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Yang WJ, Han FH, Gu YP, Qu H, Liu J, Shen JH, Leng Y. TGR5 agonist inhibits intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis via cAMP/PKA/c-FLIP/JNK signaling pathway and ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:1649-1664. [PMID: 36997665 PMCID: PMC10374578 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) is a crucial cause of disrupted epithelium homeostasis, leading to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). The regulation of Takeda G protein-coupled receptor-5 (TGR5) in IEC apoptosis and the underlying molecular mechanisms remained unclear, and the direct evidence from selective TGR5 agonists for the treatment of UC is also lacking. Here, we synthesized a potent and selective TGR5 agonist OM8 with high distribution in intestinal tract and investigated its effect on IEC apoptosis and UC treatment. We showed that OM8 potently activated hTGR5 and mTGR5 with EC50 values of 202 ± 55 nM and 74 ± 17 nM, respectively. After oral administration, a large amount of OM8 was maintained in intestinal tract with very low absorption into the blood. In DSS-induced colitis mice, oral administration of OM8 alleviated colitis symptoms, pathological changes and impaired tight junction proteins expression. In addition to enhancing intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation and differentiation, OM8 administration significantly reduced the rate of apoptotic cells in colonic epithelium in colitis mice. The direct inhibition by OM8 on IEC apoptosis was further demonstrated in HT-29 and Caco-2 cells in vitro. In HT-29 cells, we demonstrated that silencing TGR5, inhibition of adenylate cyclase or protein kinase A (PKA) all blocked the suppression of JNK phosphorylation induced by OM8, thus abolished its antagonizing effect against TNF-α induced apoptosis, suggesting that the inhibition by OM8 on IEC apoptosis was mediated via activation of TGR5 and cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. Further studies showed that OM8 upregulated cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) expression in a TGR5-dependent manner in HT-29 cells. Knockdown of c-FLIP blocked the inhibition by OM8 on TNF-α induced JNK phosphorylation and apoptosis, suggesting that c-FLIP was indispensable for the suppression of OM8 on IEC apoptosis induced by OM8. In conclusion, our study demonstrated a new mechanism of TGR5 agonist on inhibiting IEC apoptosis via cAMP/PKA/c-FLIP/JNK signaling pathway in vitro, and highlighted the value of TGR5 agonist as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ji Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fang-Hui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yi-Pei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hui Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian-Hua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Ying Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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2
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Bethell GS, Hall NJ. Recent advances in our understanding of NEC diagnosis, prognosis and surgical approach. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1229850. [PMID: 37583622 PMCID: PMC10424793 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1229850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) remains a devasting condition that has seen limited improvement in outcomes in recent years. The incidence of the disease is increasing as more extremely premature infants survive. NEC is responsible for 1 in 10 neonatal deaths and up to 61% of survivors have significant neurodevelopmental delay. The aim of this review is to highlight recent advances in diagnosis, prognosis and surgical approach in this condition. Many recent studies have reported novel methods of diagnosis of NEC with the aim of earlier and more accurate identification. These include imaging and machine learning techniques. Prognostication of NEC is particularly important to allow earlier escalation of therapy. Around 25% of infants with NEC will require surgery and recent data has shown that time from disease onset to surgery is greater in infants whose indication for surgery is failed medical management, rather than pneumoperitoneum. This indication was also associated with worse outcomes compared to pneumoperitoneum. Ongoing research has highlighted several new methods of disease prognostication which includes differentiating surgical from medical NEC. Finally, recent randomised controlled trials in surgical technique are discussed along with the implications of these for practice. Further, high quality research utilising multi-centre collaborations and high fidelity data from electronic patient records is needed to address the issues discussed and ultimately improve outcomes in NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Bethell
- University Surgical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J Hall
- University Surgical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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3
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Andersen V, Bennike TB, Bang C, Rioux JD, Hébert-Milette I, Sato T, Hansen AK, Nielsen OH. Investigating the Crime Scene-Molecular Signatures in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11217. [PMID: 37446397 PMCID: PMC10342864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are without cure and troublesome to manage because of the considerable diversity between patients and the lack of reliable biomarkers. Several studies have demonstrated that diet, gut microbiota, genetics and other patient factors are essential for disease occurrence and progression. Understanding the link between these factors is crucial for identifying molecular signatures that identify biomarkers to advance the management of IBD. Recent technological breakthroughs and data integration have fuelled the intensity of this research. This research demonstrates that the effect of diet depends on patient factors and gut microbial activity. It also identifies a range of potential biomarkers for IBD management, including mucosa-derived cytokines, gasdermins and neutrophil extracellular traps, all of which need further evaluation before clinical translation. This review provides an update on cutting-edge research in IBD that aims to improve disease management and patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Andersen
- Molecular Diagnostic and Clinical Research Unit, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Institute of Regional Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Tue B. Bennike
- Molecular Diagnostic and Clinical Research Unit, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Institute of Regional Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Corinna Bang
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht’s University, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - John D. Rioux
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (J.D.R.); (I.H.-M.)
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Institute, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Isabelle Hébert-Milette
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (J.D.R.); (I.H.-M.)
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Institute, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
| | - Axel K. Hansen
- Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Ole H. Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
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4
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Sabbatini S, Ganji N, Chusilp S, Balsamo F, Li B, Pierro A. Intestinal atresia and necrotizing enterocolitis: Embryology and anatomy. Semin Pediatr Surg 2022; 31:151234. [PMID: 36417784 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2022.151234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The primitive gut originates at week 3 of gestation from the endoderm, with posterior incorporation of the remaining embryo layers. Wnt, Notch and TLR4 pathways have been shown to play central roles in the correct development of the intestine. The classical hypothesis for intestinal atresia development consists of failure in bowel recanalization or a vascular accident with secondary bowel reabsorption. These have been challenged due to the high frequency of associated malformations, and furthermore, with the discovery of molecular pathways and genes involved in bowel formation and correlated defects producing atresia. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has a multifactorial pathogenesis with prematurity being the most important risk factor; therefore, bowel immaturity plays a central role in NEC. Some of the same molecular pathways involved in gut maturation have been found to correlate with the predisposition of the immature bowel to develop the pathological findings seen in NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sabbatini
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - N Ganji
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - S Chusilp
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - F Balsamo
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - B Li
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - A Pierro
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto.
