [PMID: 35585921 PMCID: PMC9109879 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.860280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disease of uncertain etiology. Traditional treatment methods produce more adverse effects. Epidemiological and clinical treatment findings showed that unknown environmental factors contribute to the etiology of MS and that diet is a commonly assumed factor. Despite the huge interest in diet expressed by people with MS and the potential role diet plays in MS, very little data is available on the role of diet in MS pathogenesis and MS course, in particular, studies on fats and MS. The oil of Acer truncatum is potential as a resource to be exploited in the treatment of some neurodegenerative diseases. Objective Here, we investigated the underlying influences of Acer truncatum oil on the stimulation of remyelination in a cuprizone mouse model of demyelination. Methods Cuprizone (0.2% in chow) was used to establish a mouse model of demyelination. Acer truncatum oil was administrated to mice during remyelination. Following techniques were used: behavioral test, histochemistry, fluorescent immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscope. Results Mice exposed to cuprizone for 6 weeks showed schizophrenia-like behavioral changes, the increased exploration of the center in the open field test (OFT), increased entries into the open arms of the elevated plus-maze, as well as demyelination in the corpus callosum. After cuprizone withdrawal, the diet therapy was initiated with supplementation of Acer truncatum oil for 2 weeks. As expected, myelin repair was greatly enhanced in the demyelinated regions with increased mature oligodendrocytes (CC1) and myelin basic protein (MBP). More importantly, the supplementation with Acer truncatum oil in the diet reduced the schizophrenia-like behavior in the open field test (OFT) and the elevated plus-maze compared to the cuprizone recovery group. The results revealed that the diet supplementation with Acer truncatum oil improved behavioral abnormalities, oligodendrocyte maturation, and remyelination in the cuprizone model during recovery. Conclusion Diet supplementation with Acer truncatum oil attenuates demyelination induced by cuprizone, indicating that Acer truncatum oil is a novel therapeutic diet in demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenyong Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhihan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Enhui Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yongji Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Cixia Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiarong Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qijiang Yan
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xuejun Chai
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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15
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Astroglial and oligodendroglial markers in the cuprizone animal model for de- and remyelination. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 158:15-38. [PMID: 35380252 PMCID: PMC9246805 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Myelin loss with consecutive axon degeneration and impaired remyelination are the underlying causes of progressive disease in patients with multiple sclerosis. Astrocytes are suggested to play a major role in these processes. The unmasking of distinct astrocyte identities in health and disease would help to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms in which astrocytes are involved. However, the number of specific astrocyte markers is limited. Therefore, we performed immunohistochemical studies and analyzed various markers including GFAP, vimentin, S100B, ALDH1L1, and LCN2 during de- and remyelination using the toxic murine cuprizone animal model. Applying this animal model, we were able to confirm overlapping expression of vimentin and GFAP and highlighted the potential of ALDH1L1 as a pan-astrocytic marker, in agreement with previous data. Only a small population of GFAP-positive astrocytes in the corpus callosum highly up-regulated LCN2 at the peak of demyelination and S100B expression was found in a subset of oligodendroglia as well, thus S100B turned out to have a limited use as a particular astroglial marker. Additionally, numerous GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lateral corpus callosum did not express S100B, further strengthening findings of heterogeneity in the astrocytic population. In conclusion, our results acknowledged that GFAP, vimentin, LCN2, and ALDH1L1 serve as reliable marker to identify activated astrocytes during cuprizone-induced de- and remyelination. Moreover, there were clear regional and temporal differences in protein and mRNA expression levels and patterns of the studied markers, generally between gray and white matter structures.
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16
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Scalabrino G. Newly Identified Deficiencies in the Multiple Sclerosis Central Nervous System and Their Impact on the Remyelination Failure. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040815. [PMID: 35453565 PMCID: PMC9026986 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains enigmatic and controversial. Myelin sheaths in the central nervous system (CNS) insulate axons and allow saltatory nerve conduction. MS brings about the destruction of myelin sheaths and the myelin-producing oligodendrocytes (ODCs). The conundrum of remyelination failure is, therefore, crucial in MS. In this review, the roles of epidermal growth factor (EGF), normal prions, and cobalamin in CNS myelinogenesis are briefly summarized. Thereafter, some findings of other authors and ourselves on MS and MS-like models are recapitulated, because they have shown that: (a) EGF is significantly decreased in the CNS of living or deceased MS patients; (b) its repeated administration to mice in various MS-models prevents demyelination and inflammatory reaction; (c) as was the case for EGF, normal prion levels are decreased in the MS CNS, with a strong correspondence between liquid and tissue levels; and (d) MS cobalamin levels are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid, but decreased in the spinal cord. In fact, no remyelination can occur in MS if these molecules (essential for any form of CNS myelination) are lacking. Lastly, other non-immunological MS abnormalities are reviewed. Together, these results have led to a critical reassessment of MS pathogenesis, partly because EGF has little or no role in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Scalabrino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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17
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Rg1 exerts protective effect in CPZ-induced demyelination mouse model via inhibiting CXCL10-mediated glial response. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:563-576. [PMID: 34103690 PMCID: PMC8888649 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin damage and abnormal remyelination processes lead to central nervous system dysfunction. Glial activation-induced microenvironment changes are characteristic features of the diseases with myelin abnormalities. We previously showed that ginsenoside Rg1, a main component of ginseng, ameliorated MPTP-mediated myelin damage in mice, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study we investigated the effects of Rg1 and mechanisms in cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination mouse model. Mice were treated with CPZ solution (300 mg· kg-1· d-1, ig) for 5 weeks; from week 2, the mice received Rg1 (5, 10, and 20 mg· kg-1· d-1, ig) for 4 weeks. We showed that Rg1 administration dose-dependently alleviated bradykinesia and improved CPZ-disrupted motor coordination ability in CPZ-treated mice. Furthermore, Rg1 administration significantly decreased demyelination and axonal injury in pathological assays. We further revealed that the neuroprotective effects of Rg1 were associated with inhibiting CXCL10-mediated modulation of glial response, which was mediated by NF-κB nuclear translocation and CXCL10 promoter activation. In microglial cell line BV-2, we demonstrated that the effects of Rg1 on pro-inflammatory and migratory phenotypes of microglia were related to CXCL10, while Rg1-induced phagocytosis of microglia was not directly related to CXCL10. In CPZ-induced demyelination mouse model, injection of AAV-CXCL10 shRNA into mouse lateral ventricles 3 weeks prior CPZ treatment occluded the beneficial effects of Rg1 administration in behavioral and pathological assays. In conclusion, CXCL10 mediates the protective role of Rg1 in CPZ-induced demyelination mouse model. This study provides new insight into potential disease-modifying therapies for myelin abnormalities.
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18
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Bugiani M, Plug BC, Man JHK, Breur M, van der Knaap MS. Heterogeneity of white matter astrocytes in the human brain. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:159-177. [PMID: 34878591 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate central nervous system development, maintain its homeostasis and orchestrate repair upon injury. Emerging evidence support functional specialization of astroglia, both between and within brain regions. Different subtypes of gray matter astrocytes have been identified, yet molecular and functional diversity of white matter astrocytes remains largely unexplored. Nonetheless, their important and diverse roles in maintaining white matter integrity and function are well recognized. Compelling evidence indicate that impairment of normal astrocytic function and their response to injury contribute to a wide variety of diseases, including white matter disorders. In this review, we highlight our current understanding of astrocyte heterogeneity in the white matter of the mammalian brain and how an interplay between developmental origins and local environmental cues contribute to astroglial diversification. In addition, we discuss whether, and if so, how, heterogeneous astrocytes could contribute to white matter function in health and disease and focus on the sparse human research data available. We highlight four leukodystrophies primarily due to astrocytic dysfunction, the so-called astrocytopathies. Insight into the role of astroglial heterogeneity in both healthy and diseased white matter may provide new avenues for therapies aimed at promoting repair and restoring normal white matter function.