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5
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Liu L, Liang L, Yang C, Zhou Y, Chen Y. Extracellular vesicles of Fusobacterium nucleatum compromise intestinal barrier through targeting RIPK1-mediated cell death pathway. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-20. [PMID: 33769187 PMCID: PMC8007154 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1902718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial factors that mediate microbes-host interaction in ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic disease seriously affecting human health, are not fully known. The emerging oncobacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) secretes extracellular vesicles carrying several types of harmful molecules in the intestine which can alter microbes-host interaction, especially the epithelial homeostasis in UC. However, the mechanism is not yet clear. Previously, we isolated EVs by the ultracentrifugation of Fn culture media and characterized them as the potent inducer of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we examined the mechanism in detail. We found that in macrophage/Caco-2 co-cultures, FnEVs significantly promoted epithelial barrier loss and oxidative stress damage, which are related to epithelial necroptosis caused by the activation of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3). Furthermore, FnEVs promoted the migration of RIPK1 and RIPK3 into necrosome in Caco2 cells. Notably, these effects were reversed by TNF-α neutralizing antibody or Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), a RIPK1 inhibitor. This suggested that FADD-RIPK1-caspase-3 signaling is involved in the process. Moreover, the observed effects were verified in the murine colitis model treated with FnEVs or by adoptive transfer of FnEVs-trained macrophages. In conclusion, we propose that RIPK1-mediated epithelial cell death promotes FnEVs-induced gut barrier disruption in UC and the findings can be used as the basis to further investigate this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenghai Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youlian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,CONTACT Ye Chen Department of Gastroenterology,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Luo Y, Jiang Q, Zhu Z, Sattar H, Wu J, Huang W, Su S, Liang Y, Wang P, Meng X. Phosphoproteomics and Proteomics Reveal Metabolism as a Key Node in LPS-Induced Acute Inflammation in RAW264.7. Inflammation 2021; 43:1667-1679. [PMID: 32488682 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the acute inflammatory mechanisms, the modulation, and to investigate the key node in predicting inflammatory diseases, high-sensitivity LC-MS/MS-based proteomics and phosphoproteomics approaches were used to identify differential proteins in RAW264.7 macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, differential proteins and their main biological process, as well as signaling pathways, were analyzed through bioinformatics techniques. The biological process comparison revealed 219 differential proteins and 405 differential phosphorylation proteins, including major regulatory factors of metabolism (PFKL, PGK1, GYS1, ACC, HSL, LDHA, RAB14, PRKAA1), inflammatory signaling transduction (IKKs, NF-κB, IRAK, IKBkb, PI3K, AKT), and apoptosis (MCL-1, BID, NOXA, SQSTM1). Label-free proteome demonstrated canonical inflammation signaling pathways such as the TNF signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. Meanwhile, phosphoproteome revealed new areas of acute inflammation. Phosphoproteomics profiled that glycolysis was enhanced and lipid synthesis was increased. Overall, the AMPK signaling pathway is the key regulatory part in macrophages. These revealed that the early initiation phase of acute inflammation primarily regulated the phosphoproteins of glucose metabolic pathway and lipid synthesis to generate energy and molecules, along with the enhancement of pro-inflammatory factors, and further induced apoptosis. Phosphoproteomics provides new evidence for a complex network of specific but synergistically acting mechanisms confirming that metabolism has a key role in acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengwen Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Haseeb Sattar
- International School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasi Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenge Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Su
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusheng Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianli Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Gomart A, Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y. Necrotizing Enterocolitis: LPS/TLR4-Induced Crosstalk Between Canonical TGF-β/Wnt/β-Catenin Pathways and PPARγ. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:713344. [PMID: 34712628 PMCID: PMC8547806 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.713344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) represents one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. Several recent studies, however, have contributed to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this dreadful disease. Numerous intracellular pathways play a key role in NEC, namely: bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and PPARγ. In a large number of pathologies, canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and PPARγ operate in opposition to one another, so that when one of the two pathways is overexpressed the other is downregulated and vice-versa. In NEC, activation of TLR4 by LPS leads to downregulation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and upregulation of PPARγ. This review aims to shed light on the complex intracellular mechanisms involved in this pathophysiological profile by examining additional pathways such as the GSK-3β, NF-κB, TGF-β/Smads, and PI3K-Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Gomart
- Département de Pédiatrie et Médecine de l'adolescent, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Meaux, France
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8
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Håkenåsen IM, Øverland M, Ånestad R, Åkesson CP, Sundaram AY, Press CM, Mydland LT. Gene expression and gastrointestinal function is altered in piglet small intestine by weaning and inclusion of Cyberlindnera jadinii yeast as a protein source. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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9
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Deng Z, Zheng L, Xie X, Wei H, Peng J. GPA peptide enhances Nur77 expression in intestinal epithelial cells to exert a protective effect against DSS-induced colitis. FASEB J 2020; 34:15364-15378. [PMID: 32978839 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000391rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a widespread inflammatory bowel disease that causes long-lasting inflammation and ulcers in the colon and rectum. In the inflamed tissue of patients with UC, the tight junctions are disrupted and large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced, resulting in immune dysregulation. The expression of Nur77 is significantly reduced in the colon of inflammatory bowel disease, while Nur77 deficiency increases the susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. Here, we report that Gly-Pro-Ala (GPA) peptide isolated from fish skin gelatin hydrolysate can significantly alleviate intestinal inflammation and damage caused by DSS-induced mice colitis. Besides maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier, GPA alleviates intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress by inhibiting NF-κB activation. Interestingly, GPA binds to the ligand-binding domain of Nur77 and stimulates its autotranscriptional activity to enhance its expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, GPA activates the promoter of IκBα to increase its expression, resulting in the abolishment of the NF-κB pathway. In contrast, the inhibitory effects of GPA on colitis are abolished in Nur77-/- mice. Our results suggest that as a Nur77 modulator, GPA may be applied to the prevention of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Deng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Liufeng Zheng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Xie
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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10
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Deep Sequencing Analysis Identified a Specific Subset of Mutations Distinctive of Biphasic Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092454. [PMID: 32872534 PMCID: PMC7563974 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM) is a heterogeneous disease. Morphologically, three different phenotypes are distinguishable: epithelioid (e-), sarcomatoid (s-) and biphasic (biph-) MPM, the latest, being a mixture of e- and s-MPM cells. Being an intermediate entity, management of biph-MPM, remains debatable and controversial, with different guidelines recommending distinct approaches. Identification of biph-MPM associated genetic alterations, through deep sequencing analysis, may provide useful tools to understand these lesions. A retrospective cohort of 69 surgically resected MPMs, 39 biph-MPMs (56.5%) and 30 e-MPMs (43.5%) was selected. A separate set of 16 biph-MPM was used as validation set. Deep sequencing analysis on an MPM-specific custom panel (MPM_geneset) comprising 1041 amplicons spanning 34 genes was performed. A total of 588 variants and 5309 mutational events were detected. In total, 91.3% of MPMs showed at least one mutation and 76.8% showed co-occurrence of more than one alteration. Mutations in MXRA5 (p = 0.05) and NOD2 (p = 0.018) were significantly associated with biph-MPM both in the training and validation cohort and correlated with the extent of the sarcomatoid component. Mutations in NOD2 and XRCC6 correlated with patients’ survival. We demonstrated that biph-MPM are associated with a specific mutation set, and that genetic analysis at diagnosis may improve patients’ risk stratification.