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19
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Barati S, Kashani IR, Tahmasebi F. The effects of mesenchymal stem cells transplantation on A1 neurotoxic reactive astrocyte and demyelination in the cuprizone model. J Mol Histol 2022; 53:333-346. [PMID: 35031895 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), which is an autoimmune disease, is characterized by symptoms such as demyelination, axonal damage, and astrogliosis. As the most abundant type of glial cells, astrocytes play an important role in MS pathogenesis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a subset of stromal cells that have the potential for migration, immune-modulation, differentiation, remyelination, and neuroregeneration. Therefore, the present study evaluates the effects of MSC transplantation on A1 reactive astrocytes and the remyelination process in the cuprizone mouse model. The study used 30 male C57BL/6 mice, which were randomly distributed into three subgroups (n = 10), i.e., control, cuprizone, and transplanted MSCs groups. In order to generate a chronic demyelination model, the mice in the cuprizone group received food mixed with 0.2% cuprizone powder for 12 weeks. Then, 2 μl of DMEM containing approximately 3 × 105 DiI labeled cells was injected with a 4-min interval into the right lateral ventricle using a 10-μl Hamilton syringe. After 2 weeks of cell transplantation, we used the rotarod test to evaluate the behavioral deficits, while the remyelination process was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining. We assessed the population of A1 astrocytes and oligodendrocytes using specific markers, such as C3, GFAP, and Olig2, using the immunefleurocent method. The pro-inflammatory and trophic factors were assessed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. According to our data, the specific marker of A1 astrocytes (C3) decreased in the MSCs group, while the number of oligodendrocytes significantly increased in this group compared to the cuprizone mice. Additionally, MSC was able to enhance the remyelination process after cuprizone usage, as shown by LFB and TEM images. The molecular results showed that MSCs could reduce pro-inflammatory factors, such as IL-1 and TNF-α, through the secretion of BDNF and TGF-β as trophic factors. The obtained results indicated that MSC could reduce demyelination and inflammation by decreasing A1 neurotoxic reactive astrocytes and neurotrophic and immunomodulatory factors secretion in the chronic cuprizone demyelination model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Barati
- Department of Anatomy, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tahmasebi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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20
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Smith RS, Barnett SC, Lindsay SL. Generation of Rat Neural Stem Cells to Produce Different Astrocyte Phenotypes. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2429:333-344. [PMID: 35507171 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1979-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Striatum-derived neural stem cells have been used to generate a variety of neural cell populations. They are composed of free-floating clusters of clonal neural stem cells, termed neurospheres, and can be expanded under growth factor stimulation in vitro. The multipotent nature of neurospheres means that under certain growth conditions they can differentiate into neuronal and glial progenitors of the central nervous system (CNS).Here, we describe a method for creating a population of astrocytes derived from rat striatum neurospheres, which in turn can be used to generate astrocytes with different reactivity phenotypes. Several methods and techniques are already available for the generation of neurospheres, but the method detailed herein provides an accessible, reproducible protocol for large numbers of astrocyte cultures, that can then be manipulated in an experimental format for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sherrard Smith
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan C Barnett
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Susan L Lindsay
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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21
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Schmaul S, Hanuscheck N, Bittner S. Astrocytic potassium and calcium channels as integrators of the inflammatory and ischemic CNS microenvironment. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1519-1530. [PMID: 34455729 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key regulators of their surroundings by receiving and integrating stimuli from their local microenvironment, thereby regulating glial and neuronal homeostasis. Cumulating evidence supports a plethora of heterogenic astrocyte subpopulations that differ morphologically and in their expression patterns of receptors, transporters and ion channels, as well as in their functional specialisation. Astrocytic heterogeneity is especially relevant under pathological conditions. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), morphologically distinct astrocytic subtypes were identified and could be linked to transcriptome changes during different disease stages and regions. To allow for continuous awareness of changing stimuli across age and diseases, astrocytes are equipped with a variety of receptors and ion channels allowing the precise perception of environmental cues. Recent studies implicate the diverse repertoire of astrocytic ion channels - including transient receptor potential channels, voltage-gated calcium channels, inwardly rectifying K+ channels, and two-pore domain potassium channels - in sensing the brain state in physiology, inflammation and ischemia. Here, we review current evidence regarding astrocytic potassium and calcium channels and their functional contribution in homeostasis, neuroinflammation and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Schmaul
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicholas Hanuscheck
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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22
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Jha RM, Rani A, Desai SM, Raikwar S, Mihaljevic S, Munoz-Casabella A, Kochanek PM, Catapano J, Winkler E, Citerio G, Hemphill JC, Kimberly WT, Narayan R, Sahuquillo J, Sheth KN, Simard JM. Sulfonylurea Receptor 1 in Central Nervous System Injury: An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111899. [PMID: 34769328 PMCID: PMC8584331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) is a member of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) protein superfamily, encoded by Abcc8, and is recognized as a key mediator of central nervous system (CNS) cellular swelling via the transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) channel. Discovered approximately 20 years ago, this channel is normally absent in the CNS but is transcriptionally upregulated after CNS injury. A comprehensive review on the pathophysiology and role of SUR1 in the CNS was published in 2012. Since then, the breadth and depth of understanding of the involvement of this channel in secondary injury has undergone exponential growth: SUR1-TRPM4 inhibition has been shown to decrease cerebral edema and hemorrhage progression in multiple preclinical models as well as in early clinical studies across a range of CNS diseases including ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, cardiac arrest, subarachnoid hemorrhage, spinal cord injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, neuromalignancies, pain, liver failure, status epilepticus, retinopathies and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Given these substantial developments, combined with the timeliness of ongoing clinical trials of SUR1 inhibition, now, another decade later, we review advances pertaining to SUR1-TRPM4 pathobiology in this spectrum of CNS disease—providing an overview of the journey from patch-clamp experiments to phase III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira M. Jha
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (R.M.J.); (S.M.D.)
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (A.R.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (A.M.-C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (J.C.); (E.W.)
| | - Anupama Rani
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (A.R.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (A.M.-C.)
| | - Shashvat M. Desai
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (R.M.J.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Sudhanshu Raikwar
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (A.R.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (A.M.-C.)
| | - Sandra Mihaljevic
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (A.R.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (A.M.-C.)
| | - Amanda Munoz-Casabella
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (A.R.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (A.M.-C.)
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Joshua Catapano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (J.C.); (E.W.)
| | - Ethan Winkler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (J.C.); (E.W.)
| | - Giuseppe Citerio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy;
- Neurointensive Care Unit, Department of Neuroscience, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST—Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - J. Claude Hemphill
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - W. Taylor Kimberly
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Raj Narayan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY 11549, USA;
| | - Juan Sahuquillo
- Neurotrauma and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kevin N. Sheth
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
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Comabella M, Sastre-Garriga J, Borras E, Villar LM, Saiz A, Martínez-Yélamos S, García-Merino JA, Pinteac R, Fissolo N, Sánchez López AJ, Costa-Frossard L, Blanco Y, Llufriu S, Vidal-Jordana A, Sabidó E, Montalban X. CSF Chitinase 3-Like 2 Is Associated With Long-term Disability Progression in Patients With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/6/e1082. [PMID: 34497102 PMCID: PMC8428018 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to identify long-term prognostic protein biomarkers associated with disease progression in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods CSF samples were collected from a discovery cohort of 28 patients with progressive MS who participated in a clinical trial with interferon beta. Patients were classified into high and low disability progression phenotypes according to numeric progression rates (NPR) and step-based progression rates (SPR) after a mean follow-up time of 12 years. Protein abundance was measured by shotgun proteomics. Selected proteins from the discovery cohort were quantified by parallel reaction monitoring in CSF samples from an independent validation cohort of 41 patients with progressive MS classified also into high and low disability progression phenotypes after a mean follow-up time of 7 years. Results Of 2,548 CSF proteins identified in the discovery cohort, 10 were selected for validation based on their association with long-term disability progression: SPATS2-like protein, chitinase 3–like 2 (CHI3L2), plasma serine protease inhibitor, metallothionein-3, phospholipase D4, beta-hexosaminidase, neurexophilin-1, adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1, cathepsin L1, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. Only CHI3L2 was validated, and patients with high disability progression exhibited significantly higher CSF protein levels compared with patients with low disability progression (p = 0.03 for NPR and p = 0.02 for SPR). CHI3L2 levels showed good performance to discriminate between high and low disability progression in patients with progressive MS (area under the curve 0.73; sensitivity 90% and specificity 63%). Conclusions Although further confirmatory studies are needed, we propose CSF CHI3L2 as a prognostic protein biomarker associated with long-term disability progression in patients with progressive MS. Classification of Evidence This study provides Class II evidence that high CSF CHI3L2 levels identified higher disability progression in patients with progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Comabella
- From the Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica (M.C., J.S.-G., R.P., N.F., A.V.-J., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron; Eva Borràs (E.B., E.S.), Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., L.C.-F.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid; Service of Neurology (A.S., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology (S.M.-Y.), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona; and Neuroimmunology Unit (J.A.G.M., A.J.S.L.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jaume Sastre-Garriga
- From the Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica (M.C., J.S.-G., R.P., N.F., A.V.-J., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron; Eva Borràs (E.B., E.S.), Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., L.C.-F.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid; Service of Neurology (A.S., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology (S.M.-Y.), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona; and Neuroimmunology Unit (J.A.G.M., A.J.S.L.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Borras
- From the Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica (M.C., J.S.-G., R.P., N.F., A.V.-J., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron; Eva Borràs (E.B., E.S.), Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., L.C.-F.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid; Service of Neurology (A.S., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology (S.M.-Y.), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona; and Neuroimmunology Unit (J.A.G.M., A.J.S.L.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa M Villar
- From the Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica (M.C., J.S.-G., R.P., N.F., A.V.-J., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron; Eva Borràs (E.B., E.S.), Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., L.C.-F.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid; Service of Neurology (A.S., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology (S.M.-Y.), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona; and Neuroimmunology Unit (J.A.G.M., A.J.S.L.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Saiz
- From the Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica (M.C., J.S.-G., R.P., N.F., A.V.-J., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron; Eva Borràs (E.B., E.S.), Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., L.C.-F.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid; Service of Neurology (A.S., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology (S.M.-Y.), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona; and Neuroimmunology Unit (J.A.G.M., A.J.S.L.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Martínez-Yélamos
- From the Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica (M.C., J.S.-G., R.P., N.F., A.V.-J., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron; Eva Borràs (E.B., E.S.), Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., L.C.-F.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid; Service of Neurology (A.S., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology (S.M.-Y.), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona; and Neuroimmunology Unit (J.A.G.M., A.J.S.L.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio García-Merino
- From the Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica (M.C., J.S.-G., R.P., N.F., A.V.-J., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron; Eva Borràs (E.B., E.S.), Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., L.C.-F.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid; Service of Neurology (A.S., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology (S.M.-Y.), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona; and Neuroimmunology Unit (J.A.G.M., A.J.S.L.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rucsanda Pinteac
- From the Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica (M.C., J.S.-G., R.P., N.F., A.V.-J., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron; Eva Borràs (E.B., E.S.), Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., L.C.-F.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid; Service of Neurology (A.S., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology (S.M.-Y.), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona; and Neuroimmunology Unit (J.A.G.M., A.J.S.L.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolas Fissolo
- From the Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica (M.C., J.S.-G., R.P., N.F., A.V.-J., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron; Eva Borràs (E.B., E.S.), Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., L.C.-F.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid; Service of Neurology (A.S., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology (S.M.-Y.), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona; and Neuroimmunology Unit (J.A.G.M., A.J.S.L.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio J Sánchez López
- From the Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica (M.C., J.S.-G., R.P., N.F., A.V.-J., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron; Eva Borràs (E.B., E.S.), Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., L.C.-F.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid; Service of Neurology (A.S., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology (S.M.-Y.), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona; and Neuroimmunology Unit (J.A.G.M., A.J.S.L.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucienne Costa-Frossard
- From the Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica (M.C., J.S.-G., R.P., N.F., A.V.-J., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron; Eva Borràs (E.B., E.S.), Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., L.C.-F.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid; Service of Neurology (A.S., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology (S.M.-Y.), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona; and Neuroimmunology Unit (J.A.G.M., A.J.S.L.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Blanco
- From the Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica (M.C., J.S.-G., R.P., N.F., A.V.-J., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron; Eva Borràs (E.B., E.S.), Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., L.C.-F.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid; Service of Neurology (A.S., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology (S.M.-Y.), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona; and Neuroimmunology Unit (J.A.G.M., A.J.S.L.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Llufriu
- From the Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica (M.C., J.S.-G., R.P., N.F., A.V.-J., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron; Eva Borràs (E.B., E.S.), Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., L.C.-F.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid; Service of Neurology (A.S., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology (S.M.-Y.), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona; and Neuroimmunology Unit (J.A.G.M., A.J.S.L.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Vidal-Jordana
- From the Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica (M.C., J.S.-G., R.P., N.F., A.V.-J., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron; Eva Borràs (E.B., E.S.), Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., L.C.-F.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid; Service of Neurology (A.S., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology (S.M.-Y.), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona; and Neuroimmunology Unit (J.A.G.M., A.J.S.L.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- From the Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica (M.C., J.S.-G., R.P., N.F., A.V.-J., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron; Eva Borràs (E.B., E.S.), Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., L.C.-F.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid; Service of Neurology (A.S., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology (S.M.-Y.), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona; and Neuroimmunology Unit (J.A.G.M., A.J.S.L.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- From the Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica (M.C., J.S.-G., R.P., N.F., A.V.-J., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron; Eva Borràs (E.B., E.S.), Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.V., L.C.-F.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid; Service of Neurology (A.S., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology (S.M.-Y.), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona; and Neuroimmunology Unit (J.A.G.M., A.J.S.L.), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
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The Histamine and Multiple Sclerosis Alliance: Pleiotropic Actions and Functional Validation. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 59:217-239. [PMID: 34432258 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease with a resilient inflammatory component caused by accumulation into the CNS of inflammatory infiltrates and macrophage/microglia contributing to severe demyelination and neurodegeneration. While the causes are still in part unclear, key pathogenic mechanisms are the direct loss of myelin-producing cells and/or their impairment caused by the immune system. Proposed etiology includes genetic and environmental factors triggered by viral infections. Although several diagnostic methods and new treatments are under development, there is no curative but only palliative care against the relapsing-remitting or progressive forms of MS. In recent times, there has been a boost of awareness on the role of histamine signaling in physiological and pathological functions of the nervous system. Particularly in MS, evidence is raising that histamine might be directly implicated in the disease by acting at different cellular and molecular levels. For instance, constitutively active histamine regulates the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursors, thus playing a central role in the remyelination process; histamine reduces the ability of myelin-autoreactive T cells to adhere to inflamed brain vessels, a crucial step in the development of MS; histamine levels are found increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients. The aim of the present work is to present further proofs about the alliance of histamine with MS and to introduce the most recent and innovative histamine paradigms for therapy. We will report on how a long-standing molecule with previously recognized immunomodulatory and neuroprotective functions, histamine, might still provide a renewed and far-reaching role in MS.