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11
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Zhu L, Shen H, Gu PQ, Liu YJ, Zhang L, Cheng JF. Baicalin alleviates TNBS-induced colitis by inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:581-590. [PMID: 32537016 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic immunological disorders of the intestinal tract characterized by persistent inflammation. Baicalin, a type of flavonoid, has exhibited a wide range of pharmacological activities, including immunomodulation and anti-inflammation. However, little is known about the therapeutic role of baicalin in IBD. The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether baicalin could be a therapeutic drug of IBD and investigate its specific mechanisms. In the present study, the results revealed that baicalin not only significantly alleviated TNBS-induced colitis by reducing the release of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β and increasing the level of IL-10, but promoted the expression of tight-junction proteins ZO-1 and β-catenin, which may have been achieved by blockage of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In vitro, the results demonstrated that baicalin clearly inhibited the release of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β and promoted the expression of IL-10 in LPS-induced HT-29 cells, and significantly decreased LPS-induced HT-29 cell apoptosis by blockage of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In conclusion, the present research revealed for the first time that baicalin acted as a therapeutic drug in IBD by suppression of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 201129, P.R. China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 201129, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Qing Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 201129, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Jun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 201129, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 201129, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Fei Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 201129, P.R. China
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12
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Profile analysis reveals endogenous RNAs regulate necrotizing enterocolitis progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109975. [PMID: 32036223 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most common and devastating gastrointestinal diseases in preterm newborns, and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play critical roles in intestinal diseases; however, little is known about their roles in the development of NEC. To gain a deeper understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism of NEC, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs were detected in an NEC rat model. In total, 1820 lncRNAs, 118 miRNAs and 929 mRNAs were differentially expressed in NEC group. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that these molecules were enriched in apoptosis, autophagic cell death, TLR4 signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, and mTOR signaling pathway. These pathways are thought to be closely associated with NEC. Furthermore, a lncRNA-miRNA interaction network was constructed, and four of the novel, differentially expressed lncRNAs with large changes were randomly verified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The GO and KEGG pathway analysis of these four lncRNAs showed that they were associated with the negative regulation of TLR4 signaling pathway and Notch signaling pathway. In conclusion, our study revealed that these differentially expressed lncRNAs may participate in the development of NEC via interactions with miRNAs and may serve as possible biomarkers and target genes in NEC.
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13
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Werts AD, Fulton WB, Ladd MR, Saad-Eldin A, Chen YX, Kovler ML, Jia H, Banfield EC, Buck RH, Goehring K, Prindle T, Wang S, Zhou Q, Lu P, Yamaguchi Y, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ. A Novel Role for Necroptosis in the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:403-423. [PMID: 31756560 PMCID: PMC7015998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease of premature infants characterized by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent intestinal inflammation and enterocyte death. Given that necroptosis is a proinflammatory cell death process that is linked to bacterial signaling, we investigated its potential role in NEC, and the mechanisms involved. METHODS Human and mouse NEC intestine were analyzed for necroptosis gene expression (ie, RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL), and protein activation (phosphorylated RIPK3). To evaluate a potential role for necroptosis in NEC, the effects of genetic (ie, Ripk3 knockout or Mlkl knockout) or pharmacologic (ie, Nec1s) inhibition of intestinal inflammation were assessed in a mouse NEC model, and a possible upstream role of TLR4 was assessed in Tlr4-deficient mice. The NEC-protective effects of human breast milk and its constituent milk oligosaccharides on necroptosis were assessed in a NEC-in-a-dish model, in which mouse intestinal organoids were cultured as either undifferentiated or differentiated epithelium in the presence of NEC bacteria and hypoxia. RESULTS Necroptosis was activated in the intestines of human and mouse NEC in a TLR4-dependent manner, and was up-regulated specifically in differentiated epithelium of the immature ileum. Inhibition of necroptosis genetically and pharmacologically reduced intestinal-epithelial cell death and mucosal inflammation in experimental NEC, and ex vivo in the NEC-in-a-dish system. Strikingly, the addition of human breast milk, or the human milk oligosaccharide 2 fucosyllactose in the ex vivo system, reduced necroptosis and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Necroptosis is activated in the intestinal epithelium upon TLR4 signaling and is required for NEC development, and explains in part the protective effects of breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Werts
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William B Fulton
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mitchell R Ladd
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ali Saad-Eldin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yue X Chen
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark L Kovler
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hongpeng Jia
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emilyn C Banfield
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Thomas Prindle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sanxia Wang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qinjie Zhou
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peng Lu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yukihiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chhinder P Sodhi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - David J Hackam
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Vissenaekens H, Grootaert C, Rajkovic A, Van De Wiele T, Calatayud M. The response of five intestinal cell lines to anoxic conditionsin vitro. Biol Cell 2019; 111:232-244. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201800076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Vissenaekens
- Department of Food technologySafety and HealthFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Department of Food technologySafety and HealthFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food technologySafety and HealthFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Tom Van De Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET)Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Marta Calatayud
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET)Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent 9000 Belgium
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15
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Akagi K, Wilson KA, Katewa SD, Ortega M, Simons J, Hilsabeck TA, Kapuria S, Sharma A, Jasper H, Kapahi P. Dietary restriction improves intestinal cellular fitness to enhance gut barrier function and lifespan in D. melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007777. [PMID: 30383748 PMCID: PMC6233930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of gut integrity is linked to various human diseases including inflammatory bowel disease. However, the mechanisms that lead to loss of barrier function remain poorly understood. Using D. melanogaster, we demonstrate that dietary restriction (DR) slows the age-related decline in intestinal integrity by enhancing enterocyte cellular fitness through up-regulation of dMyc in the intestinal epithelium. Reduction of dMyc in enterocytes induced cell death, which leads to increased gut permeability and reduced lifespan upon DR. Genetic mosaic and epistasis analyses suggest that cell competition, whereby neighboring cells eliminate unfit cells by apoptosis, mediates cell death in enterocytes with reduced levels of dMyc. We observed that enterocyte apoptosis was necessary for the increased gut permeability and shortened lifespan upon loss of dMyc. Furthermore, moderate activation of dMyc in the post-mitotic enteroblasts and enterocytes was sufficient to extend health-span on rich nutrient diets. We propose that dMyc acts as a barometer of enterocyte cell fitness impacting intestinal barrier function in response to changes in diet and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Akagi
- Aging Homeostasis Research Project Team, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenneth A. Wilson
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Subhash D. Katewa
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Ortega
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Jesse Simons
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Tyler A. Hilsabeck
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Subir Kapuria
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Amit Sharma
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Pankaj Kapahi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