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25
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Nasrnezhad R, Halalkhor S, Sadeghi F, Pourabdolhossein F. Piperine Improves Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis Rats Through its Neuroprotective, Anti-inflammatory, and Antioxidant Effects. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5473-5493. [PMID: 34338970 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, demyelination, glial activation, and oxidative damage are the most pathological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). Piperine, a main bioactive alkaloid of black pepper, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties whose therapeutic potential has been less studied in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models. In this study, the efficiency of piperine on progression of EAE model and myelin repair mechanisms was investigated. EAE was induced in female Lewis rats and piperine and its vehicle were daily administrated intraperitoneally from day 8 to 29 post immunization. We found that piperine alleviated neurological deficits and EAE disease progression. Luxol fast blue and H&E staining and immunostaining of lumbar spinal cord cross sections confirmed that piperine significantly reduced the extent of demyelination, inflammation, immune cell infiltration, microglia, and astrocyte activation. Gene expression analysis in lumbar spinal cord showed that piperine treatment decreased the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and iNOS and enhanced IL-10, Nrf2, HO-1, and MBP expressions. Piperine supplementation also enhanced the total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and reduced the level of oxidative stress marker (MDA) in the CNS of EAE rats. Finally, we found that piperine has anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effect in EAE through reducing caspase-3 (apoptosis marker) and enhancing BDNF and NeuN expressing cells. This study strongly indicates that piperine has a beneficial effect on the EAE progression and could be considered as a potential therapeutic target for MS treatment. Upcoming clinical trials will provide a deeper understanding of piperine's role for the treatment of the MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nasrnezhad
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sohrab Halalkhor
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Pourabdolhossein
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Psenicka MW, Smith BC, Tinkey RA, Williams JL. Connecting Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Are Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells a Nexus of Disease? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:654284. [PMID: 34234647 PMCID: PMC8255483 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.654284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology in neurodegenerative diseases is often accompanied by inflammation. It is well-known that many cells within the central nervous system (CNS) also contribute to ongoing neuroinflammation, which can promote neurodegeneration. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is both an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease in which there is a complex interplay between resident CNS cells to mediate myelin and axonal damage, and this communication network can vary depending on the subtype and chronicity of disease. Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cell of the CNS, and their precursors, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), are often thought of as the targets of autoimmune pathology during MS and in several animal models of MS; however, there is emerging evidence that OPCs actively contribute to inflammation that directly and indirectly contributes to neurodegeneration. Here we discuss several contributors to MS disease progression starting with lesion pathology and murine models amenable to studying particular aspects of disease. We then review how OPCs themselves can play an active role in promoting neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and how other resident CNS cells including microglia, astrocytes, and neurons can impact OPC function. Further, we outline the very complex and pleiotropic role(s) of several inflammatory cytokines and other secreted factors classically described as solely deleterious during MS and its animal models, but in fact, have many neuroprotective functions and promote a return to homeostasis, in part via modulation of OPC function. Finally, since MS affects patients from the onset of disease throughout their lifespan, we discuss the impact of aging on OPC function and CNS recovery. It is becoming clear that OPCs are not simply a bystander during MS progression and uncovering the active roles they play during different stages of disease will help uncover potential new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W. Psenicka
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brandon C. Smith
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rachel A. Tinkey
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Jessica L. Williams
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
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Une H, Yamasaki R, Nagata S, Yamaguchi H, Nakamuta Y, Indiasari UC, Cui Y, Shinoda K, Masaki K, Götz M, Kira JI. Brain gray matter astroglia-specific connexin 43 ablation attenuates spinal cord inflammatory demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:126. [PMID: 34090477 PMCID: PMC8180177 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brain astroglia are activated preceding the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). We characterized the effects of brain astroglia on spinal cord inflammation, focusing on astroglial connexin (Cx)43, because we recently reported that Cx43 has a critical role in regulating neuroinflammation. Methods Because glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST)+ astroglia are enriched in the brain gray matter, we generated Cx43fl/fl;GLAST-CreERT2/+ mice that were brain gray matter astroglia-specific Cx43 conditional knockouts (Cx43 icKO). EAE was induced by immunization with myelin oligodendroglia glycoprotein (MOG) 35–55 peptide 10 days after tamoxifen injection. Cx43fl/fl mice were used as controls. Results Acute and chronic EAE signs were significantly milder in Cx43 icKO mice than in controls whereas splenocyte MOG-specific responses were unaltered. Histologically, Cx43 icKO mice showed significantly less demyelination and fewer CD45+ infiltrating immunocytes, including F4/80+ macrophages, and Iba1+ microglia in the spinal cord than controls. Microarray analysis of the whole cerebellum revealed marked upregulation of anti-inflammatory A2-specific astroglia gene sets in the pre-immunized phase and decreased proinflammatory A1-specific and pan-reactive astroglial gene expression in the onset phase in Cx43 icKO mice compared with controls. Astroglia expressing C3, a representative A1 marker, were significantly decreased in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord of Cx43 icKO mice compared with controls in the peak phase. Isolated Cx43 icKO spinal microglia showed more anti-inflammatory and less proinflammatory gene expression than control microglia in the pre-immunized phase. In particular, microglial expression of Ccl2, Ccl5, Ccl7, and Ccl8 in the pre-immunized phase and of Cxcl9 at the peak phase was lower in Cx43 icKO than in controls. Spinal microglia circularity was significantly lower in Cx43 icKO than in controls in the peak phase. Significantly lower interleukin (IL)-6, interferon-γ, and IL-10 levels were present in cerebrospinal fluid from Cx43 icKO mice in the onset phase compared with controls. Conclusions The ablation of Cx43 in brain gray matter astroglia attenuates EAE by promoting astroglia toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype and suppressing proinflammatory activation of spinal microglia partly through depressed cerebrospinal fluid proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels. Brain astroglial Cx43 might be a novel therapeutic target for MS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02176-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Une
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagata
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroo Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakamuta
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ulfa Camelia Indiasari
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yiwen Cui
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koji Shinoda
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Masaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. .,Translational Neuroscience Center, Graduate School of Medicine, and School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Ookawa, Fukuoka, 831-8501, Japan. .,Department of Neurology, Brain and Nerve Center, Fukuoka Central Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, 2-6-11 Yakuin, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-0022, Japan.