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Wisgrill L, Wessely I, Spittler A, Förster-Waldl E, Berger A, Sadeghi K. Human lactoferrin attenuates the proinflammatory response of neonatal monocyte-derived macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 192:315-324. [PMID: 29393509 PMCID: PMC5980625 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive components of human milk, such as human lactoferrin (hLF), play an essential role in gut microbiome homeostasis and protection against neonatal inflammatory diseases. Neonatal intestinal macrophages display a proinflammatory profile that might contribute to inflammatory mucosal injury. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of hLF on differentiation and activation of monocyte‐derived macrophages (moMϕ). Monocytes isolated from umbilical cord blood of term neonates and peripheral blood of healthy adults were differentiated in the absence or presence of hLF, and differentiation, apoptosis and phagocytosis were evaluated. Cytokine production, Toll‐like receptor (TLR) signalling and activation marker expression were investigated upon activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) challenge. We demonstrate that hLF‐differentiated moMϕ exhibit decreased TLR‐4 expression, TLR signalling, proinflammatory cytokine secretion and intracellular tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α production. Investigation of differentiation markers, morphology and induction of apoptosis showed no alteration in lactoferrin‐differentiated moMϕ. Taken together, hLF promote anergic/anti‐inflammatory effects by TLR expression and pathway interference, resulting in a diminished proinflammatory moMϕ phenotype. The anergic/anti‐inflammatory properties of hLF might contribute to the prevention of harmful TLR‐mediated inflammatory disorders in the developing gut of premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wisgrill
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Wessely
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Spittler
- Department of Surgery and Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Förster-Waldl
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Berger
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Sadeghi
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Evidence for gene-gene epistatic interactions between susceptibility genes for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Inflammation and Apoptosis: Dual Mediator Role for Toll-like Receptor 4 in the Development of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:44-56. [PMID: 27849634 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of neonatal gastrointestinal mortality; effective interventions are lacking with limited understanding of the pathogenesis of NEC. The importance of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in NEC is well documented; however, the potential mechanisms that regulate enterocyte inflammation and apoptosis remain unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of TLR4-mediated inflammation and apoptosis in the development of NEC and to determine the major apoptotic pathways and regulators in the process. METHODS TLR4-deficient C57BL/10ScNJ mice and lentivirus-mediated stable TLR4-silent cell line (IEC-6) were used. NEC was induced by formula gavage, cold, hypoxia, combined with lipopolysaccharide in vivo or lipopolysaccharide stimulation in vitro. Enterocyte apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL or Annexin analysis. The expression of TLR4, caspase3, caspase8, caspase9, Bip, Bax, Bcl-2, and RIP was detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-2 were examined by Luminex. RESULTS Defect of TLR4 led to suppressed enterocytes apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo; the expression of caspase3, caspase8, Bip, and Bax was decreased; and caspase9 and Bcl-2 were increased. NEC severity was attenuated in TLR4-deficient mice compared with wild-type counterparts, and enterocytes apoptosis was correlated with NEC severity. RIP and cytokine level of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-2 were also decreased. CONCLUSIONS TLR4-induced inflammation and apoptosis play a critical role in the pathogenesis of NEC. TLR4 inhibition, combined with extrinsic (caspase8) and/or endoplasmic reticulum stress (Bip) apoptosis signaling blockade could serve as a potential effective treating strategy for NEC.
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19
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Chu FF, Esworthy RS, Doroshow JH, Grasberger H, Donko A, Leto TL, Gao Q, Shen B. Deficiency in Duox2 activity alleviates ileitis in GPx1- and GPx2-knockout mice without affecting apoptosis incidence in the crypt epithelium. Redox Biol 2016; 11:144-156. [PMID: 27930931 PMCID: PMC5148781 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-1 and -2 (GPx1-/-GPx2-/- double knockout or DKO mice) develop very-early-onset (VEO) ileocolitis, suggesting that lack of defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) renders susceptibility to intestinal inflammation. Two members of ROS-generating NADPH oxidase family, NOX1 and DUOX2, are highly inducible in the intestinal epithelium. Previously, we reported that Nox1 deficiency ameliorated the pathology in DKO mice (Nox1-TKO). The role of Duox2 in ileocolitis of the DKO mice is evaluated here in Duoxa-TKO mice by breeding DKO mice with Duoxa-/- mice (Duoxa-TKO), which do not have Duox2 activity. Similar to Nox1-TKO mice, Duoxa-TKO mice no longer have growth retardation, shortened intestine, exfoliation of crypt epithelium, crypt abscesses and depletion of goblet cells manifested in DKO mice by 35 days of age. Unlike Nox1-TKO mice, Duoxa-TKO mice still have rampant crypt apoptosis, elevated proliferation, partial loss of Paneth cells and diminished crypt density. Treating DKO mice with NOX inhibitors (di-2-thienyliodonium/DTI and thioridazine/THZ) and an antioxidant (mitoquinone/MitoQ) significantly reduced gut pathology. Furthermore, in the inflamed human colon, DUOX protein expression is highly elevated in the apical, lateral and perinuclear membrane along the whole length of gland. Taken together, we conclude that exfoliation of crypt epithelium, but not crypt apoptosis, is a major contributor to inflammation. Both Nox1 and Duox2 induce exfoliation of crypt epithelium, but only Nox1 induces apoptosis. NOX1 and DUOX2 may be potential therapeutic targets for treating ileocolitis in human patients suffering inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Glutathione peroxidase-1/2-double knockout mice have very-early-onset ileocolitis. By deletion of Nox1 gene expression, the triple knockout mice are without pathology. By deletion of Duoxa, the mice have milder pathology without crypt exfoliation. The Duoxa triple knock mice still have rampant crypt epithelium apoptosis. Several antioxidants and NOX inhibitors reduce gut inflammation in the DKO mice. DKO mice are an excellent animal model for preclinical testing of NOX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Fong Chu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China; Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1450 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - R Steven Esworthy
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Center for Cancer Research and Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Helmut Grasberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Agnes Donko
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas L Leto
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - Binghui Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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20
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Jia H, Sodhi CP, Yamaguchi Y, Lu P, Martin LY, Good M, Zhou Q, Sung J, Fulton WB, Nino DF, Prindle T, Ozolek JA, Hackam DJ. Pulmonary Epithelial TLR4 Activation Leads to Lung Injury in Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:859-71. [PMID: 27307558 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We seek to define the mechanisms leading to the development of lung disease in the setting of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a life-threatening gastrointestinal disease of premature infants characterized by the sudden onset of intestinal necrosis. NEC development in mice requires activation of the LPS receptor TLR4 on the intestinal epithelium, through its effects on modulating epithelial injury and repair. Although NEC-associated lung injury is more severe than the lung injury that occurs in premature infants without NEC, the mechanisms leading to its development remain unknown. In this study, we now show that TLR4 expression in the lung gradually increases during postnatal development, and that mice and humans with NEC-associated lung inflammation express higher levels of pulmonary TLR4 than do age-matched controls. NEC in wild-type newborn mice resulted in significant pulmonary injury that was prevented by deletion of TLR4 from the pulmonary epithelium, indicating a role for pulmonary TLR4 in lung injury development. Mechanistically, intestinal epithelial TLR4 activation induced high-mobility group box 1 release from the intestine, which activated pulmonary epithelial TLR4, leading to the induction of the neutrophil recruiting CXCL5 and the influx of proinflammatory neutrophils to the lung. Strikingly, the aerosolized administration of a novel carbohydrate TLR4 inhibitor prevented CXCL5 upregulation and blocked NEC-induced lung injury in mice. These findings illustrate the critical role of pulmonary TLR4 in the development of NEC-associated lung injury, and they suggest that inhibition of this innate immune receptor in the neonatal lung may prevent this devastating complication of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpeng Jia
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Chhinder P Sodhi
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Yukihiro Yamaguchi
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Peng Lu
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Laura Y Martin
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Misty Good
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224; and
| | - Qinjie Zhou
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Jungeun Sung
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - William B Fulton
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Diego F Nino
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Thomas Prindle
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - John A Ozolek
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - David J Hackam
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287;
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21
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Oral immune therapy: targeting the systemic immune system via the gut immune system for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e60. [PMID: 26900473 PMCID: PMC4735066 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with an altered systemic immune response leading to inflammation-mediated damage to the gut and other organs. Oral immune therapy is a method of systemic immune modulation via alteration of the gut immune system. It uses the inherit ability of the innate system of the gut to redirect the systemic innate and adaptive immune responses. Oral immune therapy is an attractive clinical approach to treat autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. It can induce immune modulation without immune suppression, has minimal toxicity and is easily administered. Targeting the systemic immune system via the gut immune system can serve as an attractive novel therapeutic method for IBD. This review summarizes the current data and discusses several examples of oral immune therapeutic methods for using the gut immune system to generate signals to reset systemic immunity as a treatment for IBD.