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Werkman IL, Kövilein J, de Jonge JC, Baron W. Impairing committed cholesterol biosynthesis in white matter astrocytes, but not grey matter astrocytes, enhances in vitro myelination. J Neurochem 2021; 156:624-641. [PMID: 32602556 PMCID: PMC7984098 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination is a regenerative process that is essential to recover saltatory conduction and to prevent neurodegeneration upon demyelination. The formation of new myelin involves the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) toward oligodendrocytes and requires high amounts of cholesterol. Astrocytes (ASTRs) modulate remyelination by supplying lipids to oligodendrocytes. Remarkably, remyelination is more efficient in grey matter (GM) than in white matter (WM), which may relate to regional differences in ASTR subtype. Here, we show that a feeding layer of gmASTRs was more supportive to in vitro myelination than a feeding layer of wmASTRs. While conditioned medium from both gmASTRs and wmASTRs accelerated gmOPC differentiation, wmOPC differentiation is enhanced by secreted factors from gmASTRs, but not wmASTRs. In vitro analyses revealed that gmASTRs secreted more cholesterol than wmASTRs. Cholesterol efflux from both ASTR types was reduced upon exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines, which was mediated via cholesterol transporter ABCA1, but not ABCG1, and correlated with a minor reduction of myelin membrane formation by oligodendrocytes. Surprisingly, a wmASTR knockdown of Fdft1 encoding for squalene synthase (SQS), an enzyme essential for the first committed step in cholesterol biosynthesis, enhanced in vitro myelination. Reduced secretion of interleukin-1β likely by enhanced isoprenylation, and increased unsaturated fatty acid synthesis, both pathways upstream of SQS, likely masked the effect of reduced levels of ASTR-derived cholesterol. Hence, our findings indicate that gmASTRs export more cholesterol and are more supportive to myelination than wmASTRs, but specific inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in ASTRs is beneficial for wmASTR-mediated modulation of myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge L. Werkman
- Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systemssection Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
- Present address:
Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Janine Kövilein
- Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systemssection Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jenny C. de Jonge
- Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systemssection Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systemssection Molecular NeurobiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
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29
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Rodero M, Cuéllar C. Modulation by Anisakis simplex antigen of inflammatory response generated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107241. [PMID: 33321294 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of immunization with Anisakis simplex larval antigen on the occurrence and progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in mice was studied. C57BL/6J mice were immunized with the MOG35-55 peptide and one batch was treated with A. simplex total larval antigen on days 1, 8, 10 and 12 after EAE induction. Significantly higher values were obtained in the EAE clinical parameters of the antigen-treated group. Likewise, there was a significant decrease in the weights of the animals. Anisakis-treatment produced a significant decrease in anti-MOG35-55 specific IgG1 on day 21. On day 14 there was an increase in serum IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, and TGF-β in the treated group. On day 21, a decrease in IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β was observed. All brain determinations were made on day 21. The treatment decreased values of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A and TNF-α. A. simplex antigen caused a significantly higher incidence of EAE and an advance in the appearance of the disease manifestations. However, treatment with the antigen was able to cause a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-17A, and TNF-α) in nervous tissue that could establish a future preventive scenario for myelin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rodero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Cuéllar
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Werkman IL, Dubbelaar ML, van der Vlies P, de Boer-Bergsma JJ, Eggen BJL, Baron W. Transcriptional heterogeneity between primary adult grey and white matter astrocytes underlie differences in modulation of in vitro myelination. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:373. [PMID: 33308248 PMCID: PMC7733297 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammation-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that eventually results in secondary axonal degeneration due to remyelination failure. Successful remyelination is orchestrated by astrocytes (ASTRs) and requires sequential activation, recruitment, and maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). In both MS and experimental models, remyelination is more robust in grey matter (GM) than white matter (WM), which is likely related to local differences between GM and WM lesions. Here, we investigated whether adult gmASTRs and wmASTRs per se and in response to MS relevant Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation differently modulate myelination. Methods Differences in modulation of myelination between adult gmASTRs and wmASTRs were examined using an in vitro myelinating system that relies on a feeding layer of ASTRs. Transcriptional profiling and weighted gene co-expression network analysis were used to analyze differentially expressed genes and gene networks. Potential differential modulation of OPC proliferation and maturation by untreated adult gmASTRs and wmASTRs and in response to TLR3 and TLR4 agonists were assessed. Results Our data reveal that adult wmASTRs are less supportive to in vitro myelination than gmASTRs. WmASTRs more abundantly express reactive ASTR genes and genes of a neurotoxic subtype of ASTRs, while gmASTRs have more neuro-reparative transcripts. We identified a gene network module containing cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme genes that positively correlated with gmASTRs, and a network module containing extracellular matrix-related genes that positively correlated with wmASTRs. Adult wmASTRs and gmASTRs responding to TLR3 agonist Poly(I:C) distinctly modulate OPC behavior, while exposure to TLR4 agonist LPS of both gmASTRs and wmASTRs results in a prominent decrease in myelin membrane formation. Conclusions Primary adult gmASTRs and wmASTRs are heterogeneous at the transcriptional level, differed in their support of in vitro myelination, and their pre-existing phenotype determined TLR3 agonist responses. These findings point to a role of ASTR heterogeneity in regional differences in remyelination efficiency between GM and WM lesions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-020-02045-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge L Werkman
- Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marissa L Dubbelaar
- Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter van der Vlies
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jelkje J de Boer-Bergsma
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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31
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das Neves SP, Sousa JC, Sousa N, Cerqueira JJ, Marques F. Altered astrocytic function in experimental neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis. Glia 2020; 69:1341-1368. [PMID: 33247866 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects about 2.5 million people worldwide. In MS, the patients' immune system starts to attack the myelin sheath, leading to demyelination, neurodegeneration, and, ultimately, loss of vital neurological functions such as walking. There is currently no cure for MS and the available treatments only slow the initial phases of the disease. The later-disease mechanisms are poorly understood and do not directly correlate with the activity of immune system cells, the main target of the available treatments. Instead, evidence suggests that disease progression and disability are better correlated with the maintenance of a persistent low-grade inflammation inside the CNS, driven by local glial cells, like astrocytes and microglia. Depending on the context, astrocytes can (a) exacerbate inflammation or (b) promote immunosuppression and tissue repair. In this review, we will address the present knowledge that exists regarding the role of astrocytes in MS and experimental animal models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pereira das Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | - João José Cerqueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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32
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Bozic I, Savic D, Lavrnja I. Astrocyte phenotypes: Emphasis on potential markers in neuroinflammation. Histol Histopathol 2020; 36:267-290. [PMID: 33226087 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), have numerous integral roles in all CNS functions. They are essential for synaptic transmission and support neurons by providing metabolic substrates, secreting growth factors and regulating extracellular concentrations of ions and neurotransmitters. Astrocytes respond to CNS insults through reactive astrogliosis, in which they go through many functional and molecular changes. In neuroinflammatory conditions reactive astrocytes exert both beneficial and detrimental functions, depending on the context and heterogeneity of astrocytic populations. In this review we profile astrocytic diversity in the context of neuroinflammation; with a specific focus on multiple sclerosis (MS) and its best-described animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We characterize two main subtypes, protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes and describe the role of intermediate filaments in the physiology and pathology of these cells. Additionally, we outline a variety of markers that are emerging as important in investigating astrocytic biology in both physiological conditions and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Bozic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Savic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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33
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Eslami A, Dehbashi M, Ashja-Arvan M, Salehi H, Azimzadeh M, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M. Assessment of ability of human adipose derived stem cells for long term overexpression of IL-11 and IL-13 as therapeutic cytokines. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:773-784. [PMID: 32935166 PMCID: PMC7547926 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are a type of mesenchymal stem cells with the therapeutic effects that make them one of the best sources for cell therapy. In this study, we aimed to assess the ability of human ADSCs for constant expression of IL-11 and IL-13, simultaneously. In this study, the characterized hADSCs were transduced with a lentiviral vector (PCDH-513B) containing IL-11 and IL-13 genes, and the ability of long-term expression of the transgenes was evaluated by ELISA technique on days 15, 45 and 75 after transduction. Our results indicated a high rate of transduction (more than 90%) in the isolated hADSCs. Our data showed the highest rate of expression on days 75 after transduction which was 242.67 pg/ml for IL-11 and 303.6 pg/ml for IL-13 compared with 35.2 pg/ml and 35.6 pg/ml in untreated cells, respectively (p = 0.001). Besides, MTT assay showed transduction of hADSCs with lentiviral viruses containing IL-11 and IL-13 had no adverse effect on hADSCs proliferation (p-value = 0.89). Finally, we successfully constructed a hADSC population stably overexpressing IL-11 as the neurotrophic cytokine and IL-13 as the anti-inflammatory cytokine and this transduced cells can be used for further studies in EAE mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Eslami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Moein Dehbashi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehnoosh Ashja-Arvan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Salehi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Azimzadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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34
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Hansen TWR, Wong RJ, Stevenson DK. Molecular Physiology and Pathophysiology of Bilirubin Handling by the Blood, Liver, Intestine, and Brain in the Newborn. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1291-1346. [PMID: 32401177 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin is the end product of heme catabolism formed during a process that involves oxidation-reduction reactions and conserves iron body stores. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is common in newborn infants, but rare later in life. The basic physiology of bilirubin metabolism, such as production, transport, and excretion, has been well described. However, in the neonate, numerous variables related to nutrition, ethnicity, and genetic variants at several metabolic steps may be superimposed on the normal physiological hyperbilirubinemia that occurs in the first week of life and results in bilirubin levels that may be toxic to the brain. Bilirubin exists in several isomeric forms that differ in their polarities and is considered a physiologically important antioxidant. Here we review the chemistry of the bilirubin molecule and its metabolism in the body with a particular focus on the processes that impact the newborn infant, and how differences relative to older children and adults contribute to the risk of developing both acute and long-term neurological sequelae in the newborn infant. The final section deals with the interplay between the brain and bilirubin and its entry, clearance, and accumulation. We conclude with a discussion of the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanism(s) of bilirubin neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor W R Hansen
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ronald J Wong
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - David K Stevenson
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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35
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Božić M, Verkhratsky A, Zorec R, Stenovec M. Exocytosis of large-diameter lysosomes mediates interferon γ-induced relocation of MHC class II molecules toward the surface of astrocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3245-3264. [PMID: 31667557 PMCID: PMC7391398 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the key homeostatic cells in the central nervous system; initiation of reactive astrogliosis contributes to neuroinflammation. Pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon γ (IFNγ) induces the expression of the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules, involved in antigen presentation in reactive astrocytes. The pathway for MHCII delivery to the astrocyte plasma membrane, where MHCII present antigens, is unknown. Rat astrocytes in culture and in organotypic slices were exposed to IFNγ to induce reactive astrogliosis. Astrocytes were probed with optophysiologic tools to investigate subcellular localization of immunolabeled MHCII, and with electrophysiology to characterize interactions of single vesicles with the plasmalemma. In culture and in organotypic slices, IFNγ augmented the astrocytic expression of MHCII, which prominently co-localized with lysosomal marker LAMP1-EGFP, modestly co-localized with Rab7, and did not co-localize with endosomal markers Rab4A, EEA1, and TPC1. MHCII lysosomal localization was corroborated by treatment with the lysosomolytic agent glycyl-L-phenylalanine-β-naphthylamide, which reduced the number of MHCII-positive vesicles. The surface presence of MHCII was revealed by immunolabeling of live non-permeabilized cells. In IFNγ-treated astrocytes, an increased fraction of large-diameter exocytotic vesicles (lysosome-like vesicles) with prolonged fusion pore dwell time and larger pore conductance was recorded, whereas the rate of endocytosis was decreased. Stimulation with ATP, which triggers cytosolic calcium signaling, increased the frequency of exocytotic events, whereas the frequency of full endocytosis was further reduced. In IFNγ-treated astrocytes, MHCII-linked antigen surface presentation is mediated by increased lysosomal exocytosis, whereas surface retention of antigens is prolonged by concomitant inhibition of endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mićo Božić
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Robert Zorec
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Matjaž Stenovec
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Werkman IL, Lentferink DH, Baron W. Macroglial diversity: white and grey areas and relevance to remyelination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:143-171. [PMID: 32648004 PMCID: PMC7867526 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macroglia, comprising astrocytes and oligodendroglial lineage cells, have long been regarded as uniform cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). Although regional morphological differences between these cell types were initially described after their identification a century ago, these differences were largely ignored. Recently, accumulating evidence suggests that macroglial cells form distinct populations throughout the CNS, based on both functional and morphological features. Moreover, with the use of refined techniques including single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing, additional evidence is emerging for regional macroglial heterogeneity at the transcriptional level. In parallel, several studies revealed the existence of regional differences in remyelination capacity between CNS grey and white matter areas, both in experimental models for successful remyelination as well as in the chronic demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review, we provide an overview of the diversity in oligodendroglial lineage cells and astrocytes from the grey and white matter, as well as their interplay in health and upon demyelination and successful remyelination. In addition, we discuss the implications of regional macroglial diversity for remyelination in light of its failure in MS. Since the etiology of MS remains unknown and only disease-modifying treatments altering the immune response are available for MS, the elucidation of macroglial diversity in grey and white matter and its putative contribution to the observed difference in remyelination efficiency between these regions may open therapeutic avenues aimed at enhancing endogenous remyelination in either area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge L Werkman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Dennis H Lentferink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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37
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Guerrero-García J. The role of astrocytes in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Song JH, Yu DH, Hwang TS, Seung BJ, Sur JH, Kim YJ, Jung DI. Expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α/ß, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, c-Abl, and c-Kit in canine granulomatous meningoencephalitis and necrotizing encephalitis. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:965-974. [PMID: 32585777 PMCID: PMC7738704 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Given the active research on targeted therapy using tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors (TKIs) in the field of oncology, further studies have recently been conducted to evaluate their use in autoimmune disorders. Based on immunological investigations, previous studies have suggested that granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) and necrotizing encephalomyelitis (NE) are similar to multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a human autoimmune demyelinating central nervous system disease. Objectives Considering this perspective, we hypothesized that canine GME and NE have significant expression of one or more TKs, which are associated with human MS pathogenesis. Methods To determine the possible use of conventional multi‐targeted TKIs as a treatment for canine GME and NE, we characterized the immunohistochemical expression of platelet‐derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)‐α, PDGFR‐ß, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)‐2, c‐Abl and c‐Kit in GME and NE samples. Results Histological samples from four dogs with GME and three with NE were retrieved. All samples stained positive for PDGFR‐ß (7/7 [100%]). PDGFR‐α and c‐Kit were expressed in 3/7 (42.8%) samples each. c‐Abl was identified in 2/7 (28.5%) samples; no sample showed VEGFR‐2 (0%) expression. Co‐expression of TKs was identified in 6/7 (85.7%) dogs. Conclusions All samples were positive for at least one or more of PDGFR‐α, PDGFR‐ß, c‐Kit and c‐Abl, which are known as the target TKs of conventional multi‐targeted TKIs. Their presence does suggest that these TKs may play a role in the pathogenesis of GME and NE. Therefore, multi‐targeted TKIs may provide benefits in the treatment of canine GME and NE by suppressing the activity of these TKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong-Hyun Song