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22
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Muglia CI, Papa Gobbi R, Smaldini P, Orsini Delgado ML, Candia M, Zanuzzi C, Sambuelli A, Rocca A, Toscano MA, Rabinovich GA, Docena GH. Inflammation Controls Sensitivity of Human and Mouse Intestinal Epithelial Cells to Galectin-1. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1575-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia I. Muglia
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-IIFP; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; La Plata Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Papa Gobbi
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-IIFP; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; La Plata Argentina
| | - Paola Smaldini
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-IIFP; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; La Plata Argentina
| | - María Lucía Orsini Delgado
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-IIFP; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; La Plata Argentina
| | - Martín Candia
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-IIFP; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; La Plata Argentina
| | - Carolina Zanuzzi
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
| | - Alicia Sambuelli
- Servicio de Enfermedades Inflamatorias; Hospital de Gastroenterología Bonorino Udaondo; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Andrés Rocca
- Servicio de Enfermedades Inflamatorias; Hospital de Gastroenterología Bonorino Udaondo; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Marta A. Toscano
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología; Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología; Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Guillermo H. Docena
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-IIFP; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; La Plata Argentina
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Leviton A, Gressens P, Wolkenhauer O, Dammann O. Systems approach to the study of brain damage in the very preterm newborn. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:58. [PMID: 25926780 PMCID: PMC4396381 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A systems approach to the study of brain damage in very preterm newborns has been lacking. Methods: In this perspective piece, we offer encephalopathy of prematurity as an example of the complexity and interrelatedness of brain-damaging molecular processes that can be initiated inflammatory phenomena. Results: Using three transcription factors, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Notch-1, and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (NRF2), we show the inter-connectedness of signaling pathways activated by some antecedents of encephalopathy of prematurity. Conclusions: We hope that as biomarkers of exposures and processes leading to brain damage in the most immature newborns become more readily available, those who apply a systems approach to the study of neuroscience can be persuaded to study the pathogenesis of brain disorders in the very preterm newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Leviton
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Boston Children's Hospital Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm, U1141 Paris, France ; Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital London, UK
| | - Olaf Wolkenhauer
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock Rostock, Germany ; Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS) Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Olaf Dammann
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA ; Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
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Hu Q, Fu J, Luo B, Huang M, Guo W, Lin Y, Xie X, Xiao S. OY-TES-1 may regulate the malignant behavior of liver cancer via NANOG, CD9, CCND2 and CDCA3: a bioinformatic analysis combine with RNAi and oligonucleotide microarray. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:1965-75. [PMID: 25673160 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Given its tumor-specific expression, including liver cancer, OY-TES-1 is a potential molecular marker for the diagnosis and immunotherapy of liver cancers. However, investigations of the mechanisms and the role of OY-TES-1 in liver cancer are rare. In the present study, based on a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis combined with RNA interference (RNAi) and oligonucleotide microarray, we report for the first time that downregulation of OY-TES-1 resulted in significant changes in expression of NANOG, CD9, CCND2 and CDCA3 in the liver cancer cell line BEL-7404. NANOG, CD9, CCND2 and CDCA3 may be involved in cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis, yet also may be functionally related to each other and OY-TES-1. Among these molecules, we identified that NANOG, containing a Kazal-2 binding motif and homeobox, may be the most likely candidate protein interacting with OY-TES-1 in liver cancer. Thus, the present study may provide important information for further investigation of the roles of OY-TES-1 in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiping Hu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jun Fu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Bin Luo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Miao Huang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yongda Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxun Xie
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shaowen Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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25
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Duan JL, Yin J, Ren WK, Wu MM, Chen S, Cui ZJ, Wu X, Huang RL, Li TJ, Yin YL. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate restores gastric damages and suppressive autophagy induced by hydrogen peroxide. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:210-8. [PMID: 25471085 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.993627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that gastric barrier is very important for protecting host from various insults. Simultaneously, autophagy serving as a prominent cytoprotective and survival pathway under oxidative stress conditions is being increasingly recognized. Thus, this study was conducted for investigating the effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on gastric barrier function and autophagy under oxidative stress induced by intragastric administration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The gastric tight junction proteins [zonula occludens-1 (ZO1), occludin, and claudin1], autophagic proteins [microtubule-associated protein light chain 3I(LC3I), LC3II, and beclin1], and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway (p65 and IκB kinase α/β) were determined by Western blot. The results showed that H2O2 exposure disturbed gastric barrier function with decreased expression of ZO1, occludin, and claudin1, and reduced gastric autophagy with decreased conversion of LC3I into LC3II in mice. However, treatment with PDTC restored these adverse effects evidenced by increased expression of ZO1 and claudin1 and increased conversion of LC3I into LC3II. Meanwhile, H2O2 exposure decreased normal human gastric epithelial mucosa cell line (GES-1) viability in a concentration-dependent way. However, after being exposed to H2O2, GES-1 exhibited autophagic response which was inconsistent with our in vivo results in mice, while PDTC failed to decrease autophagy in GES-1 induced by H2O2. Simultaneously, the beneficial effect of PDTC on gastric damage and autophagy in mice might be independent of inhibition of NF-κB. In conclusion, PDTC treatment restores gastric damages and reduced autophagy induced by H2O2. Therefore, PDTC may serve as a potential adjuvant therapy for gastric damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Duan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha, Hunan , P. R. China
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26