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyeon Yu
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Hwang
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joon Seung
- Department of Pathobiology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyang Sur
- Department of Pathobiology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766-1854, USA
| | - Dong-In Jung
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
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Repurposing of Secukinumab as Neuroprotective in Cuprizone-Induced Multiple Sclerosis Experimental Model via Inhibition of Oxidative, Inflammatory, and Neurodegenerative Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3291-3306. [PMID: 32514862 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative autoimmune disease. MS is a devastating disorder that is characterized by cognitive and motor deficits. Cuprizone-induced demyelination is the most widely experimental model used for MS. Cuprizone is a copper chelator that is well characterized by microgliosis and astrogliosis and is reproducible for demyelination and remyelination. Secukinumab (SEC) is a fully human monoclonal anti-human antibody of the IgG1/kappa isotype that selectively targets IL-17A. Expression of IL-17 is associated with MS. Also, IL-17 stimulates microglia and astrocytes resulting in progression of MS through chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of SEC on cuprizone-induced demyelination with examining the underlying mechanisms. Locomotor activity, short-term spatial memory function, staining by Luxol Fast Blue, myelin basic protein, gliasosis, inflammatory, and oxidative-stress markers were assessed to evaluate neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Moreover, the safety profile of SEC was evaluated. The present study concludes the efficacy of SEC in Cup-induced demyelination experimental model. Interestingly, SEC had neuroprotective and antioxidant effects besides its anti-inflammatory effect in the studied experimental model of MS. Graphical abstract.
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de Jong CGHM, Gabius HJ, Baron W. The emerging role of galectins in (re)myelination and its potential for developing new approaches to treat multiple sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1289-1317. [PMID: 31628495 PMCID: PMC7113233 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology. Currently approved disease-modifying treatment modalities are immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive. While the applied drugs reduce the frequency and severity of the attacks, their efficacy to regenerate myelin membranes and to halt disease progression is limited. To achieve such therapeutic aims, understanding biological mechanisms of remyelination and identifying factors that interfere with remyelination in MS can give respective directions. Such a perspective is given by the emerging functional profile of galectins. They form a family of tissue lectins, which are potent effectors in processes as diverse as adhesion, apoptosis, immune mediator release or migration. This review focuses on endogenous and exogenous roles of galectins in glial cells such as oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia in the context of de- and (re)myelination and its dysregulation in MS. Evidence is arising for a cooperation among family members so that timed expression and/or secretion of galectins-1, -3 and -4 result in modifying developmental myelination, (neuro)inflammatory processes, de- and remyelination. Dissecting the mechanisms that underlie the distinct activities of galectins and identifying galectins as target or tool to modulate remyelination have the potential to contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G H M de Jong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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de Jong JM, Wang P, Oomkens M, Baron W. Remodeling of the interstitial extracellular matrix in white matter multiple sclerosis lesions: Implications for remyelination (failure). J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1370-1397. [PMID: 31965607 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides protection, rigidity, and structure toward cells. It consists, among others, of a wide variety of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which act together to produce a complex and dynamic environment, most relevant in transmembrane events. In the brain, the ECM occupies a notable proportion of its volume and maintains the homeostasis of central nervous system (CNS). In addition, remodeling of the ECM, that is transient changes in ECM proteins regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is an important process that modulates cell behavior upon injury, thereby facilitating recovery. Failure of ECM remodeling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), a neurodegenerative demyelinating disease of the CNS with an inflammatory response against protective myelin sheaths that surround axons. Remyelination of denuded axons improves the neuropathological conditions of MS, but this regeneration process fails over time, leading to chronic disease progression. In this review, we uncover abnormal ECM remodeling in MS lesions by discussing ECM remodeling in experimental demyelination models, that is when remyelination is successful, and compare alterations in ECM components to the ECM composition and MMP expression in the parenchyma of demyelinated MS lesions, that is when remyelination fails. Inter- and intralesional differences in ECM remodeling in the distinct white matter MS lesions are discussed in terms of consequences for oligodendrocyte behavior and remyelination (failure). Hence, the review will aid to understand how abnormal ECM remodeling contributes to remyelination failure in MS lesions and assists in developing therapeutic strategies to promote remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody M de Jong
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peng Wang
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle Oomkens
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Wang X, Li G, Guo J, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Zhu Y, Cheng J, Yu L, Ji Y, Tao J. Kv1.3 Channel as a Key Therapeutic Target for Neuroinflammatory Diseases: State of the Art and Beyond. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1393. [PMID: 31992966 PMCID: PMC6971160 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains a challenge for the effective treatment of neuroinflammatory disease, including multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke, epilepsy, and Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. The voltage-gated potassium Kv1.3 channel is of interest, which is considered as a novel therapeutic target for treating neuroinflammatory disorders due to its crucial role in subsets of T lymphocytes as well as microglial cells. Toxic animals, such as sea anemones, scorpions, spiders, snakes, and cone snails, can produce a variety of toxins that act on the Kv1.3 channel. The Stichodactyla helianthus K+ channel blocking toxin (ShK) from the sea anemone S. helianthus is proved as a classical blocker of Kv1.3. One of the synthetic analogs ShK-186, being developed as a therapeutic for autoimmune diseases, has successfully completed first-in-man Phase 1 trials. In addition to addressing the recent progress on the studies underlying the pharmacological characterizations of ShK on MS, the review will also explore the possibility for clinical treatment of ShK-like Kv1.3 blocking polypeptides on other neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Institute of Biomembrane and Biopharmaceutics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyi Li
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingkang Guo
- Institute of Biomembrane and Biopharmaceutics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Institute of Biomembrane and Biopharmaceutics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuzhang Zhang
- Institute of Biomembrane and Biopharmaceutics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yudan Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwei Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghua Ji
- Institute of Biomembrane and Biopharmaceutics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China,Xinhua Translational Institute for Cancer Pain, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Tao