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Alterations in programmed cell death mechanism and their role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2014; 9:275-9. [PMID: 25396001 PMCID: PMC4223115 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2014.46162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an essential role in both physiology and pathology. In the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, disturbances of apoptosis also play an important role. Inflammatory cells (for example lymphocytes, granulocytes) in the gut wall are resistant to apoptotic stimuli and they accumulate there causing tissue damage. On the other hand, apoptotic elimination of the enterocytes is enhanced, which leads to the impairment of the gut barrier. The exact mechanisms of these phenomena are still poorly understood and they are still under investigation. The present paper summarises current knowledge in terms of the role of alterations of programmed cell death in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Lynes MA, Hidalgo J, Manso Y, Devisscher L, Laukens D, Lawrence DA. Metallothionein and stress combine to affect multiple organ systems. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:605-11. [PMID: 24584987 PMCID: PMC4147071 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0501-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins that have a wide range of functions in cellular homeostasis and immunity. MTs can be induced by a variety of conditions including metals, glucocorticoids, endotoxin, acute phase cytokines, stress, and irradiation. In addition to their important immunomodulatory functions, MTs can protect essential cellular compartments from toxicants, serve as a reservoir of essential heavy metals, and regulate cellular redox potential. Many of the roles of MTs in the neuroinflammation, intestinal inflammation, and stress response have been investigated and were the subject of a session at the 6th International Congress on Stress Proteins in Biology and Medicine in Sheffield, UK. Like the rest of the cell stress response, there are therapeutic opportunities that arise from an understanding of MTs, and these proteins also provide potential insights into the world of the heat shock protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Lynes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA,
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28
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Devisscher L, Hindryckx P, Lynes MA, Waeytens A, Cuvelier C, De Vos F, Vanhove C, Vos MD, Laukens D. Role of metallothioneins as danger signals in the pathogenesis of colitis. J Pathol 2014; 233:89-100. [PMID: 24452846 DOI: 10.1002/path.4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are recurrent intestinal pathologies characterized by a compromised epithelial barrier and an exaggerated immune activation. Mediators of immune cell infiltration may represent new therapeutic opportunities. Metallothioneins (MTs) are stress-responsive proteins with immune-modulating functions. Metallothioneins have been linked to IBDs, but their role in intestinal inflammation is inconclusive. We investigated MT expression in colonic biopsies from IBDs and acute infectious colitis patients and healthy controls and evaluated MT's role in experimental colitis using MT knockout mice and anti-MT antibodies. Antibody potential to target extracellular MT and its mechanism was tested in vitro. Biopsies of patients with active colitis showed infiltration of MT-positive cells in a pattern that correlated with the grade of inflammation. MT knockout mice displayed less severe acute dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis compared to congenic wild-type mice based on survival, weight loss, colon length, histological inflammation and leukocyte infiltration. Chronic DSS-colitis confirmed that Mt1 and Mt2 gene disruption enhances clinical outcome. Blockade of extracellular MT with antibodies reduced F4/80-positive macrophage infiltration in DSS- and trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-colitis, with a tendency towards a better outcome. Whole-body single-photon emission computer tomography of mice injected with radioactive anti-MT antibodies showed antibody accumulation in the colon during colitis and clearance during recovery. Necrotic and not apoptotic cell death resulted in western blot MT detection in HT29 cell supernatant. In a Boyden chamber migration assay, leukocyte attraction towards the necrotic cell supernatant could be abolished with anti-MT antibody, indicating the chemotactic potential of endogenous released MT. Our results show that human colitis is associated with infiltration of MT-positive inflammatory cells. Since antibody blockade of extracellular MT can reduce colitis in mice, MT may act as a danger signal and may represent a novel target for reducing leukocyte infiltration and inflammation in IBD patients.
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Lu P, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ. Toll-like receptor regulation of intestinal development and inflammation in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:81-93. [PMID: 24365655 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a structurally related family of molecules that respond to a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous ligands, and which serve as important components of the innate immune system. While TLRs have established roles in host defense, these molecules have also been shown to play important roles in the development of various disease states. A particularly important example of the role of TLRs in disease induction includes necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which is the most common gastrointestinal disease in preterm infants, and which is associated with extremely high morbidity and mortality rates. The development of NEC is thought to reflect an abnormal interaction between microorganisms and the immature intestinal epithelium, and emerging evidence has clearly placed the spotlight on an important and exciting role for TLRs, particularly TLR4, in NEC pathogenesis. In premature infants, TLR4 signaling within the small intestinal epithelium regulates apoptosis, proliferation and migration of enterocytes, affects the differentiation of goblet cells, and reduces microcirculatory perfusion, which in combination result in the development of NEC. This review will explore the signaling properties of TLRs on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, and will examine the role of TLR4 signaling in the development of NEC. In addition, the effects of dampening TLR4 signaling using synthetic and endogenous TLR4 inhibitors and active components from amniotic fluid and human milk on NEC severity will be reviewed. In so doing, we hope to present a balanced approach to the understanding of the role of TLRs in both immunity and disease pathogenesis, and to dissect the precise roles for TLR4 in both the cause and therapeutic intervention of necrotizing enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lu
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, United States
| | - Chhinder P Sodhi
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, United States; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, United States
| | - David J Hackam
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, United States; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, United States.
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30
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Ramonaite R, Skieceviciene J, Kiudelis G, Jonaitis L, Tamelis A, Cizas P, Borutaite V, Kupcinskas L. Influence of NADPH oxidase on inflammatory response in primary intestinal epithelial cells in patients with ulcerative colitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:159. [PMID: 24229374 PMCID: PMC3834533 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-13-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of NADPH oxidase in primary intestinal epithelial cells during the active phase of UC. Methods The primary human colonic epithelial cells were isolated from 19 patients with mild to moderate inflammatory activity of UC and 14 controls using chelation method. The cells were cultivated under the effect of mediators. Viability of cells was assessed by fluorescent microscopy. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the cells was measured fluorimetrically using Amplex Red. Production of TNF-α cytokine by the colonic epithelial cells was analysed by ELISA. Results The results of our study showed that unstimulated cells of UC patients had a decreased viability, increased ROS production, but similar TNF-α level when compared to the controls. Stimulation with LPS increased hydrogen peroxide and TNF-α level in the UC group. Treatment of colonic epithelial cells with NADPH oxidase inhibitor increased cell viability decreased the levels of ROS and TNF-α in the LPS-treated cells isolated from UC patients. Conclusions Our study showed that bacterial endotoxins induced NADPH oxidase activation in the colonic epithelial cells. Moreover, we revealed that treatment with NADPH oxidase inhibitors had a protective effect against pro-inflammatory action of LPS in human colonic epithelium cells during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Limas Kupcinskas
- Institute for Digestive Research, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A, Mickeviciaus str, 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania.