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Putuo Clinical Medical School, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Bordet R, Camu W, De Seze J, Laplaud DA, Ouallet JC, Thouvenot E. Mechanism of action of s1p receptor modulators in multiple sclerosis: The double requirement. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020; 176:100-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Raphael I, Gomez-Rivera F, Raphael RA, Robinson RR, Nalawade S, Forsthuber TG. TNFR2 limits proinflammatory astrocyte functions during EAE induced by pathogenic DR2b-restricted T cells. JCI Insight 2019; 4:132527. [PMID: 31852844 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease where the underlying mechanisms driving disease progression have remained unresolved. HLA-DR2b (DRB1*15:01) is the most common genetic risk factor for MS. Additionally, TNF and its receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2 play key roles in MS and its preclinical animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). TNFR2 is believed to ameliorate CNS pathology by promoting remyelination and Treg function. Here, we show that transgenic mice expressing the human MHC class II (MHC-II) allele HLA-DR2b and lacking mouse MHC-II and TNFR2 molecules, herein called DR2bΔR2, developed progressive EAE, while disease was not progressive in DR2b littermates. Mechanistically, expression of the HLA-DR2b favored Th17 cell development, whereas T cell-independent TNFR2 expression was critical for restraining of an astrogliosis-induced proinflammatory milieu and Th17 cell responses, while promoting remyelination. Our data suggest the TNFR2 signaling pathway as a potentially novel mechanism for curtailing astrogliosis and promoting remyelination, thus providing new insights into mechanisms limiting progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Children's Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Francisco Gomez-Rivera
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rebecca A Raphael
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachel R Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Saisha Nalawade
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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45
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Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 337:577070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex syndrome of unknown etiology and difficult to manage. Unconjugated bilirubin has been researched as a potential biological marker of this syndrome. The objective of this review article was to gather the studies published to date on the relationship between this molecule and schizophrenia. Broad inclusion criteria have been used (PRISMA) to include as many relevant studies as possible. Fourteen studies were selected: 3 analyzed the effects of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in animal models; 6 demonstrated an increased incidence of schizophrenia in patients with increased unconjugated bilirubin; 2 reported an increased incidence of the disease in patients with decreased unconjugated bilirubin; and 3 linked an increased incidence of schizophrenia with an increased excretion of the oxidative product of bilirubin, the so-called biopyrrins. Because of apparently contradictory reported results, the hypothesis that the relationship between schizophrenia and unconjugated bilirubin was not linear and that there was an inflammatory dysfunction explaining this was considered. The 2 most accepted models for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia are described, and the possible role of the molecule in each is clarified. The bilirubin buffer system and its role in antioxidant defense was explored. The average levels of unconjugated bilirubin in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder were also compared, having been hypothesized that these diseases could be different points of a same pathological spectrum. Finally, it was concluded that unconjugated bilirubin is a promising molecule that could be used as a possible biological marker for schizophrenia, and the necessity of subsequent efforts for its research was considered.
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47
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Harrington EP, Bergles DE, Calabresi PA. Immune cell modulation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Neurosci Lett 2019; 715:134601. [PMID: 31693930 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic demyelination and the concomitant loss of trophic support and increased energy demands in axons are thought to contribute to neurodegeneration in a number of neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) play an important role in these demyelinating diseases by generating new myelinating oligodendrocytes that may help limit axonal degeneration. Thus, promoting the differentiation of OPCs and functional integration of newly generated oligodendrocytes is a crucial avenue for the next generation of therapies. Evidence to date suggests that the immune system may both positively and negatively impact OPC differentiation and endogenous remyelination in disease. Inflammatory cytokines not only suppress OPC differentiation but may also directly affect other functions of OPCs. Recent studies have demonstrated that OPCs and oligodendrocytes in both human multiple sclerosis lesions and mouse models of demyelination can express an immunogenic transcriptional signature and upregulate antigen presenting genes. In inflammatory demyelinating mouse models OPCs are capable of presenting antigen and activating CD8 + T cells. Here we review the evidence for this new role of oligodendroglia as antigen presenting cells and how these inflammatory OPCs (iOPCs) and inflammatory oligodendrocytes (iOLs) may influence myelin repair and other disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Harrington
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Pathology 509, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., WBSB 1001, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., WBSB 1001, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Pathology 509, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., WBSB 1001, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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48
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Bozic I, Savic D, Milosevic A, Janjic M, Laketa D, Tesovic K, Bjelobaba I, Jakovljevic M, Nedeljkovic N, Pekovic S, Lavrnja I. The Potassium Channel Kv1.5 Expression Alters During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2733-2745. [PMID: 31624998 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, neurodegenerative disease with an autoimmune component. It was suggested that potassium channels, which are involved in crucial biological functions may have a role in different diseases, including MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). It was shown that voltage-gated potassium channels Kv1.5 are responsible for fine-tuning in the immune physiology and influence proliferation and differentiation in microglia and astrocytes. Here, we explored the cellular distribution of the Kv1.5 channel, together with its transcript and protein expression in the male rat spinal cord during different stages of EAE. Our results reveal a decrease of Kv1.5 transcript and protein level at the peak of disease, where massive infiltration of myeloid cells occurs, together with reactive astrogliosis and demyelination. Also, we revealed that the presence of this channel is not found in infiltrating macrophages/microglia during EAE. It is interesting to note that Kv1.5 channel is expressed only in resting microglia in the naïve animals. Predominant expression of Kv1.5 channel was found in the astrocytes in all experimental groups, while some vimentin+ cells, resembling macrophages, are devoid of Kv1.5 expression. Our results point to the possible link between Kv1.5 channel and the pathophysiological processes in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bozic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Savic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A Milosevic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Janjic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Laketa
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - K Tesovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - I Bjelobaba
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Jakovljevic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Nedeljkovic
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Pekovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - I Lavrnja
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine) promotes remyelination via suppression of neuroinflammation in a cuprizone-induced mouse model of demyelination. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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50
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Li QY, Miao Q, Sui RX, Cao L, Ma CG, Xiao BG, Xiao W, Yu WB. Ginkgolide K supports remyelination via induction of astrocytic IGF/PI3K/Nrf2 axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105819. [PMID: 31421546 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although several therapies are approved, none promote re-myelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, limiting their ability for sustained recovery. Thus, treatment development in MS has the opportunity to tackle the challenges, including experimental therapies targeting neuroprotection and re-myelination. Here, we provide a novel therapeutic target for Ginkgolide K (GK) that is now becoming a very critical natural compound to treat demyelination and neurodegeneration. GK improves behavioral dysfunction and demyelination in cuprizone (CPZ) model, followed by the migration and enrichment of astrocytes in the corpus callosum. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrates that GK triggers the upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 in astrocytes and inhibition of p-NF-kB/p65, which is associated with the outcome of anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation by suppressing the production of IL-6 and TNFα as well as nitric oxide and iNOS in astrocytes. Further findings suggest that IGF/PI3K, but not BDNF, was induced in the corpus callosum after GK treatment, revealing that Nrf2 activation inhibited caspase-3 and apoptosis in O4+ oligodendrocytes possibly through IGF/PI3K signaling molecules. Since the current immunomodulatory therapies for MS have failed to prevent patients from entering the progressive phase of the disease, thus targeting Nrf2 in astrocytes with GK would be an ideal strategy for myelin protection and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Ying Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qiang Miao
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Ruo-Xuan Sui
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Liang Cao
- Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Lianyungang, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030024, China; Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Lianyungang, China.
| | - Wen-Bo Yu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
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