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31
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Vinnakota K, Hu F, Ku MC, Georgieva PB, Szulzewsky F, Pohlmann A, Waiczies S, Waiczies H, Niendorf T, Lehnardt S, Hanisch UK, Synowitz M, Markovic D, Wolf SA, Glass R, Kettenmann H. Toll-like receptor 2 mediates microglia/brain macrophage MT1-MMP expression and glioma expansion. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1457-68. [PMID: 24014382 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastomas are the most aggressive primary brain tumors in humans. Microglia/brain macrophage accumulation in and around the tumor correlates with malignancy and poor clinical prognosis of these tumors. We have previously shown that microglia promote glioma expansion through upregulation of membrane type 1 matrix metalloprotease (MT1-MMP). This upregulation depends on signaling via the Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88). METHODS Using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo techniques, we identified TLR2 as the main TLR controlling microglial MT1-MMP expression and promoting microglia-assisted glioma expansion. RESULTS The implantation of mouse GL261 glioma cells into TLR2 knockout mice resulted in significantly smaller tumors, reduced MT1-MMP expression, and enhanced survival rates compared with wild-type control mice. Tumor expansion studied in organotypic brain slices depended on both parenchymal TLR2 expression and the presence of microglia. Glioma-derived soluble factors and synthetic TLR2 specific ligands induced MT1-MMP expression in microglia from wild-type mice, but no such change in MT1-MMP gene expression was observed in microglia from TLR2 knockout mice. We also found evidence that TLR1 and TLR6 cofunction with TLR2 as heterodimers in regulating MT1-MMP expression in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results thus show that activation of TLR2 along with TLRs 1 and/or 6 converts microglia into a glioma supportive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katyayni Vinnakota
- Corresponding Author: Prof Dr Helmut Kettenmann, PhD, Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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Effect of N-acetyl cysteine on enterocyte apoptosis and intracellular signalling pathways' response to oxidative stress in weaned piglets. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1938-47. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513001608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) has been widely used for preventing reactive oxygen species-induced damage. However, little is known as to whether dietary NAC supplementation would alleviate intestinal injury in weaned piglets. The present study evaluated the effect of NAC on enterocyte apoptosis and intracellular signalling pathways' response to weaning stress. The control piglets were normally suckling, and piglets in the weaning and NAC groups were fed the basal diet and basal+NAC diet from 14 to 25 d of age, respectively. Compared with the control piglets, weaning increased cortisol concentrations (P< 0·05), decreased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities (P< 0·05), increased malondialdehyde content (P< 0·05) in serum and enhanced enterocyte apoptosis index (AI) and concentrations of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 (P< 0·05). Gene expression analyses indicated that weaning induced apoptosis via Fas signalling and mitochondrial pathways in weaned piglets. Dietary NAC supplementation decreased (P< 0·05) cortisol concentrations and the AI, increased (P< 0·05) antioxidant status in serum and alleviated histopathological changes in the intestine. It also inhibited Fas, caspase-3, caspase-8 and integrin αvβ6 (αvβ6) gene expressions in the NAC-treated piglets. However, no significant decrease (P>0·10) in caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 concentrations was observed in the NAC group compared with the weaning group. In conclusion, weaning may induce enterocyte apoptosis via the activation of Fas-dependent and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Although NAC had no effect on caspase concentrations, it was clearly beneficial for preserving morphological integrity in weaned piglets via the regulation of cell apoptosis and the inhibition of Fas-dependent apoptosis and αvβ6 expression.
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33
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Innate immune signaling in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:475415. [PMID: 23762089 PMCID: PMC3677005 DOI: 10.1155/2013/475415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a challenging disease to treat, and caring for patients afflicted by it remains both frustrating and difficult. While NEC may develop quickly and without warning, it may also develop slowly, insidiously, and appear to take the caregiver by surprise. In seeking to understand the molecular and cellular processes that lead to NEC development, we have identified a critical role for the receptor for bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the pathogenesis of NEC, as its activation within the intestinal epithelium of the premature infant leads to mucosal injury and reduced epithelial repair. The expression and function of TLR4 were found to be particularly elevated within the intestinal mucosa of the premature as compared with the full-term infant, predisposing to NEC development. Importantly, factors within both the enterocyte itself, such as heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), and in the extracellular environment, such as amniotic fluid, can curtail the extent of TLR4 signaling and reduce the propensity for NEC development. This review will highlight the critical TLR4-mediated steps that lead to NEC development, with a focus on the proinflammatory responses of TLR4 signaling that have such devastating consequences in the premature host.
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34
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Becker C, Watson AJ, Neurath MF. Complex roles of caspases in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:283-293. [PMID: 23219999 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are cysteine proteases that regulate embryonic development, cell differentiation, tissue homoeostasis, and removal of damaged and harmful cells from the intestine and other parts of the body. Caspase activity is mainly regulated at the posttranslational level, which allows their rapid activation and response to cellular stress and pathogenic stimuli. In most cell types, caspases are initially expressed as inactive proenzymes, which undergo proteolytic cleavage to become functional enzymes. Caspase dysfunction has been associated with intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer. Although the roles of caspases have been studied extensively in regulation of apoptosis, recent discoveries have highlighted cell death-independent functions of this protein family. In particular, caspase-1, caspase-4, caspase-5, and caspase-12 are activated during innate immune responses and participate in the formation of the inflammasome. Caspase-8 controls necroptosis of Paneth cells and potentially the death of intestinal epithelial cells in patients with Crohn's disease and appears to be involved in mucosal inflammation. Regulators of caspase-8 might therefore be used to prevent cell death in patients with IBD. Improving our understanding of the regulation and function of caspases in the intestine might lead to new therapeutics for chronic intestinal inflammation and inflammation-associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Alastair J Watson
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, England
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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35
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Athalye-Jape G, More K, Patole S. Progress in the field of necrotising enterocolitis – year 2012. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 26:625-32. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.746296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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36
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Wagener J, Weindl G, de Groot PWJ, de Boer AD, Kaesler S, Thavaraj S, Bader O, Mailänder-Sanchez D, Borelli C, Weig M, Biedermann T, Naglik JR, Korting HC, Schaller M. Glycosylation of Candida albicans cell wall proteins is critical for induction of innate immune responses and apoptosis of epithelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50518. [PMID: 23226301 PMCID: PMC3511564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C. albicans is one of the most common fungal pathogen of humans, causing local and superficial mucosal infections in immunocompromised individuals. Given that the key structure mediating host-C. albicans interactions is the fungal cell wall, we aimed to identify features of the cell wall inducing epithelial responses and be associated with fungal pathogenesis. We demonstrate here the importance of cell wall protein glycosylation in epithelial immune activation with a predominant role for the highly branched N-glycosylation residues. Moreover, these glycan moieties induce growth arrest and apoptosis of epithelial cells. Using an in vitro model of oral candidosis we demonstrate, that apoptosis induction by C. albicans wild-type occurs in early stage of infection and strongly depends on intact cell wall protein glycosylation. These novel findings demonstrate that glycosylation of the C. albicans cell wall proteins appears essential for modulation of epithelial immunity and apoptosis induction, both of which may promote fungal pathogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Wagener
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Günther Weindl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Piet W. J. de Groot
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Albacete Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla – La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Albert D. de Boer
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Albacete Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla – La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Department of Medical Microbiology and National Reference Center for Systemic Mycoses, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kaesler
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Selvam Thavaraj
- Department of Oral Immunology, King’s College London Dental Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Bader
- Department of Medical Microbiology and National Reference Center for Systemic Mycoses, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Borelli
- Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
| | - Michael Weig
- Department of Medical Microbiology and National Reference Center for Systemic Mycoses, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julian R. Naglik
- Department of Oral Immunology, King’s College London Dental Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Polci R, Mangeri M, Faggiani R, Cristi E, Ranalli TV, Feriozzi S. Granulomatous interstitial nephritis in a patient with Crohn's disease. Ren Fail 2012; 34:1156-9. [PMID: 22871108 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2012.711689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of granulomatous interstitial nephritis (GIN) associated with Crohn's disease (CD) was reported. GIN is a rare pathological finding in renal biopsy specimens. In a patient affected by CD, granulomas may be found in various tissues and organs such as lymph nodes, mesentery, liver, and lungs and occasionally in bones, joints, and skeletal muscle. Few cases of granuloma have been reported in the kidney, and it is not always possible to relate the presence of granuloma to CD, to other interstitial granulomatosis diseases, or to a drug-induced reaction. The issue has a remarkable clinical effect; indeed, the answer requires a completely different therapeutic approach. The diagnosis analysis on the basis of clinical-pathological evidences and on reports from literature is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Polci
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Belcolle Hospital, Viterbo, Italy.
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A limited role of p53 on the ability of a Hexane fraction of American ginseng to suppress mouse colitis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:785739. [PMID: 22899889 PMCID: PMC3414200 DOI: 10.1155/2012/785739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is debilitating and carries a high colon cancer risk. Apoptosis of inflammatory cells is a key mechanism regulating UC. We have recently shown that American ginseng (AG), and to a greater extent, a Hexane fraction of AG (HAG) can cause apoptosis and suppress mouse colitis through a p53-mediated mechanism. Here, we tested the hypothesis that HAG suppresses colitis through a p53 mechanism. We found only a limited impact of p53 in the ability of HAG to induce inflammatory cell apoptosis and suppress mouse colitis in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we asked whether HAG could cause cell cycle arrest of HCT116 colon cancer cells in vitro. Interestingly, HAG caused a G1 arrest of such cells independent of p53 status. Findings are significant because HAG suppresses colitis and associated colon cancer, and mutation in p53 is observed in most colitis-driven colon cancers. Therefore, HAG might be very effective in targeting the inflammatory cells and cancer cells since it induces apoptosis of inflammatory cells and cell cycle arrest in both p53−/− and WT p53 colon cancer cells.
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Rajaiya J, Yousuf MA, Singh G, Stanish H, Chodosh J. Heat shock protein 27 mediated signaling in viral infection. Biochemistry 2012; 51:5695-702. [PMID: 22734719 DOI: 10.1021/bi3007127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a critical role in many intracellular processes, including apoptosis and delivery of other proteins to intracellular compartments. Small HSPs have been shown previously to participate in many cellular functions, including IL-8 induction. Human adenovirus infection activates intracellular signaling, involving particularly the c-Src and mitogen-activated protein kinases [Natarajan, K., et al. (2003) J. Immunol. 170, 6234-6243]. HSP27 and MK2 are also phosphorylated, and c-Src, and its downstream targets, p38, ERK1/2, and c-Jun-terminal kinase (JNK), differentially mediate IL-8 and MCP-1 expression. Specifically, activation and translocation of transcription factor NFκB-p65 occurs in a p38-dependent fashion [Rajaiya, J., et al. (2009) Mol. Vision 15, 2879-2889]. Herein, we report a novel role for HSP27 in an association of p38 with NFκB-p65. Immunoprecipitation assays of virus-infected but not mock-infected cells revealed a signaling complex including p38 and NFκB-p65. Transfection with HSP27 short interfering RNA (siRNA) but not scrambled RNA disrupted this association and reduced the level of IL-8 expression. Transfection with HSP27 siRNA also reduced the level of nuclear localization of NFκB-p65 and p38. By use of tagged p38 mutants, we found that amino acids 279-347 of p38 are necessary for the association of p38 with NFκB-p65. These studies strongly suggest that HSP27, p38, and NFκB-p65 form a signalosome in virus-infected cells and influence downstream expression of pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Rajaiya
- Howe Laboratory, Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Afrazi A, Sodhi CP, Good M, Jia H, Siggers R, Yazji I, Ma C, Neal MD, Prindle T, Grant ZS, Branca MF, Ozolek J, Chang EB, Hackam DJ. Intracellular heat shock protein-70 negatively regulates TLR4 signaling in the newborn intestinal epithelium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4543-57. [PMID: 22461698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of gastrointestinal-related mortality in premature infants, and it develops under conditions of exaggerated TLR4 signaling in the newborn intestinal epithelium. Because NEC does not develop spontaneously, despite the presence of seemingly tonic stimulation of intestinal TLR4, we hypothesized that mechanisms must exist to constrain TLR4 signaling that become diminished during NEC pathogenesis and focused on the intracellular stress response protein and chaperone heat shock protein-70 (Hsp70). We demonstrate that the induction of intracellular Hsp70 in enterocytes dramatically reduced TLR4 signaling, as assessed by LPS-induced NF-κB translocation, cytokine expression, and apoptosis. These findings were confirmed in vivo, using mice that either globally lacked Hsp70 or overexpressed Hsp70 within the intestinal epithelium. TLR4 activation itself significantly increased Hsp70 expression in enterocytes, which provided a mechanism of autoinhibition of TLR4 signaling in enterocytes. In seeking to define the mechanisms involved, intracellular Hsp70-mediated inhibition of TLR4 signaling required both its substrate-binding EEVD domain and association with the cochaperone CHIP, resulting in ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of TLR4. The expression of Hsp70 in the intestinal epithelium was significantly decreased in murine and human NEC compared with healthy controls, suggesting that loss of Hsp70 protection from TLR4 could lead to NEC. In support of this, intestinal Hsp70 overexpression in mice and pharmacologic upregulation of Hsp70 reversed TLR4-induced cytokines and enterocyte apoptosis, as well as prevented and treated experimental NEC. Thus, a novel TLR4 regulatory pathway exists within the newborn gut involving Hsp70 that may be pharmacologically activated to limit NEC severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Afrazi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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